) Nor was it only in his ever, did not last long: the enemies of the young
own dominions that Herod loved to give proofs of princes again obtained the ascendancy, and three
his wealth and munificence: he also adorned the years afterwards Herod was led to believe that
cities of Tripolis, Damascus, Berytus, and many Alexander had formed a conspiracy to poison hiin.
own dominions that Herod loved to give proofs of princes again obtained the ascendancy, and three
his wealth and munificence: he also adorned the years afterwards Herod was led to believe that
cities of Tripolis, Damascus, Berytus, and many Alexander had formed a conspiracy to poison hiin.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
48.
Tigranes,
Img of Ar-
munia.
Mariamne.
HKROD
AGRIPPA II.
king of 'bal.
cis, died A.
Drusus,
died young
Berenice,
married, I. Herod,
bing of Chalcis,
2. Polemon, king
of Pontus.
Tigranes,
Lung of
Arnienia.
Drusilla,
m. 1. Aziz,
king of Ernesa,
2. Felix.
1
Agrippa,
died A. D. 79.
D. 90.
Alexander,
king of
Cilicia.
The pre-
Jewish citizens without trial. He presented him- | Malichus, and to be reconciled to him, but soon
self before his judges in the most arrogant manner, took an opportunity to cause him to be assassinated
clad in a purple robe, and attended by a guard of near Tyre. As soon as Cassius had quitted Syria,
armed men; but becoming apprehensive of an un- the friends and partisans of Malichus sought to
favourable decision, he departed secretly from Je-avenge his death by the expulsion of Herod and
rusalem, and took refuge with Sex. Caesar, the Phasaël from Jerusalem, but the latter were tri-
Roman governor of Syria, by whom he was re- umphant ; they succeeded in expelling the insur-
ceived with the utmost favour, and shortly after gents, with their leader, Felix, and even in defeat-
appointed to the government of Coele-Syria. Of ing Antigonus, the son of Aristobulus, who had
this he immediately availed himself to levy an invaded Judaea with a large army.
army and march against Jerusalem, with the view tensions of Antigonus to the throne of Judaea were
of expelling Hyrcanus and the party opposed to supported by Marion, king of Tyre, and by Pto-
him, but the entreaties of his father Antipater and lemy Menneus, prince of Chalcis; but Herod soon
his brother Phasaël induced him to withdraw obtained a far more powerful auxiliary in the
without effecting his purpose.
person of Antony, who arrived in Syria in B. C. 41,
These events took place in B. C. 46. Not long and whose favour he hastened to secure, by the
after, Sex. Caesar being put to death by Caecilius most valuable presents. The aged Hyrcanus also,
Bassus, Antistins, the Roman general in command who had betrothed his grand-daughter Mariamne
in Cilicia, collected a large force, with which he to the young Herod, threw all his influence into
marched against Bassus, and blockaded him in the scale in favour of him and his brother Phasaël;
Apameia. Herod and his brother united their and it was at his request that Antony appointed
forces with those of Antistius, but notwithstanding the two brothers tetrarchs of Judaea. Their power
the subsequent arrival and co-operation of Statius now seemed established, but the next year (B. C.
Murcus, the war was protracted until after the 40) brought with it a complete revolution in the
death of Caesar, when Cassius Longinus arrived in state of affairs. The exactions of the Roman go-
Syria (B. C. 43), and terminated the war by con- vernors in Syria had excited general discontent, of
ciliation. Herod quickly rose to a high place in which the Parthians took advantage; to invade the
the favour of Cassius, which he gained particularly country with a large army under Pacorus, the
by the readiness with which he raised the heavy king's son, and the Roman general, Labienus.
tribute imposed on his province : he was con- | They quickly made themselves masters not only of
firmed in the government of Coele-Syria, and all Syria, but great part of Asia Minor, when
placed at the head of a large force both by sea and Antigonus invoked their assistance to establish him
land. Meanwhile, his father Antipater was poi- on the throne of Judaea. Pacorus sent a powerful
soned by Malichus, whose life he had twice saved. army, under Barzapharnes, against Jerusalem, and
Herod at first pretended to believe the cxcuses of | Ilerod and Pliasaël, unable to meet the enemy in
## p. 425 (#441) ############################################
HERODES.
425
HERODES.
the field, or even to prevent their entrance into curing the favour of Antony by the most lavish
Jerusalem, took refuge in the strong fortress of presents. He was indeed not without cause for
Baris. Phasel soon after suffered himself to be apprehension. Immediately on his becoming master
deluded by a pretended negotiation, and was made of Jerusalem, he had bestowed the high-priesthood
prisoner by the Parthians, but Herod effected his (vacant by the death of Antigonus, whom Antony,
escape in safety, with his family and treasures, to at the instigation of Herod, had executed like a
the strong fortress of Masada, on the shores of the common malefactor) upon an obscure priest from
Dead Sea Here he left a strong garrison, while Babylon, named Ananel, and by this measure had
he himself hastened to Petra to obtain the assist given bitter offence to Alexandra, the mother of
ance of the Arabian king Malchus, on whose sup- his wife Mariamne, who regarded that dignity as
port he reckoned with confidence. But Malchus belonging of right to her son Aristobulus, å youth
proved false in the hour of need, and refused to of sixteen, and the last male descendant of the
receive him; on which Herod, dismissing the Asmonean race. Alexandra sought support for
greater part of his followers, hastened with a small her cause by entering into secret correspondence
band to Pelusium, and from thence to Alexandria, with Cleopatra, whose influence with Antony ren-
where he embarked at once for Rome. On his dered her at this time all-powerful in the East ;
arrival in that capital, he was received with the and this potent influence, united with the constant
utmost distinction both by Antony and Octavian, entreaties of his beloved wife Mariamne, compelled
between whom a reconciliation had just been ef- Herod to depose Ananel, and_bestow the high-
fected. Antony was at the time preparing to take priesthood upon Aristobulus. But the continued
the field against the Parthians, and foresaw in intrigues of Alexandra, and the growing popularity
Herod an useful ally; hence he obtained a decree of of the young man himself, so alarmed the jealousy
the senate in his favour, which went beyond his of Herod, that he contrived to effect his secret as
own most sanguine hopes, as it constituted him at sassination, in a manner that enabled him to dis-
once king of Judaean passing over the remaining claim all participation in the scheme. (Joseph.
heirs of the Asmonean line. (Joseph. Ant. xiv. 9, Ant. xr. 1-3. ) But the mind of Cleopatra was
11-14, B. Jud. i. 10–14; Dion Cass. xlviii. 26; alienated from him, not only by the representations
Appian, B. C. v. 75. )
of Alexandra, but by her own desire to annex the
It was before the close of the year 40 that dominions of Herod to her own, and it was with
Herod obtained this unexpected elevation. So difficulty that the king could make head against
quickly had the whole matter been transacted, that her influence. Antony, however, resisted all her
he was able to leave Rome again only seven days entreaties; and though he summoned Herod to
after he arrived there, and sailing directly to Syria, meet him at Laodiceia, and give an account of his
landed at Ptolemaïs within three months from the conduct towards Aristobulus, he disinissed him with
time he had first fled from Jerusalem. He quickly the highest honours. Cleopatra herself, on her
assembled an army, with which he conquered the return from the Euphrates, whither she had at-
greater part of Galilee, raised the siege of Masada, tended Antony, passed through Judaea, and visited
took the strong fortress of Ressa, and then, in con- Herod, who received her with the utmost distinc-
junction with the Roman general Silo, laid siege to i tion, and even accompanied her as far as the con-
Jerusalem. But, rapid as his progress was at first, fines of Egypt, but successfully avoided all her
it was long before he could complete the establish- snares. (ld. xv. 4. )
ment of his power; and the war was protracted for Hostilities soon after broke out between Antony
several years, a circumstance owing in part to the and Octavian. Herod had assembled a large force,
jealousy or corruption of the Roman generals ap- with which he was preparing to join Antony, when
pointed to co-operate with him. The Jews within he received orders from that general to turn his
the city appear to have been strongly attached to arms against Malchus, king of Arabia, who had
Antigonus, as the representative of the popular line refused payment of the appointed tribute to Cleo-
of the Asmonean princes, and they held out firmly. patra : and these hostilities (which appear to have
Even when, in B. C. 37, Herod at length obtained occupied the greater part of two years) fortunately
vigorous assistance from Antony's lieutenant, So- prevented him from taking any personal part in
sius, at the head of a regular army of Roman the civil war. Still, when the battle of Actium
troops, it was only by hard fighting and with had decided the fortunes of the Eastern world,
heavy loss that they were able to carry in suc- Herod could not but feel his position to be one of
cession the several lines of wall that surrounded much danger, from his well-known attachment to
the city, and it was with still more difficulty that the cause of Antony. Under these circumstances,
Herod was able to purchase from the Roman sol- he adopted the daring resolution of proceeding at
diery the freedom from pillage of a part at least of once in person to meet Caesar at Rhodes, and not
his capital
. (Joseph. Ant. xiv. 15, 16, B. J. i. 15 only avowing, but dwelling upon, the warmth of
-18; Dion Cass. xlix. 22. ) This long and san- his attachment to Antony, and the great services
guinary struggle had naturally irritated the minds he had rendered him, so long as it was possible to
of the people against him; and his first measures, do so : concluding that Caesar might thence learn
when he found himself in secure possession of the the value and steadiness of the friendship wliich he
sovereignty, were certainly not well calculated to now offered him. By this magnanimous conduct,
conciliate them. All the members of the sanhedrim, he completely secured the favour of Octavian, who
except two, were put to death, and executions not only confirmed him in the possession of Judaea,
were continually taking place of all those persons but on his return from Egypt in the following year
who had taken an active part against him. These (1. c. 30), extended his dominions by the restitu-
severities were prompted not only by vengeance tion of some districts which had been assigned by
but cupidity, for the purpose of confiscating their Antony to Cleopatra, and by the addition of Gadara
wealth, as Herod sought to amass treasures by and Samaria, as well as Gaza, Joppa, and other
every means in his power, for the purpose of se- cities on the sea-coast. (Joseph. Ant. xv. 5, 6, 7.
## p. 426 (#442) ############################################
126
HERODES.
HERODES.
:
:
§ 3, B. J. i. 19, 20 ; comp. Plut. Ant. 72; Tac. of the district of Panens, as he previously had by
llist. v. 9 ; Strab. xvi. p. 765. ) Just before he had those of Ituraea and Trachonitis. (Joseph. Arts
proceeded to Rhodes, Herod had thought fit to re- xv. 10. § 1-3, B. J. i. 21. § 4 ; Dion Cass. liv.
move the only person whom he could any longer 9. ) Herod displayed his gratitude for this new
regard as in any degree a competitor for his throne, favour by erecting at Pancas itself a magnificent
by putting to death the aged and feeble Hyrcanus, temple of white marble, which he dedicated to Av-
on a charge, real or pretended, of treasonable cor- gustus. It was indeed by costly and splendid public
respondence with Malchus, king of Arabia. Thus works that he loved above all to display his power
secured in the possession of an ample sovereignty, ar. d magnificence: nor did he fail to avail himself
and supported by the favour of one who was now of these opportunities of flattering the pride of the
undisputed master of the world, Herod was appa- Roman emperor by the most lasting as well as
rently at the highest summit of prosperity. But conspicuous compliments. Thus he rebuilt the city
his happiness was now clouded by a dark domestic of Samaria, which had been destroyed by Joannes
calamity, which threw a shade over the whole of Hyrcanus, and bestowed on it the name of Sebaste;
his remaining life. He was passionately atuched while he converted a small town on the sea-coast,
to his beautiful wife, Mariamne; but with a strange called the Tower of Straton, into a magnificent
and barbarons jealousy, he had left orders, when city, with an artificial port, on a scale of the utmost
he repaired to meet Antony nt Laodiceia, in B. c. grandeur, to which he gave the name of Caesareia.
34, that in case of his falling a victim to the And not only did he adorn these new cities with
machinations of his enemies, Mariamne should be temples, theatres, gymnasia, and other buildings in
immediately put to death, to prevent her falling the Greek style, but he even ventured to erect a
into the hands of Antony. The same savage com- theatre at Jerusalem itself, and an amphitheatre
mand was repeated when he went to Rhodes to without the walls, in which he exhibited combals
incet Octavian: on both occasions the fact became of wild beasts and gladiators, according to the
known to Mariamne, and naturally alienated her Roman fashion. But these innovations naturally
mind from her cruel husband. Her resentment gave the deepest offence to the Jewish people: a
was inflamed by her mother, Alexandra, while conspiracy was formed against the king by ten
Cypros and Salome, the mother and sister of Herod, persons, who attempted to assassinate him in the
did their utmost to excite his suspicions against theatre: and though, after the discovery of this
Mariamne. The king was at length induced to plot, we hear no more of any distinct attempts
bring her to trial on a charge of adultery ; and the upon the life of Herod, he was obliged to guard
judges having condemned her, he reluctantly con himself against the increasing spirit of disaffection,
sented to her execution. But his passion appears not only by the employment of numerous spies and
to have been unabated; and so violent were his secret agents, and by prohibiting all unusual assem-
grief and remorse, that he was for a long time on blages, but by the construction of several fortresses
the verge of insanity, and was attacked by so vio- or citadels around the city of Jerusalem itself, by
Jent a fever, that his life was despaired of. He which means he sought to hem in the populace on
recovered at length, but his temper was henceforth all sides, and prevent any possibility of an out-
so gloomy and ferocious, that the slightest suspicion break. The most remarkable of these forts was
would lead him to order the execution even of his that called Antonia, in the immediate neighbour-
best friends. Immediately after his recovery he hood of the temple: another of them, called the
put to death Alexandra, whose restless ambition Hyrcania, was converted into a prison, into which
had been intriguing to obtain possession of Jerusa- all persons who incurred his suspicions were hurried
lem, in case of his death: and not long afterwards, at once, without form of trial, and from whence
at the instigation of his sister, Salome, he ordered they never again appeared. At the same time we
the execution of her husband, Costobarus, together find him repeatedly endeavouring to conciliate his
with several of his own most intimate friends and subjects by acts of munificence and liberality, in all
counsellors. (Joseph. Ant. xv. 3. & 5—9, 7, B. J. of which we discern the same spirit of ostentatious
i. 22. )
grandeur which appears to have been so deeply
But Herod's domestic calamities did not in any implanted in his character. Thus, on occasion of
degree affect the splendour either external or in a great famine, which afflicted Judaea, as well as
ternal of his administration. He continued to cul- all the neighbouring countries, he at once opened
tivate with assiduity the all-important friendship of the boards of his treasury, brought up vast quan-
Augustus, as well as that of his prime minister and tities of corn from Egypt, and not only fed the
counsellor Agrippa, and enjoyed throughout the whole mass of the population at his own cost, but
remainder of his life the highest favour both of the supplied many of the neighbouring provinces with
one and the other. Nor were his services ever seed corn for the next harvest. (Joseph. Ant. xv.
wanting when called for. In B. c. 25 he sent a 9. ) More than once also we find him remitting a
chosen force to the assistance of Aelius Gallus, in great part of the heavy taxation, which was usually
his expedition into Arabia ; and in B. c. 17, after paid by his subjects. Yet these occasional acts of
having received Agrippa with the utmost honour indulgence could but imperfectly compensate for the
at Jerusalem, he set out himself early in the follow- general arbitrary and oppressive character of his
ing spring with a powerful fleet to join him in his government: and the magnificence displayed in his
expedition to the Bosporus and the interior of public works, far from conciliating the minds of his
the Euxine Sea. For this ready zeal, he was re- subjects, served only to increase their mistrust and
warded by obtaining, without difficulty, almost all disaffection, as a proof of his leaning towards an
that he could ask at the hands of Augustus ; and idolatrous religion. In order, if possible, to dispel
when the latter, in B. C. 20, visited Judaea in this feeling, he at length determined on the great
person, he not only refused to listen to the com- work of rebuilding the temple of Jerusalem itself,
plaints of his subjects and neighbours against which, on account of its being frequently used as a
Flerod, but increased his dominions by the addition fortress, had suffered much during the late wars.
:
## p. 427 (#443) ############################################
HERODES.
427
HERODES.
The porticoes and the inner temple itself were com- and accused them before the eniperor of designs upon
pleted in nine years and a half ; but it appears that the life of their father. But the charge was mani-
the whole structure was not finished until long festly groundless, and Augustus succeeded in bring-
after the death of Herod. (Joseph. Ant. xv. 11, xx. ing about a reconciliation for a time. This, how.
9. & 7, B. J. i. 21. § 1.
) Nor was it only in his ever, did not last long: the enemies of the young
own dominions that Herod loved to give proofs of princes again obtained the ascendancy, and three
his wealth and munificence: he also adorned the years afterwards Herod was led to believe that
cities of Tripolis, Damascus, Berytus, and many Alexander had formed a conspiracy to poison hiin.
others not subject to his rule, with theatres, porti- On this charge he put to death and tortured many
coes, and other splendid edifices. On his voyage of the friends and associates of the young prince.
to join Agrippa in Greece, he gave large sums of Alexander, in return, accused Pheroras and Salome
money to the cities of Mytilene and Chios for the of designs upon the life of Herod ; and the whole
repair of their public buildings ; and in B. c. 18, court was in confusion, when the intervention of
baving touched in Greece, on his way to Rome, he Archelaus, king of Cappadocia, once more effected
not only presided in person at the Olympic games, a reconciliation. A third attempt of Antipater was
but gave such large sums towards the revival of more successful: by the instrumentality of Eury-
that solemnity, that he was honoured with the title cles, a Lacedaemonian, at that time resident at the
of its perpetual president. (Joseph. Ant. xvi. 2. court of Herod, he brought a fresh accusation
$ 2, B. J. i. 21. $$ 11, 12. )
against Alexander and his brother; to which the
Herod had the singular good fortune to rule over king lent a willing ear, and having first obtained
his dominions during a period of near thirty years, the consent of Augustus, Herod brought his two
from his confirmation on the throne by Augustus sons to a mock trial at Berytus, where they were
till his death, undisturbed by a single war, foreign condemned without being even heard in their de-
or domestic ; for the occasional hostilities with the fence, and soon after put to death at Sebaste, B. c.
robbers of Trachonitis, or the Arab chiefs that sup- 6. But the execution of these unhappy youths was
ported them, scarcely deserve the name. Once far from removing all the elements of discord
only, during his temporary absence from Syria, did within the house of Herod. Repeated dissensions
these plundering tribes ravage Judaea to a con- had arisen between him and his brother Pheroras,
siderable extent, but they were repressed imme- whom he at length ordered to withdraw into his own
diately on his return. But the more prosperous tetrarchy of Peraea. Here he soon after died: his
appears the condition of Herod as a sovereign, widow was accused of having poisoned him, and
whether we regard his internal policy or his ex- the investigations consequent upon this charge led,
ternal relations, the darker shows the reverse of to the discovery of a more important conspiracy,
the picture when we look to the long series of which had been formed by Antipater and Pheroras
domestic tragedies that mark the latter years of his in concert, against the life of Herod himself. An-
reign. Into the details of this complicated tissue tipater was at the time absent at Rome : he was
of crimes and intrigues it is impossible for us bere allowed to return to Judaea without suspicion,
to enter: they are given by Josephus (our sole when he was immediately seized, brought to trial
authority) with a circumstantial minuteness, that before Quintilius Varus, the Roman governor of
naturally leads us to inquire whence his knowledge Syria, and condemned to death. His execution
was derived,-a question which we have unfortu-was, however, respited until the consent of Au-
nately no means of answering. A lively abridg- gustus could be obtained. (Joseph. Ant. xv. 10.
ment of his picturesque narrative will be found in § 1, xvi. 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, xvii. 1-5, B. J. i.
Milman's History of the Jews, vol. ii. book xi. 23—32 ; Strab. xvi. p. 765. )
A very brief outline is all that can be here given. Meanwhile, it was clear that the days of Herod
In B. c. 18, Herod paid a visit to Rome in himself were numbered. He was attacked by a
person, where he was received with the utmost painful disease, which slowly consumed his stomach
distinction by Augustus. When he returned to and intestines, and the paroxysms of pain that
Judaea, he took with him Alexander and Aristo he suffered from this disorder served to exasperate
bulus, his two sons by the unfortunate Mariamne, the natural ferocity of his temper. During his last
whom he had previously sent to Rome to be brought illness a sedition broke out among the Jews, with
up at the court of Augustus. Having thus re- the view of tearing down the golden eagle which he
ceived an excellent education, and being just in the had set up over the gate of the temple, and which
prime of their youth, the two young men quickly the bigoted people regarded as an idolatrous em-
- attained the greatest popularity, and enjoyed the blem ; but the tumult was quickly suppressed, and
especial favour of Herod himself. Among other the leaders punished with unsparing cruelty. On
marks of this, he married Alexander to the daughter his death bed, too, he must have ordered that mas-
of Archelaus, king of Cappadocia, and Aristobulus sacre of the children at Bethlehem which is re-
to Berenice, the daughter of his sister Salome. But corded by the Evangelist. (Matth. ii. 16. ) Such
the favour of the young princes excited the envy of an act of cruelty, confined as it was to the neigh-
Pheroras and Salome, the brother and sister of bourhood of a single village, may well have passed
Herod, who contrived to poison the mind of the unnoticed among the more wholesale atrocities of
king against his two sons. In an evil hour Herod his reign, and hence no argument can fairly be
was induced to recal to his court Antipater, his son drawn from the silence of Josephus agninst the
by a former wife, Doris; and ihis envious and de- credibility of the fact itself. (See Winer's Bila
signing man immediately set to work, not only to lisches Real Wörterbuch, vol. i. p. 568. ) Almost the
supplant, but destroy, his two brothers. So far last act his life was to order the execution of his
did the combined artifices of Antipater, Salome, son Antipater, permission having at length arrived
and Pheroras succeed in working upon the mind of from Rome for him to act in this matter as he
Herod, that in B. c. 11, he took the two princes thought fit. Five days afterwards he himself died,
with him to Aquilein, where Augustus then was, in the thirty-seventh year of his reign (dating
## p. 428 (#444) ############################################
428
HERODES.
HERODES.
from his first appointment to the throne by Antony Salome, to set aside this arrangement, and obtain
and Octavian) and the seventieth of his age, B. c. the royal dignity for himself. Augustus, however,
4. * He was honoured with a splendid funeral by after some delay, confirmed in all essential points
his son Archelaus, whom he had appointed his suc- the provisions of Herod's will, and Antipas returned
cessor in the kingdom, and was buried at Hero to take possession of his tetrarchy. On his way to
dium, & fortified palace which he had himself Rome, he had seen and become enamoured of
erected, not far from Jericho. (Joseph. Ant, xvii. 8, Herodias, the wife of his half-brother, Herod
B. J. i. 33. $S 8, 9. ) Of his character it seems un- Philip; and after his return to Palestine, he
necessary to speak, after the narrative above given. married her, she having, in defiance of the Jewish
There is abundant proof that he possessed great law, divorced her first husband. He had been
talents, and even great qualities, but these were previously married to a daughter of the Arabian
little able to compensate for the oppression and prince Aretas, who quitted him in disgust at this
tyranny which marked his government towards his new alliance, and retired to her father's court
subjects
, not to speak of his frightful barbarities Aretas subsequently avenged the insult offered to
towards his own family.
his daughter, as well as some differences that had
Josephus is almost our sole authority for the arisen in regard to the frontiers of their respective
events of his reign ; though the general outline of states, by invading the dominions of Antipas, and
the facts which he relates is supported by incidental totally defeating the army which was opposed to
notices in the Greek and Roman writers, especially him. He was only restrained from farther pro-
by Strabo (xvi. p. 765). Nevertheless, we cannot gress by the fear of Rome ; and Tiberius, on the
but deeply regret the loss of the contemporary complaint of Antipas, sent orders to Vitellius, the
history of Nicolas of Damascus, the friend and praefect of Syria, to punish this aggression. An-
apologist of Herod, notwithstanding the partiality tipas himself is said by Josephus (xviii. 7. $ 2) to
with which he is taxed by the Jewish historian. have been of a quiet and indolent disposition, and
Herod was married to not less than ten wives : destitute of ambition ; but he followed the ex-
viz. 1. Doris, the mother of Antipater, already ample of his father in the foundation of a city on
mentioned ; 2. Mariamne, the mother of Aristo- the lake of Gennesareth, to which he gave the name
bulus and Alexander, as well as of two daughters ; of Tiberias ; besides which, he fortified and
3, and 4, two of his own nieces, whose names are adorned with splendid buildings the previously
not mentioned, and by whom he had no children ; existing cities of Sepphoris and Betharamphthan
5. another Mariamne, a daughter of Simon, whom and called the latter Julia in honour of the wife of
he appointed high-priest; she was the mother of Augustus. In A. D. 38, after the death of Tiberius
Herod Philip ; 6. a Samaritan, named Malthace, and accession of Caligula, Herod Antipas was
by whom he left three children, viz. Archelaus, induced to undertake a journey to Rome, to solicit
Hierod Antipas, and a daughter named Olympias : from Caligula in person the title of king, which had
7. Cleopatra of Jerusalem, who was the mother of just been bestowed upon his nephew, Herod
a son called Herod, otherwise unknown, and Agrippa. To this step he was instigated by the
Philip, the tetrarch of Ituraea ; 8. Pallas, by whom jealousy and ambition of his wife Herodias ; but it
he had a son named Phasaël ; 9. Phaedra, mother proved fatal to him. Agrippa, who was high in
of Roxana ; and, lastly, Elpis, mother of Salome. the favour of the Roman emperor, made use of all
In the preceding genealogical table those only of his his influence to oppose the elevation of his uncle,
wives are inserted whose offspring are of any im- whom he even accused of entertaining a treasonable
portance in history.
[E. H. B. ] correspondence with the Parthians. On this charge
Antipas was deprived of his dominions, which
were given to Agrippa, and sent into exile at
Lyons (A. D. 39); from hence he was subse-
quently removed to Spain, where he ended his days
in banishment. Herodias, as she had been the
cause of his disgrace, became the partner of his
exile. (Joseph. Ant. xvii. 9, 11, xviii. 2, 5, 7, B. J.
ii. 2, 6, 9. )
It was Herod Antipas who imprisoned and put
to death John the Baptist, who had reproached
bim with his unlawful connection with Herodias.
HEROʻDES AGRIPPA. [AGRIPPA. ) (Matt. xiv. 3 ; Mark, vi. 17—28 ; Luke, iii. 19. )
HEROʻDES A’NTIPAS ('Huons ’Avtímas), It was before him, also, that Christ was sent by
son of Herod the Great, by Malthace, a Samaritan. Pontius Pilate at Jerusalem, as belonging to his
(Joseph. Ant. xvii. 1. $ 3, B. J. i. 28. $ 4. ). Ac- jurisdiction, on account of his supposed Galilean
cording to the final arrangements of his father's origin. (Luke, xxiii. 6–12. ) He is erroneously
will, Antipas obtained the tetrarchy of Galilee and styled king by St. Mark (vi. 14). We learn little
Peraea, with a revenue of 200 talents, while the either from Josephus or the Evangelists concerning
kingdom of Judaea devolved on his elder brother his personal character or that of his administration ;
Archelaus. On the death of Herod both Antipas but there are not wanting indications that if his
and Archelaus hastened to Rome, where the former government was milder than that of his father, it
secretly endeavoured, with the support of his aunt was yet far from an equitable one. (Concerning the
chronology of his reign, see Winer's Biblisches Real
It must be observed that the death of Herod Wörterbuch, vol. i. p. 570; and Eckhel, vol. iii. p.
took place in the same year with the actual birth of 489. )
(E. H. B. )
Christ, but it is well known that this is to be placed HEROʻDES A'TTICUS. [Atticus, p. 413. )
.
four years before the date in general use as the HERO'DES ('Hpớons), king of Chalcis, was
Christian era. (See Clinton, F. H. vol. iii. p. 254. ) | son of Aristobulus, the ill-fated son of the Asmoncan
W
3
mi
COIN OF HEROD THE GREAT.
## p. 429 (#445) ############################################
HERODIANUS.
429
HERODIANUS.
Mariamne, and brother of Herod Agrippa I. I him, Muximino in odium Alesandri plurimum fu-
(Joseph. Ant. xviii. 5. § 4. ) He obtained the vit. Others also charge him with showing too
kingdom of Chalcis from Claudius at the request of great a partiality for Pertinax. The best editions
his brother Agrippa (d. D. 41): he was at the same of Herodian are those hy Irmisch, Leipzig, 1789
time honoured by the emperor with the praetorian -1805, 5 vols. 8vo. ; by F. A. Wolf, Halle, 1792,
dignity ; and after the death of Agrippa (A. D. 8vo. ; and by Bekker, Berlin, 1826. Notices of
44), Claudius bestowed upon him the general su- other editions will be found in Fabricius (Bibl.
perintendence of the temple and sacred treasury at Gracc. vol. vi.
Tigranes,
Img of Ar-
munia.
Mariamne.
HKROD
AGRIPPA II.
king of 'bal.
cis, died A.
Drusus,
died young
Berenice,
married, I. Herod,
bing of Chalcis,
2. Polemon, king
of Pontus.
Tigranes,
Lung of
Arnienia.
Drusilla,
m. 1. Aziz,
king of Ernesa,
2. Felix.
1
Agrippa,
died A. D. 79.
D. 90.
Alexander,
king of
Cilicia.
The pre-
Jewish citizens without trial. He presented him- | Malichus, and to be reconciled to him, but soon
self before his judges in the most arrogant manner, took an opportunity to cause him to be assassinated
clad in a purple robe, and attended by a guard of near Tyre. As soon as Cassius had quitted Syria,
armed men; but becoming apprehensive of an un- the friends and partisans of Malichus sought to
favourable decision, he departed secretly from Je-avenge his death by the expulsion of Herod and
rusalem, and took refuge with Sex. Caesar, the Phasaël from Jerusalem, but the latter were tri-
Roman governor of Syria, by whom he was re- umphant ; they succeeded in expelling the insur-
ceived with the utmost favour, and shortly after gents, with their leader, Felix, and even in defeat-
appointed to the government of Coele-Syria. Of ing Antigonus, the son of Aristobulus, who had
this he immediately availed himself to levy an invaded Judaea with a large army.
army and march against Jerusalem, with the view tensions of Antigonus to the throne of Judaea were
of expelling Hyrcanus and the party opposed to supported by Marion, king of Tyre, and by Pto-
him, but the entreaties of his father Antipater and lemy Menneus, prince of Chalcis; but Herod soon
his brother Phasaël induced him to withdraw obtained a far more powerful auxiliary in the
without effecting his purpose.
person of Antony, who arrived in Syria in B. C. 41,
These events took place in B. C. 46. Not long and whose favour he hastened to secure, by the
after, Sex. Caesar being put to death by Caecilius most valuable presents. The aged Hyrcanus also,
Bassus, Antistins, the Roman general in command who had betrothed his grand-daughter Mariamne
in Cilicia, collected a large force, with which he to the young Herod, threw all his influence into
marched against Bassus, and blockaded him in the scale in favour of him and his brother Phasaël;
Apameia. Herod and his brother united their and it was at his request that Antony appointed
forces with those of Antistius, but notwithstanding the two brothers tetrarchs of Judaea. Their power
the subsequent arrival and co-operation of Statius now seemed established, but the next year (B. C.
Murcus, the war was protracted until after the 40) brought with it a complete revolution in the
death of Caesar, when Cassius Longinus arrived in state of affairs. The exactions of the Roman go-
Syria (B. C. 43), and terminated the war by con- vernors in Syria had excited general discontent, of
ciliation. Herod quickly rose to a high place in which the Parthians took advantage; to invade the
the favour of Cassius, which he gained particularly country with a large army under Pacorus, the
by the readiness with which he raised the heavy king's son, and the Roman general, Labienus.
tribute imposed on his province : he was con- | They quickly made themselves masters not only of
firmed in the government of Coele-Syria, and all Syria, but great part of Asia Minor, when
placed at the head of a large force both by sea and Antigonus invoked their assistance to establish him
land. Meanwhile, his father Antipater was poi- on the throne of Judaea. Pacorus sent a powerful
soned by Malichus, whose life he had twice saved. army, under Barzapharnes, against Jerusalem, and
Herod at first pretended to believe the cxcuses of | Ilerod and Pliasaël, unable to meet the enemy in
## p. 425 (#441) ############################################
HERODES.
425
HERODES.
the field, or even to prevent their entrance into curing the favour of Antony by the most lavish
Jerusalem, took refuge in the strong fortress of presents. He was indeed not without cause for
Baris. Phasel soon after suffered himself to be apprehension. Immediately on his becoming master
deluded by a pretended negotiation, and was made of Jerusalem, he had bestowed the high-priesthood
prisoner by the Parthians, but Herod effected his (vacant by the death of Antigonus, whom Antony,
escape in safety, with his family and treasures, to at the instigation of Herod, had executed like a
the strong fortress of Masada, on the shores of the common malefactor) upon an obscure priest from
Dead Sea Here he left a strong garrison, while Babylon, named Ananel, and by this measure had
he himself hastened to Petra to obtain the assist given bitter offence to Alexandra, the mother of
ance of the Arabian king Malchus, on whose sup- his wife Mariamne, who regarded that dignity as
port he reckoned with confidence. But Malchus belonging of right to her son Aristobulus, å youth
proved false in the hour of need, and refused to of sixteen, and the last male descendant of the
receive him; on which Herod, dismissing the Asmonean race. Alexandra sought support for
greater part of his followers, hastened with a small her cause by entering into secret correspondence
band to Pelusium, and from thence to Alexandria, with Cleopatra, whose influence with Antony ren-
where he embarked at once for Rome. On his dered her at this time all-powerful in the East ;
arrival in that capital, he was received with the and this potent influence, united with the constant
utmost distinction both by Antony and Octavian, entreaties of his beloved wife Mariamne, compelled
between whom a reconciliation had just been ef- Herod to depose Ananel, and_bestow the high-
fected. Antony was at the time preparing to take priesthood upon Aristobulus. But the continued
the field against the Parthians, and foresaw in intrigues of Alexandra, and the growing popularity
Herod an useful ally; hence he obtained a decree of of the young man himself, so alarmed the jealousy
the senate in his favour, which went beyond his of Herod, that he contrived to effect his secret as
own most sanguine hopes, as it constituted him at sassination, in a manner that enabled him to dis-
once king of Judaean passing over the remaining claim all participation in the scheme. (Joseph.
heirs of the Asmonean line. (Joseph. Ant. xiv. 9, Ant. xr. 1-3. ) But the mind of Cleopatra was
11-14, B. Jud. i. 10–14; Dion Cass. xlviii. 26; alienated from him, not only by the representations
Appian, B. C. v. 75. )
of Alexandra, but by her own desire to annex the
It was before the close of the year 40 that dominions of Herod to her own, and it was with
Herod obtained this unexpected elevation. So difficulty that the king could make head against
quickly had the whole matter been transacted, that her influence. Antony, however, resisted all her
he was able to leave Rome again only seven days entreaties; and though he summoned Herod to
after he arrived there, and sailing directly to Syria, meet him at Laodiceia, and give an account of his
landed at Ptolemaïs within three months from the conduct towards Aristobulus, he disinissed him with
time he had first fled from Jerusalem. He quickly the highest honours. Cleopatra herself, on her
assembled an army, with which he conquered the return from the Euphrates, whither she had at-
greater part of Galilee, raised the siege of Masada, tended Antony, passed through Judaea, and visited
took the strong fortress of Ressa, and then, in con- Herod, who received her with the utmost distinc-
junction with the Roman general Silo, laid siege to i tion, and even accompanied her as far as the con-
Jerusalem. But, rapid as his progress was at first, fines of Egypt, but successfully avoided all her
it was long before he could complete the establish- snares. (ld. xv. 4. )
ment of his power; and the war was protracted for Hostilities soon after broke out between Antony
several years, a circumstance owing in part to the and Octavian. Herod had assembled a large force,
jealousy or corruption of the Roman generals ap- with which he was preparing to join Antony, when
pointed to co-operate with him. The Jews within he received orders from that general to turn his
the city appear to have been strongly attached to arms against Malchus, king of Arabia, who had
Antigonus, as the representative of the popular line refused payment of the appointed tribute to Cleo-
of the Asmonean princes, and they held out firmly. patra : and these hostilities (which appear to have
Even when, in B. C. 37, Herod at length obtained occupied the greater part of two years) fortunately
vigorous assistance from Antony's lieutenant, So- prevented him from taking any personal part in
sius, at the head of a regular army of Roman the civil war. Still, when the battle of Actium
troops, it was only by hard fighting and with had decided the fortunes of the Eastern world,
heavy loss that they were able to carry in suc- Herod could not but feel his position to be one of
cession the several lines of wall that surrounded much danger, from his well-known attachment to
the city, and it was with still more difficulty that the cause of Antony. Under these circumstances,
Herod was able to purchase from the Roman sol- he adopted the daring resolution of proceeding at
diery the freedom from pillage of a part at least of once in person to meet Caesar at Rhodes, and not
his capital
. (Joseph. Ant. xiv. 15, 16, B. J. i. 15 only avowing, but dwelling upon, the warmth of
-18; Dion Cass. xlix. 22. ) This long and san- his attachment to Antony, and the great services
guinary struggle had naturally irritated the minds he had rendered him, so long as it was possible to
of the people against him; and his first measures, do so : concluding that Caesar might thence learn
when he found himself in secure possession of the the value and steadiness of the friendship wliich he
sovereignty, were certainly not well calculated to now offered him. By this magnanimous conduct,
conciliate them. All the members of the sanhedrim, he completely secured the favour of Octavian, who
except two, were put to death, and executions not only confirmed him in the possession of Judaea,
were continually taking place of all those persons but on his return from Egypt in the following year
who had taken an active part against him. These (1. c. 30), extended his dominions by the restitu-
severities were prompted not only by vengeance tion of some districts which had been assigned by
but cupidity, for the purpose of confiscating their Antony to Cleopatra, and by the addition of Gadara
wealth, as Herod sought to amass treasures by and Samaria, as well as Gaza, Joppa, and other
every means in his power, for the purpose of se- cities on the sea-coast. (Joseph. Ant. xv. 5, 6, 7.
## p. 426 (#442) ############################################
126
HERODES.
HERODES.
:
:
§ 3, B. J. i. 19, 20 ; comp. Plut. Ant. 72; Tac. of the district of Panens, as he previously had by
llist. v. 9 ; Strab. xvi. p. 765. ) Just before he had those of Ituraea and Trachonitis. (Joseph. Arts
proceeded to Rhodes, Herod had thought fit to re- xv. 10. § 1-3, B. J. i. 21. § 4 ; Dion Cass. liv.
move the only person whom he could any longer 9. ) Herod displayed his gratitude for this new
regard as in any degree a competitor for his throne, favour by erecting at Pancas itself a magnificent
by putting to death the aged and feeble Hyrcanus, temple of white marble, which he dedicated to Av-
on a charge, real or pretended, of treasonable cor- gustus. It was indeed by costly and splendid public
respondence with Malchus, king of Arabia. Thus works that he loved above all to display his power
secured in the possession of an ample sovereignty, ar. d magnificence: nor did he fail to avail himself
and supported by the favour of one who was now of these opportunities of flattering the pride of the
undisputed master of the world, Herod was appa- Roman emperor by the most lasting as well as
rently at the highest summit of prosperity. But conspicuous compliments. Thus he rebuilt the city
his happiness was now clouded by a dark domestic of Samaria, which had been destroyed by Joannes
calamity, which threw a shade over the whole of Hyrcanus, and bestowed on it the name of Sebaste;
his remaining life. He was passionately atuched while he converted a small town on the sea-coast,
to his beautiful wife, Mariamne; but with a strange called the Tower of Straton, into a magnificent
and barbarons jealousy, he had left orders, when city, with an artificial port, on a scale of the utmost
he repaired to meet Antony nt Laodiceia, in B. c. grandeur, to which he gave the name of Caesareia.
34, that in case of his falling a victim to the And not only did he adorn these new cities with
machinations of his enemies, Mariamne should be temples, theatres, gymnasia, and other buildings in
immediately put to death, to prevent her falling the Greek style, but he even ventured to erect a
into the hands of Antony. The same savage com- theatre at Jerusalem itself, and an amphitheatre
mand was repeated when he went to Rhodes to without the walls, in which he exhibited combals
incet Octavian: on both occasions the fact became of wild beasts and gladiators, according to the
known to Mariamne, and naturally alienated her Roman fashion. But these innovations naturally
mind from her cruel husband. Her resentment gave the deepest offence to the Jewish people: a
was inflamed by her mother, Alexandra, while conspiracy was formed against the king by ten
Cypros and Salome, the mother and sister of Herod, persons, who attempted to assassinate him in the
did their utmost to excite his suspicions against theatre: and though, after the discovery of this
Mariamne. The king was at length induced to plot, we hear no more of any distinct attempts
bring her to trial on a charge of adultery ; and the upon the life of Herod, he was obliged to guard
judges having condemned her, he reluctantly con himself against the increasing spirit of disaffection,
sented to her execution. But his passion appears not only by the employment of numerous spies and
to have been unabated; and so violent were his secret agents, and by prohibiting all unusual assem-
grief and remorse, that he was for a long time on blages, but by the construction of several fortresses
the verge of insanity, and was attacked by so vio- or citadels around the city of Jerusalem itself, by
Jent a fever, that his life was despaired of. He which means he sought to hem in the populace on
recovered at length, but his temper was henceforth all sides, and prevent any possibility of an out-
so gloomy and ferocious, that the slightest suspicion break. The most remarkable of these forts was
would lead him to order the execution even of his that called Antonia, in the immediate neighbour-
best friends. Immediately after his recovery he hood of the temple: another of them, called the
put to death Alexandra, whose restless ambition Hyrcania, was converted into a prison, into which
had been intriguing to obtain possession of Jerusa- all persons who incurred his suspicions were hurried
lem, in case of his death: and not long afterwards, at once, without form of trial, and from whence
at the instigation of his sister, Salome, he ordered they never again appeared. At the same time we
the execution of her husband, Costobarus, together find him repeatedly endeavouring to conciliate his
with several of his own most intimate friends and subjects by acts of munificence and liberality, in all
counsellors. (Joseph. Ant. xv. 3. & 5—9, 7, B. J. of which we discern the same spirit of ostentatious
i. 22. )
grandeur which appears to have been so deeply
But Herod's domestic calamities did not in any implanted in his character. Thus, on occasion of
degree affect the splendour either external or in a great famine, which afflicted Judaea, as well as
ternal of his administration. He continued to cul- all the neighbouring countries, he at once opened
tivate with assiduity the all-important friendship of the boards of his treasury, brought up vast quan-
Augustus, as well as that of his prime minister and tities of corn from Egypt, and not only fed the
counsellor Agrippa, and enjoyed throughout the whole mass of the population at his own cost, but
remainder of his life the highest favour both of the supplied many of the neighbouring provinces with
one and the other. Nor were his services ever seed corn for the next harvest. (Joseph. Ant. xv.
wanting when called for. In B. c. 25 he sent a 9. ) More than once also we find him remitting a
chosen force to the assistance of Aelius Gallus, in great part of the heavy taxation, which was usually
his expedition into Arabia ; and in B. c. 17, after paid by his subjects. Yet these occasional acts of
having received Agrippa with the utmost honour indulgence could but imperfectly compensate for the
at Jerusalem, he set out himself early in the follow- general arbitrary and oppressive character of his
ing spring with a powerful fleet to join him in his government: and the magnificence displayed in his
expedition to the Bosporus and the interior of public works, far from conciliating the minds of his
the Euxine Sea. For this ready zeal, he was re- subjects, served only to increase their mistrust and
warded by obtaining, without difficulty, almost all disaffection, as a proof of his leaning towards an
that he could ask at the hands of Augustus ; and idolatrous religion. In order, if possible, to dispel
when the latter, in B. C. 20, visited Judaea in this feeling, he at length determined on the great
person, he not only refused to listen to the com- work of rebuilding the temple of Jerusalem itself,
plaints of his subjects and neighbours against which, on account of its being frequently used as a
Flerod, but increased his dominions by the addition fortress, had suffered much during the late wars.
:
## p. 427 (#443) ############################################
HERODES.
427
HERODES.
The porticoes and the inner temple itself were com- and accused them before the eniperor of designs upon
pleted in nine years and a half ; but it appears that the life of their father. But the charge was mani-
the whole structure was not finished until long festly groundless, and Augustus succeeded in bring-
after the death of Herod. (Joseph. Ant. xv. 11, xx. ing about a reconciliation for a time. This, how.
9. & 7, B. J. i. 21. § 1.
) Nor was it only in his ever, did not last long: the enemies of the young
own dominions that Herod loved to give proofs of princes again obtained the ascendancy, and three
his wealth and munificence: he also adorned the years afterwards Herod was led to believe that
cities of Tripolis, Damascus, Berytus, and many Alexander had formed a conspiracy to poison hiin.
others not subject to his rule, with theatres, porti- On this charge he put to death and tortured many
coes, and other splendid edifices. On his voyage of the friends and associates of the young prince.
to join Agrippa in Greece, he gave large sums of Alexander, in return, accused Pheroras and Salome
money to the cities of Mytilene and Chios for the of designs upon the life of Herod ; and the whole
repair of their public buildings ; and in B. c. 18, court was in confusion, when the intervention of
baving touched in Greece, on his way to Rome, he Archelaus, king of Cappadocia, once more effected
not only presided in person at the Olympic games, a reconciliation. A third attempt of Antipater was
but gave such large sums towards the revival of more successful: by the instrumentality of Eury-
that solemnity, that he was honoured with the title cles, a Lacedaemonian, at that time resident at the
of its perpetual president. (Joseph. Ant. xvi. 2. court of Herod, he brought a fresh accusation
$ 2, B. J. i. 21. $$ 11, 12. )
against Alexander and his brother; to which the
Herod had the singular good fortune to rule over king lent a willing ear, and having first obtained
his dominions during a period of near thirty years, the consent of Augustus, Herod brought his two
from his confirmation on the throne by Augustus sons to a mock trial at Berytus, where they were
till his death, undisturbed by a single war, foreign condemned without being even heard in their de-
or domestic ; for the occasional hostilities with the fence, and soon after put to death at Sebaste, B. c.
robbers of Trachonitis, or the Arab chiefs that sup- 6. But the execution of these unhappy youths was
ported them, scarcely deserve the name. Once far from removing all the elements of discord
only, during his temporary absence from Syria, did within the house of Herod. Repeated dissensions
these plundering tribes ravage Judaea to a con- had arisen between him and his brother Pheroras,
siderable extent, but they were repressed imme- whom he at length ordered to withdraw into his own
diately on his return. But the more prosperous tetrarchy of Peraea. Here he soon after died: his
appears the condition of Herod as a sovereign, widow was accused of having poisoned him, and
whether we regard his internal policy or his ex- the investigations consequent upon this charge led,
ternal relations, the darker shows the reverse of to the discovery of a more important conspiracy,
the picture when we look to the long series of which had been formed by Antipater and Pheroras
domestic tragedies that mark the latter years of his in concert, against the life of Herod himself. An-
reign. Into the details of this complicated tissue tipater was at the time absent at Rome : he was
of crimes and intrigues it is impossible for us bere allowed to return to Judaea without suspicion,
to enter: they are given by Josephus (our sole when he was immediately seized, brought to trial
authority) with a circumstantial minuteness, that before Quintilius Varus, the Roman governor of
naturally leads us to inquire whence his knowledge Syria, and condemned to death. His execution
was derived,-a question which we have unfortu-was, however, respited until the consent of Au-
nately no means of answering. A lively abridg- gustus could be obtained. (Joseph. Ant. xv. 10.
ment of his picturesque narrative will be found in § 1, xvi. 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, xvii. 1-5, B. J. i.
Milman's History of the Jews, vol. ii. book xi. 23—32 ; Strab. xvi. p. 765. )
A very brief outline is all that can be here given. Meanwhile, it was clear that the days of Herod
In B. c. 18, Herod paid a visit to Rome in himself were numbered. He was attacked by a
person, where he was received with the utmost painful disease, which slowly consumed his stomach
distinction by Augustus. When he returned to and intestines, and the paroxysms of pain that
Judaea, he took with him Alexander and Aristo he suffered from this disorder served to exasperate
bulus, his two sons by the unfortunate Mariamne, the natural ferocity of his temper. During his last
whom he had previously sent to Rome to be brought illness a sedition broke out among the Jews, with
up at the court of Augustus. Having thus re- the view of tearing down the golden eagle which he
ceived an excellent education, and being just in the had set up over the gate of the temple, and which
prime of their youth, the two young men quickly the bigoted people regarded as an idolatrous em-
- attained the greatest popularity, and enjoyed the blem ; but the tumult was quickly suppressed, and
especial favour of Herod himself. Among other the leaders punished with unsparing cruelty. On
marks of this, he married Alexander to the daughter his death bed, too, he must have ordered that mas-
of Archelaus, king of Cappadocia, and Aristobulus sacre of the children at Bethlehem which is re-
to Berenice, the daughter of his sister Salome. But corded by the Evangelist. (Matth. ii. 16. ) Such
the favour of the young princes excited the envy of an act of cruelty, confined as it was to the neigh-
Pheroras and Salome, the brother and sister of bourhood of a single village, may well have passed
Herod, who contrived to poison the mind of the unnoticed among the more wholesale atrocities of
king against his two sons. In an evil hour Herod his reign, and hence no argument can fairly be
was induced to recal to his court Antipater, his son drawn from the silence of Josephus agninst the
by a former wife, Doris; and ihis envious and de- credibility of the fact itself. (See Winer's Bila
signing man immediately set to work, not only to lisches Real Wörterbuch, vol. i. p. 568. ) Almost the
supplant, but destroy, his two brothers. So far last act his life was to order the execution of his
did the combined artifices of Antipater, Salome, son Antipater, permission having at length arrived
and Pheroras succeed in working upon the mind of from Rome for him to act in this matter as he
Herod, that in B. c. 11, he took the two princes thought fit. Five days afterwards he himself died,
with him to Aquilein, where Augustus then was, in the thirty-seventh year of his reign (dating
## p. 428 (#444) ############################################
428
HERODES.
HERODES.
from his first appointment to the throne by Antony Salome, to set aside this arrangement, and obtain
and Octavian) and the seventieth of his age, B. c. the royal dignity for himself. Augustus, however,
4. * He was honoured with a splendid funeral by after some delay, confirmed in all essential points
his son Archelaus, whom he had appointed his suc- the provisions of Herod's will, and Antipas returned
cessor in the kingdom, and was buried at Hero to take possession of his tetrarchy. On his way to
dium, & fortified palace which he had himself Rome, he had seen and become enamoured of
erected, not far from Jericho. (Joseph. Ant, xvii. 8, Herodias, the wife of his half-brother, Herod
B. J. i. 33. $S 8, 9. ) Of his character it seems un- Philip; and after his return to Palestine, he
necessary to speak, after the narrative above given. married her, she having, in defiance of the Jewish
There is abundant proof that he possessed great law, divorced her first husband. He had been
talents, and even great qualities, but these were previously married to a daughter of the Arabian
little able to compensate for the oppression and prince Aretas, who quitted him in disgust at this
tyranny which marked his government towards his new alliance, and retired to her father's court
subjects
, not to speak of his frightful barbarities Aretas subsequently avenged the insult offered to
towards his own family.
his daughter, as well as some differences that had
Josephus is almost our sole authority for the arisen in regard to the frontiers of their respective
events of his reign ; though the general outline of states, by invading the dominions of Antipas, and
the facts which he relates is supported by incidental totally defeating the army which was opposed to
notices in the Greek and Roman writers, especially him. He was only restrained from farther pro-
by Strabo (xvi. p. 765). Nevertheless, we cannot gress by the fear of Rome ; and Tiberius, on the
but deeply regret the loss of the contemporary complaint of Antipas, sent orders to Vitellius, the
history of Nicolas of Damascus, the friend and praefect of Syria, to punish this aggression. An-
apologist of Herod, notwithstanding the partiality tipas himself is said by Josephus (xviii. 7. $ 2) to
with which he is taxed by the Jewish historian. have been of a quiet and indolent disposition, and
Herod was married to not less than ten wives : destitute of ambition ; but he followed the ex-
viz. 1. Doris, the mother of Antipater, already ample of his father in the foundation of a city on
mentioned ; 2. Mariamne, the mother of Aristo- the lake of Gennesareth, to which he gave the name
bulus and Alexander, as well as of two daughters ; of Tiberias ; besides which, he fortified and
3, and 4, two of his own nieces, whose names are adorned with splendid buildings the previously
not mentioned, and by whom he had no children ; existing cities of Sepphoris and Betharamphthan
5. another Mariamne, a daughter of Simon, whom and called the latter Julia in honour of the wife of
he appointed high-priest; she was the mother of Augustus. In A. D. 38, after the death of Tiberius
Herod Philip ; 6. a Samaritan, named Malthace, and accession of Caligula, Herod Antipas was
by whom he left three children, viz. Archelaus, induced to undertake a journey to Rome, to solicit
Hierod Antipas, and a daughter named Olympias : from Caligula in person the title of king, which had
7. Cleopatra of Jerusalem, who was the mother of just been bestowed upon his nephew, Herod
a son called Herod, otherwise unknown, and Agrippa. To this step he was instigated by the
Philip, the tetrarch of Ituraea ; 8. Pallas, by whom jealousy and ambition of his wife Herodias ; but it
he had a son named Phasaël ; 9. Phaedra, mother proved fatal to him. Agrippa, who was high in
of Roxana ; and, lastly, Elpis, mother of Salome. the favour of the Roman emperor, made use of all
In the preceding genealogical table those only of his his influence to oppose the elevation of his uncle,
wives are inserted whose offspring are of any im- whom he even accused of entertaining a treasonable
portance in history.
[E. H. B. ] correspondence with the Parthians. On this charge
Antipas was deprived of his dominions, which
were given to Agrippa, and sent into exile at
Lyons (A. D. 39); from hence he was subse-
quently removed to Spain, where he ended his days
in banishment. Herodias, as she had been the
cause of his disgrace, became the partner of his
exile. (Joseph. Ant. xvii. 9, 11, xviii. 2, 5, 7, B. J.
ii. 2, 6, 9. )
It was Herod Antipas who imprisoned and put
to death John the Baptist, who had reproached
bim with his unlawful connection with Herodias.
HEROʻDES AGRIPPA. [AGRIPPA. ) (Matt. xiv. 3 ; Mark, vi. 17—28 ; Luke, iii. 19. )
HEROʻDES A’NTIPAS ('Huons ’Avtímas), It was before him, also, that Christ was sent by
son of Herod the Great, by Malthace, a Samaritan. Pontius Pilate at Jerusalem, as belonging to his
(Joseph. Ant. xvii. 1. $ 3, B. J. i. 28. $ 4. ). Ac- jurisdiction, on account of his supposed Galilean
cording to the final arrangements of his father's origin. (Luke, xxiii. 6–12. ) He is erroneously
will, Antipas obtained the tetrarchy of Galilee and styled king by St. Mark (vi. 14). We learn little
Peraea, with a revenue of 200 talents, while the either from Josephus or the Evangelists concerning
kingdom of Judaea devolved on his elder brother his personal character or that of his administration ;
Archelaus. On the death of Herod both Antipas but there are not wanting indications that if his
and Archelaus hastened to Rome, where the former government was milder than that of his father, it
secretly endeavoured, with the support of his aunt was yet far from an equitable one. (Concerning the
chronology of his reign, see Winer's Biblisches Real
It must be observed that the death of Herod Wörterbuch, vol. i. p. 570; and Eckhel, vol. iii. p.
took place in the same year with the actual birth of 489. )
(E. H. B. )
Christ, but it is well known that this is to be placed HEROʻDES A'TTICUS. [Atticus, p. 413. )
.
four years before the date in general use as the HERO'DES ('Hpớons), king of Chalcis, was
Christian era. (See Clinton, F. H. vol. iii. p. 254. ) | son of Aristobulus, the ill-fated son of the Asmoncan
W
3
mi
COIN OF HEROD THE GREAT.
## p. 429 (#445) ############################################
HERODIANUS.
429
HERODIANUS.
Mariamne, and brother of Herod Agrippa I. I him, Muximino in odium Alesandri plurimum fu-
(Joseph. Ant. xviii. 5. § 4. ) He obtained the vit. Others also charge him with showing too
kingdom of Chalcis from Claudius at the request of great a partiality for Pertinax. The best editions
his brother Agrippa (d. D. 41): he was at the same of Herodian are those hy Irmisch, Leipzig, 1789
time honoured by the emperor with the praetorian -1805, 5 vols. 8vo. ; by F. A. Wolf, Halle, 1792,
dignity ; and after the death of Agrippa (A. D. 8vo. ; and by Bekker, Berlin, 1826. Notices of
44), Claudius bestowed upon him the general su- other editions will be found in Fabricius (Bibl.
perintendence of the temple and sacred treasury at Gracc. vol. vi.
