No More Learning

To this rule there are some exceptions. The vowel e is long
before >> in the genitive and dStive singular of nouns of the fifth
declension ? as Diei; but in Spei it is found short, and in Rei
and fidei it is common. 1 is long in all the tenses of the verb
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? 6 EXERCISES IN
Fio, except in those, in Which it is followed by er; as Flam, fieri.
The first syllable in Aer, dius, and eheu, and the penultimate of
the ancient genitive in ax and vocative in ei are always long; as
Pompei, aulai.
In genitives in ius the vowel i is considered common in poetry,
though it is generally made long in prose; as Unlus or un'ius; but
in Alius, formed by cfasis or contraction from Aliius, the i is
always long, and in Alterius always short. The first syllable in
Diana, ohe, and Io is common.
The aspirate h is not in any instance considered as a letter in
prosody; so that if it stands between two vowels, the preceding
vowel remains shertj agreeably to the rule; as Nihil.
A vowel before two or more consonants, or a double
letter, of the consonant j, is long; as Tendens, gaza,
major.
As the quantity of the vowel in this case is determined by its
situation, it is said to be long by position.
Whether both or only one of the consonants which follow a
vowel, are in the same word with it, the vowel is equally length-
ened; as " Semper nocuit differre paratis. " If both the conso-
nants are in the following word, the vowel, when naturally short,
generally retains its original quantity, though it may perhaps be
considered common; as "Immensaqufi stagna; tela scandite. "
A vowel naturally short is also rendered common in poetry,
when it comes before a mute and a liquid, both of which are in the
following syllable; as Patris or patris; but if the mute and
liquid belong to different syllables, or if the liquid precedes the
mate, the vowel is lengthened; as obruo, fertis.
In the compounds of Jugum i before j is short; as Bijugus.
A diphthong is long; as Audio, ssvus.
Two vowels pronounced in one syllable are not always con-
sidered in prosody as a diphthong. The letter u, though uni-
formly included in the number of the vowels, appears to have
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? ,? ? QBAKTITT. 1
sometimes the force of the old consonant v or vau, which an-,
swers to the w iu the English alphabet. Hence it does not
always lengthen the vowel, with which it is connected in pro-
nunciation: thus Lingua, sanguis, and requor have their last, and
Quatio and queror their first syllable short. The preceding rule
must consequently be restricted to the diphthongs <c, at, an, ti,
eu, a, oi.
Prse in composition is short before a rowel; as PnGeunt.
The vowel a at the end of a word is long; as Ami.
Eja, ita, quia, and all cases, except the ablative, have a final
short. l ? ? ?
Contra, juxta, ultra, and numerals in ginta, are sometimes
found with a short, but the most approved poets generally lengthen
the final vowel in these words.
The a in Postea is common.
E final is short; as Patre.
E final is long in the ablative of the fifth declension; as Ho,
die, and their compounds; as Quare, hodie; in nouns, which
have not a singular number; as Cete; in the imperative singular
of the second conjugation, except Cave, vale, vide, salve, which
have the e final common; in all monosyllables, except the en-
clitics que, ne, ve,pte, ce, te, de; as Atque", suaptg; in adverbs de-
rived from adjectives of three terminations, except Bene, male,
superne, inferne,"and also in Fame, ferme, fere, ohe.
/ final is long; as Belli.
Mihi, tibi, sibi, ibi, ubi, nisi, quasi, and oui when a dissyllable,
have the final vowel common; bnt in the three last of these
words, it is generally made short.
Neuter nouns in t have the final syllable short; as Gummi.
O final is common; as Leo or Leo.
Although the final o in verbs and gerunds is considered com-
mon, agreeably to the preceding rule, the poets of the Augustan
age generally lengthen it, except in Puto, scio, and nescio, which
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? 8
EXERCISES IN
have their final syllable most commonly made short.
? final is long in monosyllables; as Pro, sto? ; and in dative
and ablative cases; as Libro. Adverbs derived from nouns, pro-
nouns, and adjectives, have in general the final ? long, but in the
following words it is usually short, Cita`, the compounds of modo,
ambo, duo, i mo, illico, the imperative cedo, ego, and homo: in
the following indeclinable words it is considered common, but is
most frequently made long, Denuo, sero? , profecto? , postremo, vero^,
porro, idcirco, ultro, retro, adeo, ideo. Ergo, for the sake of,
lengthens the o, but in Ergo, therefore, it is common.
U final is long; as Vultu^.
Indu, menu, and words in ut with the s elided, as Nunciu' fur
nuncius, have the final vowel short.
EXERCISES.
1.
What is the quantity of a vowel, when another vowel
immediately follows it in the same word?
Of what quantity is a vowel followed by two conso-
nants or a double letter?
Which of the consonants are denominated double let-
ters? . ?
Is a diphthong long, or short?
2.
What is the quantity of the monosyllable Haud?
Mark over its vowel the quantity of each syllable in the
words insultant and audax.
Has the aspirate k the power of a consonant in prosody?
Mention the quantity of each syllable in the words
Euns, accendant, dehiscens.
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? QUANTITY.
9
3.
Is a vowel before another vowel long in every instance?
What is generally the quantity of the letter e when fol-
lowed by the vowel ? in a noun of the fifth declension?
Mention the quantity of the vowel e in Spei, rei, fidei.
Why is each syllable of the word Tingunt long?
4.
In what tenses of the? verb Fio is i lengthened before
another vowel? .
Of what quantity is the vowel i in the genitive case of
pronouns and adjectives in ius?
In what genitive in ius is the vowel i always lengthened?
What genitive in ius has the letter i always short?
5.
Mark the quantity of the first syllable in Aer, lo,
Diana, via, dius.
Of what quantity is each syllable in Fiunt, and eheu?
What is the quantity of the penultimate in Alterius,
solius, fugio, nullius?
Mark the quantity of the two first syllables in the
ancient genitives Terrai, pictai, aurai.
6.
When is a vowel said to be long by position?
What is the quantity of a vowel before two consonants,
one of which is in the following word?
Is a short vowel generally lengthened at the end of a
word, when the next word begins with two consonants?
Mark the quantity of the syllables in the three first
words of the sentence "Nec myrtua vincat corylos. "
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? 10 EXERCISES IN
7.
Which of the consonants are mutes?
Which of the consonants are liquids?
When may a short vowel followed by two consonants
be considered common?
In what cases must a short vowel followed by a mute
and a liquid necessarily be lengthened?
8.
Mention the quantity of the middle syllable of Volucris
from voliicer, and Effertis from effero.
What is the quantity of the two first vowels in Abluo,
pronounced ab-luo?
In what words is the vowel i short before the letter j?
Mention the diphthongs, to which the rules of prosody
apply. ;
9.
Is Prae in composition long or short before a vowel?
Mark the quantity of the first syllable in Axis, cujus,
praeacutus, fierem.
Of what quantity is the second vowel in Quadri-
jugus?
By what rule is the first syllable in Ccelum long?
io. . . ,. . ? ?
Of what quantity is the vowel a when it ends a word?
Is the vowel a always lengthened at the end of a
word?
What cases have a final short?
Mark the quantity of the syllables in the verbs Pratsta,
lauda, and the nouns Industrie, arma. ,
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? ; QUANTITY. 11
11.
Mention the indeclinable words, in which a final is
always short.
In what words is a final sometimes found short, though
generally long?
"What is the quantity of the vowel e at the end of a
word? . .
In what ablative is e final long?
12.
Are monosyllables ending in e long or short?
Of what quantity are all enclitics?
In what adverbs is e final long?
What adverbs derived from adjectives of three termi-
nations have e final short?
13.
Mark the quantity of each syllable in Ohe, ferme, coc-
lestisque, ante.
What is generally the quantity of e final in the impe-
rative singular of the second conjugation?
Mention the imperatives singular, which have the e final
common.
Mark the quantity of the final vowel in Doce, monete,
fame, fide from fides.
14.
Mark the quantity of the last syllable in Cete, a noun
which has not the singular number; Pulchre, an adverb
from pulcher; Quotidie, a compound of dies.
Of what quantity is the pronoun Te?
Why is the first vowel common in the adjective Ni-
grum, the accusative of niger?
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? 12 EXERCISES IN
By what rule is the first syllable of Nihilum made
short?
15.
Is the vowel i at the end of a word long, or short?
Mention the words, which have i final common.
Mark the quantity of each syllable in Anni, mortui.
Why is the last vowel of the noun Nomina made
short?
16.
What is the quantity of o final?
Are verbs and gerunds in o generally made long or short
by the best poets?
Mention the verbs, which have the final o generally
short.
What words in o are always long?
17.
In what words is o final generally made short?
Mention the adverbs and conjunctions, in which o final
is usually lengthened.
Mark the quantity of the syllables in Torreo, somno,
vulgo, an adverb derived from vulgusi
Mark the quantity of each syllable in Quando, templo,
ergo, for the sake of, and ergo, therefore.
18.
What is the quantity of Do, proh, and the final syl-
lable of quomodo, a compound of modo?
Of what quantity is u final?
Mention the words, in which u final is short.
What is the quantity of the last syllable in Dictu, diu,
plenu', a contraction of plenus?
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? QUANTITY. 13
CHAPTER III. --Consonants.
A final syllable ending in b is short5 as ab.
The rules for the quantity of vowels are never superseded by
this, or any other of the following rules, for the quantity of
final syllables ending with a consonant. Hence, although b final
is naturally short, yet if there should be a diphthong in the same
syllable, or if the next word should begin with a consonant, the
final b or any other short consonant would immediately lose its
natural quantity, and the syllable become long.
C final is long; as Illuc.
The monosyllable Nec, the imperative Fac, and the adverb Do-
nec, are short.
The pronoun Hie, and its neuter hoc in the nominative and
accusative cases, though they are generally made long, may be
considered common. It is asserted by the ancient grammarians
that both these words are naturally short, and that when we find
them lengthened before a vowel, it is in consequence of the sylla-
ble ce, originally added to them, being cut off. Agreeably to this
opinion Hie and hoc, when made long, must be considered as
Hicc' and hocc', abbreviations of Hicce and hocce. The ablative
H6c is always long.
D final is short; as Illud.
L final is short; as Vigil.
The monosyllables Sol, sal, and nil, a contraction of Nihil, are
long.
N final is long; as Splen.
Nouns in en, which make the genitive in inis with the penulti-
mate short, always shorten their last syllable; as NomSn, nomi-
nis. N final is short also in An, forsan, forsitan, in, tamen, vi-
den', satin'. .
E final is short; as Puer.
Cur, far, fur, lar, nar, par, aer, aether, and nouns in r, which make
tris in the genitive with the penultimate lengthened, have r final
long; as Ver, veris.
Lat. Pr. B
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? 14 . EXERCISES IN
As final is long; as Pietas.
The noun Anas has its final syllable short.
Es final is long; as Haeres.
Nouns in es increasing short have their final syllable short, ex-
cept Abies, aries, Ceres, paries, and pes with its compounds,
which follow the rule. Es is short also in the preposition Penes,
and in the present tense of the verb Sum and its compounds.
Is final is short; as Turns.
Is final is long in all plural cases, as Regnis; iu the nomi-
native singular, when its genitive ends in entis, inis, or itisf with
the penultimate long, as Lis, litis ; and also in the substantives
Glis and vis, and in the adverbs Forts and gratis. The second
person singular of verbs has is final long in every tense, in which
the second person plural makes itis with the penultimate length-
ened; as Sis, veils, noils, audls.
In the second person singular of the future tense, potential
mood, or, as it is sometimes called, the future perfect, indicative
mood, the termination w is common; as Rexeris or Rexeris.
, Os final is long; as Honos.
Compos, impos, and os making ossis in the genitive, have os
final short.
Us final is short; as Tempus.
The termination us is long in all monosyllables, as Thus; in
nouns in us increasing long, as Palus, paludis; and in the genitive
singular, and nominative, accusative, and vocative plural, of nouns
of the fourth declension, as Gradiis.
Ys final is short; as Chlamys.
T final is short; as Caput.
EXERCISES.
1.
What is the quantity of a final syllable ending in b?
Is c at the end of a word long or short?
Mention the words, in which c final is short.
"What words ending in c are common?
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? QUANTITY. 15
2.
What is the quantity of d final?
Is I final long or short?
What words in I are long?
Mark the quantity of Ob, and of each syllable in Post-
hac, quicquid, consul. .
S.
Of what quantity is the consonant tt at the end of a
word?
What nouns in n have the last syllable short?
Mention the indeclinable words, in which n final is
short. ?
Mention the quantity of each syllable in the noun Teg-
men, making tegminis in the genitive.
Is r final long or short?
Mention the nouns in which the final r is lengthened.
Mark the quantity of each syllable in the words Im-
ber, audiuntur, aer, forsan.
What is the quantity of the monosyllables Vir, quin,
ab, ac, ad, cur, sol?
5. '"
Of what quantity is the termination as?
What is the quantity of es at the end of a word?
What word in as has the final syllable short?
Is the last syllable of the preposition Penes long or short?
6.
What is the quantity of the final syllable of most nouns
in es increasing short in the genitive?
What nouns in es increasing short have the last sylla-
ble long?
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? 16 EXERCISES IN
Of what quantity is Es, the second person of Sum?
What is the quantity of the final syllable in Audias,
dies, potes, esses, hospes, the nominative of hospitis?
7.
What is the quantity of is final?
Is a final syllable in os generally long or short?
What is generally the quantity of us final?
Of what quantity is the termination ys?
8.
Mention the nouns, which have os final short.
What cases in the fourth declension have us final short?
Mention the quantity of Plus, glis, and the substantive
Vis.
Are plural cases in is long or short?
9.
When is the termination is long in the second person
singular of verbs?
Of what quantity is the final syllable of Servitus, a
noun of the third declension increasing long?
Mark the quantity of each syllable in Fluctus, compos.
Is the last syllable of Pecus, the nominative of pecoris,
a long or short syllable i
10.
What is the quantity of each syllable in the plural ad-
jective Parvis?
In what part of a verb is is final common?
What nominatives singular in is are long?
Mark the quantity of the final syllable in Hauris, from
haurio; Dixeris, the future subjunctive or future perfect
indicative of dico; Dis, the nominative of Ditis.
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? , QUANTITY. 17
11.
Why is the last syllable of the singular noun Cuspis
made short?
Of what quantity is the final syllable of Foris, gratis,
benignos?
Is the termination us long or short in the plural noun
Porticus?
Mark the quantity of each syllable in Rectus, pestis,
perturbes, majestas, custos.
12.
Of what quantity is the consonant t at the end of a
word?
Mark the quantity of each syllable in Sensistis, lasdis.
Why is the last syllable short in Pallor, corporis, currit,
murus?
Mark the quantity of the syllables, in Occurrat, abjun-
gis, permittas.
CHAPTER IV.
COMPOUND, DERIVATIVE, AND CONTRACTED WORDS-
All words generally retain the same quantity when com-
pounded, that they have when out of composition; as
IXefero, a compound of de and fero.
If a vowel of the simple word is changed in composition into
another vowel, it still generally preserves its original quantity;
as Concido from cado, Concldo from credo, Perh'ibeo from
habeo.
The quantity of a syllable is often changed in composition
by its situation before a vowel or a consonant; thus, in the com-
-pound word Deambulo, the preposition De is naturally long,
but standing before another vowel, it is necessarily made short;
thus also the preposition In, although it is naturally short, be-
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? 18 EXERCISES IN
comes long by position in the compound verbs Invado and insto.
Sometimes, however, the preposition, instead of becoming long
by position, loses its final consonant, and thus retains its original
quantity; as omitto, a compound of 5b and mitto.
The following compound words shorten a vowel that is long in
their primitives, and are consequently exceptions to the general
rule; Causidicus,fatidicus,maledicus,veririicus,from dico; Nihilum
from hilum; Dejero, pejfiro, from juro; Agnitum, cognitum, from
no turn; Innuba, proniiba, subniiba, from nubo; Semisopitus from
sdpio; procella, profanus, profari, profectb, profestus, prdficiscor,
prfifiteor, pr6fugio, profugus, profundus, pronepos, proneptis, pr6-
pero, prdtervus, compounds of the preposition pro; and Dirimo
and disertus, compounds of de.
Imbecillis from bacillus has the second syllable long. Amlii-
tum, the supine, and Ambitus, the participle, from Hum, length-
en the middle syllable; but the substantives Ambitus and ambi-
tio, from the same word, have the i short, agreeably to the gene-
ral rule.
Connubiiim from nubo has the second syllable common.
The preposition Pro is common in Procurro, profundo, propago,
propello, propino, propulso.
The adverbs Ubique and ibidem, from ubi and ibi, generally
lengthen the middle syllable; but the final syllable of Uti is short
in its compounds Utinam and utique. In Quandoque from quando
the o is long; but it is short in Quandoquidem, a compound of the
same word.
Derivative words generally retain the quantity of their
primitives, or the words from which they are derived; as
animosus from animus.
The following derivatives, with a few others, deviate from the
quantity of their primitive words, some on account of crasis or
contraction, and others from following the quantity of primi-
tives now obsolete; arena, arista, from Sreo; aruspex from ara;
Deni from decern; Dicax from Dico; disertus from dissero; Di-
tio from dis, ditis; Dux, ducis, from duco; Fides from lido; Fo-
mentum, fomes, from foveo; Fragilis, fragor, from frango; llu-
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? QUANTITY. 19
manus from homo; Humor from humus; Jucundus, jumentum,
fromjuvo; Jugerum from jitgum; Junior from jtivenis; L&terna
from lateo; Lex, legis, from lego; Libella from libra; Lticerna
from luceo; Marero from macer; Mico from mica; Mobil is from
m&veo; Nonus from novem; Nota from notu; 6dium from odi;
Penuria from pSnus; Placo from placeo; Rex, regis, regula, from
rego; Sagax from sagio; Secius from s6cus; Sedes from sedeo;
Sopor from sopio; Stipula, stlpulor, from sllpes; Tegula from
tSgo; Vadum from vado; V'itium from vito; Vomer from
vomo; Vox, vocis, from viico. Verbs in urio, sometimes called
desiderative, have the u short, though derived from the participle
in urus; as Scriptiirio from scripturus.
Preterperfects of two syllables have the former syllable
long; as Novi. ;
Bibi, dedi, fidi from findo, scidi from scindo, steti, stiti, aod
tuli, are exceptions to this rule, and make the first syllable short.
Preterites, in which the first syllable is repeated, have
the two first syllables short; as Peperi.
The latter syllable in these preterperfects is sometimes made
long by position; as Ciicurri. The second syllable of Cecidi from
wedo, is lengthened, to distinguish it from Cecidi, the preterperfcct
of cado. Pepedi also lengthens its middle vowel.
Supines of two syllables, and participles formed from
them, have the former syllable long; as Visum, visu,
vlsus.
The first syllable is short in Datum, ratum, satum, itum, litum,
quitum, situm, rutum, citum from cieo, futurus from futum; the
supine of the obsolete verb fuo. Statum has its first syllable
common. To account for the irregularities of the verb Sto, it has
been supposed that it belonged originally to the third, as well as to
the first conjugation, but that in process of time the increments
in the different conjugations were confounded, and some of them
ceased to be used.
Supines in atvm, etum, and utum, of more than two syl-
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? 20 EXERCISES IN
lables, have their penultimate long; as Amatum, deletum,
minutum.