No More Learning

fast sij. hooks of the Annals Iiad not then been found.
Ueo X. promised a pecuniary recompense and indulgen-
ces to any one who should find the lost portions of
the work. One of his agents, Angelo Arcomboldi,
discovered in the monastery of Corvey, in Westpha-
lia, a manuscript which had belonged to Anschaire,
the founder of the convent, and a bishop of the church.
It contained the first five books of the Annals, the last
book imperfect. Beroaldus published them at Rome,
in 1515, by order of the pope. --Among the numerous
editions of Tacitus, the following may be mentioned
is the best: that of Gronovius, L. Bat. , 1731, 2 vols.
tto; that of Brotier, Para, 1776, 7 vols. 12mo (re-
printed by Valpy, Land. , 1823, 4 vols. 8vo); that of
Ernesti, Lips. , 1760, 2 vols. 8vo; that of Oberlinus,
Lips. , 1801,2 vols. 8vo, in four parts, reprinted at Ox-
ford in 1813, 4 vols. 8vo; that of Walther, Hal. Sax. ,
1831-3, 4 vols. Svu; and that of Naudet, forming part
of Lemaire's collection, Paris, 1819-20, 5 vols. 8vo.
(Scholl, Hist. Lit. Ram. , vol. 2, p. 366, segg. --Bahr,
Gesch. Rom. Lit. , p. 311, seqq. )--II. M. Claudius, a
Roman, elected emperor by the senate after the death
. if Aurelian. The assassination of Aurelian had so
much enraged the army, that the soldiers were more
intent, for a time, on bringing his murderers to condign
punishment than on providing a successor. Even
after they had recovered from tho first paroxysm of
wrath, they hesitated whether they should immediately
exercise the right which long custom had placed in
their hands, or wait for the advice and concurrence of
the senate in choosing a head for the empire. Upon a
short deliberation, they adopted the latter alternative,
and resolved to write, or else to send a deputation to
Kome. The senators, long unused to such deference,
knew not how to act when the message came; and,
unwilling to incur responsibility, referred the matter
back to the legions. But the army, actuated by a very
uncommon degree of moderation, renewed their re-
quest to the civil authorities to supply them with a
genera! and ruler; and it was not until this reciprocal
compliment was urged and rejected three times that
'he senators agreed to assemble and discharge their
duty to the empire. Meanwhile, six or seven months
had insensibly passed away; an amazing period, it has
been remarked, of tranquil anarchy, during which the
Korean world remained without a sovereign, without
a usurper, and without a sedition. (Vopisc. , Vit.
Tacit. , c. 1. ) On the 25th of September, A. D. 275,
the senate was convoked to exercise once more the
valuable prerogative with which the constitution of
Rome had invested their order. The individual whom
they elected inherited the name and the virtues of
Tacitus, the celebrated historian, and was, besides, re-
spected for his wisdom, his experience in business, and
liis mild benevolence. This venerable legislator had
already attained his 75th year, a circumstance which
he urged, with a great show of reason, for declining the
honour which was now assigned him. But his objec-
tions were repelled by the most flattering encomiums,
<<nd his election was confirmed by acclamation among
both citizens and soldiers. It was the wisdom not
less than the inclination of the aged emperor that in-
duced him to leave much of the supreme power in the
hands from which he received it. He encouraged the
senate to resume their wonted authority; to appoint
proconsuls in all the provinces, and to exercise all the
other privileges which had been conferred upon them
by Augustus. His moderation and simplicity were
? ? not affected by the change of his condition; the only
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? TAM
lam>>. s could be ascertained, wiA Pausanias's descrit-
non of Ca:nepohs. (Cramer'* Arte. Greece, vol. 3,'p.
188. )
Taubs, an Etrurian divinity or Genius, said to hare
come forth from a clod of earth, an infant in form, but
*ith all the wisdom and experience of an aged person.
He first appeared, according to the legend, unto a
husbandman near the city of Tarquinii, while the lat-
ter was engaged in ploughing. (Cic, Die. , 2, 23. --
Creuxcr, et Moser, ad he. --Istdor. , Orig. , 8, 9, p.
. 174, ed. Arevall. -- Lydus, de Ostentis, p. 6, seqq. ,
id. Hate. ) According to the last of the authorities
just cited, the individual labouring in the field when
Tages appeared was Tarchon, the founder of Tar-
quinii, and the principal hero of Etrurian mythology.
(Compare Miiller, Etrusk. , vol. 2, p. 26. ) Another
account made Tages the son of Genius, and grandson
of Jupiter; and it was he that instructed the twelve
communities of Etruria in the art of predicting future
events by the inspection of victims. (Festus. p. 557,
ed. Daeier. )--The form of this in. 'ant deity, his birth,
and his attributes, all carry us back to the telluric di-
vinities of Samotlirace and Lemflbs, and the mystic
religion of the Pelasgi. The books, or, rather, oracles
of 1'ages are frequently mentioned by the ancient
writers, and were originally in verse. The Romans
are said to have translated a part of them into prose.
{Lydus, de Mens. , p. 130, ed. Schaw. ; de Ostent. , p.
190, ed. Hase. --Guigniaut, vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 459, scq. )
Taqus, a river of Spain, rising among the Ccltiberi
in Moris Idubcda. It pursues a course nearly due
west, verging slightly to the south, and traverses the
territories of the Celtiberi, Carpetani, Vettoncs, and
Lusitani, until it reaches the Atlantic Ocean. The
Tagus is the largest river in Spain, though Strabo
considers the Minius as such, an evident error. The
sands of this stream produced grains of gold, and, ac-
cording to Mela, precious stones. It is now called by
th- 1'ortugucso the Tajo, though its ancient name still
remains in general use. At the mouth of this river
stood Olisipo, now Lisbon. (Mela, 3, 1. --Ovid, Met. ,
2, 251. --SU. , 4, 234-- Lucan, 7, 755. -- Martial, 4,
6a, cVc. )
Talus, called otherwise Perdix, a nephew of Dud-
alas. (Vid. Perdix. )
Tamaxa, I. a river of Hispania Tarraconenjis, on
the northwestern or Atlantic coast, and a short dis-
tance below the Promontorium Artabrum, now the
Tambre. (Mela, 3, 1. --Pliny, 31, 2. )--II. A town
of Britain, on the river Tamarus, in the territory of
the Damnonii, and, according to Cambden, now 7am-
trton, near Plymouth. (Cambden, Britann. , p. 158,
ed. 1600. )
Tamarus, I. a river of Britain, now the Tamar.
(Cambden, Britann , p. 158, ed. 1600. )--II. or, ac-
cording to the Ilin. Ant. (103), Thamarus, a river of
Samnium, rising in the Apennines, and falling into the
Calore. It is now the Tamaro. (Cramer's Ancient
Italy, vol. 2, p. 261. )
Tamasus or Tahaseds (Ta/iuotoe, Steph. Byz),
a city of Cyprus, southeast of Soloe, and to the north-
west of Mount Olympus. The adjacent territory was
celebrated for its rich mines of copper, and for the
metallic composition prepared on the spot, and called
bhaleanthum. (Strab, 683. ) These mines appear to
have been known as early as the days of Homer, for
they are referred to in the Odyssey (1, 183). It has
been disputed, however, among commentators, wheth-
? ? er the poet alludes to the Cyprian Tamasus, or the
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? TAN
felling into the Palus Maolis to the north of all tr*
other mouths of the Don. This northernmost mjuth
if the Hon, owing to the river whose waters its chan-
nel is supposed peculiarly to contain, is called Dana-
:tz also, and, to express either its sluggish . current
or its lapse into the sea, Dead Danaelz. The Greeks,
steering from the Crimea towards the mouths of the
Don, and, as their custom was, keeping close to the
shore, entered first this northernmost mouth of the
liver, and gave it the name of Tana'is, from its native
appellation. As regards the etymology of the name,
on which head Dr. Clarke is silent, it may be remark-
ed that Bayer {Commt. Acad. Petr. , vol. 9, p. 375)
supposes an early European people to have once ex-
isted, in whose language a word like Tan, Ton, Don,
or Dunai may have signified "water," from which
were gradually derived such names of rivers as Tan-
ais, Danaperis, Danaster, Danubius (Tunowe in the
Niebelungenlied, v. 6116. -- bavovCic in Procopius),
Don, DUna, 'Povdov (in Ptolemy), Eridan, Ro-dan,
&c. It is a curious confirmation, in part at least, of
this hypothesis, that the Ossetes, a Caucasian tribe,
aave the word Don in their language as a general term
for " water," " river," dec, and designate all mount-
ain streams by this appellation. (Compare Lehrberg,
Untersuchungen, dec, Petersb. , p. 400. --Ritter, Vor-
halle, &c, p. 304. )--II. A city in Asiatic Sarmatia, at
the mouth of the Tanals, which soon became suffi-
ciently powerful, by reason of its extensive commerce,
to withdraw itself from the sway of the kings of the
Bosporus, and establish its independence. One of
these same monarchs, however, by name Polemo, sub-
sequently took and destroyed it. It was afterward
rebuilt, but never attained its former eminence. The
ruins of the place are to the west of the modern Azof.
{Plin. , 6, 7. --Sleph. Byz. , s. v. )
TanIquii. , in Etrurian Tanchujil {Miller, Etrusker,
I, p. 72), called also Caia Cacilia, was the wifo of
Tarquinius Priscus, the fifth king of Rome. {Vid.
1'arquinius I. ) Niebuhr makes the Tarquin family of
Latin, not of Etrurian origin; and thinks that the
name Caia Caeilia belongs to a legend concerning
Tarquinius entirely different from that which became
prevalent.
"In the latter legend," observes this em-
inent writer, "Tanaquil comes to Rome with Tarquin,
and outlives him; it is not even pretended anywhere
'. hat she, too, changed her Etruscan name. Cscilia
had a statue in a temple, so intimately was she asso-
ciated with the older tradition; and her name implies
j connexion with Praneste, said to have been built by
CbcuIui (Sere, ad Virg. , Mn. , 7,681), the hero after
whom the Csc'lii were called. In this point the
itigned Etruscan Tarquinius has not quite obliterated
the traces of the Latin Priscus: the historians throw
iside tjtogether what they cannot bring into unison
ivith Uieir accounts. " (Nicbuhr's Rom. Hut. , vol.
I, p. 324, Cambr. transl. )--Tanaquil was represent-
ed in the Roman traditions as a woman of high spirit,
and accustomed to rule her husband; hence the name
. -a Used by the Latin poets to indicate generally any
imperious consort. (Auson. , Episl. , 23, 31. --Juve-
nal, Sat. , 6, 564. ) She was also celebrated in the
iame legends as an excellent . spinster (lanifica) and
lousewife; and her distaff and spindle were preserved
m the temple of Sancus or Hercules. (Cic. , proMur ,
12. --Plin. , 8, 48. ) It was Tanaquil that, after the
murder of Tarquinius Priscus, managed adroitly to se-
cure the succession to ServiusTullius, her son-in-law.
? ? [Vid. Tarquinius I. , near the close of that article. )
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? TAP
TAR
age ol the evils ol ambition and the morcKiaic pursuit
of honours; for when Tantalus, it was said, had at-
tained his ultimate desire, and was admitted to the
-table of the gods, his joy was converted into terror by
his fancying a rock suspended over his head, and ready
to crust, him; and he sought permission to resign his
seat at the celestial table. {Alcman, ap. Schol. ad
Find. , I. c. --Nic. Vamose. , ap. Slob. , 14, 7. --Welck-
tr, das Epische Cyrlua, p. 280, seqq. ) It was prob-
ably the idea of the great wealth of Lydia that caus-
ed the myth of Tantalus to be localized at Sipylua.
(Keightley's Mythology, p. 442, seq. )
TaphIjb, islands in the Ionian Sea, on the north
coast of Ithaca, or, rather, between Leucadia and the
east of Acarnania. Thoy form a considerable group,
and arc often mentioned by Homer and other classical
writers as the haunt of notorious pirates. (Od. , 1,
417. ) The principal island is that which is called by
Homer Taphos, but by later writers Taphius and Ta-
phiussn (Strabo, 458), and is probably the one known
to modern geographers by the name of Meganisi.
Mr. Dodwell informs us that Calamo, another of the
Taphian group, produces perhaps the finest flour in the
? world, which is sent to Corfu, and sold as a Juxury
(vol. I, p 61). The Taphia) were also called Tela-
boa? . (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 55. ) They
were fabled to have received these names from Taphi-
us and Telebous, the sons of Neptune, who reigned
there. The Taphians made war against Electryon,
king of Mycens, and murdered all his sons; upon
which the monarch promised his kingdom and his
daughter in marriage to whoever could avenge the
death of his children upon the Taphians. Amphitryon
did it with success, and obtained* the hand of the
maiden. (Apollod. , 2, 4. )
Tai'Hr. e, a city in the Tauric Chersonese, on the
narrowest part of the isthmus. The ancient name is
derived from rafypoc, a ditch or trench, one having
been cut close to the town to defend the entrance into
the Chersonese. The modern Prckop marks the site
if the ancient city. (Mela, 2, 1. --Win. , 4, 12. )
Taphros, the strait between Corsica and Sardinia,
now tho straits of St. Bonifacio. (Plin, 3, 6. )
Tapkobane, an island in the Indian Ocean, now
called Ceylon. Tne Greets first learned the exist-
ence of this island after the expedition of Alexander,
when ambassadors were sent by tbem to the court of
Palimbothra. The account then received was ampli-
fied so much, that this island was deemed the com-
mencement of another world, inhabited by antichthones,
or men in a position opposite to those in the known
hemisphere. Ptolemy, better informed, makes it an
island, five times greater, however, than it really is.
Strabo speaks of it as though it lay off the hither coast
of India, looking towards the continent of Africa.
The name of Salice, which we learn from Ptolemy to
have been the native denomination of the island, is
preserved in that of Selen-dive, compounded of the
proper name Sclcn and the appellative for an island in
the Indian language, and it is apparent that the name
of CeUan or Ceylon, according to the European usage,
is only an alteration in orthography. Ptolemy calls it
a very fertile island, and mentions as its produce rice,
honey (or rather, perhaps, sugar), ginger, and also
precious stones, with all sorts of metals; he speaks,
toe, of its elephants and tigers. It is surprising, how-
ever, that neither Ptolemy nor those who preceded
? ? him say anything of the cinnamon, which now forms
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? TARENTUM.
indeed, was the love of pleasure carried, that the num-
oer of their annual festivals is said to have exceeded
that of ihe Jays of the year. Hence the expressions
<<o ofte. i applied to it by Horace, of "molle" and "im-
beUc Taientum" and by Juvenal (6, 297), of "At-
que coronatum et petulant madidunquc Tarentum. "
(Strabo, 280. -- Thcopomp. , ap. Athen. , 4, 19. -- Ch-
urch. , ap. Eund. , 12, t. --JElian, V. H. , 12, 30. ) En-
feebled and degraded by this system of demoralization
and corruption, the Tarentines soon found themselves
unable, as heretofore, to overawe and keep in subjec-
tion the neighbouring barbarians of lapygia, who had
always hated and feared, but now learned to despise
them. These, leagued with the still more warlike
Lucanians, who had already become the terror of
Magna Gracia, now made constant inroads into their
territory, and even threatened the safety of the city.
Incapable of exertion, and having no leaders possess-
ed of any military talent or energy, the Tarentines
were compelled to call in to their aid experienced
commanders from Greece, whom ambition, perhaps, or
the desire of gain, might induce to quit their native
soil in search of wealth and renown. A more gener-
ous motive, perhaps, influenced Archidamus. king of
Sparta, who was the first to engage in their defence,
for he might regard Tarentum as having just claims to
his protection as a Spartan colony. But this valiant
prince fell in the first engagement with the enemy.
Alexander of Epirus, who waft the next ally of the
Tarentines, was soon disgusted with their feeble and
irresolute conduct, and abandoned their cause to
prosecute his own. ambitious designs. (Strut. , I. c.
--Lie. , 8, 17. ) He was followed by the Spartan Cle-
omenes, and afterward by Agathocles; but the ser-
vices of these adventurers were productive of little
benefit to the republic, they being more intent on their
own interests than those of the people which sought
'. heir aid. Tarentum, in consequence of these failures,
might have been induced to depend upon her own re-
sources, bad the barbarians of lapygia or Lucania re-
mained her only foes. But a more formidable enemy
now entered the lists. This was Rome, who, by con-
tinued successes over the Samnites, and the subjec-
tion of Apulia, had now extended her dominion nearly
to the walls of Tarentum. A pretext for war was
soon found by these powerful invaders. An insult
said to have been publicly offered one of the Roman
ambassadors was here the plea assigned for the decla-
ration of war, and the Tarentines again had recourse,
in this emergency, to foreign aid. The valour and
forces of Pyrrhus for a time averted the storm; but,
when that prince withdrew from Italy, Tarentum could
no longer withstand her powerful enemies, and soon
after fell into their hands; the surrender of the town
being hastened by the treachery of the Epirot force
which Pyrrhus had left there. The Tarenlines were
compelled by the Romans to surrender their arms and
their ships of wa:; their walls were dismantled, and
a heavy fine was imposed as the condition of peace.
[Lie. , Epit. , 15. ) To this harsh treatment may just-
ly be ascribed the subsequent conduct of the Taren-
lines during the second Punic war, in declaring for
Hannibal, whom they must have regarded more in the
light of a deliverer from a state of oppi^ssion than as
in invader of their country. They opened their gates
to his forces, and warmly seconded his efforts to re-
duce the Roman garrison, which still held out in the cit-
adel. (Polyb. , 8, 2fi. --LIT. , 25, 9. ) Such, however,
? ? was the strength of their fortress, that it effectually
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? TAR
TAK
8ab:nes covered th gold, as, Fauriel remarks, the
bards of modem Greece do their Oftphts. Here is
popular poetry unequivocally obvious for one who has
eves to aee it. Trio fiction of Propertiua (4,4) seems
to le a transfer, warranted by no tradition, from the
history of the Megarian ScyHa. " {Rom. Hist. , vol. 1,
p. 192. ) The same writer informs us, that the re-
membrance of Tarpeia's guilt still lives in a popular
legend at the present day. ? * The whole of the Capi-
colme Hill," he observes, "is pierced with quarries,
passages of remote antiquity worked through the loose
tufo: many of these have been walled up; but near
the houses erected upon the rubbish which covers the
Hundred Steps, on the side of the Tarpeian rock that
looks towards the forum, beside some ruinous build-
ings known by the name of the Palazzacio, several are
accessible. A report of a well of extraordinary depth,
which must have been older than the aqueducts, since
no one would have spent the labour on it afterward,
and which, no doubt, secured a supply of water to the
garrison during the Gallic siege, attracted me into this
labyrinth: we were conducted by girls from the ad-
joining houses, who related, as we went, that in the
heart of the hill the fair Tarpeia sits, covered with
gold and jewels, enchanted: he who endeavours to
reach her never finds out the way; once only she had
been seen by the brother of one of our guides. The
inhabitants of this quarter are smiths and low victual-
lers, without the slightest touch of that seemingly liv-
ing knowledge of antiquity which other classes have
drawn from the most turbid sources of vulgar books.
Real oral tradition, therefore, has kept Tarpeia for five-
and-twenty hundred yeais in the mouth of the com-
mon people, who for many centuries have been stran-
gers to the names of Cloelia and Cornelia. " (Niebuhr,
Rom. Hut. , vol. 1, p. 193. )--II. One of the female
attendants of Camilla in the Rutulian war. (Virg. ,
^Bn, 11, 656. )
Tarpeius. Sp. , the governor of the citadel of Rome
ander Romulus. (Vtd. Romulus, Tarpeia, and Capit-
alinus III. )
Tarpeius Mons, or, more correctly, Tarpkia Ru-
ms, a celebrated rock at Rome, forming a part of the
Mor. a Capitolinus, and on the steepest side, where it
overhut:g the Tiber. From this rock state criminals
were accustomed to be thrown in the earlier Roman
times. It received its name in commemoration of the
treachery of Tarpeia, and of her having been killed
here by the Sabines. --Vast gives the present height
at fifty-five feet. A modem tourist remarks as fol-
lows: "Though it is certain that the Tarpeian rock
was on the western side of the Capitoline Mount, it
would be in vain to inquire where was the precise spot
of execution; whether Manlius was hurled down that
part of the precipice at the extremity of Monte Capri-
no, or that behind the Palazzo de' Conservator! .
There is still height enough in cither to make the pun-
ishment both tremendous and fatal; although not only
have the assaults of time, war, and violence, but the
Tery convulsions of nature, contributed to lower it;
for repeated earthquakes have shattered the friable tufo
of which it is composed, and large fragments of it fell
as late as the middle of the fifteenth century. The
fall of these masses has diminished the elevation in
two ways: by lowering tho actual height, and filling
up the base, to which the ruina of the overthrown build-
ings that once stood upon it have materially contribu-
? ? ted. Still the average of various measurements and
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? TARQUINirS.
of his absence, mustered their forces, crossed the Anio,
and ravaged the coun'-ry up to the very walls of Rome.
Tarquinius returned from his Latin wars, encountered
the Sabines, and, after a desperate conflict, drove them
fiom the Roman territories.