1, David himself, I understand not, save of Him, Who was born of the seed of David
according
to the flesh.
Augustine - Exposition on the Psalms - v6
Doubtless
He was destined to come to His Passion in the form of a servant; why did Peter fear that in the form of a servant the Form of God would perish, and not rather presume that through the Form of God the form of a servant would live
Mat. 16, again ? He saith to Him, That be far from Thee, Lord;
PsAlM^es/t
John 16, said unto them, The hour cometh, that ye shall leave Me
32
alone, and go every one his own way; and yet I am not alone, because the Father is with Me. The Father was with Him, and He with the Father; the Father in Him, and He
* St. Augustine seems to have understood this very elliptically : none was among them, i. e. who did not do so.
Yet afterwards converted the world in His Name. 213
in the Father; He and the Father were one ; yet feared they Ver. when He died. Wherefore, save because in the day they 1 ' wandered, and there was no one in them. In the day
they shall wander, and none among them.
23. But what is, In the day they shall wander ? Shall they perish ? Where then is, Thine eyes did see My im
perfect one, and in Thy book shall all he written ? When
then did they wander in the day ? When they understood
not the Lord set upon earth. And what followeth? Butter. ir. to me Thy friends are made very honourable, O God ; those
very ones, who wandered in the day, and none was in them, became Thy friends, and were made very honourable to me.
That bone was made in them in secret after the resurrection
of the Lord, and they suffered for His Name, at whose death
they had been amazed. To me Thy friends are made very honourable, O God, mightily strengthened were their chief tainships. They became Apostles, they became leaders of
the Church, they became rams leading their flocks, mightily strengthened were their chieftainships.
/ will number them, and they shall be multiplied ver. 18.
24.
above the sand. By means of them, who wandered in the day, and there was none in them, lo ! there has been born all this great multitude, which now is like the sand innum erable, save by God. For He said, they shall be multiplied
/ will number them. The very same who are numbered, shall be multiplied above
above the sand, and yet He had said,
the sand. For by Him is the sand numbered, by Whom the Mat. io,
I will number them,30, and theIy shall be multiplied above the sand.
very hairs of our head are numbered.
have risen, and yet am 1 with Thee. What hare risen, and yet am with Thee? Already have
suffered, saith He, already have been buried lo have risen, and not yet do they understand that am with them. Yet am with Tliee, that is, not yet with them, for not yet do they recognise Me. For thus do we read in the Gospel, that after the resurrection of our Lord Jesus Christ, when He appeared to them, they did not at once know Him. There another meaning also have risen, and yet am with Thee, as though He would signify this present time,
wherein he as yet hidden at the right hand of the Father,
25.
I/
is is
I
:/
I I
1
;
! 1
I is,
214 The sin of Schism.
Psalm before He is revealed in the brightness, wherein He shall cxxxlx" come to judge the quick and the dead.
26. And then He telleth what meanwhile, during this whole time when He already has risen, and remaineth still with the Father, He suffereth by ihe intermixture of sinners in His Body, the Church, and by the separation of heretics.
v. 19. 20. If Thou, 0 God, shall slay the sinners, since Thou shall say in Thy thought, Depart from Me, ye men of blood, they shall receive in vanity their cities. The words seem to be connected in this order; If Thou, O God, shall slay the sinners, they shall receive in vanity their cities. For in this way doth He mean them to be understood to be slain,
when by pride, whereby they are puffed up, they lose the Wisd. l, grace whereby they live. For the holy spirit of discipline
will flee deceit, and remove from thoughts that are without Eph. 4, understanding. Thus are sinners slain, because, having
their understandings darkened, they are alienated from the life of God. For on account of elation they lose confession, and so they are slain, and in them is fulfilled what Scripture
'is not. And so they receive in vanity their cities, that is, their vain peoples, who follow their vanity ; when, puffed up by the name of righteousness, they persuade men to burst the bond of unity, and blindly and ignorantly follow them, as bein# more righteous. And because it is hence for the most part that tbey find an occasion for separating from the unity of Christ, namely, by accusing evil men, with whom they pretend that they are unwilling to hold communion;
and because it is possible that they not only disparage the guiltless, whom they pretend to flee from as wicked, but also say truth of some wicked men, like unto themselves,
Mat. l3,among whom the wheat of Christ, preserving the bond of unity, groaneth ; therefore He hath inserted, Because Thou
shall say in Thy thought, Depart from Me, ye men of blood, they shall receive in vanity their cities: that therefore they shall draw away to their own schism their peoples, to corrupt them with their vanity, because Thou in Thy thought shall say, Depart from Me, ye men of blood in order, that is, that sinners, slain in the spirit as the due reward of their pride, may therefore receive their cities, that
5-
Eeclus. saith, Confession perisheth from the dead, as from one that
'
: is,
The Church not partaker of the guilt of wicked members. 215
is, their peoples, into vanity, that may draw them away Ver. separation into the vanity of error and offended, as
were, by the intermixture of the chaff, may break unity, and abandon the wheat; because He warneth the wheat, that is,
good and faithful men, that before the winnowing, which
to be at the end, separate not itself openly from the bad,
lest abandon the good that are still mingled with them
but by good conversation, and contrariety of life, in manner, say silently to them, Depart from Me, ye men of blood. For this he sailh to them by the Voice of God, which Voice in thought, as God speaketh in the thought
of His holy people. For who are men of blood, save they
who hate their brethren As John saith, He who hateth
his brother, is a murderer. The slain sinners then not understanding this, how God saith to the wicked in the thought of the good, Depart from Me, ye men blood,
find fault with them for holding communion with wicked
men, and, separating themselves on the ground of these false charges, receive in vanity their cities. This saying, which
now in the thought of the good said to the wicked, will be openly said in that day when shall be said to them by our Head Himself, never knew you: depart from Me, all ye Matt. workers of iniquity.
27. But now the Body of Christ, the Church, saith, Why do the proud speak falsely against me, as though were stained other men's sins, and so, by separating themselves,
receive in vanity their cities? Have not hated those ver. 81.
J? l,n
who hated Thee, Lord? Why do those who are worse
themselves require of me to separate myself in body as well as spirit from the wicked, so as to root up the wheat, together with the tares, before the time of harvest, that before the time of winnowing lose my power of enduring the chaff; that before all the different sorts of fishes are brought to the end of the world, as to the shore, to be separated, tear the nets of peace and unity Are the sacraments which receive, those of evil men Do by consent, communicate
their life and deeds Hare not hated those who hated Thee, Lord, and at Thine enemies wasled away When the zeal of Thine house eat me, did not see the senseless ones, and waste away? Did not horror take
Pe. 69,8. Pa. 119,
in
by
by
1
is, ;
I
I
II
it
? 1
of
'
it,
l a; is it
I,
it
is
II
it is
? ? ? ?
7,
it
21 tJ Christians to love sinners, but hate their sin.
Psalm hold of me, because of the wicked that forsake Thy law ? -- For who are Thine enemies, save they who by their life declare how they hate Thy law ? These then when I hated, why do they who receive in vanity their cities, falsely
accuse me, as though their sins could be laid to my charge,
whom I hated, and at whom I wasted away with zeal for the Matt. 5, Lord's house? But where is, Love your enemies? Is it
4i'
hate yon. He saith not, who hate God. ' So he followeth
because He said yours, not ' God's ? ' Do good to them that
'I the pattern, and saith, Have not
hated those who haled Thee, Lord ? He saith not, ' Who have hated me. ' And
waste
at Thine enemies did I away. Tliine, he said, not
' mine. ' But those who hate us and are enemies unto us, only because we serve Him, what else do they but hate Him, and are His enemies. Ought we then to love such enemies as these ? Or do not they suffer persecution for God's sake, to whom it is said, Pray for them that persecute you ? Observe then what followeth.
ver. 22.
hate them. What is,
28. With a perfe ct hatred did I
with a perfect hatred? 1 hated in them their iniquities,
I loved Thy creation.
hatred, that neither on account of the vices thou hate the men, nor on account of the men love the vices. For see
This it is to hate with a perfect
what he addeth, They became mine enemies. Not only as God's enemies, but as his own too doth he now describe them. How then will he fulfil in them both his own saying, Have not 1 haled those that haled Thee, Lord, and the Lord's command, Love your enemies? How will he fulfil this, save with that perfect hatred, that he hate in them that they are wicked, and love that they are men ? For in the time even of the Old Testament, when the carnal people was restrained by visible punishments, how did Moses, the servant of God, who
by understanding belonged to the New Testament, how did he hate sinners when he prayed for them, or how did he not hate them when he slew them, save
that he haled them with a perfect hatred? For with such perfection did he hate the iniquity which he punished, as to love the manhood for which he prayed.
29. Since then the Body of Christ is in the end to be severed in body also from the unholy and wicked, but now
To appeal to God, and bear with 217
with the wicked, and separating themselves more and more
from the good and innocent, on the ground of these wicked
ones, so receive in vanity their cities, that many wicked
still remain who follow them not in their separation, but continue intermingled as before, for the good to endure
unto the end, what amongst them doeth the Body of Christ, bringing forth fruit with patience, an hundred, or sixty, or **at"13, thirty-fold ? What doeth the love of Christ among the Cant. 2, daughters, as the lily among thorns? What are her words? 2'
*what her conscience ? what is the appearance of the p>>. king's daughter within? Lo, hear what she saith. Prove ver. 23. me, O God, and know my heart. Do Thou, O God, Thou
prove me, Thou know ; not man, not an heretic, who neither knoweth how to prove, nor can know my heart, whereas
Thou provest, and knowest that I consent not to the deeds
of the wicked, while they think that I can be defiled by the
sins of others; so that, while I in my long wandering do what
I mourn in another Psalm, that is, while I labour for peace among them that hate peace, until I come to that Vision of peace, which is called Jerusalem, which is the mother of us
all, the city eternal in the heavens ; they, contending, and falsely accusing and separating themselves, may receive, not, evidently, in eternity, but in vanity, their cities. Prove
me, then, my God, and know my heart ; search me, and
learn my paths. Why this ? Observe what followeth.
30. And see, saith he, if there be any way of wickednessTM. 24.
in me, and lead me in the way everlasting. Search, he saith, my paths, that is, my counsels and thoughts; and see if there be any way of wickedness in me, either by act or consent; and lead me in the way everlasting. What else saith he, but 'lead me in Christ? ' For who is the way
meanwhile groaneth among them, and since those slain Veu.
-- sinners falsely accusing the good for holding communion --:
'
save He that Iis the Life everlasting? For ever
everlasting,
lasting is He Who said,
the Life. If then thou findest any thing in my way which displeaseth Thine eyes, since my way is mortal, do Thou
lead me in the way everlasting, wherein is no iniquity ; for
even if any man sin, we have an Advocate with the Father, 1 John Jesus Christ the righteous; and He is the propitiation for2'1.
am the Way, and the Truth, and JohnH,
Pa. 12? .
218 the presence of wicked men in the Church.
Psalm our sins; He is the Way everlasting without sin ; He is the CxI" Life everlasting without punishment.
31. These are great mysteries, brethren. How doth the Spirit of God speak with us ? how doth it make us delights in this night? What is this, we ask you, brethren, whence are they sweeter, the darker they are ? He mixeth us our potion after His love, in certain wondrous ways. He maketh His own sayings wondrous, so that while we were speaking what ye already knew, yet forasmuch as it was dug
out of passages which seemed obscure, the knowledge itself seemed to be made new. Did ye not know, brethren, that the wicked are to be tolerated in the Church, and schisms not to be made ? Did ye not already know, that within those nets which hold both good and bad fishes, we must abide even to the shore, nor must the nets be burst, because on the shore the good shall be separated into vessels, and the bad thrown away ? Ye know this already ; but these verses of this Psalm ye did not understand : that which ye did not understand is explained; that which ye knew has been renewed.
Lat. cxxxix.
l Thess. doth not profit, for all have not faith. But faith in the soul
3' a'
is like a good root, which turneth the rain to fruit ; false faith, and devilish error, and evil desire, are the root of all evil, like the root of thorns, turning even the sweet rain into
prickles.
2. What this Psalm containeth, I believe that ye per
ceived when it was being chanted; for therein the Church of Christ, set in the midst of the wicked, complaincth and groaneth, and poureth out prayer to God. For her voice is in every such prophecy the voice of one in need and want,
PSALM CXL.
Sermon to the people, in the pretence of an attembly of Bishops.
1. Our Lords have bidden me, brethren, and in them the Lord of all, to bring this Psalm to your understanding, so far as God giveth me to. May He help your prayers, that I may say those things which I ought to say, ye to hear, that to all of us the Word of God may be profitable. For all it
Christ the Head, the Church His Body. 219
not yet satisfied, hungering and thirsting after righteousness, Psalm for whom a certain fulness in the end hath been promised, and ^--"j
''
is reserved. Meanwhile, here let it hunger and thirst, groan 6. and knock and seek. Let it not delight in the allurements
of its wandering, let it not think the world its country, from whence Christ came to set it free, for Christ willeth to be our Head, the Head that is of a certain Body. For we cannot speak of a head where there is no body for it to be head to. Accordingly if Christ be a Head, He is also Head of some Body. The Body of that Head is the holy Church, among whose members we are, if we love our Head. Let us hear
then the words of Christ's Body, our own words, that
we be in Christ's Body for whoever not there,
will be among those for whom that Body groaneth. Ac cordingly, either thou wilt be in that Body which groaneth among the wicked or else thou wilt not be in that Body, but wilt be among those wicked ones among whom the Body groaneth, which groaneth amongst the wicked either thou wilt be member of Christ, or an enemy of the Body of Christ. Nor meant that they are all enemies, and ad versaries of the Body of Christ after one manner, neither do they all act after one manner. Chameleon-like he who reigneth in them, and useth them as his vessels. But many are freed from him, and pass over into the Body of Christ, and who they are, and how many there shall hereafter be, He knoweth, Who hath redeemed them, when they knew
not, with His own Blood. But some there are, destined to persevere in their wickedness, belonging not to the Body of Christ, and they assuredly are known to Him, to Whom nothing unknown. Meanwhile, they who are already compacted with His members, not having as yet their resur rection which to come, wherein all groaning endeth, and
praise succeedeth, all tribulation shall die, and there shall be endless exultation not yet having this in possession, yet grasping in hope, they groan with sort of longing, and pray to be freed from wicked men, among whom the good too must live. For to separate them now not safe for every one. Separation will belong to Him, Who knoweth
not to err. What is, 'Who knoweth not to err? ' That He neither transfer the good to the right hand, nor the bad to
a is
;
is
it
;
is
is is
a
it
if
is
it
;
;
is,
220 Christ in His Human Nature called David in the Psalms. Psalm the left. But we in this life find it difficult to know our-
Cxl'
selves ; how much less ought we to pass a hasty sentence on any one. For if to-day we know him to be evil, what he will be to-morrow we know not ; and perhaps he whom we violently hate is our brother, and we know it not. Safe then is it for us to hate in the wicked their wickedness, and to love the work of God's Hand, so that, what God made in him, we love, what man has made in himself, we hale. For God made man himself, man made sin. Love what God made, hate what man hath made : for so shalt thou perse
cute what man hath made, that what God hath made be set free.
3. To the end, a Psalm to David himself. No other end
mayest thou look to, than is laid down for thee by the Apostle
Rom. 1o, himself. For Christ is the end of the law to every one
4'
that believeth. Wherefore when thou hearest the Psalm say, To the end, let hearts be turned to Christ. For the title of the Psalm is, as it were, the herald of the Psalm, seeming to say, ' Lo, He is coming, of Him am I about to speak, of Christ am I about to sing. ' For the words, to
Rom.
1, David himself, I understand not, save of Him, Who was born of the seed of David according to the flesh. Meanwhile on account of the birth the name suiteth. His birth after the flesh was from David, His spiritual parentage above David. And not only before David, but before Abraham ; not only before Abraham, but before Adam too; not only before Adam, but before earth and sky, before all the Angels,
before all powers and virtues, before all things visible and invisible. Because then He was of the seed of David, not after His Godhead, whereby He is the Creator of David, but after the flesh ; therefore He deigned to be called David in prophecy : look to this end, for the Psalm is chanted to David Himself; hear the voice of His Body ; be in His Body. Let the voice which thou hast heard be thine, and pray, and say what followeth.
4. Deliver me, O Lord, from the wicked man. Not from one only, but from the class ; not from the vessels only, but
Mat. 13, called a man in a figure: An enemy came, and sowed tares
ver. l.
from their prince himself, that is, the devil.
Why from man, if he meaneth from the devil ? Because he too is
Wicked men injure their brethren too, 221
among the wheat; and when the servants said to their Veh master, Didst not thou sow good seed, whence then have the ----
tares appeared ? He replied, An enemy hath done this. From that wicked man they pray with all their might to be delivered. For thou wrestlest not against flesh and blood, Eph. but against principalities, against powers, against the rulers12' of the darkness of this world, that is, the rulers of sinners. And this we too were, for we have just heard the words of
the Apostle, Ye were sometime darkness, but now are ye Eph. light in the Lord. Now then being made light, not in our-8* selves, but in the Lord, let us pray not only against dark
ness, that is, against sinners, whom still the devil possesseth,
but also against their prince, the devil himself, who worketh in the children of disobedience. Deliver me from the un righteous man. The same is from the unrighteous man, as
from the wicked man. For he called him wicked because unrighteous, lest perchance thou shouldest think that any unrighteous man could be a good man. For many un righteous men seem to be harmless ; they are not fierce, are not savage, do not persecute nor oppress ; yet are they unrighteous, because, following some other habit, they are luxurious, drunkards, given to pleasure. How doth he harm no one who spareth not himself? he is innocent who harmeth no one, not who harmeth himself. And can he help harming thee, who harmeth himself? Thou answerest, ' How doth he harm me ? He hath not seized on my goods, or attacked
my life ; he feeds himself on his own sensuality, he delights in his own pleasures : but if his pleasures be polluting, it is himself that is polluted ; what hath he to do with me, who an- noyeth me not ? He harmeth thee at all events by example, forasmuch as he liveth with thee, and inviteth thee to what he doeth. Art not thou, when thou seest him prospering in his defilement, attracted by the delight of such deeds ? Even though thou consent not, at all events thou hast found some what to fight against. How then hath he not harmed thee, when thou hast hard work to conquer what he hath made in thy heart? Wicked then is every unrighteous man, who must needs be harmful, whether he be gentle or fierce. Whoever falls in his way, whoever is taken by his snares, will find how harmful is that which he thought harmless.
222 Even by sins which seem only against themselves.
Psalm For, brethren, even thorns prick not with their roots. Pull
cxt"
up thorns from the ground, handle their roots, and see whether thou feelest pain. Yet that in the upgrowth which causeth thee pain, proceeded from that root. Let not then men please you who seem gentle and kind, yet are lovers of carnal pleasure, followers of polluted lusts, let them not please you. Though as yet they seem gentle, they are roots of thorns. For by such deeds they mostly
in sensuality what was their own ; and how do they seek to replenish what they have squandered? Do they spare plunder and devices of fraud ; do they spare to seek out every kind of wickedness? Now thou seest him to be a wretched man, whom erst thou thoughtest gentle. When thou sawest him drunken, he was a good man; now thou seest him a thief, thou fearest him as a robber ; thorns have grown out of those roots. When thou sawest the soft roots of thorns, thou shouldest then have burnt them, if thou couldest, and then would not have grown out of them what now punisheth thee. And so, my brethren, body of Christ,
members of Christ groaning among such wicked men, whomsoever ye find hurrying headlong into evil lusts and deadly pleasures, at once chide, at once punish, at once burn. Let the root be burnt, and there remaineth not whence the thorn may grow up. If ye cannot, be sure that ye will have them as enemies. They may be silent, they may hide their enmity, but they cannot love you. But since they cannot love you, and since they who hate you must needs seek your harm, let not your tongue and heart be slow to say to God, Deliver me, O Lord, from the evil man, free
me from the unrighteous man.
5. Who have imagined unrighteousnesses in their heart.
How so ? because what they dare not utter with their tongue, they keep in their heart. For on account of those he saith it, who for the most part speak good words with their lips. Thou hearest the voice of the righteous, yet is it not the heart of the righteous. Else what profit was it to go on and say, Who have imagined unrighteousnesses in their heart ? From them free me, from them let Thy hand be most powerful to deliver me. For easy is it to avoid open enmities, easy is it to turn aside from an enemy declared
squander
ver. 2.
In their hearts they always hate the good. 223
and manifest, while iniquity is in his lips as well as his Ver.
*'
heart; he is a troublesome enemy, he is secret, he is with difficulty avoided, who beareth good things in his lips, while in his heart he concealeth evil things. Who have imagined unrighteousnesses in their heart : all the day long did they make war. What is, war? They made for me what I was to fight against all the day. For from thence, from such hearts as these, ariseth all that the Christian fighteth against. Be it sedition, be it schism, be it heresy, be it turbulent opposition, it springeth not save from these imaginings which were concealed, and while they spake good words with their lips, all the day long did they make war. Ye hear words of peace, yet making war departeth not from their thoughts. For the words, all the day long, signify without intermission,
throughout the whole time.
6. They have sharpened their tongues like serpents. Ifver. 3.
still thou seekest to make out the man, behold a comparison.
In the serpent above all beasts is there cunning and craft
to hurt; for therefore does it creep1. It hath not even feet,1 ser],it. so that its footsteps when it cometh may be heard. In its progress it draweth itself, as it were, gently along, yet not straightly. Thus then do they creep and crawl to hurt, having poison hidden even under a gentle touch. And so it followeth, the poison of asps is under their lips. Behold,
it is under their lips, that we may perceive one thing under
their lips, another in their lips. And these too he openly maketh manifest in another place, where he saith, Who Ps. 28,3. speak peace with their neighbours, but evil is in their hearts.
7. Preserve me, O Lord, from the hand of the sinner, ver. 4.
unrighteous men deliver me. Here they wear their real colours, they are known ; here we have no need to understand, but to act : we have need to pray, not to ask who they are. But how thou shouldest pray against such men, he explaineth in what followeth. For many pray unskilfully against wicked men. Who have imagined, saith he, to trip up my steps. Thus far it may be understood carnally. Every one has enemies, who seek to cheat him in trade, to rob him of money, where they are engaged together in business ; every one has some neighbour his
from
And envy them.
Psalm enemy, who deviseth how to bring mischief upon his - family, to injure in some way his property : and surely he deviseth this by deceit, by fraud, by devilish devices he endeavoureth to accomplish this: no one can doubt it.
ver. 5.
Yet not for these reasons are they to be guarded against, but lest they lay in wait for thee and draw thee to them selves, that is, separate thee from the Body of Christ, and make thee of their body. For as Christ is the Head of the good, so is the devil their head. Who have imagined, he saith, to trip up my steps. What is, to trip up my steps ? Not as though thou shouldest be deceived in the business thou hast with him, or he cheat thee in a case which thou hast with him in the law courts. He hath tripped up thy steps, if he have hindered thee in the way of God; so that what thou didst direct aright may stumble, or fall from the way, or fall in the way, or draw back from the way, or stop on the way, or go back to the place from whence it had come. Whatsoever hath done this to thee, hath tripped thee up, hath deceived thee. Against such snares as these pray thou, lest thou lose thy heavenly inheritance, lest thou lose Christ thy Joint-heir, for thou art destined to live for ever with Him, Who hath made thee an heir. For thou art made an heir, not by one whom thou art to succeed after his death, but One together with Whom thou art to live for ever.
8. The proud have hidden a trap for me. He hath briefly described the whole body of the devil, when he saith, the proud. Hence is it that for the most part they call themselves righteous when they are unrighteous. Hence is it that nothing is so grievous to them as to confess their sins. They are men who, being falsely righteous, must needs envy the truly righteous. For none envieth another in that which he wisheth not either to be or to seem. One envieth thee because thou art rich; either he wishes to be rich, in that he envieth thee, or else he wishes to be thought rich : another envieth thee because thou art famous or of high birth ; either he longeth to be so himself, or else he desires to be thought so. And so for all things which seem or are thought to be good in this world, what each one wishes to have, wherein he wishes to excel, what he desireth
They should rather imitate them.
to be reported to have, therein doth he envy thee.
who are falsely righteous, wish to seem righteous
are not so; and when they see one truly righteous, they must needs envy him, and make it the object of their dealings with him, to make him love that wherein he glorieth. Hence come all allurings and trippings up of others. This the devil first wished, when falling himself he envied man who stood; and because he himself had lost the kingdom of heaven, he was and is unwilling that man should attain
thither, and this is his object now, to prevent man attaining thither, whence himself was cast down. Since then he is proud himself, and, because proud, therefore also envious, his whole body is a body of those of like character.
But let us pray against him, who cannot be amended, and against those who can, so as to say to the unrighteous man, Why enviest thou the righteous, O unrighteous man ? Is
225
But they Ver. when they -- -- --
it because thou wishest to appear righteous ? Do better at once, so shalt thou more easily be, what thou wishest to seem. Be righteous: so shalt thou love him whom thou didst envy ; for so, what thou now grievest that he is, thou shalt thyself be also, and thou shalt love thyself in him and him in thyself. For if thou enviedst a rich man, it would
not therefore be in thy power to be rich : if thou enviedst some honourable and high-born senator, it would not be in thy power to be high-born and illustrious: if thou enviedst one that was handsome, never wouldest thou thereby make thyself handsome: if thou enviedst one that was brave and strong, thou wouldest not thereby give thyself strength : but
if thou enviest the righteous, the matter is in thy will, be
what thou art grieved that another is. For thou wilt not
have to buy what thou art not thyself, but another is ; it is
to be had for nothing, it is to be had at once. Peace on Luke 2,
14'
they have sought to trip up my steps. And what have they
done ? And have stretched out cords as traps. What cords ?
The word is well known in holy Scripture, and elsewhere
we find what cords signify. The Lord made a scourge ofJohn 2,
small cords, and with it drove out from the temple those who were ill employed there, and thereby signified to us
VOL. VI. Q
earth to men ofgood will.
9. But those proud ones hare hidden a trap for me;
226 Envying them, they tempt them to like sins.
Psalm how we were to understand cords; for each one is holden ? rov~S"with M'e cor^li ? f n's sins, saith another Scripture. And
Esaias saith openly, Woe to them that draw sin like a long rope. And why is it called a cord? Because every sinner who persevereth in his sins, addeth sin to sin ; and when he ought by accusing his sins to amend, by defending he doubkth what by confession he might have removed, and often seeketh to fortify himself by other sins, on account of the sins he hath already committed. He hath committed adul tery; and, lest he be slain himself, he prepareth to commit murder; he addeth sin to sin. Again; if he happen to have committed murder, now he who feared one crime, feareth
two: and so when he seeth that he feareth now more things than before he feared, he deviseth not how he may lessen what he hath done, but how he may add what he hath not yet done : he seeketh, it may be, some other evil deed. Now he hath three. What will a man devise next? Who will end the cord of sins ? Most rightly is it called a cord, for however it be twisted it is increased, and they are not straight threads, but twisted, that are added. Wickedness is intertwined, and groweth in length, and seeketh not to cut off what it has woven amiss, but to add, to protract, to lengthen, so that in the end it may have wherewith it may
Mat. 22, be bound hand and foot, and be cast into outer darkness. But these their sins they spread for the righteous, when they persuade them to do the evils which they themselves do. Therefore he said, they spread cords and traps ; that is, by their sins they desired to overthrow me. And where did they this ? Beside the paths hare they laid a stumbling- block for me: not in the paths, but, beside the paths. Thy paths are the commandments of God. They have laid stumbling-blocks beside the paths ; do not thou withdraw out of the paths, and thou wilt not rush upon stumbling-blocks.
Yet will I not that thou shouldest say, ' God should prevent them from laying stumbling-blocks beside my paths, and then they would not lay them. ' Nay, rather, God per mitted them to lay stumbling-blocks beside thy paths, that thou shouldest not leave the paths. Beside the paths have they laid stumbling-blocks for me.
10. And what remaineth ? what remedy amid such ills,
22.
'
Christians should appeal from them to God. 227
'---
in such temptations, such dangers?
77/o? / art my God. Loud is the voice of prayer, it exciteth confidence. Is He not the God of the others ? Of Whom is not He God, Who is the true God ? Yet is He specially theirs, who enjoy Him, who serve Him, who willingly submit to Him. For the wicked too, though unwillingly, are subject to Him. The one call upon God, to be crowned by Him ; the other
being under Him, flee from Him, to be condemned by Him. And whither shall the wicked, who will not have the Lord for his God, whither shall he flee from the God of all ? Good is it then for him that he turn to the God of all, and make Him his God, by turning to Him, and being set among such sinners, seducers, Ito God, Whom
why he did not say, 'Hear with Thine ears my prayer;' but, as though expressing more plainly the affection of his heart, the voice of my prayer, the life of my prayer, the soul of my prayer, not that which soundeth in my words, but that which giveth life to my words. For all other noises without life may be called sounds, but not words. Words belong to those that have souls, to the living. But how many pray to God, yet have neither perception of God, nor right thoughts concerning God ! These may have the sound of prayer, the voice they cannot, for there is no life in them. This was the voice of the prayer of one who was alive, forasmuch as
he understood that God was his God, saw by Whom he was freed, perceived from whom he was freed.
11. Commending this to the ears of God, let him say, Lord, Lord. Thou Lord-Lord, that is, most truly Lord, not like unto the lords-men, not like the lords who buy with money-bags, but the Lord Who buyeth with His Blood. Lord, Lord, Thou strength of my health, that is, Who givest strength to my health. What is the meaning of
strength of my health? He complained of the stumbling- blocks and snares of sinners, of wicked men, vessels of the devil, that barked around him and laid snares around him, of the proud that envy the righteous, among the like of whom
Q2
hypocrites, proud, say by turning to Him he hath made his God,
have said unto the Lord, Thou art my God; hear with Thine ears the voice of my prayer. It is a simple sentence indeed, and easy to understand, yet it is pleasant perhaps to consider
I said unto the Lord, Ver.
2-28 And pray for perseverance ;
Psalm he has to pass his life, while here we live in this our pil- Cxl. grimage. But that such offences should abound the Lord
Mat. 24, foretold, and said, 'Iniquity shall abound; and because
,2-
iniquity shall abound, the love of many shall wax cold? But He forthwith added a comfort, He that shall endure unto the end, the same shall be saved. This he observed and feared, and, distressed at the abundance of iniquities, turned himself to hope; for, he that shall endure unto the end, the same shall be saved. He braced himself to endure, and saw that the way was long; and, because to endure is great and difficult, he prayed Him to perfect his endurance, by Whom the command was given him to endure. Verily I shall be saved, if I endure unto the end : but endurance, so as to win salvation, pertaineth unto strength ; Thou art the strength of my salvation ; Thou makest me to endure, that I may attain salvation. Lord, Lord, Thou strength of my salvation. And whence cometh my hope that Thou art the strength of my salvation ? Thou hast overshadowed my head in the day of battle.
He was destined to come to His Passion in the form of a servant; why did Peter fear that in the form of a servant the Form of God would perish, and not rather presume that through the Form of God the form of a servant would live
Mat. 16, again ? He saith to Him, That be far from Thee, Lord;
PsAlM^es/t
John 16, said unto them, The hour cometh, that ye shall leave Me
32
alone, and go every one his own way; and yet I am not alone, because the Father is with Me. The Father was with Him, and He with the Father; the Father in Him, and He
* St. Augustine seems to have understood this very elliptically : none was among them, i. e. who did not do so.
Yet afterwards converted the world in His Name. 213
in the Father; He and the Father were one ; yet feared they Ver. when He died. Wherefore, save because in the day they 1 ' wandered, and there was no one in them. In the day
they shall wander, and none among them.
23. But what is, In the day they shall wander ? Shall they perish ? Where then is, Thine eyes did see My im
perfect one, and in Thy book shall all he written ? When
then did they wander in the day ? When they understood
not the Lord set upon earth. And what followeth? Butter. ir. to me Thy friends are made very honourable, O God ; those
very ones, who wandered in the day, and none was in them, became Thy friends, and were made very honourable to me.
That bone was made in them in secret after the resurrection
of the Lord, and they suffered for His Name, at whose death
they had been amazed. To me Thy friends are made very honourable, O God, mightily strengthened were their chief tainships. They became Apostles, they became leaders of
the Church, they became rams leading their flocks, mightily strengthened were their chieftainships.
/ will number them, and they shall be multiplied ver. 18.
24.
above the sand. By means of them, who wandered in the day, and there was none in them, lo ! there has been born all this great multitude, which now is like the sand innum erable, save by God. For He said, they shall be multiplied
/ will number them. The very same who are numbered, shall be multiplied above
above the sand, and yet He had said,
the sand. For by Him is the sand numbered, by Whom the Mat. io,
I will number them,30, and theIy shall be multiplied above the sand.
very hairs of our head are numbered.
have risen, and yet am 1 with Thee. What hare risen, and yet am with Thee? Already have
suffered, saith He, already have been buried lo have risen, and not yet do they understand that am with them. Yet am with Tliee, that is, not yet with them, for not yet do they recognise Me. For thus do we read in the Gospel, that after the resurrection of our Lord Jesus Christ, when He appeared to them, they did not at once know Him. There another meaning also have risen, and yet am with Thee, as though He would signify this present time,
wherein he as yet hidden at the right hand of the Father,
25.
I/
is is
I
:/
I I
1
;
! 1
I is,
214 The sin of Schism.
Psalm before He is revealed in the brightness, wherein He shall cxxxlx" come to judge the quick and the dead.
26. And then He telleth what meanwhile, during this whole time when He already has risen, and remaineth still with the Father, He suffereth by ihe intermixture of sinners in His Body, the Church, and by the separation of heretics.
v. 19. 20. If Thou, 0 God, shall slay the sinners, since Thou shall say in Thy thought, Depart from Me, ye men of blood, they shall receive in vanity their cities. The words seem to be connected in this order; If Thou, O God, shall slay the sinners, they shall receive in vanity their cities. For in this way doth He mean them to be understood to be slain,
when by pride, whereby they are puffed up, they lose the Wisd. l, grace whereby they live. For the holy spirit of discipline
will flee deceit, and remove from thoughts that are without Eph. 4, understanding. Thus are sinners slain, because, having
their understandings darkened, they are alienated from the life of God. For on account of elation they lose confession, and so they are slain, and in them is fulfilled what Scripture
'is not. And so they receive in vanity their cities, that is, their vain peoples, who follow their vanity ; when, puffed up by the name of righteousness, they persuade men to burst the bond of unity, and blindly and ignorantly follow them, as bein# more righteous. And because it is hence for the most part that tbey find an occasion for separating from the unity of Christ, namely, by accusing evil men, with whom they pretend that they are unwilling to hold communion;
and because it is possible that they not only disparage the guiltless, whom they pretend to flee from as wicked, but also say truth of some wicked men, like unto themselves,
Mat. l3,among whom the wheat of Christ, preserving the bond of unity, groaneth ; therefore He hath inserted, Because Thou
shall say in Thy thought, Depart from Me, ye men of blood, they shall receive in vanity their cities: that therefore they shall draw away to their own schism their peoples, to corrupt them with their vanity, because Thou in Thy thought shall say, Depart from Me, ye men of blood in order, that is, that sinners, slain in the spirit as the due reward of their pride, may therefore receive their cities, that
5-
Eeclus. saith, Confession perisheth from the dead, as from one that
'
: is,
The Church not partaker of the guilt of wicked members. 215
is, their peoples, into vanity, that may draw them away Ver. separation into the vanity of error and offended, as
were, by the intermixture of the chaff, may break unity, and abandon the wheat; because He warneth the wheat, that is,
good and faithful men, that before the winnowing, which
to be at the end, separate not itself openly from the bad,
lest abandon the good that are still mingled with them
but by good conversation, and contrariety of life, in manner, say silently to them, Depart from Me, ye men of blood. For this he sailh to them by the Voice of God, which Voice in thought, as God speaketh in the thought
of His holy people. For who are men of blood, save they
who hate their brethren As John saith, He who hateth
his brother, is a murderer. The slain sinners then not understanding this, how God saith to the wicked in the thought of the good, Depart from Me, ye men blood,
find fault with them for holding communion with wicked
men, and, separating themselves on the ground of these false charges, receive in vanity their cities. This saying, which
now in the thought of the good said to the wicked, will be openly said in that day when shall be said to them by our Head Himself, never knew you: depart from Me, all ye Matt. workers of iniquity.
27. But now the Body of Christ, the Church, saith, Why do the proud speak falsely against me, as though were stained other men's sins, and so, by separating themselves,
receive in vanity their cities? Have not hated those ver. 81.
J? l,n
who hated Thee, Lord? Why do those who are worse
themselves require of me to separate myself in body as well as spirit from the wicked, so as to root up the wheat, together with the tares, before the time of harvest, that before the time of winnowing lose my power of enduring the chaff; that before all the different sorts of fishes are brought to the end of the world, as to the shore, to be separated, tear the nets of peace and unity Are the sacraments which receive, those of evil men Do by consent, communicate
their life and deeds Hare not hated those who hated Thee, Lord, and at Thine enemies wasled away When the zeal of Thine house eat me, did not see the senseless ones, and waste away? Did not horror take
Pe. 69,8. Pa. 119,
in
by
by
1
is, ;
I
I
II
it
? 1
of
'
it,
l a; is it
I,
it
is
II
it is
? ? ? ?
7,
it
21 tJ Christians to love sinners, but hate their sin.
Psalm hold of me, because of the wicked that forsake Thy law ? -- For who are Thine enemies, save they who by their life declare how they hate Thy law ? These then when I hated, why do they who receive in vanity their cities, falsely
accuse me, as though their sins could be laid to my charge,
whom I hated, and at whom I wasted away with zeal for the Matt. 5, Lord's house? But where is, Love your enemies? Is it
4i'
hate yon. He saith not, who hate God. ' So he followeth
because He said yours, not ' God's ? ' Do good to them that
'I the pattern, and saith, Have not
hated those who haled Thee, Lord ? He saith not, ' Who have hated me. ' And
waste
at Thine enemies did I away. Tliine, he said, not
' mine. ' But those who hate us and are enemies unto us, only because we serve Him, what else do they but hate Him, and are His enemies. Ought we then to love such enemies as these ? Or do not they suffer persecution for God's sake, to whom it is said, Pray for them that persecute you ? Observe then what followeth.
ver. 22.
hate them. What is,
28. With a perfe ct hatred did I
with a perfect hatred? 1 hated in them their iniquities,
I loved Thy creation.
hatred, that neither on account of the vices thou hate the men, nor on account of the men love the vices. For see
This it is to hate with a perfect
what he addeth, They became mine enemies. Not only as God's enemies, but as his own too doth he now describe them. How then will he fulfil in them both his own saying, Have not 1 haled those that haled Thee, Lord, and the Lord's command, Love your enemies? How will he fulfil this, save with that perfect hatred, that he hate in them that they are wicked, and love that they are men ? For in the time even of the Old Testament, when the carnal people was restrained by visible punishments, how did Moses, the servant of God, who
by understanding belonged to the New Testament, how did he hate sinners when he prayed for them, or how did he not hate them when he slew them, save
that he haled them with a perfect hatred? For with such perfection did he hate the iniquity which he punished, as to love the manhood for which he prayed.
29. Since then the Body of Christ is in the end to be severed in body also from the unholy and wicked, but now
To appeal to God, and bear with 217
with the wicked, and separating themselves more and more
from the good and innocent, on the ground of these wicked
ones, so receive in vanity their cities, that many wicked
still remain who follow them not in their separation, but continue intermingled as before, for the good to endure
unto the end, what amongst them doeth the Body of Christ, bringing forth fruit with patience, an hundred, or sixty, or **at"13, thirty-fold ? What doeth the love of Christ among the Cant. 2, daughters, as the lily among thorns? What are her words? 2'
*what her conscience ? what is the appearance of the p>>. king's daughter within? Lo, hear what she saith. Prove ver. 23. me, O God, and know my heart. Do Thou, O God, Thou
prove me, Thou know ; not man, not an heretic, who neither knoweth how to prove, nor can know my heart, whereas
Thou provest, and knowest that I consent not to the deeds
of the wicked, while they think that I can be defiled by the
sins of others; so that, while I in my long wandering do what
I mourn in another Psalm, that is, while I labour for peace among them that hate peace, until I come to that Vision of peace, which is called Jerusalem, which is the mother of us
all, the city eternal in the heavens ; they, contending, and falsely accusing and separating themselves, may receive, not, evidently, in eternity, but in vanity, their cities. Prove
me, then, my God, and know my heart ; search me, and
learn my paths. Why this ? Observe what followeth.
30. And see, saith he, if there be any way of wickednessTM. 24.
in me, and lead me in the way everlasting. Search, he saith, my paths, that is, my counsels and thoughts; and see if there be any way of wickedness in me, either by act or consent; and lead me in the way everlasting. What else saith he, but 'lead me in Christ? ' For who is the way
meanwhile groaneth among them, and since those slain Veu.
-- sinners falsely accusing the good for holding communion --:
'
save He that Iis the Life everlasting? For ever
everlasting,
lasting is He Who said,
the Life. If then thou findest any thing in my way which displeaseth Thine eyes, since my way is mortal, do Thou
lead me in the way everlasting, wherein is no iniquity ; for
even if any man sin, we have an Advocate with the Father, 1 John Jesus Christ the righteous; and He is the propitiation for2'1.
am the Way, and the Truth, and JohnH,
Pa. 12? .
218 the presence of wicked men in the Church.
Psalm our sins; He is the Way everlasting without sin ; He is the CxI" Life everlasting without punishment.
31. These are great mysteries, brethren. How doth the Spirit of God speak with us ? how doth it make us delights in this night? What is this, we ask you, brethren, whence are they sweeter, the darker they are ? He mixeth us our potion after His love, in certain wondrous ways. He maketh His own sayings wondrous, so that while we were speaking what ye already knew, yet forasmuch as it was dug
out of passages which seemed obscure, the knowledge itself seemed to be made new. Did ye not know, brethren, that the wicked are to be tolerated in the Church, and schisms not to be made ? Did ye not already know, that within those nets which hold both good and bad fishes, we must abide even to the shore, nor must the nets be burst, because on the shore the good shall be separated into vessels, and the bad thrown away ? Ye know this already ; but these verses of this Psalm ye did not understand : that which ye did not understand is explained; that which ye knew has been renewed.
Lat. cxxxix.
l Thess. doth not profit, for all have not faith. But faith in the soul
3' a'
is like a good root, which turneth the rain to fruit ; false faith, and devilish error, and evil desire, are the root of all evil, like the root of thorns, turning even the sweet rain into
prickles.
2. What this Psalm containeth, I believe that ye per
ceived when it was being chanted; for therein the Church of Christ, set in the midst of the wicked, complaincth and groaneth, and poureth out prayer to God. For her voice is in every such prophecy the voice of one in need and want,
PSALM CXL.
Sermon to the people, in the pretence of an attembly of Bishops.
1. Our Lords have bidden me, brethren, and in them the Lord of all, to bring this Psalm to your understanding, so far as God giveth me to. May He help your prayers, that I may say those things which I ought to say, ye to hear, that to all of us the Word of God may be profitable. For all it
Christ the Head, the Church His Body. 219
not yet satisfied, hungering and thirsting after righteousness, Psalm for whom a certain fulness in the end hath been promised, and ^--"j
''
is reserved. Meanwhile, here let it hunger and thirst, groan 6. and knock and seek. Let it not delight in the allurements
of its wandering, let it not think the world its country, from whence Christ came to set it free, for Christ willeth to be our Head, the Head that is of a certain Body. For we cannot speak of a head where there is no body for it to be head to. Accordingly if Christ be a Head, He is also Head of some Body. The Body of that Head is the holy Church, among whose members we are, if we love our Head. Let us hear
then the words of Christ's Body, our own words, that
we be in Christ's Body for whoever not there,
will be among those for whom that Body groaneth. Ac cordingly, either thou wilt be in that Body which groaneth among the wicked or else thou wilt not be in that Body, but wilt be among those wicked ones among whom the Body groaneth, which groaneth amongst the wicked either thou wilt be member of Christ, or an enemy of the Body of Christ. Nor meant that they are all enemies, and ad versaries of the Body of Christ after one manner, neither do they all act after one manner. Chameleon-like he who reigneth in them, and useth them as his vessels. But many are freed from him, and pass over into the Body of Christ, and who they are, and how many there shall hereafter be, He knoweth, Who hath redeemed them, when they knew
not, with His own Blood. But some there are, destined to persevere in their wickedness, belonging not to the Body of Christ, and they assuredly are known to Him, to Whom nothing unknown. Meanwhile, they who are already compacted with His members, not having as yet their resur rection which to come, wherein all groaning endeth, and
praise succeedeth, all tribulation shall die, and there shall be endless exultation not yet having this in possession, yet grasping in hope, they groan with sort of longing, and pray to be freed from wicked men, among whom the good too must live. For to separate them now not safe for every one. Separation will belong to Him, Who knoweth
not to err. What is, 'Who knoweth not to err? ' That He neither transfer the good to the right hand, nor the bad to
a is
;
is
it
;
is
is is
a
it
if
is
it
;
;
is,
220 Christ in His Human Nature called David in the Psalms. Psalm the left. But we in this life find it difficult to know our-
Cxl'
selves ; how much less ought we to pass a hasty sentence on any one. For if to-day we know him to be evil, what he will be to-morrow we know not ; and perhaps he whom we violently hate is our brother, and we know it not. Safe then is it for us to hate in the wicked their wickedness, and to love the work of God's Hand, so that, what God made in him, we love, what man has made in himself, we hale. For God made man himself, man made sin. Love what God made, hate what man hath made : for so shalt thou perse
cute what man hath made, that what God hath made be set free.
3. To the end, a Psalm to David himself. No other end
mayest thou look to, than is laid down for thee by the Apostle
Rom. 1o, himself. For Christ is the end of the law to every one
4'
that believeth. Wherefore when thou hearest the Psalm say, To the end, let hearts be turned to Christ. For the title of the Psalm is, as it were, the herald of the Psalm, seeming to say, ' Lo, He is coming, of Him am I about to speak, of Christ am I about to sing. ' For the words, to
Rom.
1, David himself, I understand not, save of Him, Who was born of the seed of David according to the flesh. Meanwhile on account of the birth the name suiteth. His birth after the flesh was from David, His spiritual parentage above David. And not only before David, but before Abraham ; not only before Abraham, but before Adam too; not only before Adam, but before earth and sky, before all the Angels,
before all powers and virtues, before all things visible and invisible. Because then He was of the seed of David, not after His Godhead, whereby He is the Creator of David, but after the flesh ; therefore He deigned to be called David in prophecy : look to this end, for the Psalm is chanted to David Himself; hear the voice of His Body ; be in His Body. Let the voice which thou hast heard be thine, and pray, and say what followeth.
4. Deliver me, O Lord, from the wicked man. Not from one only, but from the class ; not from the vessels only, but
Mat. 13, called a man in a figure: An enemy came, and sowed tares
ver. l.
from their prince himself, that is, the devil.
Why from man, if he meaneth from the devil ? Because he too is
Wicked men injure their brethren too, 221
among the wheat; and when the servants said to their Veh master, Didst not thou sow good seed, whence then have the ----
tares appeared ? He replied, An enemy hath done this. From that wicked man they pray with all their might to be delivered. For thou wrestlest not against flesh and blood, Eph. but against principalities, against powers, against the rulers12' of the darkness of this world, that is, the rulers of sinners. And this we too were, for we have just heard the words of
the Apostle, Ye were sometime darkness, but now are ye Eph. light in the Lord. Now then being made light, not in our-8* selves, but in the Lord, let us pray not only against dark
ness, that is, against sinners, whom still the devil possesseth,
but also against their prince, the devil himself, who worketh in the children of disobedience. Deliver me from the un righteous man. The same is from the unrighteous man, as
from the wicked man. For he called him wicked because unrighteous, lest perchance thou shouldest think that any unrighteous man could be a good man. For many un righteous men seem to be harmless ; they are not fierce, are not savage, do not persecute nor oppress ; yet are they unrighteous, because, following some other habit, they are luxurious, drunkards, given to pleasure. How doth he harm no one who spareth not himself? he is innocent who harmeth no one, not who harmeth himself. And can he help harming thee, who harmeth himself? Thou answerest, ' How doth he harm me ? He hath not seized on my goods, or attacked
my life ; he feeds himself on his own sensuality, he delights in his own pleasures : but if his pleasures be polluting, it is himself that is polluted ; what hath he to do with me, who an- noyeth me not ? He harmeth thee at all events by example, forasmuch as he liveth with thee, and inviteth thee to what he doeth. Art not thou, when thou seest him prospering in his defilement, attracted by the delight of such deeds ? Even though thou consent not, at all events thou hast found some what to fight against. How then hath he not harmed thee, when thou hast hard work to conquer what he hath made in thy heart? Wicked then is every unrighteous man, who must needs be harmful, whether he be gentle or fierce. Whoever falls in his way, whoever is taken by his snares, will find how harmful is that which he thought harmless.
222 Even by sins which seem only against themselves.
Psalm For, brethren, even thorns prick not with their roots. Pull
cxt"
up thorns from the ground, handle their roots, and see whether thou feelest pain. Yet that in the upgrowth which causeth thee pain, proceeded from that root. Let not then men please you who seem gentle and kind, yet are lovers of carnal pleasure, followers of polluted lusts, let them not please you. Though as yet they seem gentle, they are roots of thorns. For by such deeds they mostly
in sensuality what was their own ; and how do they seek to replenish what they have squandered? Do they spare plunder and devices of fraud ; do they spare to seek out every kind of wickedness? Now thou seest him to be a wretched man, whom erst thou thoughtest gentle. When thou sawest him drunken, he was a good man; now thou seest him a thief, thou fearest him as a robber ; thorns have grown out of those roots. When thou sawest the soft roots of thorns, thou shouldest then have burnt them, if thou couldest, and then would not have grown out of them what now punisheth thee. And so, my brethren, body of Christ,
members of Christ groaning among such wicked men, whomsoever ye find hurrying headlong into evil lusts and deadly pleasures, at once chide, at once punish, at once burn. Let the root be burnt, and there remaineth not whence the thorn may grow up. If ye cannot, be sure that ye will have them as enemies. They may be silent, they may hide their enmity, but they cannot love you. But since they cannot love you, and since they who hate you must needs seek your harm, let not your tongue and heart be slow to say to God, Deliver me, O Lord, from the evil man, free
me from the unrighteous man.
5. Who have imagined unrighteousnesses in their heart.
How so ? because what they dare not utter with their tongue, they keep in their heart. For on account of those he saith it, who for the most part speak good words with their lips. Thou hearest the voice of the righteous, yet is it not the heart of the righteous. Else what profit was it to go on and say, Who have imagined unrighteousnesses in their heart ? From them free me, from them let Thy hand be most powerful to deliver me. For easy is it to avoid open enmities, easy is it to turn aside from an enemy declared
squander
ver. 2.
In their hearts they always hate the good. 223
and manifest, while iniquity is in his lips as well as his Ver.
*'
heart; he is a troublesome enemy, he is secret, he is with difficulty avoided, who beareth good things in his lips, while in his heart he concealeth evil things. Who have imagined unrighteousnesses in their heart : all the day long did they make war. What is, war? They made for me what I was to fight against all the day. For from thence, from such hearts as these, ariseth all that the Christian fighteth against. Be it sedition, be it schism, be it heresy, be it turbulent opposition, it springeth not save from these imaginings which were concealed, and while they spake good words with their lips, all the day long did they make war. Ye hear words of peace, yet making war departeth not from their thoughts. For the words, all the day long, signify without intermission,
throughout the whole time.
6. They have sharpened their tongues like serpents. Ifver. 3.
still thou seekest to make out the man, behold a comparison.
In the serpent above all beasts is there cunning and craft
to hurt; for therefore does it creep1. It hath not even feet,1 ser],it. so that its footsteps when it cometh may be heard. In its progress it draweth itself, as it were, gently along, yet not straightly. Thus then do they creep and crawl to hurt, having poison hidden even under a gentle touch. And so it followeth, the poison of asps is under their lips. Behold,
it is under their lips, that we may perceive one thing under
their lips, another in their lips. And these too he openly maketh manifest in another place, where he saith, Who Ps. 28,3. speak peace with their neighbours, but evil is in their hearts.
7. Preserve me, O Lord, from the hand of the sinner, ver. 4.
unrighteous men deliver me. Here they wear their real colours, they are known ; here we have no need to understand, but to act : we have need to pray, not to ask who they are. But how thou shouldest pray against such men, he explaineth in what followeth. For many pray unskilfully against wicked men. Who have imagined, saith he, to trip up my steps. Thus far it may be understood carnally. Every one has enemies, who seek to cheat him in trade, to rob him of money, where they are engaged together in business ; every one has some neighbour his
from
And envy them.
Psalm enemy, who deviseth how to bring mischief upon his - family, to injure in some way his property : and surely he deviseth this by deceit, by fraud, by devilish devices he endeavoureth to accomplish this: no one can doubt it.
ver. 5.
Yet not for these reasons are they to be guarded against, but lest they lay in wait for thee and draw thee to them selves, that is, separate thee from the Body of Christ, and make thee of their body. For as Christ is the Head of the good, so is the devil their head. Who have imagined, he saith, to trip up my steps. What is, to trip up my steps ? Not as though thou shouldest be deceived in the business thou hast with him, or he cheat thee in a case which thou hast with him in the law courts. He hath tripped up thy steps, if he have hindered thee in the way of God; so that what thou didst direct aright may stumble, or fall from the way, or fall in the way, or draw back from the way, or stop on the way, or go back to the place from whence it had come. Whatsoever hath done this to thee, hath tripped thee up, hath deceived thee. Against such snares as these pray thou, lest thou lose thy heavenly inheritance, lest thou lose Christ thy Joint-heir, for thou art destined to live for ever with Him, Who hath made thee an heir. For thou art made an heir, not by one whom thou art to succeed after his death, but One together with Whom thou art to live for ever.
8. The proud have hidden a trap for me. He hath briefly described the whole body of the devil, when he saith, the proud. Hence is it that for the most part they call themselves righteous when they are unrighteous. Hence is it that nothing is so grievous to them as to confess their sins. They are men who, being falsely righteous, must needs envy the truly righteous. For none envieth another in that which he wisheth not either to be or to seem. One envieth thee because thou art rich; either he wishes to be rich, in that he envieth thee, or else he wishes to be thought rich : another envieth thee because thou art famous or of high birth ; either he longeth to be so himself, or else he desires to be thought so. And so for all things which seem or are thought to be good in this world, what each one wishes to have, wherein he wishes to excel, what he desireth
They should rather imitate them.
to be reported to have, therein doth he envy thee.
who are falsely righteous, wish to seem righteous
are not so; and when they see one truly righteous, they must needs envy him, and make it the object of their dealings with him, to make him love that wherein he glorieth. Hence come all allurings and trippings up of others. This the devil first wished, when falling himself he envied man who stood; and because he himself had lost the kingdom of heaven, he was and is unwilling that man should attain
thither, and this is his object now, to prevent man attaining thither, whence himself was cast down. Since then he is proud himself, and, because proud, therefore also envious, his whole body is a body of those of like character.
But let us pray against him, who cannot be amended, and against those who can, so as to say to the unrighteous man, Why enviest thou the righteous, O unrighteous man ? Is
225
But they Ver. when they -- -- --
it because thou wishest to appear righteous ? Do better at once, so shalt thou more easily be, what thou wishest to seem. Be righteous: so shalt thou love him whom thou didst envy ; for so, what thou now grievest that he is, thou shalt thyself be also, and thou shalt love thyself in him and him in thyself. For if thou enviedst a rich man, it would
not therefore be in thy power to be rich : if thou enviedst some honourable and high-born senator, it would not be in thy power to be high-born and illustrious: if thou enviedst one that was handsome, never wouldest thou thereby make thyself handsome: if thou enviedst one that was brave and strong, thou wouldest not thereby give thyself strength : but
if thou enviest the righteous, the matter is in thy will, be
what thou art grieved that another is. For thou wilt not
have to buy what thou art not thyself, but another is ; it is
to be had for nothing, it is to be had at once. Peace on Luke 2,
14'
they have sought to trip up my steps. And what have they
done ? And have stretched out cords as traps. What cords ?
The word is well known in holy Scripture, and elsewhere
we find what cords signify. The Lord made a scourge ofJohn 2,
small cords, and with it drove out from the temple those who were ill employed there, and thereby signified to us
VOL. VI. Q
earth to men ofgood will.
9. But those proud ones hare hidden a trap for me;
226 Envying them, they tempt them to like sins.
Psalm how we were to understand cords; for each one is holden ? rov~S"with M'e cor^li ? f n's sins, saith another Scripture. And
Esaias saith openly, Woe to them that draw sin like a long rope. And why is it called a cord? Because every sinner who persevereth in his sins, addeth sin to sin ; and when he ought by accusing his sins to amend, by defending he doubkth what by confession he might have removed, and often seeketh to fortify himself by other sins, on account of the sins he hath already committed. He hath committed adul tery; and, lest he be slain himself, he prepareth to commit murder; he addeth sin to sin. Again; if he happen to have committed murder, now he who feared one crime, feareth
two: and so when he seeth that he feareth now more things than before he feared, he deviseth not how he may lessen what he hath done, but how he may add what he hath not yet done : he seeketh, it may be, some other evil deed. Now he hath three. What will a man devise next? Who will end the cord of sins ? Most rightly is it called a cord, for however it be twisted it is increased, and they are not straight threads, but twisted, that are added. Wickedness is intertwined, and groweth in length, and seeketh not to cut off what it has woven amiss, but to add, to protract, to lengthen, so that in the end it may have wherewith it may
Mat. 22, be bound hand and foot, and be cast into outer darkness. But these their sins they spread for the righteous, when they persuade them to do the evils which they themselves do. Therefore he said, they spread cords and traps ; that is, by their sins they desired to overthrow me. And where did they this ? Beside the paths hare they laid a stumbling- block for me: not in the paths, but, beside the paths. Thy paths are the commandments of God. They have laid stumbling-blocks beside the paths ; do not thou withdraw out of the paths, and thou wilt not rush upon stumbling-blocks.
Yet will I not that thou shouldest say, ' God should prevent them from laying stumbling-blocks beside my paths, and then they would not lay them. ' Nay, rather, God per mitted them to lay stumbling-blocks beside thy paths, that thou shouldest not leave the paths. Beside the paths have they laid stumbling-blocks for me.
10. And what remaineth ? what remedy amid such ills,
22.
'
Christians should appeal from them to God. 227
'---
in such temptations, such dangers?
77/o? / art my God. Loud is the voice of prayer, it exciteth confidence. Is He not the God of the others ? Of Whom is not He God, Who is the true God ? Yet is He specially theirs, who enjoy Him, who serve Him, who willingly submit to Him. For the wicked too, though unwillingly, are subject to Him. The one call upon God, to be crowned by Him ; the other
being under Him, flee from Him, to be condemned by Him. And whither shall the wicked, who will not have the Lord for his God, whither shall he flee from the God of all ? Good is it then for him that he turn to the God of all, and make Him his God, by turning to Him, and being set among such sinners, seducers, Ito God, Whom
why he did not say, 'Hear with Thine ears my prayer;' but, as though expressing more plainly the affection of his heart, the voice of my prayer, the life of my prayer, the soul of my prayer, not that which soundeth in my words, but that which giveth life to my words. For all other noises without life may be called sounds, but not words. Words belong to those that have souls, to the living. But how many pray to God, yet have neither perception of God, nor right thoughts concerning God ! These may have the sound of prayer, the voice they cannot, for there is no life in them. This was the voice of the prayer of one who was alive, forasmuch as
he understood that God was his God, saw by Whom he was freed, perceived from whom he was freed.
11. Commending this to the ears of God, let him say, Lord, Lord. Thou Lord-Lord, that is, most truly Lord, not like unto the lords-men, not like the lords who buy with money-bags, but the Lord Who buyeth with His Blood. Lord, Lord, Thou strength of my health, that is, Who givest strength to my health. What is the meaning of
strength of my health? He complained of the stumbling- blocks and snares of sinners, of wicked men, vessels of the devil, that barked around him and laid snares around him, of the proud that envy the righteous, among the like of whom
Q2
hypocrites, proud, say by turning to Him he hath made his God,
have said unto the Lord, Thou art my God; hear with Thine ears the voice of my prayer. It is a simple sentence indeed, and easy to understand, yet it is pleasant perhaps to consider
I said unto the Lord, Ver.
2-28 And pray for perseverance ;
Psalm he has to pass his life, while here we live in this our pil- Cxl. grimage. But that such offences should abound the Lord
Mat. 24, foretold, and said, 'Iniquity shall abound; and because
,2-
iniquity shall abound, the love of many shall wax cold? But He forthwith added a comfort, He that shall endure unto the end, the same shall be saved. This he observed and feared, and, distressed at the abundance of iniquities, turned himself to hope; for, he that shall endure unto the end, the same shall be saved. He braced himself to endure, and saw that the way was long; and, because to endure is great and difficult, he prayed Him to perfect his endurance, by Whom the command was given him to endure. Verily I shall be saved, if I endure unto the end : but endurance, so as to win salvation, pertaineth unto strength ; Thou art the strength of my salvation ; Thou makest me to endure, that I may attain salvation. Lord, Lord, Thou strength of my salvation. And whence cometh my hope that Thou art the strength of my salvation ? Thou hast overshadowed my head in the day of battle.
