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lib. iii.
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? 6 A VOWEL BEFORE A VOWEL.
which in poetry is sometimes long and sometimes short ;
as, italics or Italus, Papyrus or Papyrus, Vaticdnus or
Vaticd? ius, &c.
The quantity of syllables is determined either by es-
tablished rules or the authority of the poets. The last
syllable of a word is called the ultimate ; the last but
one, the penultimate ; the last but two, the antepenulti-
mate ; and the last but three, the prat-antepenultimate.
RULE I.
A Voivel before a Vowel.
Vocalem breviant, alia subeunte, Latini.
Produc, ni sequitur R,fio, et nomina quintae
Quae geminos casus, E longo, assumunt in -ei,
Verum E corripiunt^deique, speique, reique.
-lus commune est vati, tamen excipe alius,
Quod Crasisrtardat ; Pompei et caetera produc,
Et primae patrium cum sese solvit in -at ;
Protrahiturque eheu, sed w variatur et ohe.
Nomina Gragcorum certa sine lege vagantur :
Multa etenim longis, ceu Dlus, Dla, Thalia,
Quaedam autem brevibus, veluti Symphonia, gaudent ;
Quaedam etiam variant, veluti Diana, Diana.
A vowel before another vowel or a diphthong, is short ;
as. piier, patriot: or before h followed by a vowel; as,
nihil.
Exception 1. A vowel before a vowel is long in all
the tenses of Jio ; as, flebam; unless where the vowel
is followed by r, (or rather by er) ; &s,fierem*
Excep. 2. The genitives and datives singular of the
fifth declension make e long before i; as, diet: except
* Carey in his translation of the Latin rule says -- "when r follows, the i is
usually short ; -- and adduces five decisive examples where it is long: so that it
may, in some degree, be regarded a3 common. In no species of Dactylic verse
can it be ever found long.
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? A VOWEL BEFORE A VOWEL. 7
the e in spei, rei, fidli. In the last two words, it is
sometimes ong; as, rei, fidei.
Excep. 3. Genitives in ius have the i long in prose,
but common in poetry ; as, unius : the word alterius how-
ever has the i always short ; alius always long -- being
formed by Crasis* from aliius.
Excep. 4. Proper names, as, Caius, Pompeius, have
the vowel a or e long before i : the a is also long in the
old genitives and datives, aulai, terrai.
Excep. 5. In ohe and Diana, the vowel in the first
syllable is common : in eheu and lo [a proper name] it
is long; but to the interjection, follows the general rule.
Excep, 6. In many other words derived from the
Greek, a vowel though immediately followed by another,
is long ; as, Orion, air.
IE? 5 Foreign or barbarous words introduced into the
Latin language, are not subject to any invariable rule.
Prudentius lengthens the first a in Baal, while Sedulius
shortens it. Sidonius lengthens the penultimate vowel
in Abraham, while Arator shortens it. Christian poets
also make the a before e in Israel, Michael, Raphael, &c,
&c, sometimes long, and sometimes short.
EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE BY SINGLE WORDS.
On Rule: -- Audii'sse, aurese, mihi : -- On Exceptions:
1. Hunt, fierent; 2. speciei, diei ; 3. totlus, nulHus ; 4,
Vultei'us, Grai'us, pictai; 5. ohe, eheu; 6. Clio, chorea. t
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule -- Conscia mens recti fama mendacia ridet. Ovid.
Musa, mihi causas memora; quo numine Iceso. Virg.
Exc. T. Omnia jam fient, fieri quce posse negabam. Ovid.
2. Nunc adeo, melior quoniam pars acta diei. Virg.
* Derived from xpams (fr. vspdeo, or Kspiwvin), " a mingling,"-- in grammar--
* a blending of two letters into one. " t The e in chorea is common.
2*
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? 8 DIPHTHONGS AND CONTRACTED SYLLABLES.
Exc. 3. Navibus, infandum ! amissis, unites ob iram. Virg.
4. Aula'i in medio libabant pocula Bacchi. Id.
5. Exercet Diana ckoros, quam mille secutce. Id.
6. Parspedibusplaudunt choreas et carmina dicunt Id.
RULE IT.
Of Diphthongs and Contracted Syllables.
Omnis diphthongus, contractaque syllaba longa est.
Pra brevis est, si compositum vocalibus anteit.
Every diphthong and syllable formed by contraction
are long; as, durum, cogo [from co-ago].
Excep. Prai immediately before a vowel in a com-
pound word, is generally short; as, pra>, aeutus.
EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE, BY SINGLE WORDS.
On Ride : -- iEneas, caelum, nemo [from nehemo] : --
On Excep. Prse-ustus, pne-eunt.
Promiscuous Examples on this and the preceding Rule.
JEneas [2, 1 Gr. ], vitse [2], meridiei [1, 1], f lemus [1],
aonides [Gr. 1. ], prsella [2, 1], fiiit [1], pne-eo [2],
spei [1], junior -- from juenior, wh. fr. juvenior -- [2. ]
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. En Priamus ! sunt hie etiam sua prlbmia laudi. Vir.
Bis gravidos cogunt foetus, duo tempora messis. Id.
Ex. Jamquenovi pr&eunt fasces, nova purjjur a fidget. Clau.
RULE III.
Of Position.
Vocalis longa est, si consona bina sequatur,
Aut duplex, aut / vocalibus interjectum.
A vowel before two consonants in the same word or
syllable, is long by position ;* as, terra. The same effect
* That is, by being so situated; although naturally short.
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? POSITION. 9
is produced by two consonants in different words ; as, per
me : also when the vowel comes before a double conso-
nant ; [x or z;] as, judex, gaza : or before the letter^';
as, major, hiijus. *
Excep. 1. The compounds of jugum have the i short
before j ; as bijugus, quadr'ijugus-
Excep. 2. A short vowel at the end of a word, pre-
ceding another word beginning with x or 2, remains
short; as, litord Xerxes; nemorosa Zacynthos.
Excep. 3. A short vowel at the end of a word, pre-
ceding another vowel" beginning with sc, sm, sp, sq, st,
scr, &c, sometimes remains short, but is generally made
long ; as, unde sciat ; libera sponte ; scepe stylum -- nefaria
scripta ; compter e spatium ; gelida stabula.
Observation. The letter h not being regarded in
prosody as a letter, has no influence, either in the begin-
ning, middle or end of a word, on the preceding short
vowel ; as, adhuc : -- nor at the beginning of a word, does
it like a consonant, preserve the final vowel of the pre-
ceding word from elision ; as, Icare haberes -- where the
final e of Icare is elided.
EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE, BY SINGLE WORDS.
On Rule : -- Mors, raptum, tendens, at pius ; pax, hori-
zon-- On Excep. Bijugis, jura Zaleucus, Agile studium.
Promiscuous Examples. -- Instaiirat [3, 2], intonuit [3,
1], hujus [3], posuisse [1, 3], Thalia [Gr. lL_faciei [1],
erat mihi [3, 1], fieri [1], perfidia [3, 1], gaudia [2, 1],
expertum [3, 3].
* Not because,;' is a double consonant, or indeed in this situation any consonant
at all, but because joined with the preceding vowel, it constitutes a diphthong, both
in pronunciation and quantity. Moreover, many words of this formation, which
were originally written ami pronounced in three syllables, as hu-i-us, coalescing
into dissyllables, the first syllable became a diphthong. J in any other situation
is regardel as a consonant, and appears to have been pronounced by the Komana
like y in English.
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? 10 MUTE AND LIQUID.
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule-- L Sacra subsque tibi cbmmenddt Trbja penates. Virg.
Sub jugajdm Seres, jam bdrbarus tsset Ar axes. Luc.
Exc. 1. Centum quadrijugos o gitabo ad jluminacurrus. Vir.
2. Jam medio apparet fluctu nemorosd Zacynthos. Id.
3. Sapest. ylumvertas,iterumquadignalegisint. Hor.
Ferte cifi ferrum ; date tela ; scandite muros. Vir.
Obser. Oro, siquis adhuc precibus locus, exue rnentem. Id.
Partem opere in tanto, sineret dolor Icare* haberes. Id.
RULE IV.
Of the Mute and Liquid, or Weak Position. ^
Si mutam liquidamque simul brevis una praeivet,
Contrahit orator, variant in carmine vates.
A short vowel preceding a mute and a liquid -- both in
the following syllable -- is common in poetry, but short
in prose; as, dgris and dgris ; pdtrem and pdtrem;
volucris and volucris.
Observ. -- This rule requires the concurrence of three
circumstances; viz. , 1st, the vowel must be naturally
short ; thus because the a in pater is short by nature,
the a in p'ltris is common ,t in accordance with the rule ;
but the a in mdtris, acris, is always long, being long
by nature in mater and deer; -- 2d, the mute must pre-
cede the liquid ; as, pharetra ; because if the liquid
stand before the mute, the vowel preceding though natu-
rally short, is always long; as, fert, fertis ; -- 3d, both
* E in Icare is elided.
t Debllis Positio, as the position formed by a mute and a liquid, is called by
Prosodians.
t The lengthening of the vowel in poetry may be rendered more familiar to the
youthful student, by causing him to pronounce the words in separate syllables ;
thus pat-ris, integ-ra, pharet-ram ; so that the halt of the voice oroduced by
throwing the consonants' into different syllables, must be counted into the time
of the preceding syllable and will consequently render it long.
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? DERIVATIVE WORDS. 11
mute and liquid must belong to the same syllable ; as,
medio-cris, mulie-bris : because if the mute and liquid
belong to different syllables, the preceding short vowel
necessarily becomes long, by position ; as, db-luo,
quambb-rem.
EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE, BY SINGLE WORDS.
On Rule -- Tenebrse, locuples, tonitrua ; -- in poetry.
On Observation -- matres, fertis, art is.
Promiscuous Examples -- Sed dixit [3, 3], respublica [3,
3], virginese [3, 1, 2], majo? [3], eheu [1, 2], Calliopea [3,
1, Gr. ] pitris [4], Proteu [2,] malo -- fir. magis volo -- [2J,
aureum [2, 1], Araxes [3], ohe [1], praoptat [2, 3].
Note. A short vowel at the end of a word frequently
remains short, although the next word should begin with
two or three consonants ; as, fastidire : Strabonem.
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule -- Et primo similis volucri, mox vera volucris. Ovid.
Natum ante orapdtris, patrem qui obtruncat ad aras. Vir.
Obser. Pars leves humero pharetras, et pectore summo. Id.
Dixit, et in sylvam pennis ablata refugit. Id.
Note. Linquimus, insani ridentes prcemid scribe. Hor.
RULE V.
Of Derivative Words.
Derivata, patris naturam, verba sequuntur.
Mobilis etfomes, Interna ac regula, sides,
Quanquam orta'e brevibus, gaudent producere primam :
Corripiuntur arista, vddum, sopor atque lucerna,
Nata licet longis. Usus te plura docebit.
Words derived from others usually follow the nature
or quantity of the words, whence they are formed ; as,
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? 12
DERIVATIVE WORDS.
dnimosus from animus, [but dnlmatusix. dnimd*] fdcun-
dus from fdri, xrdcundus, from the obsolete verb iro, Irdre.
Excep. 1. Mobilis, fbmes, laterna, regula, and sides
have their first syllable long, although derived from words
which have the same syllable short; viz. , mo veo,foveo,
Idteo, rego, and sedeo.
Excep. 2. Crista, vddum, sopor and lucerna have their
first syllable short although derived from areo, vddo, sopio,
and litceo in which the first syllable is long. Familiarity
with the classic writers will furnish more numerous ex-
amples of these apparent anornalies. t
Note. The entire class of verbs in urio called De-
sideratives, have the u short, although derived from the
future participle in urus, of which ihe penultima is inva-
riably long ; as, esurit, camatiirit, scripturit : but indeed
the derivative and compound words, that deviate from the
quantity of their primitives, are too many to be enumerated
and too unconnected to be reduced into classes.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
On Rule -- Libido [fr. libet], licentia [fr. licet], lege-
bam [fr. lego], legeram, legissem [fr. legi] : -- On Excep.
1. Mobilis [fr. moveo], sedes [fr. sedeo] : -- Excep. 2.
Vadum [fr. vado], lucerna [fr. luceo] : -- On Note. Par-
turio [urus].
Promiscuous Examples. -- Finitimus -- fr. finis -- [5],
molestus -- fr. moles -- [5, 3] salubris -- fr. salus, salutis
[5, 4], genetrix [4, 3], iEaeEe [2], Eubcea [2], litania [5,
* The distinction between animus and anima, although both derived from
the same Greek origin, should be kept in view by the learner. Sapimus animo;
fruimur anima ; sine animo, anima est debilis.
t Many of these are, however, only apparent anomalies ; perhaps it might be
gaid so of all, were we better acquainted with the early state of the Latin lan-
guage and the forgotten dialects on which it was founded. Thus, instead of
saying, that fdmes comes from f&veo, we should derive it from the supinefotu m ;
formed by contraction and syncope from fovttum ; -- so also, mobilis should be
derived not from moveo but from motum ; formed in like manner from mbvlturn :
and so of others
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? COMPOUND WORDS. 13
]], eximiee [3, 5, 1, 3], coherent [1, 2, 3], curulis -- fr.
ciicurri, perf. o/curro -- [5].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule -- Non formosus erat, sed erat fdcundus, Ulysses. Ov.
Exc. 1. Sedibus optatis gemina super arbor e sidunt. Virg.
Exc. 2. Alituum pecudumque genus, sopor alius habebat. Id.
Note. Parturiunt monies, nascetur ridiculus mus. Hor.
RULE VI.
Of Compound Words.
Legem simplicium relinent composta suorum,
Vocalem linet aut dipthongum syllaba mutet.
Dejero corripies cum pejero et inniiba ; necnon
Pronuba; fatidicum et socios cum semisopitus
Queis etiarn nihilum, cum cognitus, agnitus, hseret
Longam imbecillus, verbumque ambitus amabit.
Compound words usually retain the quantity of the
simple words whence they are formed ; as, perlego, ad-
monet, consonans have the middle syllable short, agree-
ably to the quantity of the corresponding syllable of their
primitives, lego, monet, sonans ; while perlegi, remotus,
ablatus, have the penultima long, because it is long in
legi, mbtus, latus, whence derived.
The quantity of the simple words is generally pre-
served in the compounds, although the vowels be changed
in the derivation ; as, concido, occido from cddo ; eligo,
seligo from lego ; excldo, occido from ccedo ; allldo from
Icedo ; obedio from audio, &c, &c.
Exceptions. Dejero, pejero, from juro ; innuba, pro-
nuba, from nubo ; fatidicus, maledicus, causidicus, veridi-
cus, from dico : semisopitus from sbpitus ; nihilum from
nehilum: cognitum, agnitum, from notum ; imbecillus
from bdculus or bdcillum; ambitus the participle from
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? 14 PRETERITES OF TWO SYLLABLES.
ambio has i long, but the substantives ambitus and am-
bxtio make it short. *
Note. Connubium from nubo is generally reckoned
common.
EXAMPLES by single words.
Rule. Cohibet [habet], improbus [probus], perjurus
[jus, juris], oblitum [oblino], oblitus [obliviscor], iniquus
[sequus]. Excep. Causidicus, maledicus, [dico], cogm-
tum [notum], &c, &c. Note. Connubium, [nubo].
Promiscuous Examples. Defero -- fr. de and fero -- [6,6],
perhibeo -- fr. habeo [6], macero -- fr. macer -- [5], nota --
fr. notu -- [5], cycni [4], terrent [3], prgeeunte [2, 1, 3],
dis, for diis -- [2], speciei [1, 1], dese [1, 2].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. -- Multa renascentur, quce jam cecidere ; cadentque.
Hor.
Quandoquidem data sunt ipsis quoquefata sepulcris. Juv.
Exc. Et Bellona manet te proniiba ; nee face tantum. Virg.
Note. Conniibio jungam stabili, propriamque dicabo. Id.
Of Preterites of two Syllables,
Prseterita assumunt primam dissyllaba longam.
Sto, do, scindo, fero rapiunt, bibo, findo, priores.
Preterperfect tenses of two syllables have the first
syllable long ; as, veni,\ v'idl, v'lci^ fiigi, crevi, &c.
* Ambitus should not be derived from ambio but from the supine ambttum;
while ambitus and ambitio must be formed from the supine ambttum, from the
obsolete verb amb-eo, ambltum. In this manner, can the curious student be
taught to explain many of the deviations from the rule.
t Agreeably to the theory of many able writers on Philology, most verbs which
change the short vowel of the present ten^e into long e of the perfect, had origin-
ally a reduplicating perfect; thus panpo [pago\ in the present, makes pejngi in
the perfect; so also video made r'-rl'/i. l>>y syncope, viidi, and by oralis, vidi ;
fugio, made fufuzi, by syncoj>e. /7r-'? "' ; and by crisis, fugi J ? >><</>>'>> made vcveni,
by syncope, veeni, and by crasis. r. ? ni, fice. , &c. Other verbs having a long vowel
in the perfect, underwent a different formation ; thus, rideomzde ridsi, by syn-
cope, Tisij mitto made mittsi, by syncope, mist, &c, &c.
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? REDUPLICATING PRETERITES. 15
Exceptions. Steti, dedi, scldi^ [fr. scindo] tuli, MM
and fidi, [fr. findo] have the first syllable short.
Note. Abscidi from c&do has the penultima long;
but abscidit fr. scindo has it short.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Misi, vidi, jeci. Excep. Steti, tuli, bibi.
Promiscuous Examples. -- Pervicet [3, 7], contulerunt
[3, 7, 3], dixisti [3, 3], elegia [fr. Gr. srtep/a,-- 5, 5, 1],
fieri [1], spei [1], biberunt [7, 3].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Cur aliquid vidi ? cur noxia lumina feci ? Ovid.
Exc. Cui mater media sese tulit obvia sylva, Virg.
Note. Abscidit nostra multum sors invida laudi. Lucan.