Only by
collision
with others (/ftp) is it turned aside or crowded out.
Windelband - History of Philosophy
Bergmann, whose treatment shows taste and insight (2 vols.
, Berlin, 1892).
A treatment marked by originality and fineness of thought, in which the usual scheme has been happily broken through by emphasis upon the great movements and inter relations of the world's history, is presented by K.
Eucken, Die Lebensansehau- ungen der grossen Denker (2d ed.
, Leips.
1898).
P. 23. To the foot-note, add : —
Windischmann, earlier {Die Philosophie im Fortgang der Weltgesehichte, Bonn. 1827-1834), and recently P. Deussen (Allgemeine Getchichte der Philoso
phie, I. 1, Leips. 1894) have made a beginning toward the work of relating this Oriental thought to the whole history of philosophy.
P. 24. Line 8. Affix as foot-note: —
E. Rohde has set forth with great insight and discrimination the rich sugges. tiona for philosophy in the following period, which grew out of the transforma tions of the religious ideas (Psyche, 2d ed. , 1897).
P. 27. To the lit. on the Period, add : —
A. Fairbanks, The First Philosophers of Greece, N. Y. 1898.
P. 30. Line 30. To the notice of Heraclitus, add : —
He was apparently the first who, from the standpoint of scientific insight, undertook to reform the public life and combat the dangers of anarchy. Him self an austere and rigorous personality, he preached the law of order, which ought to prevail in human life as in nature.
. ■:■ . 688- ;
684
Appendix.
P. 30. Line 19 from the foot. To the notice of Anaxagoras, add : —
His scientific employments were essentially astronomical in their nature. Neglecting earthly interests, he is said to have declared the heavens to be his fatherland, and the observation of the stars to be his life work. Metrodorus and Archelausi are named as his disciples.
P. 42. Foot-note 1. Relating to the vow of Anaxagoras, add : — Cf. , however, M. Heinze in the Ben d. Sachs. Ges. d. Wiss. , 1890.
P. 46. Last line of text. To the word " curved," affix as foot
note : —
■' '
The tradition (Arist. , foe. cit. ) shows this collocation; whereas, from the cosmology of the Pythagoreans and likewise from that of Plato and Aristotle, we should expect the reverse order.
P. 55. To the notice of Diogenes of Apollonia, add : —
He was the most important of the eclectics of the fifth century. So little is known as to his life that it is even doubtful whether Apollonia was his home. Of his writings, even Simplicius had only the xtpl 4>iatut before him (Phyt. , S2 V. 151, 24 D).
P. 62. Add to foot-note 1 : —
because in this phase of Greek thought they run along as yet unrelated lines of thought, side, by side with the theories of natural science. Only the Pythago reans seem as yet to have begun the combination between theology and phi losophy, which later became through Plato a controlling influence.
P. 68. Prefix to par. 4, which begins with "But while," the following sentence:— ■*■
. A preparation for this transition was made by the circumstance that even in the investigation of nature, interest in fundamental principles had grown weaker after the first creative development, and science had begun to scatter her labours over special fields.
P. 71. To the personal notice of Socrates, add : '—■
He considered this enlightenment of himself and fellow-citizens a divine voca tion (Plato's Apology), giving this work precedence even over. his care of his family ( Xanthippe), lie gathered about him the. noblest youth of Athens, such as Alcibiades, who honoured in him the ideal and the teacher of virtue. He appeared thus as leader of an intellectual aristocracy, and just by this means came into opposition to the dominant democracy. £K. JoSl, Der ec. hle. «. d. Xenophontische Sokrates, Vol. I. , Berlin, 1893. Vol. ' II. in 2 pts. , 1901. Kralik,
Senates; -1888-] - ■ . -. . -■ . .
' P'. ' 96. ' "Line 23. Insert after Plato : —
And of their materialism which he so vigorously opposed.
P. 102. At close of par. 4, insert : —
This personal influence 'he' himself regarded as the most important part of his activity. For scientific investigation was only one side of his rich nature. The demand for ethical teaching' and for political and social efficiency had a still stronger life within him. He had an open vision for the evils of his time. He united an 'adherence to the aristocratic party with an activity in the direction indicated hy Socrates, and never quite gave up the hope of reforming the life of his time through his science. To this was added as a third element in his per sonality that pre-eminent artistic disposition which could clothe Ms ideals with poetic exposition in the most splendid language.
. /
.
,. . . -. -. -'
Appendix.
P. 103. To references on Plato, add : —
P. Lutowslawski, Origin and Growth of Plato3 i Logic (1807).
[ R. L. Nettleship, Philos. Lecture*, ed. by Bradley and Benson, 1807. W.
Witidelband. Plato, Stuttgart, 1900. ]
P. 104. After first par. , insert : —
In comparison with the high flight of Platb, the personality and life-work of Aristotle appear throughout of cooler and soberer type. But if he lacks the impulse toward an active influence in public life, and also the poetic charm of diction and composition, he has, instead, all the more effective a substitute in the power of thought with which he surveys and masters his Held, in the clarity sum! purity of his scientific temper, in the certainty and power with which he disposes and moulds the results gathered from the intellectual labours of many contributors. Aristotle is an incarnation of the spirit of science such as the
world has never seen again, and in this direction his incomparable influence has lain. He will always remain the leading thinker In the realm of investigation which seeks to comprehend reality with keen look, unbiassed by any interest
derived from feeling.
P. 104. Line 10. After " knowledge," insert : —
*-
The recently discovered main fragment of bis rioXirria ri» 'AArnUwr is a valu able example of the completeness of this pan, also, of his literary work. In the main only his scientific, etc.
P. 104. (Especially valuable in the recent literature upon Aristotle are r H. Meier, Die Syllooittik de$ Arirtoteles. Vol. I. , 1896, Vol. II. in 2 pts. , 1900 ; G. Rodier, Arittote, Traiti de VAme, trad, et annotte. a vols. , Paris, 1900. Cf. also W. A. Hammond, A. 't Psychology: The De Anima and Parva Xat. ,tr. with int. and Nulet, Lond. and N. Y. 1901 ; H. Siebeck, A. , Stuttgart, 1899. ]
P. 112. As note to close of first par. , attached to words " in the middle": —
Cf. , however, on this, A. Ooedeke-Meyer, Die Naturphilotophie Spikur't in ikretn Verhdltniu xu Demokrit, Strassburg, 1897.
P. 119. Line 17. After "back," insert: —
according to the general laws of association and reproduction (Phaedo, 72 ff. ).
P. 123. Insert after the first par. under 6, the following par. : —
This completely new attempt on Plato's part was supported by the theological doctrines which he was able to take from the Mysteries of Dionysus. Here the individual soul was regarded as a " daimon " or spirit which had journeyed or been banished from another world into the body, and during its earthly life maintained mysterious emo tional relations to its original home. Such theological ideas were brought by the philosopher into his scientific system, not without serious difficulties.
P. 135. Note attached to the word "not" in line 11
foot) : —
685
For Aristotle means nothing else, even where, as is frequently the case In the Analytics, be expresses the relation by saying that the question is whether the one concept Is affirmed or predicated (»«rir>»ptr») of the other.
(from
686 Appendix.
P. 142. After the first sentence in the last par. , insert : —
" The subordination of the single thing under the general concept is for him too, not an arbitrary act of the intellect in its work of comparison; it is an act of knowledge which takes us into the nature of things and reproduces the actual relations which obtain there. "
P. 148. Line 3. After " world," insert : —
Every element has thus its " natural " motion in a certain direc tion and its " natural " place in the universe.
Only by collision with others (/ftp) is it turned aside or crowded out.
P. 162. Before second par. , insert : —
" In the history of the Stoa we have to distinguish an older period which was predominantly ethical, a middle period which was eclectic, and a later period which was religious. "
P. 162. To references on Stoicism, add : — A. Schmekel, Die mittlere Stoa (Berlin, 1892).
P. 162. Line 6 from foot. To references on Lucretius, add : — R. Heinze's Com. on 3d Book (Leips. 1877).
P. 163. Line 20. Add : —
Cf. E. Pappenheim (Berlin, 1874 f. , Leips. 1877 and 1881).
P. 163. To references on Scepticism, add: —
V. Brochard, Let Sceptiques Orecs (Paris, 1887). [M. M. Patrick, Sextus Empiricus and Greek Scepticism (contains trans, of the " Pyrrhonic Sketches," Camb. and Lond. 1899). ]
P. 163. Line 35. After " principle," insert : —
Cicero stands nearest to the position of Probabilism as maintained by the Academy. See below, § 17, 7.
P. 163. To the material before § 14, add : —
A popular moral eclecticism was represented by certain preachers of morals who were more or less closely related to the principles of the Cynics. These scourged the social and moral conditions of the Hellenistic and later of the Roman world with harsh and outspoken criticism. Among them were Teles (cf. v. Wilamowitz-Mollendorf, Philologische Untemuchungen, IV. , 292 ff. ; Frag ments, ed. by O. Hense, Freiburg, 1899), Bion of Borysthenes (cf. R. Heinze, de Horatio Bionis Imitalore, Bonn, 1889) of a later period, Demetrius, Oeno- maos, and Demonax. Cf. J. Bernays, Lukian ivid die Kyniker (Berlin, 1879). In this connection Dio Chrysostomos is also to be named. Cf. H. v. Arnim (Berlin, 1898).
P 174. Line 8. Add to this paragraph : —
In many cases, however, notably in the Imperial age of Rome, this maxim appears as the easily intelligible principle of the honour able man who finds himself repelled by the corruption and partisan self-seeking of political life, and can have nothing to do with it.
Appendix.
P. 181. Add to the second par. the following (in part new) : —
Nevertheless, inasmuch as they, like Heraclitus, treated the neces- :*s». ry course of events and providence as equivalent termii, the Stoic
formulation of the principle of sufficient reason (i. e. that everything which comes to be has a ground or reason) may also be expressed in
the form that not even the least thing in the world can be otherwise than in accord with the decree of Zeus.
P. 186. Line 8 from foot of text, after "Heraclitus" insert: —
•" and in part to the later philosophy of nature as influenced by nim. (Pseudo-Hippoc. vtpl SWrip ; cf. above p. 67, note 1. )
P. 189. Line 12 from foot, add the following: —
Finally this web of syncretistic theology received the metaphysi cal strand, to which the Older Academy with Pythagorean tenden cies (especially Xenocrates) had begun to attach the hierarchy of
mythical fonns (cf. § 11, 5). The combination of all these theo logical tendencies was completed in the middle, eclectic Stoa, espe cially through Posidonius.
P. 204. Note 4, add : —
Hence Epicurus did not regard it necessary to decide on theoretical grounds between different modes of explaining particular phenomena : the one mode waa no more valid (o4 paXXor) than the other, to use the sceptical phrase.
P. 210. Line 20. Add : —
trans, as H&rnack's Hittory of Doctrine, by N. Buchanan, Lond. 1894.
P. 210. Add to references : —
Fr. Susemihl, Qeiehichte der griechUcken Litteratur in der Alezandrinerteit (2 vols. , Leips. 1891).
P. 216. Line 26. To the lit, add : —
H. v. A num. Dion von Pruta (Leips. 1898), pp. 4-114.
P. 216. Line 16 from foot. To the notice of Galen, add : —
He was frequently referred to as philosophical authority in the humanistio literature of the Renaissance. His creatine. De plariti* Hipporratit rl Platonit, has been edited bv J. Muller (Leips. 1874), the Prolrepticut, by G. Kaibel (Leips.
IMM), the oVa-yJ^j) 8iaX«T. «i), by C. Kalbfleisch (Leips. 1896). J. Muller has discussed the wtpl iwottiittt.
P. 217. Line . J. Add: —
Of the new Berlin ed. of 1'hilo, by L. Cohn and P. Wendland, Vols. L and IL have appeared (1898-1897).
P. 217. Line 14. To the lit on Justin Martyr, add: — H. Veil (Stranburg,
687
688
Appendix.
P. 217. Line 20 from foot To the notice of Tertullian, add : —
: He was a partisan whose hot-beaded fanaticism did not shrink from any par* dozical consequence.
P. 217. Line 3 from foot To the notice of Clement, add : —
With iron will and tireless activity he united the peaceful and conciliatory spirit of scientific culture, with which he sought to exercise an influence in the passionate ecclesiastical controversies of his time.
P. 218. Line 15. To the notice of Plotinus, add : —
A fine, noble nature, in whom the deep inwardising and spiritualising of life, which was the most valuable result of ancient civilisation, found its best embodi ment
P. 218. Line 29. Add: —
Porphyry's Zlfayuyii tit t4i Kar-riyopiat was usually known in the Middle Ages by the title de quinque vocibu*.
P. 224. Line 3. Add a footnote : —
Similarly in the Epistle to the Hebrews, the relation of Jesus to the angels is set forth in the manner in which it is presented by Philo.
P. 284. Line 3 from foot of text, add : —
This transition is also connected with the fact that in the Chris tian view the activity of consciousness just described was considered less from the theoretical than from the practical standpoint The freedom of the will is here the central conception. The Oriental Church fathers in part stood nearer the intellectual ism of the Hel lenistic philosophy, or at least made concessions to it; on the other hand, among the western teachers of the Church who were in closer touch with Rome the will was most strongly emphasised in both psychology and theology. Among the latter the tendency is domi nant to regard the spiritual or immaterial principle as passive and determined by its object in so far as it is knowledge, but as active and determining in so far as it is will.
P. 238. After line 6, insert the following paragraph : —
In this connection the conception of the infinite underwent a transformation which gave it a radically different value (cf. Jon. Cohn, Geschichte des Unendlichkeitsproblems, Leips. 1896). The mind of the Greeks, directed as it was upon measure and definite limita tion, had originally looked upon the infinite as the incomplete and
it was only with reluctance that when considering the infinitude of space and time metaphysics had allowed itself to ascribe the infinite second subordinate kind of reality, as was done by the Pythagoreans, the Atomists, and Plato — aside from the isolated case of Anaximander, whose influence lay in another direction. Now, infinitude had become the only predicate which
imperfect;
to*
a
Appendix. 689
could be ascribed to the highest reality or to the deity, as over against the finite things of the world. Even the "negative" theology could permit this expression. The name "infinite " must be appjied to the divine power which in the Stoic and Neo-Pythagorean phi losophy of nature was regarded as the essence pervading and informing the world with its workings ; to the One from which Neo-Platonism regarded worthy of the world's forms as flowing forth; to the creative divine will which, according to Christian teaching, had called forth the world from nothing, and thus shown its freedom from all limitation ; and finally to this supreme person ality himself in contrast with finite persons. Thus through this final development of ancient philosophy the conception of the in finite became the constituent mark of the highest metaphysical
reality; it belongs not only to the universe as extended in space, but also to the inmost essence of things, and, above all, to the deity. This latter fusion became so fixed and sure that to-day it appears entirely a matter of course in the sphere of thought, as well as in that of feeling, to conceive of the supreme being as the Infinite, in contrast with all finite things and relations.
P. 256. Line 11. To the phrase "drama of universal history" affix the following footnote : —
Thin expression has in this connection, as we see, a broader meaning, and one which conforms much more to the meaning of the words, than in its ordi nary use.
P. 2fi3. To the literature of the period, add : —
B. Hauresu. . Vnffrvs H ExtrniUi de quelqne* ManuMcript* dr In Bibliothiqut XnUonnU. 0 vols. , Paris, 181)0-189'! ; H. Denifle and K. Chatelain, Chartnla- rium Univrtitnti* ParMetuis. 2 vols, Paris, 181)0-1894 ; H. Denifle and Fr. Ehrie, Areh. f. LiU. u. Kirth. Gesch. d. Mittelalttn, 1886 ff.
P. 273. Line 13. To the notice of Augustine, add : —
His youth was In part wild and irregular. His father, Patricius, belonged to the old religion ; his mother, Monica, to Christianity. To a deeply passionate nature he joiued not only dialectical skill and keen intelligence, but also pliil- oaophtcal subtlety and a wide intellectual and spiritual vision, which was narrowed only at the last by ecclesiastical partisanship.
P. 23. To the foot-note, add : —
Windischmann, earlier {Die Philosophie im Fortgang der Weltgesehichte, Bonn. 1827-1834), and recently P. Deussen (Allgemeine Getchichte der Philoso
phie, I. 1, Leips. 1894) have made a beginning toward the work of relating this Oriental thought to the whole history of philosophy.
P. 24. Line 8. Affix as foot-note: —
E. Rohde has set forth with great insight and discrimination the rich sugges. tiona for philosophy in the following period, which grew out of the transforma tions of the religious ideas (Psyche, 2d ed. , 1897).
P. 27. To the lit. on the Period, add : —
A. Fairbanks, The First Philosophers of Greece, N. Y. 1898.
P. 30. Line 30. To the notice of Heraclitus, add : —
He was apparently the first who, from the standpoint of scientific insight, undertook to reform the public life and combat the dangers of anarchy. Him self an austere and rigorous personality, he preached the law of order, which ought to prevail in human life as in nature.
. ■:■ . 688- ;
684
Appendix.
P. 30. Line 19 from the foot. To the notice of Anaxagoras, add : —
His scientific employments were essentially astronomical in their nature. Neglecting earthly interests, he is said to have declared the heavens to be his fatherland, and the observation of the stars to be his life work. Metrodorus and Archelausi are named as his disciples.
P. 42. Foot-note 1. Relating to the vow of Anaxagoras, add : — Cf. , however, M. Heinze in the Ben d. Sachs. Ges. d. Wiss. , 1890.
P. 46. Last line of text. To the word " curved," affix as foot
note : —
■' '
The tradition (Arist. , foe. cit. ) shows this collocation; whereas, from the cosmology of the Pythagoreans and likewise from that of Plato and Aristotle, we should expect the reverse order.
P. 55. To the notice of Diogenes of Apollonia, add : —
He was the most important of the eclectics of the fifth century. So little is known as to his life that it is even doubtful whether Apollonia was his home. Of his writings, even Simplicius had only the xtpl 4>iatut before him (Phyt. , S2 V. 151, 24 D).
P. 62. Add to foot-note 1 : —
because in this phase of Greek thought they run along as yet unrelated lines of thought, side, by side with the theories of natural science. Only the Pythago reans seem as yet to have begun the combination between theology and phi losophy, which later became through Plato a controlling influence.
P. 68. Prefix to par. 4, which begins with "But while," the following sentence:— ■*■
. A preparation for this transition was made by the circumstance that even in the investigation of nature, interest in fundamental principles had grown weaker after the first creative development, and science had begun to scatter her labours over special fields.
P. 71. To the personal notice of Socrates, add : '—■
He considered this enlightenment of himself and fellow-citizens a divine voca tion (Plato's Apology), giving this work precedence even over. his care of his family ( Xanthippe), lie gathered about him the. noblest youth of Athens, such as Alcibiades, who honoured in him the ideal and the teacher of virtue. He appeared thus as leader of an intellectual aristocracy, and just by this means came into opposition to the dominant democracy. £K. JoSl, Der ec. hle. «. d. Xenophontische Sokrates, Vol. I. , Berlin, 1893. Vol. ' II. in 2 pts. , 1901. Kralik,
Senates; -1888-] - ■ . -. . -■ . .
' P'. ' 96. ' "Line 23. Insert after Plato : —
And of their materialism which he so vigorously opposed.
P. 102. At close of par. 4, insert : —
This personal influence 'he' himself regarded as the most important part of his activity. For scientific investigation was only one side of his rich nature. The demand for ethical teaching' and for political and social efficiency had a still stronger life within him. He had an open vision for the evils of his time. He united an 'adherence to the aristocratic party with an activity in the direction indicated hy Socrates, and never quite gave up the hope of reforming the life of his time through his science. To this was added as a third element in his per sonality that pre-eminent artistic disposition which could clothe Ms ideals with poetic exposition in the most splendid language.
. /
.
,. . . -. -. -'
Appendix.
P. 103. To references on Plato, add : —
P. Lutowslawski, Origin and Growth of Plato3 i Logic (1807).
[ R. L. Nettleship, Philos. Lecture*, ed. by Bradley and Benson, 1807. W.
Witidelband. Plato, Stuttgart, 1900. ]
P. 104. After first par. , insert : —
In comparison with the high flight of Platb, the personality and life-work of Aristotle appear throughout of cooler and soberer type. But if he lacks the impulse toward an active influence in public life, and also the poetic charm of diction and composition, he has, instead, all the more effective a substitute in the power of thought with which he surveys and masters his Held, in the clarity sum! purity of his scientific temper, in the certainty and power with which he disposes and moulds the results gathered from the intellectual labours of many contributors. Aristotle is an incarnation of the spirit of science such as the
world has never seen again, and in this direction his incomparable influence has lain. He will always remain the leading thinker In the realm of investigation which seeks to comprehend reality with keen look, unbiassed by any interest
derived from feeling.
P. 104. Line 10. After " knowledge," insert : —
*-
The recently discovered main fragment of bis rioXirria ri» 'AArnUwr is a valu able example of the completeness of this pan, also, of his literary work. In the main only his scientific, etc.
P. 104. (Especially valuable in the recent literature upon Aristotle are r H. Meier, Die Syllooittik de$ Arirtoteles. Vol. I. , 1896, Vol. II. in 2 pts. , 1900 ; G. Rodier, Arittote, Traiti de VAme, trad, et annotte. a vols. , Paris, 1900. Cf. also W. A. Hammond, A. 't Psychology: The De Anima and Parva Xat. ,tr. with int. and Nulet, Lond. and N. Y. 1901 ; H. Siebeck, A. , Stuttgart, 1899. ]
P. 112. As note to close of first par. , attached to words " in the middle": —
Cf. , however, on this, A. Ooedeke-Meyer, Die Naturphilotophie Spikur't in ikretn Verhdltniu xu Demokrit, Strassburg, 1897.
P. 119. Line 17. After "back," insert: —
according to the general laws of association and reproduction (Phaedo, 72 ff. ).
P. 123. Insert after the first par. under 6, the following par. : —
This completely new attempt on Plato's part was supported by the theological doctrines which he was able to take from the Mysteries of Dionysus. Here the individual soul was regarded as a " daimon " or spirit which had journeyed or been banished from another world into the body, and during its earthly life maintained mysterious emo tional relations to its original home. Such theological ideas were brought by the philosopher into his scientific system, not without serious difficulties.
P. 135. Note attached to the word "not" in line 11
foot) : —
685
For Aristotle means nothing else, even where, as is frequently the case In the Analytics, be expresses the relation by saying that the question is whether the one concept Is affirmed or predicated (»«rir>»ptr») of the other.
(from
686 Appendix.
P. 142. After the first sentence in the last par. , insert : —
" The subordination of the single thing under the general concept is for him too, not an arbitrary act of the intellect in its work of comparison; it is an act of knowledge which takes us into the nature of things and reproduces the actual relations which obtain there. "
P. 148. Line 3. After " world," insert : —
Every element has thus its " natural " motion in a certain direc tion and its " natural " place in the universe.
Only by collision with others (/ftp) is it turned aside or crowded out.
P. 162. Before second par. , insert : —
" In the history of the Stoa we have to distinguish an older period which was predominantly ethical, a middle period which was eclectic, and a later period which was religious. "
P. 162. To references on Stoicism, add : — A. Schmekel, Die mittlere Stoa (Berlin, 1892).
P. 162. Line 6 from foot. To references on Lucretius, add : — R. Heinze's Com. on 3d Book (Leips. 1877).
P. 163. Line 20. Add : —
Cf. E. Pappenheim (Berlin, 1874 f. , Leips. 1877 and 1881).
P. 163. To references on Scepticism, add: —
V. Brochard, Let Sceptiques Orecs (Paris, 1887). [M. M. Patrick, Sextus Empiricus and Greek Scepticism (contains trans, of the " Pyrrhonic Sketches," Camb. and Lond. 1899). ]
P. 163. Line 35. After " principle," insert : —
Cicero stands nearest to the position of Probabilism as maintained by the Academy. See below, § 17, 7.
P. 163. To the material before § 14, add : —
A popular moral eclecticism was represented by certain preachers of morals who were more or less closely related to the principles of the Cynics. These scourged the social and moral conditions of the Hellenistic and later of the Roman world with harsh and outspoken criticism. Among them were Teles (cf. v. Wilamowitz-Mollendorf, Philologische Untemuchungen, IV. , 292 ff. ; Frag ments, ed. by O. Hense, Freiburg, 1899), Bion of Borysthenes (cf. R. Heinze, de Horatio Bionis Imitalore, Bonn, 1889) of a later period, Demetrius, Oeno- maos, and Demonax. Cf. J. Bernays, Lukian ivid die Kyniker (Berlin, 1879). In this connection Dio Chrysostomos is also to be named. Cf. H. v. Arnim (Berlin, 1898).
P 174. Line 8. Add to this paragraph : —
In many cases, however, notably in the Imperial age of Rome, this maxim appears as the easily intelligible principle of the honour able man who finds himself repelled by the corruption and partisan self-seeking of political life, and can have nothing to do with it.
Appendix.
P. 181. Add to the second par. the following (in part new) : —
Nevertheless, inasmuch as they, like Heraclitus, treated the neces- :*s». ry course of events and providence as equivalent termii, the Stoic
formulation of the principle of sufficient reason (i. e. that everything which comes to be has a ground or reason) may also be expressed in
the form that not even the least thing in the world can be otherwise than in accord with the decree of Zeus.
P. 186. Line 8 from foot of text, after "Heraclitus" insert: —
•" and in part to the later philosophy of nature as influenced by nim. (Pseudo-Hippoc. vtpl SWrip ; cf. above p. 67, note 1. )
P. 189. Line 12 from foot, add the following: —
Finally this web of syncretistic theology received the metaphysi cal strand, to which the Older Academy with Pythagorean tenden cies (especially Xenocrates) had begun to attach the hierarchy of
mythical fonns (cf. § 11, 5). The combination of all these theo logical tendencies was completed in the middle, eclectic Stoa, espe cially through Posidonius.
P. 204. Note 4, add : —
Hence Epicurus did not regard it necessary to decide on theoretical grounds between different modes of explaining particular phenomena : the one mode waa no more valid (o4 paXXor) than the other, to use the sceptical phrase.
P. 210. Line 20. Add : —
trans, as H&rnack's Hittory of Doctrine, by N. Buchanan, Lond. 1894.
P. 210. Add to references : —
Fr. Susemihl, Qeiehichte der griechUcken Litteratur in der Alezandrinerteit (2 vols. , Leips. 1891).
P. 216. Line 26. To the lit, add : —
H. v. A num. Dion von Pruta (Leips. 1898), pp. 4-114.
P. 216. Line 16 from foot. To the notice of Galen, add : —
He was frequently referred to as philosophical authority in the humanistio literature of the Renaissance. His creatine. De plariti* Hipporratit rl Platonit, has been edited bv J. Muller (Leips. 1874), the Prolrepticut, by G. Kaibel (Leips.
IMM), the oVa-yJ^j) 8iaX«T. «i), by C. Kalbfleisch (Leips. 1896). J. Muller has discussed the wtpl iwottiittt.
P. 217. Line . J. Add: —
Of the new Berlin ed. of 1'hilo, by L. Cohn and P. Wendland, Vols. L and IL have appeared (1898-1897).
P. 217. Line 14. To the lit on Justin Martyr, add: — H. Veil (Stranburg,
687
688
Appendix.
P. 217. Line 20 from foot To the notice of Tertullian, add : —
: He was a partisan whose hot-beaded fanaticism did not shrink from any par* dozical consequence.
P. 217. Line 3 from foot To the notice of Clement, add : —
With iron will and tireless activity he united the peaceful and conciliatory spirit of scientific culture, with which he sought to exercise an influence in the passionate ecclesiastical controversies of his time.
P. 218. Line 15. To the notice of Plotinus, add : —
A fine, noble nature, in whom the deep inwardising and spiritualising of life, which was the most valuable result of ancient civilisation, found its best embodi ment
P. 218. Line 29. Add: —
Porphyry's Zlfayuyii tit t4i Kar-riyopiat was usually known in the Middle Ages by the title de quinque vocibu*.
P. 224. Line 3. Add a footnote : —
Similarly in the Epistle to the Hebrews, the relation of Jesus to the angels is set forth in the manner in which it is presented by Philo.
P. 284. Line 3 from foot of text, add : —
This transition is also connected with the fact that in the Chris tian view the activity of consciousness just described was considered less from the theoretical than from the practical standpoint The freedom of the will is here the central conception. The Oriental Church fathers in part stood nearer the intellectual ism of the Hel lenistic philosophy, or at least made concessions to it; on the other hand, among the western teachers of the Church who were in closer touch with Rome the will was most strongly emphasised in both psychology and theology. Among the latter the tendency is domi nant to regard the spiritual or immaterial principle as passive and determined by its object in so far as it is knowledge, but as active and determining in so far as it is will.
P. 238. After line 6, insert the following paragraph : —
In this connection the conception of the infinite underwent a transformation which gave it a radically different value (cf. Jon. Cohn, Geschichte des Unendlichkeitsproblems, Leips. 1896). The mind of the Greeks, directed as it was upon measure and definite limita tion, had originally looked upon the infinite as the incomplete and
it was only with reluctance that when considering the infinitude of space and time metaphysics had allowed itself to ascribe the infinite second subordinate kind of reality, as was done by the Pythagoreans, the Atomists, and Plato — aside from the isolated case of Anaximander, whose influence lay in another direction. Now, infinitude had become the only predicate which
imperfect;
to*
a
Appendix. 689
could be ascribed to the highest reality or to the deity, as over against the finite things of the world. Even the "negative" theology could permit this expression. The name "infinite " must be appjied to the divine power which in the Stoic and Neo-Pythagorean phi losophy of nature was regarded as the essence pervading and informing the world with its workings ; to the One from which Neo-Platonism regarded worthy of the world's forms as flowing forth; to the creative divine will which, according to Christian teaching, had called forth the world from nothing, and thus shown its freedom from all limitation ; and finally to this supreme person ality himself in contrast with finite persons. Thus through this final development of ancient philosophy the conception of the in finite became the constituent mark of the highest metaphysical
reality; it belongs not only to the universe as extended in space, but also to the inmost essence of things, and, above all, to the deity. This latter fusion became so fixed and sure that to-day it appears entirely a matter of course in the sphere of thought, as well as in that of feeling, to conceive of the supreme being as the Infinite, in contrast with all finite things and relations.
P. 256. Line 11. To the phrase "drama of universal history" affix the following footnote : —
Thin expression has in this connection, as we see, a broader meaning, and one which conforms much more to the meaning of the words, than in its ordi nary use.
P. 2fi3. To the literature of the period, add : —
B. Hauresu. . Vnffrvs H ExtrniUi de quelqne* ManuMcript* dr In Bibliothiqut XnUonnU. 0 vols. , Paris, 181)0-189'! ; H. Denifle and K. Chatelain, Chartnla- rium Univrtitnti* ParMetuis. 2 vols, Paris, 181)0-1894 ; H. Denifle and Fr. Ehrie, Areh. f. LiU. u. Kirth. Gesch. d. Mittelalttn, 1886 ff.
P. 273. Line 13. To the notice of Augustine, add : —
His youth was In part wild and irregular. His father, Patricius, belonged to the old religion ; his mother, Monica, to Christianity. To a deeply passionate nature he joiued not only dialectical skill and keen intelligence, but also pliil- oaophtcal subtlety and a wide intellectual and spiritual vision, which was narrowed only at the last by ecclesiastical partisanship.
