He was
appointed
poet lau-
reate of England in 1896.
reate of England in 1896.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
Employed as an engineer in 1854-
62, he came to America to conduct some min-
ing operations in the copper region of Lake
Superior; then lived in New York until 1884,
when he returned to Europe. Among the
German population of America he had an
enormous success with his (American Sketch-
Booklet) (1875), an epistle in verse, written in
Upper-Hessian dialect and overflowing with
delicious humor. It was followed by New
American Sketch-Booklet) (1876). Besides these
he wrote (Camp Paradise (1877), a story, and
a collection of miscellaneous poems (1891).
Asnyk, Adam (äs'nik). A Polish poet; born
at Kalisz, Sept. II, 1838; studied in Warsaw,
Breslau, and Heidelberg, where he took his
degree of Ph. D. in 1866. Since 1872 he has
## p. 28 (#44) ##############################################
28
ASSOLLANT -- AUBANEL
lived in Cracow. Besides numerous lyrics,
counted among the most finished of their
kind, he wrote the historical tragedy (Kiejstut)
(1878), based on an incident in Lithuanian
history; and the comedies (Job's Friends)
(1879), 'Lerche Brothers, and Prize-Comedy)
(1888). His Poems) appeared collected in
1888, 3 vols.
Assollant, Alfred (ä-so-lon'). A French nov.
elist and political writer; born at Aubusson,
March 20, 1827; died in Paris, March 4, 1886.
He taught for a number of years in Paris and
other cities, then set out for America; and
having traveled extensively over the United
States, published on his return (Scenes from
Life in the United States) (1858), a series of
tales which attracted a good deal of attention.
Among his numerous novels are : (Two Friends
in 1792) (1859), a story of the Reign of Terror;
(Brancas) (1859), a picture of the corruption
under Louis Philippe ; (Gabrielle de Chênevert)
(1865), portraying the provincial nobility before
the Revolution; Pendragon (1881); (Planta-
genet) (1885).
Astor, John Jacob. An American writer;
born in New York city. He published in
1894 an imaginative work, entitled A Journey
in Other Worlds. )
Astor, William Waldorf. An American ro-
mancer; born in New York, March 31, 1848.
He is the great-grandson of John Jacob Astor,
and graduated at Columbia Law School. He
was United States minister to Italy, 1882–85,
and now resides in London, and is the pro-
prietor of the Pall Mall Gazette. He is the
author of Valentino,' a historical romance
(1886), and (Sforza, a story of Milan (1889).
Athanasius, Saint (ath-a-nā'shi-us). One of
the fathers of the Christian Church; born at
Alexandria about 296 A. D. ; died there, May
2, 373. He distinguished himself by his elo-
quence at the Synod of Nice (325), where his
efforts were instrumental in securing the ac-
ceptance of the Nicene Creed. The creed
which bears his name was supposed to have
been formulated by him, but the term Ath-
anasian was not applied to it until some cen-
turies after his death. He became Patriarch
of Alexandria in 328, being afterward deposed
and reinstated five times. His chief works,
including "Orations against the Arians) and
(Festal Letters,' appeared in an English trans-
lation by Archibald Robertson (New York,
1892).
Athenæus (ath-e-nē'us). A Greek writer of
the third century, reputed to have been born
at Naucratis in the Nile Delta, and to have
lived at Alexandria and afterwards at Rome.
He is famous for one work, his Feast of the
Learned,' a series of books giving with little
connection or literary art a vast assemblage
of quotations from nearly 800 writers and 2,400
distinct writings, covering practically every de-
partment of ancient learning. It has been
valued by scholars of all succeeding times as a
treasure-house of quotation and anecdote. *
Atherstone, Edwin. An English poet; born
at Nottingham, England, about 1788; died
Jan. 29, 1872. He was the author of (The Last
Days of Herculaneum' and (The Fall of
Nineveh. In addition to these poems he wrote
(Israel in Egypt) and (The Handwriting on
the Wall.
Atkinson, Edward. An American political
economist and statistician ; born at Brookline,
Mass. , Feb. 10, 1827. Besides numerous pam-
phlets and articles in periodicals, he has written:
(Our National Domain) (1879); (The Distri-
bution of Products) (1885); "The Margin of
Profits' (1887); Bi-Metallism in Europe) (1888);
(The Industrial Progress of the Nation (1889);
(Science of Nutrition (1892); etc.
Attâr, Ferî eddin (ät-tär'). A celebrated
Persian poet; born near Nishapur in 1119;
died about 1229. (? ) Son of a spicer, he fol-
lowed his father's trade (whence his surname
of Attâr), but afterward became a dervish and
one of the greatest mystics of Persia. He is
said to have been killed by a Mongol soldier
during the invasion by Jenghiz Khan. Of his
extant political works the most famous are :
(The Book of Council, a series of didactic
poems on ethics; "The Parliament of Birds )
(1184-87). His principal work in prose is
(Biographies of the Saints. )
Atterbom, Per Daniel Amadeus (ät'tér-bom).
An eminent Swedish poet; born in the parish
of Asbo, East-Gothland, Jan. 19, 1790; died in
Upsala, July 21, 1855. He was early influenced
by German literature, and having visited Ger-
many and Italy in 1817-19, he formed ties of
friendship with Schelling and Thorwaldsen;
he became instructor to Crown Prince Oscar
in 1820, and professor at the university in Up-
sala in 1828. Although unquestionably the
foremost among the lyric poets of the roman-
tic school in Sweden, it must be acknowledged
that his rare talent was much impaired by his
groping in Schelling's and Hegel's philosophy.
His most celebrated work is (The Isle of
Blessedness) (1823), a romantic drama in the
manner of Tieck; but he also wrote: (The
Flowers, a cycle of lyrics ; (The Blue Bird,' a
play; and (Swedish Seers and Poets,' a volume
of criticism. *
Atwood, Isaac Morgan. An American
clergyman; born in New York State in 1838.
He is an important leader of the Universalist
Church, and president of the Theological Sem-
inary at St. Lawrence University. His chief
works are : (Have We Outgrown Christianity)
(1870); “Latest Word of Universalism (1878);
(Manual of Revelation (1888); (Walks about
Zion) (1881).
Aubanel, Théodore (ö-bä-nel'). A Provençal
poet and dramatist; born in Avignon, March
26, 1829; died there, Oct. 31, 1886. His lyrics
are collected under the title « The Pomegranate
Opening) (1860); but he is especially noteworthy
as a dramatist, as seen in his strikingly real-
istic dramas: (The Shepherd); (The Bread of
Sin) (1878); “The Elopement. '
)
## p. 29 (#45) ##############################################
AUBERT - AUGIER
29
Aubert, Joachim Marie Jean Jacques Al-
exandre Jules (o-bār'). A distinguished French
general and military writer; born in 1804; died
in 1890. Was prominent in several campaigns,
and was made commander of the Legion of
Honor in 1860. He is best known to the public
as a journalist and historical writer. Among his
works are: “Gauls and Germans); (The Invas-
ion) (1870); (History of the War of 1870-71)
(1873).
Aubignac, François Hédelin, Abbé d' (ō-ben-
yäk'). A French essayist and miscellaneous
prose-writer; born in Paris, Aug. 4, 1604; died
at Nemours, July 20, 1676. (The Practical
Side of the Theatre) is his best-known work,-
an attempt to handle the theory and technique
of the drama after the theory of Scaliger. It
is in harmony with the Corneille school.
Aubigné, Théodore Agrippa d' (o-bē-nyā).
A French poet, historian, and statesman (1551-
1630). After the death of Henri IV. , his friend
and patron, he fed from religious persecution
in France to Geneva. His greatest work is
( The Tragics) (1616), in which are portrayed
the horrors of wars of religion. His satires,
too, have reference to the religious strifes of the
time; famous among them is (The Catholic
Confession of the Sieur de Sancy. His "Uni-
versal History) is one of the most authoritative
sources for the history of the latter half of
the 16th century.
Audouard, Olympe (o-dö-är'). A French
writer (1830-90); married to a notary in Mar-
seilles, but soon after divorced, she traveled in
Egypt, Turkey, and Russia; and having con-
ducted various journals in Paris since 1860,
made a successful lecture tour through Amer-
ica in 1868-69. After her return she became
interested in spiritism. She was an ardent
advocate of woman's rights. Among her novels
and books of travel may be mentioned: How
Men Love) (1861); (The Mysteries of the
Seraglio and of the Turkish Harems) (1863);
(The Mysteries of Egypt Unveiled” (1865);
(War to Man' (1866); (Across America' (1869–
71); 'Parisian Silhouettes) (1883).
Audsley, George Ashdown (ads'li). A Scot-
tish architect and writer on art; born at Elgin,
Scotland, 1838. His present home is at Plain-
field, N. J. He has published, with his brother
William James Audsley, "Color in Dress)
(1863); Dictionary of Architecture and the
Allied Arts' (1880, 10 vols. ), etc. ; alone, (Hand-
book of Christian Symbolism (1865); (The
Ornamental Arts of Japan) (2 vols. , 1882-86);
etc.
Audubon, John James. An eminent Amer-
ican naturalist; born in New Orleans, May 4,
1780; died in New York, Jan. 27, 1851. An
artist, but above all a lover of animated nature,
the best years and efforts of his life were de-
voted to Birds of America) and to (American
Ornithological Biography,' in which his skill
with the brush, the effective simplicity of his
literary style, and his mastery of his subject,
have equal claims to admiration. Another
series of studies, « The Quadrupeds of America,
(Synopsis of the Birds of North America, and
(Biography of American Quadrupeds, have
added to a fame which no subsequent labor
in the same field has tended to discredit. *
Aue. See Hartmann von Aue.
Auer, Adelheid von (ou'er), pseudonym of
Charlotte von Cosel. A German novelist;
born in Berlin, Jan. 6, 1818. She is author of
a great many stories of real life, among
them : (Footprints in Sand (1868); (A Sister
of Charity) (1870); (In the World's Labyrinth
(1878); (Castles in the Air) (1882); all written
in the tone and spirit of a moderate conserva-
tive.
Auerbach, Berthold (ou'er-bäch). An emi-
nent German novelist; born at Nordstetten,
Würtemberg, Feb. 28, 1812; died at Cannes,
France, Feb. 8, 1882. He began to write while a
student in Heidelberg, and under the pseudonym
(Theobald Chauber) produced a (Biography
of Frederick the Great' (1834-36). A series of
novels from the history of Judaism, under the
collective title (The Ghetto, of which (Spinoza
(1837) and Poet and Merchant) (1839) were
printed in separate editions, was followed by
a translation of the works of Spinoza, with a
critical biography (1841); and by (The Edu-
cated Citizen, a Book for the Thinking Human
Mind (1842), intended to bring philosophical
problems within the comprehension of the un-
initiated. His next work, Black Forest Vil.
lage Stories (1843), was received with universal
favor, translated into nearly all European lan-
guages, and established his fame. To this class
of tales belong also (The Professor's Lady)
(1847); "Little Barefoot) (1856); (Joseph in
the Snow) (1860); Edelweiss) (1861); (After
Thirty Years, new village stories (1876). His
first effort in the field of the novel, New Life)
(1851), met with little favor; but (On the
Heights) (1865) constituted the crowning suc-
cess of his literary career. It was followed by
(The Villa on the Rhine) (1868); (Waldfried,
a Family History) (1874); and (The Head For-
ester» (1879). *
Auersperg, Count Anton Alexander von.
See Grün, Anastasius.
Auffenberg, Joseph von, Baron (ouf'fen-
berg). A German dramatist (1798-1857), whose
historical tragedies had a temporary success.
Among them are : (Pizarro) (1823); (The
Spartans); (The Lion of Kurdistan' (after
Scott's (Talisman'). Of a trip to Spain in
1832 he published a sprightly description under
the title Humorous Pilgrimage to Granada
and Cordova) (1833).
Augier, Émile (ō-zhe-ā”). A distinguished
French dramatist; born at Valence, Sept. 17,
1820; died at Croissy, Oct. 25, 1889. With his
first play, (The Hemlock) (1844), he won
popular favor, as it commenced a needed re-
action against the overstrained romanticism
of the time. He lashed the dominant vices of
## p. 30 (#46) ##############################################
30
AUGUSTINE – AUSTIN
modern society in a series of plays: "The
Marriage of Olympia) (1855); (The Poor Lion-
esses' (1858); (The Brazen-Fronted' (1861); and
(Giboyer's Boy) (1862). «The Fourchambaults)
(1878) is esteemed his best work. *
Augustine, Saint (Aurelius Augustinus).
The most illustrious of the Latin fathers of
the Church, and of patristic writers; born in
Tagasta, Numidia, Nov. 13, 354; died at Hippo,
Aug. 28, 430. His most celebrated works are
his Confessions); (Grace of Christ); (City
of God); and (Original Sin. We owe to him
also reflections on music, mankind, and other
themes. *
Aulnoy, Marie Catherine, Comtesse d' (öl-
nwä'). A French writer; born about 1650;
died in Paris, 1705. She is now remembered
chiefly by her (Fairy Tales, in which she suc-
cessfully imitated Perrault. Of her novels only
(Hippolyte, Count of Douglas) (1690) deserves
mention. She also wrote (Memoirs of the Court
of Spain (1690).
Aumale, Duc d', Henri Eugène Philippe,
Louis d'Orléans (dük dö-mäl'). A French bio-
graphical and military writer and prince of the
blood; born in Paris, Jan. 16, 1822; died at
Zucco, Sicily, May 7, 1897. He served with
distinction in Algiers, and was a member of
the Assembly and the Academy. He was ex-
pelled from France in 1886, the sentence being
revoked in 1889. He has written : (Histories of
the Princes of Condé) (1869); (Military Insti-
tutions of France) (1897); etc.
Aurbacher, Ludwig (our'bä-cher). A Ger-
man author (1784-1847), well remembered by
his "Volksbüchlein (1827-29); a collection of
popular tales, ranking among the best produc-
tions of this kind in German literature.
Aureli, Mariano (ō-räl'-e). An Italian dram-
atist and miscellaneous writer; born at Bo-
logna, Dec. 24, 1820. In his youth he studied
law, music, and design, but the love of letters
finally triumphed. After the war of 1848-49, in
which he took part, he became a lecturer and
instructor in the government schools. Ilis
works include : (Ernestina! (1845), a novel;
"Charles I. and Oliver Cromwell) (1875), a
historical drama; Justice and Rigor) (1876),
a comedy; and others.
Aurelius, Marcus (mär'kus ä-rē'li-us). The
Roman emperor; born in Rome, April 20, 121
A. D. ; died in Pannonia, March 17, 180. On
account of his devotion to literature and phi-
losophy he is often styled “The Philosopher,"
but he is known in history as Marcus Aurelius
Antoninus. During his reign, his empire was
visited by earthquake, famine, plague, and
frequent wars; yet, amid the turmoil, he cher-
ished always his love of peace, truth, and
humanity. He founded in Athens chairs of
philosophy for the Platonic, Stoic, Peripatetic,
and Epicurean sects. His Meditations, con-
taining the inmost thoughts and purest aspi.
rations of one of the noblest souls that ever
lived, has always been highly prized. *
Auriac, Jules Berlioz d' (do-re-äk'). A
French novelist; born at Grenoble in 1820.
Educated for the law, he was for some years
a magistrate in his native city, but finally
abandoned this profession to devote himself
entirely to letters, and became a regular con-
tributor to the Journal Pour Tous. From a
long list of his works may be cited: "The
White Spirit) (1866); (The Foresters of Michi-
gan (1866); “A Duel in the Desert) (1884).
Auringer, Obadiah Cyrus. An American
poet; born at Glens Falls, N. Y. , June 4, 1849.
He served for some years in the United States
navy. Since 1875 he has been a farmer in his
native place. Among his works are: Voices
of a Shell); “Scythe and Sword' (1887); “Epi-
sode of Jane McCrea); (The Book of the
Hills.
Ausonius, Decimus Magnus (â-so'ni-us). A
Roman poet of the 4th century (310-94); born
at Bordeaux. He stood in high favor with the
emperors Valentinian and Gratian. One of his
most ambitious poems is a fulsome eulogy of
Gratian. He wrote a number of Idyls,' (Ele-
gies, and (Epistles. He is at his best in (The
Moselle, one of his idyls, in which he de-
scribes a voyage on that river and the Rhine.
Austen, Jane. An English novelist; born
in Steventon, Hampshire, Dec. 16, 1775; died
in Winchester, July 18, 1817. Her books re-
ceived little attention during her life, but are ac-
corded high place to-day. They describe with
great fidelity ordinary English middle-class life,
rural scenes, and characters familiar to her.
Long after her death Walter Scott, and still
later Macaulay, paid just tribute to her genius.
Her best-known works are: (Sense and Sensi-
bility) (1811); Pride and Prejudice. ' *
Austin, Alfred. An English poet, critic, and
journalist; born at Headingly, near Leeds,
May 30, 1835. He graduated from the Uni-
versity of London in 1853, was called to the
bar in 1857, and became editor of the National
Review 1883-93.
He was appointed poet lau-
reate of England in 1896. He is the author of
political books, novels, and many volumes of
The latter include: (The Season: a
Satire) (1862); «The Human Tragedy) (1862);
(The Golden Age: a Satire) (1871); (The
Tower of Babel,' a drama (1874); (Savonarola,
a tragedy (1881); and (Veronica's Garden, in
prose and verse (1895). Some of his happiest
effects are attained in Prince Lucifer) and
(The Garden that I Love, although opinion
is very much divided on the subject of his
merits as a poet, particularly in such works
as (Fortunatus the Pessimist) (1891).
Austin, George Lowell. An American phy-
sician and miscellaneous writer; born in Mas.
sachusetts in 1849; died in 1893. Among his
numerous works are : (Perils of American
Women); (Water-Analysis) (1882); (Under the
Tide); Life of Franz Schubert); Popular
History of Massachusetts); "Life of Wendell
Phillips) (1888).
verse.
:
## p. 31 (#47) ##############################################
AUSTIN — AVICEBRON
31
a
:
Austin, Henry. An American lawyer and
legal writer; born in Massachusetts in 1856.
He has written several valuable books on:
(American Farm and Game Laws); (Ameri-
can Fish and Game Laws); Liquor Law in
New England.
Austin, Henry Willard. An American jour-
nalist and poet; born in Massachusetts in
1858. He is the author of "Vagabond Verses. )
Austin, James Trecothic. An American
lawyer and biographer; born in Boston, Mass. ,
Jan. 7, 1784; died there, May 8, 1870. He
graduated from Harvard in 1802, and was
attorney-general of Massachusetts from 1832
to 1843. He was a pronounced opponent of
the abolition movement. He is the author of
a Life of Elbridge Gerry) (1828).
Austin, Jane Goodwin. An American noy.
elist; born in Worcester, Mass. , Feb. 25, 1831 ;
died in Boston, March 30, 1894. She was edu-
cated and thenceforward lived in Boston. Her
reputation rests on excellent stories describing
the Pilgrim Fathers and the early colonists of
Massachusetts, and including Fairy Dreams)
(1860); Moonfolk) (1874); (Mrs. Beauchamp
Brown' (1880); (A Nameless Nobleman (1881);
(The Desmond Hundred) (1882); Nantucket
Scraps) (1882); 'Standish of Standish) (1889);
(Betty Alden) (1891); and David Alden's
Daughter and Other Stories) (1892).
Austin, William. An American descriptive
and story writer; born in Charlestown, Mass. ,
March 2, 1778; died there, June 27, 1841. Grad-
uated from Harvard in 1798, and afterwards
became prominent as a lawyer. A two-years'
residence in England (1802-4) resulted in
(Letters from London, containing descriptions
of many distinguished residents of that city.
He is the author of Peter Rugg, the Missing
Man) (1824-26), a legendary tale published in
the New England Galaxy, which attracted
much attention.
Autran, Joseph (-tron'). A French poet;
born in Marseilles in June 1813; died there,
March 6, 1877. His verse is admired for its
purity of form and refined sentiment. He
attracted attention in 1832 with an ode to La-
martine, (The Departure for the East. His
works include : (The Sea, poems (1835); Mil-
ianah,' an epic (1842); (Rural Life) (1856);
and (The Daughter of Æschylus, drama (1848),
which won a prize from the French Academy.
Avdyeyev, Michael Vassilyevich (äv-dyā'-
yef). A Russian novelist (1821-76), whose first
effort was (Tamarin) (1852), a trilogy; and
whose second novel, “The Cliff) (1862), created
a great sensation, its theme being free love.
Avellaneda y Arteaga, Gertrudis Gomez de
(ä-vã-lyä-na'thä ē är-tā-ä'gä). A distinguished
Spanish poet, dramatist, and novelist; born at
Puerto Principe, Cuba, March 23, 1814; died
in Madrid, Feb. 2, 1873. Under the pseudo-
nym ( Peregrina” she contributed to Andalusian
journals many (Lyric Poems) (1851-54), and
afterward wrote a series of spirited novels :
(Two Women); (The Baroness de Joux);
(Dolores); and others. She gained still higher
distinction with the tragedies (Alfonso Munio,
the hero of which was her own ancestor, and
( The Prince of Viana. Her later compositions
have a tone of melancholy, but are not inferior
to those that went before them either in grace
of style or in forcefulness of thought; among
these are: Biblical dramas, as "Saul) and
(Balthasar); the spiritual song, "At the Cross);
and (The Last Accent of my Harp) (1850).
But she did not abandon dramatic composition :
in the later years of her life she composed 16
plays which still have a place on the Spanish
stage.
Avenel, Paul (äv-nel'). A French poet and
novelist; born at Chaumont, Oct. 9, 1823. Ed.
ucated for commerce, he turned to literature
and was active in connection with several peri-
odicals. Besides a number of vaudevilles, he
wrote: “The Peasant Woman from the Abruzzi)
(1861), a drama; (The King of Paris) (1860),
a historical romance; (The Calicoes) (1866),
scenes of real life. Among several collections
of poems may be mentioned (Alcove and
Boudoir, interdicted 1855 and republished 1885.
Averkiyev, Dmitry Vassilyévich (ä-ver-ke'.
yef). A Russian dramatist and critic; born
Oct. 12, 1836. He wrote over twenty dramas
and comedies, besides numerous literary crit-
icisms. Among the former, mostly taken from
old Russian life, the best are: (In Old Kashira)
(1872), a historical tragedy; and (Frol Skobejeff
(1868), a comedy.
Averroës or Averrhoës (a-ver'o-ez), properly
Ibn Rushd. An eminent Spanish-Arabian phi-
losopher and physician; born at Cordova,
Spain, in 1126; died in Morocco, Dec. 10, 1198.
Through translations of his works into Latin
and Hebrew, he exerted a profound influence
for centuries upon both Christian and Jewish
thought. *
Avery, Benjamin Parke. An American jour-
nalist and diplomatist; born in New York city
in 1829; died in Pekin, China, Nov. 8, 1875.
He went to California in 1849 and became
connected with several papers on the Pacific
coast, among them being the San Francisco
Bulletin. In 1872 he was appointed editor of
the Overland Monthly. From 1874 to 1875 he
was minister to China. His chief work is
(Californian Pictures in Prose and Verse (1877).
Avianus, Flavius (ā-vi-ā'nus). A Roman
fabulist of the latter end of the 4th century.
He wrote 42 Æsopic fables in elegiac metre,
which were used as a text-book in medieval
schools.
Avicebron or Avencebrol (ä-vē-thā-bron'),
properly Solomon ben Jehuda ibn Gabirol. A
celebrated IIebrew poet and philosopher ; born
at Cordova, about 1028; died about 1058. Of
his poetical works, (The Royal Crown' is the
most famous; of the philosophical, (The Fount-
ain of Life, written in Arabic, bụt known
only through a Latin translation (re-edited,
Münster, 1895). *
## p. 32 (#48) ##############################################
32
AVICENNA-AZULAI
Avicenna. See Ibn Sina.
Ayala, Adelardo Lopez de (ä-yäʻlä). A
Spanish dramatist; born at Guadalcanal, Ba-
dajoz, March 1829; died Dec. 30, 1879. After
studying law in Seville, he went to Madrid,
where he devoted himself entirely to poetry
and speedily won national fame. His first
drama, (A Statesman) (1851), met with imme-
diate success, and was followed in the same
year by (The Two Noblemen) and Penalty
and Pardon. To the modern comedy of man-
ners, his specific domain, he first contributed
(The Glass Roof, and in 1861 attained to wide
reputation with (Percentage. Of his other
works the most noteworthy are: “The Mod-
ern Don Juan (1863); and (Consuelo) (1878),
a drama. He has also written beautiful son-
nets.
Charles I. , where he held posts of honor and
was knighted in 1612. He also wrote in Greek
and French. Ayton is supposed to have been
the author of Auld Lang Syne,' which was
remodeled by Burns.
Aytoun, William Edmonstoune. A Scottish
humorist; born in Edinburgh, June 21, 1813;
died at Blackhills, near Elgin, Aug. 4, 1865.
He joined the editorial staff of Blackwood's
Magazine in 1844, and to his death continued
an unwearying and fertile contributor to its
pages. Professor of literature in the University
of Edinburgh, 1845-64. After John Wilson's
death (1854), he was considered the most im-
portant man of letters in Scotland during his
life, famous for his humor, satire, and criticism.
His most celebrated work is (Lays of the
Scottish Cavaliers) (1848, 29th ed. 1883), a
series of ballads replete with genuine poetry,
glorifying the champions of the Stuart cause.
Noteworthy is his critical and annotated col-
lection of the Ballads of Scotland (1858, 4th
ed. 1870). With Theodore Martin he wrote
the famous (Bon Gaultier Ballads) (1844, 13th
ed. 1877), and translated Poems and Ballads
of Goethe) (1858). *
Azarias, Brother. See Mullany, Patrick
Francis.
Azeglio, Massimo Taparelli, Marchese d'
(äd-zāl'yo). A distinguished Italian writer,
statesman, and artist; born in Turin, Oct. 15,
1798; died in Milan, Jan. 15, 1866. Of his liter-
ary productions the most noteworthy are the
two historical romances (Ettore Fieramosca)
(1833) and Nicolò de' Lapi? (1841); but first
in importance is his autobiography (My Recol.
lections) (1867), translated into English by
Count Maffei. Supplements to these
(Letters to his Wife, Luisa Blondel (1870);
(to Giuseppe Torelli) (1870); (to Carlo di Per.
sano) (1878); and (to Emanuele d'Azeglio)
(1883); but especially (Italy from 1847 to 1865,
Political Correspondence of M. d'Azeglio!
(Paris, 1866). *
Azevedo, Manoel Antonio Alvares de (ä-
zā-vā'dö). A Brazilian poet; born in São Paulo,
1831; died 1852. While studying law in 1848-
51, he produced an abundance of romantic
poetry in the vein of Byron, Heine, and Musset,
which made him the most widely read poet
of Brazil after Goncalves Dias. His (Com-
plete Works) (1863) contain also prose writ-
ings and three dramatic pieces.
Azulai, Hayim David (hä'gēm dä'vēd ä-zö-
li'). A Jewish bibliographer; born in Jerusa-
lem; died at Leghorn, Italy. He lived in the
18th century. Most of his life was spent at
Leghorn. Of his numerous works, the best
known is (Shem-ha-Gedôlim) (The Names of
the Great), a bibliography containing the names
of over 1,300 Jewish authors, and more than
2,200 of their works.
Ayala, Pedro Lopez de. A Spanish histo-
rian, poet, and statesman (1332-1407). In great
favor with the Castilian kings Peter the Cruel,
Henry II. , John I. , and Henry III. , he was in-
vested with the highest dignities of State. His
(Chronicles of the Kings of Castile) contains
the history of that kingdom from 1350 to 1396.
Of his poetical works, the “Rhyme-Work of the
Palace,' a didactic poem on social and political
questions, stands foremost.
Aylmer-Gowing, Mrs. Emilia. An English
poet and reciter; born in Bath, October 1846.
She was educated partly in Brighton, partly
in Paris, where she received the attention of
Lamartine. After a short career on the stage
she successfully produced two dramas : (A Life
Race) and (A Crown for Love. Her (Bal-
lads and Poems) and (The Cithern) have
become popular, as well as two novels : (The
Jewel Reputation and An Unruly Spirit.
In 1891 she published Ballads of the Tower
and Other Poems.
Ayrer, Jacob (i'rer). A German dramatist;
died in Nuremberg, March 26, 1605. Next to
Hans Sachs the most prolific dramatist of Ger-
many in the 16th century; in 1595-1605 he
wrote more than 100 plays, of which the (Opus
Theatricum) (Nuremberg, 1618) contains 30
tragedies and comedies, and 36 Shrovetide
plays and vaudevilles. In his dramas the in-
fluence of the English stage is apparent.
Ayres, Anne. An American author; born in
England in 1816; died in February 1896. She
was the first member of an American sister-
hood in the Protestant Episcopal Church. She
wrote: (Evangelical Sisterhood (1867); "Life
of Augustus Muhlenberg.
Ayton or Aytoun, Sir Robert (ā'ton). A
Scottish poet; born in his father's castle of
Kinaldie in 1570; died in London in Febru-
ary 1638. His Latin and English verses made
him famous at the courts of James I. and
are :
## p. 33 (#49) ##############################################
BABBAGE- BACHERACHT
33
B
Babbage, Charles (bab'aj). A celebrated
English mathematician; born near Teign-
mouth, Devonshire, Dec. 26, 1792; died in Lon-
don, Oct. 18, 1871. He was professor of math-
ematics at Cambridge (1828-39) and one of the
founders, secretaries, and vice-presidents of the
Astronomical Society. He is best known as
the inventor of the only partially successful
calculating machine. His principal work was
(On the Economy of Machinery' (1832), which
was translated into several languages. Among
his other writings were: Passages from the
Life of a Philosopher) (1864) and (Chapter on
Street Nuisances) (1864).
Baber or Babar, Zehir-Eddin Mohammed,
surnamed (bä’bėr). Conqueror of India and
founder of the Mogul dynasty; born 1483;
died at Agra, Dec. 28, 1530. He was a lineal
descendant of Jenghiz Khan and Timur, and
at the age of 12 years succeeded his father
as king of Ferghana, a district to the east of
Samarcand. In 1521, gathering an army of 12,-
000 followers, he invaded India, then preparing
to revolt against the intolerable exactions of
Ibrahim, emperor at Delhi; and in six years
made himself absolute master of the whole
country. He wrote a volume of Memoirs)
which shows him to have been a man of well-
cultivated intellect, a sagacious observer, and a
wise statesman. *
Babeuf or Babeuf, François Noel (bä-bėf).
A French communist, who called himself Caius
Gracchus; born at Saint-Quentin, 1760; died in
Paris, May 27, 1797.
He founded in Paris a
journal called the Tribune of the People (1794),
in which he advocated his system of communism,
known as “ Babceuvism and contemplating ab-
solute equality and community of property. His
followers were called "Babouvists. Betrayed
in a conspiracy against the Directory, aiming to
put his theories into practice, he was guillotined.
His principal works were : (Perpetual Register
of the Survey of Lands) (1780); (Of the Sys-
tem of Population (1794).
Babo, Joseph Marius von (bä’bo). A Ger-
man dramatist (1756-1822); author of a series
of plays of chivalry in imitation of Goethe's
(Götz,' among which (Otto von Wittelsbach
(1781) had the greatest success. Two come-
dies, Homely Happiness) (1792) and (The
Pulse) (1804), also found much favor.
Babrius (bā'bri-us). A Greek writer of fables
in verse ; variously referred to the time imme-
diately preceding the Augustan age, and to the
third century of our era; his name also shows
variants, as Babrias, Gabrius. Till 1842 only
a few fragments of Babrius were known to be
extant; but in that year, in the Laura of Mt.
Athos was discovered a MS. containing 123 of
his fables. In 1846 Sir George Cornewall Lewis
published them together with the pre-existing
fragments, and in 1859 or 1860 appeared a good
English version by James Davies. The fables
have also been edited by W. G. Rutherford
(1883), and by F. G. Schneidewin (1880). *
Baccalar y Baña, Vicente, Marquis of st.
Philip (bäk'ä-lär ē sän'yä). A Spanish his-
torian and statesman; born in Sardinia; died
in Madrid, 1726. He served the King of Spain
with less disinterestedness than distinction dur-
ing the revolt of his native isle, and was ennobled
after writing a very rhetorical History of the
Kingdom of the Jews, as well as (Memoirs for
a History of Philip V. ,' the latter work cover-
ing the period between 1699 and 1725.
Bache, Alexander Dallas (bãch). A dis-
tinguished American scientist and educator,
great-grandson of Benjamin Franklin; born at
Philadelphia, July 19, 1806; died at Newport,
Feb. 17, 1867. Graduating from West Point at
the head of his class (1825), he became profes-
sor of natural philosophy and chemistry at the
University of Pennsylvania (1828); organizer
and first president of Girard College (1836);
superintendent of the United States Coast Sur-
vey (1843), his services in that position being
invaluable; active member of the sanitary com-
mission during the Civil War; a regent of the
Smithsonian Institution (1846-67); president
of the National Academy of Sciences (1863).
He wrote (Observations at the Magnetic and
Meteorological Observatory at the Girard Col-
lege,' a scientifically valuable work; a helpful
report on education in Europe (1839); and a
long series of notable annual reports of the
United States Coast Survey.
Bache, Franklin (bãch).
62, he came to America to conduct some min-
ing operations in the copper region of Lake
Superior; then lived in New York until 1884,
when he returned to Europe. Among the
German population of America he had an
enormous success with his (American Sketch-
Booklet) (1875), an epistle in verse, written in
Upper-Hessian dialect and overflowing with
delicious humor. It was followed by New
American Sketch-Booklet) (1876). Besides these
he wrote (Camp Paradise (1877), a story, and
a collection of miscellaneous poems (1891).
Asnyk, Adam (äs'nik). A Polish poet; born
at Kalisz, Sept. II, 1838; studied in Warsaw,
Breslau, and Heidelberg, where he took his
degree of Ph. D. in 1866. Since 1872 he has
## p. 28 (#44) ##############################################
28
ASSOLLANT -- AUBANEL
lived in Cracow. Besides numerous lyrics,
counted among the most finished of their
kind, he wrote the historical tragedy (Kiejstut)
(1878), based on an incident in Lithuanian
history; and the comedies (Job's Friends)
(1879), 'Lerche Brothers, and Prize-Comedy)
(1888). His Poems) appeared collected in
1888, 3 vols.
Assollant, Alfred (ä-so-lon'). A French nov.
elist and political writer; born at Aubusson,
March 20, 1827; died in Paris, March 4, 1886.
He taught for a number of years in Paris and
other cities, then set out for America; and
having traveled extensively over the United
States, published on his return (Scenes from
Life in the United States) (1858), a series of
tales which attracted a good deal of attention.
Among his numerous novels are : (Two Friends
in 1792) (1859), a story of the Reign of Terror;
(Brancas) (1859), a picture of the corruption
under Louis Philippe ; (Gabrielle de Chênevert)
(1865), portraying the provincial nobility before
the Revolution; Pendragon (1881); (Planta-
genet) (1885).
Astor, John Jacob. An American writer;
born in New York city. He published in
1894 an imaginative work, entitled A Journey
in Other Worlds. )
Astor, William Waldorf. An American ro-
mancer; born in New York, March 31, 1848.
He is the great-grandson of John Jacob Astor,
and graduated at Columbia Law School. He
was United States minister to Italy, 1882–85,
and now resides in London, and is the pro-
prietor of the Pall Mall Gazette. He is the
author of Valentino,' a historical romance
(1886), and (Sforza, a story of Milan (1889).
Athanasius, Saint (ath-a-nā'shi-us). One of
the fathers of the Christian Church; born at
Alexandria about 296 A. D. ; died there, May
2, 373. He distinguished himself by his elo-
quence at the Synod of Nice (325), where his
efforts were instrumental in securing the ac-
ceptance of the Nicene Creed. The creed
which bears his name was supposed to have
been formulated by him, but the term Ath-
anasian was not applied to it until some cen-
turies after his death. He became Patriarch
of Alexandria in 328, being afterward deposed
and reinstated five times. His chief works,
including "Orations against the Arians) and
(Festal Letters,' appeared in an English trans-
lation by Archibald Robertson (New York,
1892).
Athenæus (ath-e-nē'us). A Greek writer of
the third century, reputed to have been born
at Naucratis in the Nile Delta, and to have
lived at Alexandria and afterwards at Rome.
He is famous for one work, his Feast of the
Learned,' a series of books giving with little
connection or literary art a vast assemblage
of quotations from nearly 800 writers and 2,400
distinct writings, covering practically every de-
partment of ancient learning. It has been
valued by scholars of all succeeding times as a
treasure-house of quotation and anecdote. *
Atherstone, Edwin. An English poet; born
at Nottingham, England, about 1788; died
Jan. 29, 1872. He was the author of (The Last
Days of Herculaneum' and (The Fall of
Nineveh. In addition to these poems he wrote
(Israel in Egypt) and (The Handwriting on
the Wall.
Atkinson, Edward. An American political
economist and statistician ; born at Brookline,
Mass. , Feb. 10, 1827. Besides numerous pam-
phlets and articles in periodicals, he has written:
(Our National Domain) (1879); (The Distri-
bution of Products) (1885); "The Margin of
Profits' (1887); Bi-Metallism in Europe) (1888);
(The Industrial Progress of the Nation (1889);
(Science of Nutrition (1892); etc.
Attâr, Ferî eddin (ät-tär'). A celebrated
Persian poet; born near Nishapur in 1119;
died about 1229. (? ) Son of a spicer, he fol-
lowed his father's trade (whence his surname
of Attâr), but afterward became a dervish and
one of the greatest mystics of Persia. He is
said to have been killed by a Mongol soldier
during the invasion by Jenghiz Khan. Of his
extant political works the most famous are :
(The Book of Council, a series of didactic
poems on ethics; "The Parliament of Birds )
(1184-87). His principal work in prose is
(Biographies of the Saints. )
Atterbom, Per Daniel Amadeus (ät'tér-bom).
An eminent Swedish poet; born in the parish
of Asbo, East-Gothland, Jan. 19, 1790; died in
Upsala, July 21, 1855. He was early influenced
by German literature, and having visited Ger-
many and Italy in 1817-19, he formed ties of
friendship with Schelling and Thorwaldsen;
he became instructor to Crown Prince Oscar
in 1820, and professor at the university in Up-
sala in 1828. Although unquestionably the
foremost among the lyric poets of the roman-
tic school in Sweden, it must be acknowledged
that his rare talent was much impaired by his
groping in Schelling's and Hegel's philosophy.
His most celebrated work is (The Isle of
Blessedness) (1823), a romantic drama in the
manner of Tieck; but he also wrote: (The
Flowers, a cycle of lyrics ; (The Blue Bird,' a
play; and (Swedish Seers and Poets,' a volume
of criticism. *
Atwood, Isaac Morgan. An American
clergyman; born in New York State in 1838.
He is an important leader of the Universalist
Church, and president of the Theological Sem-
inary at St. Lawrence University. His chief
works are : (Have We Outgrown Christianity)
(1870); “Latest Word of Universalism (1878);
(Manual of Revelation (1888); (Walks about
Zion) (1881).
Aubanel, Théodore (ö-bä-nel'). A Provençal
poet and dramatist; born in Avignon, March
26, 1829; died there, Oct. 31, 1886. His lyrics
are collected under the title « The Pomegranate
Opening) (1860); but he is especially noteworthy
as a dramatist, as seen in his strikingly real-
istic dramas: (The Shepherd); (The Bread of
Sin) (1878); “The Elopement. '
)
## p. 29 (#45) ##############################################
AUBERT - AUGIER
29
Aubert, Joachim Marie Jean Jacques Al-
exandre Jules (o-bār'). A distinguished French
general and military writer; born in 1804; died
in 1890. Was prominent in several campaigns,
and was made commander of the Legion of
Honor in 1860. He is best known to the public
as a journalist and historical writer. Among his
works are: “Gauls and Germans); (The Invas-
ion) (1870); (History of the War of 1870-71)
(1873).
Aubignac, François Hédelin, Abbé d' (ō-ben-
yäk'). A French essayist and miscellaneous
prose-writer; born in Paris, Aug. 4, 1604; died
at Nemours, July 20, 1676. (The Practical
Side of the Theatre) is his best-known work,-
an attempt to handle the theory and technique
of the drama after the theory of Scaliger. It
is in harmony with the Corneille school.
Aubigné, Théodore Agrippa d' (o-bē-nyā).
A French poet, historian, and statesman (1551-
1630). After the death of Henri IV. , his friend
and patron, he fed from religious persecution
in France to Geneva. His greatest work is
( The Tragics) (1616), in which are portrayed
the horrors of wars of religion. His satires,
too, have reference to the religious strifes of the
time; famous among them is (The Catholic
Confession of the Sieur de Sancy. His "Uni-
versal History) is one of the most authoritative
sources for the history of the latter half of
the 16th century.
Audouard, Olympe (o-dö-är'). A French
writer (1830-90); married to a notary in Mar-
seilles, but soon after divorced, she traveled in
Egypt, Turkey, and Russia; and having con-
ducted various journals in Paris since 1860,
made a successful lecture tour through Amer-
ica in 1868-69. After her return she became
interested in spiritism. She was an ardent
advocate of woman's rights. Among her novels
and books of travel may be mentioned: How
Men Love) (1861); (The Mysteries of the
Seraglio and of the Turkish Harems) (1863);
(The Mysteries of Egypt Unveiled” (1865);
(War to Man' (1866); (Across America' (1869–
71); 'Parisian Silhouettes) (1883).
Audsley, George Ashdown (ads'li). A Scot-
tish architect and writer on art; born at Elgin,
Scotland, 1838. His present home is at Plain-
field, N. J. He has published, with his brother
William James Audsley, "Color in Dress)
(1863); Dictionary of Architecture and the
Allied Arts' (1880, 10 vols. ), etc. ; alone, (Hand-
book of Christian Symbolism (1865); (The
Ornamental Arts of Japan) (2 vols. , 1882-86);
etc.
Audubon, John James. An eminent Amer-
ican naturalist; born in New Orleans, May 4,
1780; died in New York, Jan. 27, 1851. An
artist, but above all a lover of animated nature,
the best years and efforts of his life were de-
voted to Birds of America) and to (American
Ornithological Biography,' in which his skill
with the brush, the effective simplicity of his
literary style, and his mastery of his subject,
have equal claims to admiration. Another
series of studies, « The Quadrupeds of America,
(Synopsis of the Birds of North America, and
(Biography of American Quadrupeds, have
added to a fame which no subsequent labor
in the same field has tended to discredit. *
Aue. See Hartmann von Aue.
Auer, Adelheid von (ou'er), pseudonym of
Charlotte von Cosel. A German novelist;
born in Berlin, Jan. 6, 1818. She is author of
a great many stories of real life, among
them : (Footprints in Sand (1868); (A Sister
of Charity) (1870); (In the World's Labyrinth
(1878); (Castles in the Air) (1882); all written
in the tone and spirit of a moderate conserva-
tive.
Auerbach, Berthold (ou'er-bäch). An emi-
nent German novelist; born at Nordstetten,
Würtemberg, Feb. 28, 1812; died at Cannes,
France, Feb. 8, 1882. He began to write while a
student in Heidelberg, and under the pseudonym
(Theobald Chauber) produced a (Biography
of Frederick the Great' (1834-36). A series of
novels from the history of Judaism, under the
collective title (The Ghetto, of which (Spinoza
(1837) and Poet and Merchant) (1839) were
printed in separate editions, was followed by
a translation of the works of Spinoza, with a
critical biography (1841); and by (The Edu-
cated Citizen, a Book for the Thinking Human
Mind (1842), intended to bring philosophical
problems within the comprehension of the un-
initiated. His next work, Black Forest Vil.
lage Stories (1843), was received with universal
favor, translated into nearly all European lan-
guages, and established his fame. To this class
of tales belong also (The Professor's Lady)
(1847); "Little Barefoot) (1856); (Joseph in
the Snow) (1860); Edelweiss) (1861); (After
Thirty Years, new village stories (1876). His
first effort in the field of the novel, New Life)
(1851), met with little favor; but (On the
Heights) (1865) constituted the crowning suc-
cess of his literary career. It was followed by
(The Villa on the Rhine) (1868); (Waldfried,
a Family History) (1874); and (The Head For-
ester» (1879). *
Auersperg, Count Anton Alexander von.
See Grün, Anastasius.
Auffenberg, Joseph von, Baron (ouf'fen-
berg). A German dramatist (1798-1857), whose
historical tragedies had a temporary success.
Among them are : (Pizarro) (1823); (The
Spartans); (The Lion of Kurdistan' (after
Scott's (Talisman'). Of a trip to Spain in
1832 he published a sprightly description under
the title Humorous Pilgrimage to Granada
and Cordova) (1833).
Augier, Émile (ō-zhe-ā”). A distinguished
French dramatist; born at Valence, Sept. 17,
1820; died at Croissy, Oct. 25, 1889. With his
first play, (The Hemlock) (1844), he won
popular favor, as it commenced a needed re-
action against the overstrained romanticism
of the time. He lashed the dominant vices of
## p. 30 (#46) ##############################################
30
AUGUSTINE – AUSTIN
modern society in a series of plays: "The
Marriage of Olympia) (1855); (The Poor Lion-
esses' (1858); (The Brazen-Fronted' (1861); and
(Giboyer's Boy) (1862). «The Fourchambaults)
(1878) is esteemed his best work. *
Augustine, Saint (Aurelius Augustinus).
The most illustrious of the Latin fathers of
the Church, and of patristic writers; born in
Tagasta, Numidia, Nov. 13, 354; died at Hippo,
Aug. 28, 430. His most celebrated works are
his Confessions); (Grace of Christ); (City
of God); and (Original Sin. We owe to him
also reflections on music, mankind, and other
themes. *
Aulnoy, Marie Catherine, Comtesse d' (öl-
nwä'). A French writer; born about 1650;
died in Paris, 1705. She is now remembered
chiefly by her (Fairy Tales, in which she suc-
cessfully imitated Perrault. Of her novels only
(Hippolyte, Count of Douglas) (1690) deserves
mention. She also wrote (Memoirs of the Court
of Spain (1690).
Aumale, Duc d', Henri Eugène Philippe,
Louis d'Orléans (dük dö-mäl'). A French bio-
graphical and military writer and prince of the
blood; born in Paris, Jan. 16, 1822; died at
Zucco, Sicily, May 7, 1897. He served with
distinction in Algiers, and was a member of
the Assembly and the Academy. He was ex-
pelled from France in 1886, the sentence being
revoked in 1889. He has written : (Histories of
the Princes of Condé) (1869); (Military Insti-
tutions of France) (1897); etc.
Aurbacher, Ludwig (our'bä-cher). A Ger-
man author (1784-1847), well remembered by
his "Volksbüchlein (1827-29); a collection of
popular tales, ranking among the best produc-
tions of this kind in German literature.
Aureli, Mariano (ō-räl'-e). An Italian dram-
atist and miscellaneous writer; born at Bo-
logna, Dec. 24, 1820. In his youth he studied
law, music, and design, but the love of letters
finally triumphed. After the war of 1848-49, in
which he took part, he became a lecturer and
instructor in the government schools. Ilis
works include : (Ernestina! (1845), a novel;
"Charles I. and Oliver Cromwell) (1875), a
historical drama; Justice and Rigor) (1876),
a comedy; and others.
Aurelius, Marcus (mär'kus ä-rē'li-us). The
Roman emperor; born in Rome, April 20, 121
A. D. ; died in Pannonia, March 17, 180. On
account of his devotion to literature and phi-
losophy he is often styled “The Philosopher,"
but he is known in history as Marcus Aurelius
Antoninus. During his reign, his empire was
visited by earthquake, famine, plague, and
frequent wars; yet, amid the turmoil, he cher-
ished always his love of peace, truth, and
humanity. He founded in Athens chairs of
philosophy for the Platonic, Stoic, Peripatetic,
and Epicurean sects. His Meditations, con-
taining the inmost thoughts and purest aspi.
rations of one of the noblest souls that ever
lived, has always been highly prized. *
Auriac, Jules Berlioz d' (do-re-äk'). A
French novelist; born at Grenoble in 1820.
Educated for the law, he was for some years
a magistrate in his native city, but finally
abandoned this profession to devote himself
entirely to letters, and became a regular con-
tributor to the Journal Pour Tous. From a
long list of his works may be cited: "The
White Spirit) (1866); (The Foresters of Michi-
gan (1866); “A Duel in the Desert) (1884).
Auringer, Obadiah Cyrus. An American
poet; born at Glens Falls, N. Y. , June 4, 1849.
He served for some years in the United States
navy. Since 1875 he has been a farmer in his
native place. Among his works are: Voices
of a Shell); “Scythe and Sword' (1887); “Epi-
sode of Jane McCrea); (The Book of the
Hills.
Ausonius, Decimus Magnus (â-so'ni-us). A
Roman poet of the 4th century (310-94); born
at Bordeaux. He stood in high favor with the
emperors Valentinian and Gratian. One of his
most ambitious poems is a fulsome eulogy of
Gratian. He wrote a number of Idyls,' (Ele-
gies, and (Epistles. He is at his best in (The
Moselle, one of his idyls, in which he de-
scribes a voyage on that river and the Rhine.
Austen, Jane. An English novelist; born
in Steventon, Hampshire, Dec. 16, 1775; died
in Winchester, July 18, 1817. Her books re-
ceived little attention during her life, but are ac-
corded high place to-day. They describe with
great fidelity ordinary English middle-class life,
rural scenes, and characters familiar to her.
Long after her death Walter Scott, and still
later Macaulay, paid just tribute to her genius.
Her best-known works are: (Sense and Sensi-
bility) (1811); Pride and Prejudice. ' *
Austin, Alfred. An English poet, critic, and
journalist; born at Headingly, near Leeds,
May 30, 1835. He graduated from the Uni-
versity of London in 1853, was called to the
bar in 1857, and became editor of the National
Review 1883-93.
He was appointed poet lau-
reate of England in 1896. He is the author of
political books, novels, and many volumes of
The latter include: (The Season: a
Satire) (1862); «The Human Tragedy) (1862);
(The Golden Age: a Satire) (1871); (The
Tower of Babel,' a drama (1874); (Savonarola,
a tragedy (1881); and (Veronica's Garden, in
prose and verse (1895). Some of his happiest
effects are attained in Prince Lucifer) and
(The Garden that I Love, although opinion
is very much divided on the subject of his
merits as a poet, particularly in such works
as (Fortunatus the Pessimist) (1891).
Austin, George Lowell. An American phy-
sician and miscellaneous writer; born in Mas.
sachusetts in 1849; died in 1893. Among his
numerous works are : (Perils of American
Women); (Water-Analysis) (1882); (Under the
Tide); Life of Franz Schubert); Popular
History of Massachusetts); "Life of Wendell
Phillips) (1888).
verse.
:
## p. 31 (#47) ##############################################
AUSTIN — AVICEBRON
31
a
:
Austin, Henry. An American lawyer and
legal writer; born in Massachusetts in 1856.
He has written several valuable books on:
(American Farm and Game Laws); (Ameri-
can Fish and Game Laws); Liquor Law in
New England.
Austin, Henry Willard. An American jour-
nalist and poet; born in Massachusetts in
1858. He is the author of "Vagabond Verses. )
Austin, James Trecothic. An American
lawyer and biographer; born in Boston, Mass. ,
Jan. 7, 1784; died there, May 8, 1870. He
graduated from Harvard in 1802, and was
attorney-general of Massachusetts from 1832
to 1843. He was a pronounced opponent of
the abolition movement. He is the author of
a Life of Elbridge Gerry) (1828).
Austin, Jane Goodwin. An American noy.
elist; born in Worcester, Mass. , Feb. 25, 1831 ;
died in Boston, March 30, 1894. She was edu-
cated and thenceforward lived in Boston. Her
reputation rests on excellent stories describing
the Pilgrim Fathers and the early colonists of
Massachusetts, and including Fairy Dreams)
(1860); Moonfolk) (1874); (Mrs. Beauchamp
Brown' (1880); (A Nameless Nobleman (1881);
(The Desmond Hundred) (1882); Nantucket
Scraps) (1882); 'Standish of Standish) (1889);
(Betty Alden) (1891); and David Alden's
Daughter and Other Stories) (1892).
Austin, William. An American descriptive
and story writer; born in Charlestown, Mass. ,
March 2, 1778; died there, June 27, 1841. Grad-
uated from Harvard in 1798, and afterwards
became prominent as a lawyer. A two-years'
residence in England (1802-4) resulted in
(Letters from London, containing descriptions
of many distinguished residents of that city.
He is the author of Peter Rugg, the Missing
Man) (1824-26), a legendary tale published in
the New England Galaxy, which attracted
much attention.
Autran, Joseph (-tron'). A French poet;
born in Marseilles in June 1813; died there,
March 6, 1877. His verse is admired for its
purity of form and refined sentiment. He
attracted attention in 1832 with an ode to La-
martine, (The Departure for the East. His
works include : (The Sea, poems (1835); Mil-
ianah,' an epic (1842); (Rural Life) (1856);
and (The Daughter of Æschylus, drama (1848),
which won a prize from the French Academy.
Avdyeyev, Michael Vassilyevich (äv-dyā'-
yef). A Russian novelist (1821-76), whose first
effort was (Tamarin) (1852), a trilogy; and
whose second novel, “The Cliff) (1862), created
a great sensation, its theme being free love.
Avellaneda y Arteaga, Gertrudis Gomez de
(ä-vã-lyä-na'thä ē är-tā-ä'gä). A distinguished
Spanish poet, dramatist, and novelist; born at
Puerto Principe, Cuba, March 23, 1814; died
in Madrid, Feb. 2, 1873. Under the pseudo-
nym ( Peregrina” she contributed to Andalusian
journals many (Lyric Poems) (1851-54), and
afterward wrote a series of spirited novels :
(Two Women); (The Baroness de Joux);
(Dolores); and others. She gained still higher
distinction with the tragedies (Alfonso Munio,
the hero of which was her own ancestor, and
( The Prince of Viana. Her later compositions
have a tone of melancholy, but are not inferior
to those that went before them either in grace
of style or in forcefulness of thought; among
these are: Biblical dramas, as "Saul) and
(Balthasar); the spiritual song, "At the Cross);
and (The Last Accent of my Harp) (1850).
But she did not abandon dramatic composition :
in the later years of her life she composed 16
plays which still have a place on the Spanish
stage.
Avenel, Paul (äv-nel'). A French poet and
novelist; born at Chaumont, Oct. 9, 1823. Ed.
ucated for commerce, he turned to literature
and was active in connection with several peri-
odicals. Besides a number of vaudevilles, he
wrote: “The Peasant Woman from the Abruzzi)
(1861), a drama; (The King of Paris) (1860),
a historical romance; (The Calicoes) (1866),
scenes of real life. Among several collections
of poems may be mentioned (Alcove and
Boudoir, interdicted 1855 and republished 1885.
Averkiyev, Dmitry Vassilyévich (ä-ver-ke'.
yef). A Russian dramatist and critic; born
Oct. 12, 1836. He wrote over twenty dramas
and comedies, besides numerous literary crit-
icisms. Among the former, mostly taken from
old Russian life, the best are: (In Old Kashira)
(1872), a historical tragedy; and (Frol Skobejeff
(1868), a comedy.
Averroës or Averrhoës (a-ver'o-ez), properly
Ibn Rushd. An eminent Spanish-Arabian phi-
losopher and physician; born at Cordova,
Spain, in 1126; died in Morocco, Dec. 10, 1198.
Through translations of his works into Latin
and Hebrew, he exerted a profound influence
for centuries upon both Christian and Jewish
thought. *
Avery, Benjamin Parke. An American jour-
nalist and diplomatist; born in New York city
in 1829; died in Pekin, China, Nov. 8, 1875.
He went to California in 1849 and became
connected with several papers on the Pacific
coast, among them being the San Francisco
Bulletin. In 1872 he was appointed editor of
the Overland Monthly. From 1874 to 1875 he
was minister to China. His chief work is
(Californian Pictures in Prose and Verse (1877).
Avianus, Flavius (ā-vi-ā'nus). A Roman
fabulist of the latter end of the 4th century.
He wrote 42 Æsopic fables in elegiac metre,
which were used as a text-book in medieval
schools.
Avicebron or Avencebrol (ä-vē-thā-bron'),
properly Solomon ben Jehuda ibn Gabirol. A
celebrated IIebrew poet and philosopher ; born
at Cordova, about 1028; died about 1058. Of
his poetical works, (The Royal Crown' is the
most famous; of the philosophical, (The Fount-
ain of Life, written in Arabic, bụt known
only through a Latin translation (re-edited,
Münster, 1895). *
## p. 32 (#48) ##############################################
32
AVICENNA-AZULAI
Avicenna. See Ibn Sina.
Ayala, Adelardo Lopez de (ä-yäʻlä). A
Spanish dramatist; born at Guadalcanal, Ba-
dajoz, March 1829; died Dec. 30, 1879. After
studying law in Seville, he went to Madrid,
where he devoted himself entirely to poetry
and speedily won national fame. His first
drama, (A Statesman) (1851), met with imme-
diate success, and was followed in the same
year by (The Two Noblemen) and Penalty
and Pardon. To the modern comedy of man-
ners, his specific domain, he first contributed
(The Glass Roof, and in 1861 attained to wide
reputation with (Percentage. Of his other
works the most noteworthy are: “The Mod-
ern Don Juan (1863); and (Consuelo) (1878),
a drama. He has also written beautiful son-
nets.
Charles I. , where he held posts of honor and
was knighted in 1612. He also wrote in Greek
and French. Ayton is supposed to have been
the author of Auld Lang Syne,' which was
remodeled by Burns.
Aytoun, William Edmonstoune. A Scottish
humorist; born in Edinburgh, June 21, 1813;
died at Blackhills, near Elgin, Aug. 4, 1865.
He joined the editorial staff of Blackwood's
Magazine in 1844, and to his death continued
an unwearying and fertile contributor to its
pages. Professor of literature in the University
of Edinburgh, 1845-64. After John Wilson's
death (1854), he was considered the most im-
portant man of letters in Scotland during his
life, famous for his humor, satire, and criticism.
His most celebrated work is (Lays of the
Scottish Cavaliers) (1848, 29th ed. 1883), a
series of ballads replete with genuine poetry,
glorifying the champions of the Stuart cause.
Noteworthy is his critical and annotated col-
lection of the Ballads of Scotland (1858, 4th
ed. 1870). With Theodore Martin he wrote
the famous (Bon Gaultier Ballads) (1844, 13th
ed. 1877), and translated Poems and Ballads
of Goethe) (1858). *
Azarias, Brother. See Mullany, Patrick
Francis.
Azeglio, Massimo Taparelli, Marchese d'
(äd-zāl'yo). A distinguished Italian writer,
statesman, and artist; born in Turin, Oct. 15,
1798; died in Milan, Jan. 15, 1866. Of his liter-
ary productions the most noteworthy are the
two historical romances (Ettore Fieramosca)
(1833) and Nicolò de' Lapi? (1841); but first
in importance is his autobiography (My Recol.
lections) (1867), translated into English by
Count Maffei. Supplements to these
(Letters to his Wife, Luisa Blondel (1870);
(to Giuseppe Torelli) (1870); (to Carlo di Per.
sano) (1878); and (to Emanuele d'Azeglio)
(1883); but especially (Italy from 1847 to 1865,
Political Correspondence of M. d'Azeglio!
(Paris, 1866). *
Azevedo, Manoel Antonio Alvares de (ä-
zā-vā'dö). A Brazilian poet; born in São Paulo,
1831; died 1852. While studying law in 1848-
51, he produced an abundance of romantic
poetry in the vein of Byron, Heine, and Musset,
which made him the most widely read poet
of Brazil after Goncalves Dias. His (Com-
plete Works) (1863) contain also prose writ-
ings and three dramatic pieces.
Azulai, Hayim David (hä'gēm dä'vēd ä-zö-
li'). A Jewish bibliographer; born in Jerusa-
lem; died at Leghorn, Italy. He lived in the
18th century. Most of his life was spent at
Leghorn. Of his numerous works, the best
known is (Shem-ha-Gedôlim) (The Names of
the Great), a bibliography containing the names
of over 1,300 Jewish authors, and more than
2,200 of their works.
Ayala, Pedro Lopez de. A Spanish histo-
rian, poet, and statesman (1332-1407). In great
favor with the Castilian kings Peter the Cruel,
Henry II. , John I. , and Henry III. , he was in-
vested with the highest dignities of State. His
(Chronicles of the Kings of Castile) contains
the history of that kingdom from 1350 to 1396.
Of his poetical works, the “Rhyme-Work of the
Palace,' a didactic poem on social and political
questions, stands foremost.
Aylmer-Gowing, Mrs. Emilia. An English
poet and reciter; born in Bath, October 1846.
She was educated partly in Brighton, partly
in Paris, where she received the attention of
Lamartine. After a short career on the stage
she successfully produced two dramas : (A Life
Race) and (A Crown for Love. Her (Bal-
lads and Poems) and (The Cithern) have
become popular, as well as two novels : (The
Jewel Reputation and An Unruly Spirit.
In 1891 she published Ballads of the Tower
and Other Poems.
Ayrer, Jacob (i'rer). A German dramatist;
died in Nuremberg, March 26, 1605. Next to
Hans Sachs the most prolific dramatist of Ger-
many in the 16th century; in 1595-1605 he
wrote more than 100 plays, of which the (Opus
Theatricum) (Nuremberg, 1618) contains 30
tragedies and comedies, and 36 Shrovetide
plays and vaudevilles. In his dramas the in-
fluence of the English stage is apparent.
Ayres, Anne. An American author; born in
England in 1816; died in February 1896. She
was the first member of an American sister-
hood in the Protestant Episcopal Church. She
wrote: (Evangelical Sisterhood (1867); "Life
of Augustus Muhlenberg.
Ayton or Aytoun, Sir Robert (ā'ton). A
Scottish poet; born in his father's castle of
Kinaldie in 1570; died in London in Febru-
ary 1638. His Latin and English verses made
him famous at the courts of James I. and
are :
## p. 33 (#49) ##############################################
BABBAGE- BACHERACHT
33
B
Babbage, Charles (bab'aj). A celebrated
English mathematician; born near Teign-
mouth, Devonshire, Dec. 26, 1792; died in Lon-
don, Oct. 18, 1871. He was professor of math-
ematics at Cambridge (1828-39) and one of the
founders, secretaries, and vice-presidents of the
Astronomical Society. He is best known as
the inventor of the only partially successful
calculating machine. His principal work was
(On the Economy of Machinery' (1832), which
was translated into several languages. Among
his other writings were: Passages from the
Life of a Philosopher) (1864) and (Chapter on
Street Nuisances) (1864).
Baber or Babar, Zehir-Eddin Mohammed,
surnamed (bä’bėr). Conqueror of India and
founder of the Mogul dynasty; born 1483;
died at Agra, Dec. 28, 1530. He was a lineal
descendant of Jenghiz Khan and Timur, and
at the age of 12 years succeeded his father
as king of Ferghana, a district to the east of
Samarcand. In 1521, gathering an army of 12,-
000 followers, he invaded India, then preparing
to revolt against the intolerable exactions of
Ibrahim, emperor at Delhi; and in six years
made himself absolute master of the whole
country. He wrote a volume of Memoirs)
which shows him to have been a man of well-
cultivated intellect, a sagacious observer, and a
wise statesman. *
Babeuf or Babeuf, François Noel (bä-bėf).
A French communist, who called himself Caius
Gracchus; born at Saint-Quentin, 1760; died in
Paris, May 27, 1797.
He founded in Paris a
journal called the Tribune of the People (1794),
in which he advocated his system of communism,
known as “ Babceuvism and contemplating ab-
solute equality and community of property. His
followers were called "Babouvists. Betrayed
in a conspiracy against the Directory, aiming to
put his theories into practice, he was guillotined.
His principal works were : (Perpetual Register
of the Survey of Lands) (1780); (Of the Sys-
tem of Population (1794).
Babo, Joseph Marius von (bä’bo). A Ger-
man dramatist (1756-1822); author of a series
of plays of chivalry in imitation of Goethe's
(Götz,' among which (Otto von Wittelsbach
(1781) had the greatest success. Two come-
dies, Homely Happiness) (1792) and (The
Pulse) (1804), also found much favor.
Babrius (bā'bri-us). A Greek writer of fables
in verse ; variously referred to the time imme-
diately preceding the Augustan age, and to the
third century of our era; his name also shows
variants, as Babrias, Gabrius. Till 1842 only
a few fragments of Babrius were known to be
extant; but in that year, in the Laura of Mt.
Athos was discovered a MS. containing 123 of
his fables. In 1846 Sir George Cornewall Lewis
published them together with the pre-existing
fragments, and in 1859 or 1860 appeared a good
English version by James Davies. The fables
have also been edited by W. G. Rutherford
(1883), and by F. G. Schneidewin (1880). *
Baccalar y Baña, Vicente, Marquis of st.
Philip (bäk'ä-lär ē sän'yä). A Spanish his-
torian and statesman; born in Sardinia; died
in Madrid, 1726. He served the King of Spain
with less disinterestedness than distinction dur-
ing the revolt of his native isle, and was ennobled
after writing a very rhetorical History of the
Kingdom of the Jews, as well as (Memoirs for
a History of Philip V. ,' the latter work cover-
ing the period between 1699 and 1725.
Bache, Alexander Dallas (bãch). A dis-
tinguished American scientist and educator,
great-grandson of Benjamin Franklin; born at
Philadelphia, July 19, 1806; died at Newport,
Feb. 17, 1867. Graduating from West Point at
the head of his class (1825), he became profes-
sor of natural philosophy and chemistry at the
University of Pennsylvania (1828); organizer
and first president of Girard College (1836);
superintendent of the United States Coast Sur-
vey (1843), his services in that position being
invaluable; active member of the sanitary com-
mission during the Civil War; a regent of the
Smithsonian Institution (1846-67); president
of the National Academy of Sciences (1863).
He wrote (Observations at the Magnetic and
Meteorological Observatory at the Girard Col-
lege,' a scientifically valuable work; a helpful
report on education in Europe (1839); and a
long series of notable annual reports of the
United States Coast Survey.
Bache, Franklin (bãch).
