fill that fie
ultimately
spread the terror of his arms
orer the whole of that country.
orer the whole of that country.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
164.
)--The more ancient name of
Delphi was Pytho, from the serpent Python, as is com-
mon'. v supposed, which was said to have been slain
by Apollo. (ApoUod. , Btbliolh. , 1, 4, 3. ) Whence
the name Delphi itself was derived we are not in-
formed. Some make the city to have received this
name from Delphus, a son of Apollo. Others deduce
the appellation from the Greek uSityoi, " brethren,"
because Apollo and his brother Bacchus were both
worshipped there, each having one of the summits of
Parnassus sacred to him. The author of the Hymn
to Apollo seems to pun on the word Delphi, in making
Apollo transform himself into a dolphin (detyiic. --v.
494). Some supposed, that the name was intended
to designate Delphi as the centre or navel of the earth.
Faber makes it Tel Phi, " the oracle of the Sun" (Ca-
bin, vol. 1, p. 66), and Bryant would tempt us to re-
solve the Nymph who originally presided over the
sacred precincts of Delphi, into Ain omphe, i. e. , "font
oraeuli. " (Mythology, vol. 1, p. 110 and 345. ) Jones
derives the name of Delphi from the Arabic Telb, " to
inquire. " (Greek Lex. , s. v. ) If, amid these various
etymological theories, we might venture to adduce one
of our own, it would be, that BeXQol, the . folic form
for At? . <poi (Maittaire, Dial. , p. 139, c), contains the
true germe of the name, viz. , lit? , or the old term r'A
(i. <:. , "the sun"), with the digamma prefixed in place
of the aspirate. (Compare the Greek forms r/Xioc,
i. e. , ! ? '/. -toi;, aiXac, i. e. , eti-ac, and the Latin Sol)
Delphi will then be the city of the Sun. (Compare
? ? with the term BeX the Orientel Baal. )--In speaking
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? DELPHI.
seeded m removing to their own country, since we
are told, that, on the capture of Tolosa, a city of Gaul,
by the Roman general Oaepio, a great part of the Del-
phic spoils was found there. (Strabo, 188. -- Dio
Cassius, Excerpt. , p. 630. ) Pausanias, however,
relates, that the Gauls met with great disasters in
Ibeir attempt on Delphi, and were totally discomfited
through tho miraculous intervention of the god (10,
*3 --Compare Poiybius, 1, 6, 5-- Id. , 2, 30, 6 --
Justin, 24, 6). Sylla is also said to have robbed this
temple, as well as those of Olympia and Epidaurus.
(Dio Cats. , Excerpt. , p. 646. --Diod. Sic. , Excerpt. ,
406. ) Strabo assures us, that in his time the temple
was greatly impoverished, all the offerings of any
value having been successively removed. The Em-
peror Nero carried off, according to Pausanias (10, 7),
five hundred statues of bronze at one time. Con-
stantine the Great, however, proved a more fatal ene-
my to Delphi than either Sylla or Nero. He removed
the sacred tripods to adorn the hippodrome of his new
city, where, together with the Apollo, the statues of
the Heliconian muses, and a celebrated statue of Pan,
they were extant when Sozomen wrote his history.
(GAban, Decline and Fall, c. 17. ) Among these tri-
pods was the famous one, which the Greeks, after the
battle of Plataaa, found in the camp of Mardonius.
The Brazen Column which supported this tripod is
still to be seen at Constantinople. (Clarke's Trav-
els--Greece, Egypt, &c, vol. 3, p. 75, seqq. )--The
? pot whence issued the prophetic vapour, which in-
spired the priestess, was said to be the central point
of the earth, this having been proved by Jupiter him-
self, who despatched two eagles from opposite quar-
ters of the heavens, which there encountered each
other. (Strabo, 419. -- Pausan. , 10, 16. --Plut. , de
Otoe. De/. , p. 409. ) Strabo reports, that the sacred
tripod was placed over the mouth' of the cave, whence
proceeded the exhalation, and which was of great
depth. On this sat the Pythia, who, having caught
the inspiration, pronounced her oracles in extempore
prose or verse; if the former, it was immediately ver-
sified by the poet always employed for that purpose.
The oracle itself is said to have been discovered by
accident. Some goats having strayed to the mouth of
the cavern, were suddenly seized with convulsions:
those likewise by whom they were found in this situa-
tion having been affected in a similar manner, the
circumstance was deemed supernatural, and the cave
pronounced the seat of prophecy. (Pausan. , 10, 5.
--Plut. , de Orac. Def. , p. 433. --Plin. , 2, 93. ) The
priestess could only be consulted on certain days.
The season of inquiry was the spring, during the
month Busios. (Plut. , Quasi Grac, p. 292. ) Sac-
rifices and other ceremonies were to be performed by
those who sought an answer from the oracle, before
they could be admitted into the sanctuary. (Herodot. ,
1, liO. --Plut. , de Orac Def. , p. 438, 437. --Id , de
Pyth. Orac, p. 397 ) The most remarkable of the
Pythian responses are those which Herodotus records
as having been delivered to the Athenians, before the
? mrasion of Xerxes (7, 140), to Croesus (1,46), to Ly-
eorgus (I, 65), to Glaucus the Spartan (6, 86). and
one relative to Agesilaus, cited by Pausanias (3, 8).
There was, however, it appears, no difficulty in bri-
bing and otherwise influencing the Pythia herself, as
history presents us with several instances of this im-
posture. Thus we are told, that the Alcmseonida? sug-
gested on one occasion such answers as accorded with
? ? their political designs. (Herodot. , 5, 62, 90. ) Cle-
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? DEM
DEM
otyctndes, who had been appointed king in hi* stead,
he retired, first to the island of Zacynthus, whither he
was pursued by the Lacedsmonians, and afterward
crossed over into Asia to Darius, who received him
honourably, and presented him with lands and cities.
(Herod. , 6, 65, 70. ) He enabled Xerxes subsequently
to obtain the nomination to the empire, in preference
to his elder brother Artabazarnes, by suggesting to him
an argument, the justice of which was acknowledged
by Darius. (Herod. , 7, 3. ) We find him after this,
though an exile from his country, yet sending the first
intelligence to Sparta of the designs of Xerxes against
Greece. (Herod. , 7, 239. ) He accompanied the
monarch on his expedition, frankly praised to him the
discipline of the Greeks, and especially that of the
Spartans; and, before the battle of Thermopylae, ex-
plained to him some of the warlike customs of the last-
mentioned people. (Herod. , 7, 209. ) We learn also,
that he advised Xerxes to seize, with his fleet, on the
island of Cythera, off the coast of Laconia, from which
he might continually infest the shores of that country.
The monarch did not adopt his suggestion, but still
always regarded the exile Spartan as a friend, and
treated him accordingly. The nature of the advice
relative to Cythera makes it more than probable that
Demaratus, in sending home information of the threat-
ened expedition of Xerxes, meant in reality to taunt
and alarm his countrymen. (Herod. , 7, 234, seqq. )--
II. A rich citizen of Corinth, of the family of the Bac-
chiads. When Cypselus had usurped the sovereign
power of Corinth, Demaratus, with all his family, mi-
grated to Italy, and settled at Tarquinii, 658 years be-
fore Christ. Commerce had not been deemed disrep-
utable among the Corinthian nobility; and as a mer-
chant, therefore, Demaratus had formed ties of friend-
ship at this place. He brought great wealth with him.
Ptie sculptors Eucheir and Eugrammus, and Cleo-
phantus the paintsr, were said to have accompanied
him; and along with the fine arts of Greece, he taught
(>>o the popular account said) alphabetic writing to the
Etrurians. His son Lucumo migrated afterward to
Rome, and became monarch there under the name of
Tarquinius Priscus. (Plin. , 35, 5. -- Liv. , 1, 34,
teqq. )--III. A Corinthian, in the time of Philip and
his son Alexander. He had connexions of hospi-
tality with the royal family of Mocedon, and, having
paid a visit to Philip, succeeded in reconciling that
monarch to his son. After Alexander had overthrown
the Persian empire, Demaratus, though advanced in
years, made a voyage to the east in order to see the
conqueror, and, when he beheld him, exclaimed," What
a pleasure have those Greeks missed, who died without
seeing Alexander seated on the throne of Darius! " He
died soon after, and was honoured with a magnificent
funeral. (Pint. , Vit. Alex. , c. 37-- Id. ibid. , c. 56.
--Id. , Vit. Ages. , c. 15. )--IV. A Corinthian exile at
the court of Philip, king of Macedonia. (Plut. , Alex. )
Demetr! i, a festival in honour of Ceres, called by the
Greeks Demiter (Aij/iijr^p). It was then customary
for the votaries of the goddess to lash themselves with
whips made with the bark of trees. The Athenians
instituted for a short time a solemnity of the same
name, in honour of Demetrius Poliorcetea.
Dimetrias, a city of Thessaly, on the Sinus Pelas-
gicus or Pagasajus, at the mouth of the river Onches-
tus. It owed ir. i name and origin to Demetrius Poli-
orcetcs, about 290 B. C. , and derived, as Strabo re-
? ? ports, its population, in the first instance, from the
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? DEMETRIUS.
fill that fie ultimately spread the terror of his arms
orer the whole of that country. The object of Anti-
gonus and bis s-n was now to effect the final subjuga-
tion of Macedonia, Egypt, and the East. The con-
federacy of Seleucus, Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cas-
aander was therefore renewed, with the view of crush-
ing these ambitious schemes, and in the battle of Ipsus
ibey succeeded in effecting their object. Antigonus
til in the conflict, and Demetrius, after a precipitate
5gat of 200 miles, regained his Beet with only a small
remnant of his once powerful host. Sailing soon after
to Athens, he received information from the fickle and
ungrateful inhabitants that they had resolved to admit
no king within their city; upon which, finding that all
Greece had now submitted to the influence of Cassan-
der, he made a descent on the coast at Corinth for the
mere purposes of plunder and revenge, and afterward
committed similar ravages along the whole coast of
Thrace. Fortune, however, soon smiled again. Se-
leucus, jealous of the power of Lysimachus, whose ter-
ritories now extended to the Syrian borders, resolved
to strengthen his own dominions by forming an alli-
ance with the family of Demetrius, which was still
possessed of considerable claims and interests. He
therefore made proposals for, and obtained in marriage,
(he accomplished Stratonice, the daughter of his for-
mer rival. The power of Demetrius again became
formidable, an alliance with Ptolemy, who gave him
his daughter Ptolemais in marriage, having also added
to its increase Having compelled the Athenians to
open their gates' and receive a garrison, and having
generously forgiven their previous fickleness, he turned
his attention to Macedonia, and having embraced an
opportunity of interfering in the affairs of that country,
which was afforded by dissensions between the two
sons of Caasander, he cut off Alexander, one of the
two princes, and made himself master of the throne.
His restless ambition now projected new conquests in
Europe and Asia. Turning his arms against Pyrrhus,
he drove him from Thessaly, and then marched to
Thebes, which he took by assault. About the same
time also he built the city of Demetrias on the Pelas-
gic gulf; and, in order to increase his naval power,
formed a matrimonial union with the daughter of Aga-
tbocles, tyrant of Sicily. His fleet at length amounted
to 500 gallics, many of them having fifteen or sixteen
banks of oars; while his land forces exceeded consid-
erably 100. 000 men, of which more than 12,000 were
cavalry. This formidable power excited the alarm of
Lysimachus and Ptolemy; the latter advanced against
Greece with his fleet, while the former, with Pyrrhus
bis ally, made a land attack on Macedon in two differ-
ent points at once. Demetrius took the field with his
usual alacrity, but when he approached the position of
Pyrrhus, the greater part of his troops deserted him,
wd he was compelled to flee. Leaving Macedon a
prey to Lysimachus and Pyrrhus, the active Demetrius
passed over into Asia Minor with a body of his best
troops, resolved to assail his adversary in the most
vulnerable quarter. The enterprise was at first at-
tenilsd with the most brilliant success. In a short
time, however, a check was imposed on his career by
Agalhoeles, the son ot Lysimachus, and Demetrius
was compelled to apply for nrotection to his aged son-
in-law Seleucus. The U er yielded to his solicita-
tions only so far as to grant him permission to spend
two months within his territory: and was subsequently
induced by his courtiers to rid himself of so dangerous
? ? a guest, by sending him a prisoner to a strong fortress
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? DEMETRIUS.
DEMETRIUS.
? fter h>>ving reigned twelve years (from B. C. 162 to
B. C. 150). His death was avenged, however, by his
son and successor Demetrius Nicator. (Polyb. , 31,
18. --Id. , 31,19. --Id. , 32, 4, seqq. --W. ,33, 14, aeqq.
--Juttin, 34, 3. --Id. , 35, 1. )--V. Son of the prece-
ding, was surnamed Nicator, or "the Conqueror. "
He drove out Alexander Bala, with the aid of Ptole-
my Philometor, who had given him his daughter Cle-
opatra in marriage, though she was already the wife of
Bala. He ascended the throne B. C. 146, but soon
abandoned himself to a life of indolence and debauch-
ery, leaving the reins of government in the hands of
Ijasthenes, his favourite, an unprincipled and violent
man. The disgust to which his conduct gave rise in-
duced Tryphon, who had been governor of Antioch
under Bala, to revolt, and place upon the throne Anti-
ochus Dionysius, son of Bala and Cleopatra, a child
only four years of age. A battle ensued, in which De-
metrius was defeated, and Antiochus, now receiving
the surname of Thcos, was conducted by the victors
to Antioch, and proclaimed king of Syria. He reign-
ed, however, only in name. The actual monarch was
Tryphon, who put him to death at the end of aboui
two years, and caused himself to be proclaimed in his
stead. Demetrius, meanwhile, held his court at Se-
leucia. Thinking that the crimes of Tryphon would
soon make him universally detested, he turned his
arms in a different direction, and marched against the
Parthians, in the hope that, if he returned victorious, he
would be enabled the more easily to rid himself of his
Syrian antagonist. After some successes, however,
he was entrapped and made prisoner by the Parthian
monarch Milhradates, and his army was attacked and
cut to pieces. His captivity among the Parthians was
an honourable one, and Milhradates made him espouse
his daughter Rbodoguna. The intelligence of this
marriage so exasperated Cleopatra, that she gave her
hand to Antiochus Sidetes, her brother-in-law, who
thereupon ascended the throne. Sidetes having been
? lain in a battle with the Parthians after a reign of
. several years, Demetrius escaped from the hands of
Milhradates and remounted the throne. His subjects,
however, unable any longer to endure his pride and
cruelty, requested from Plolemy Physcon, a king of the
race of the Seleucids to govern them. Ptolemy sent
Alexander Zebina. Demetrius, driven out by the Syr-
ians, came to Ptoleinais, where Cleopatra, his first wife,
then held sway, but the gates were shut against him.
He then took refuge in Tyre, but was put to death by
the governor of the city. Zebina recompensed the
Tyrians for this act, by permitting them to live ac-
cording to their own laws, and from this period com-
mences what is called by chronologists the era of the
independence of Tyre, which was still subsisting at
the time of tho council of Chalccdon, 574 years after
this event. (Joteph. , Ant. Jud. , 13, 9. --Id. ib. , 13,
12. --Id. ib. , 13, 17. --Justin, 36, 1. --Id. , 39, I. --
VArt de verifier let Dates, vol. 2, p. 331. )--VI. Sur-
named Eucarut (Einaipoc), "the Seasonable" or
"Fortunate," was the fourth son of Antiochus Gry-
pus. He was proclaimed king at Damascus, and, in
conjunction with his brother Philip, to whom a part of
Syria remained faithful, drove out Antiochus Euscbes
fioiii that country, compelling him to take refuge
among the Parthians. The two brothers then divided
Syria between them, Antioch being tho capital of Phil-
ip, and Damascus that of Demetrius. The latter after-
? ? ward marched to the aid of the Jews, who had revolied
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? OEM
appears to have contained also "a Life of Aristides. "
\\ e have said that the works of Demetrius are lost:
there exists, it is true, under his name " A Treatise
on Elocution" (irepi 'Eppijveior), a work full of in-
genious observations; but critics agree in making it
of later origin. It appears that the copyists have con-
founded Demetrius Phalereus with Demetrius of Alex-
andrea, who flourished under Marcus Aurelius,and was,
perhaps, the author of the work in question. Besides
? he treatise on Elocution, there exists a small work On
the Apophthegms of the Seven Sages, which Slobaaus
has inserted iu his third discourse, as being the produc-
tion of Demetrius Phalereus. --The best editions of the
treatise on Elocution are, that of Gale, Oxon. , 1676,
8vo, re-edited by Fischer, Lips. , 1773, Svo, and that
of J. G. Schneider, Alien. , 1779, Svo. This last is
printed with but little care; yet it is critical, and sup- J
plied with an excellent commentary. (Schbll, Hist.
Lit. Gr. , vol. 3, p. 241, seqq. )--IX. A Cynic philos-
opher, who flourished at Corinth in the first century.
During the reign of Caligula, be taught philosophy at
Rome, where he obtained the highest reputation for
wisdom and virtue. He was banished from Rome in
the lime of Nero, for his free censure of public man-
ners. After the death of this emperor he returned to
Rome; but the boldness of his language soon offend-
ed Vespasian, and again subjected him to the punish-
ment of exile. Apollonius, with whom he had con-
tracted a friendship, prevailed on Titus to recall him;
but under Domilian be shared the common fate of
philosophers, and withdrew to Puteoji. Seneca, who
was intimately acquainted with him, speaks in the
highest terms of his masculine eloquence, sound judg-
ment, intrepid fortitude, and inflexible integrity. t Sen-
tea, tk Vit. Beat. , 25. )
Dehocedes, a celebrated physician of Crotona, son
cf Calliphon, and intimate with Polycrates. He was
carried as a prisoner from Samoa tu Darius, king of
Persia, where ho acquired great riches and much repu-
tation by two cures which he performed, one on the
king, and the other on Atossa. Always desirous of
returning to his native country, he pretended to enter
into the views and interests of the Persians, and pro-
cured himself to be sent with some nobles to explore
the coast of Greece, and to ascertain in what parts it
might be attacked with the greatest probability of suc-
cess. Slopping at Tarentum, the Persians were seized
as spies, and Democedes escaped to Crotona, whither
the Persians followed him, and demanded, but in vain,
that he should be restored. He settled there, and
married the daughter of Milo. (. I'. iuut, V. H , 8, 18.
--Herodot. , 3, 124, Ac. )
Dkmockitus, a celebrated philosopher, born at Ali-
dera, about 490 or 494 B. C. , but according to some,
460 or 470 B. C. His father was a man of noble fam-
ily and of great wealth, and contributed largely to-
wards the entertainment of the army of Xerxes, on his
return to Asia. As a reward for this service, the Per-
sian monarch made him and the other Abderites rich
presents, and left among them several Chaldaeau Magi.
Dernocritus, according to Diogenes Laertius, was in-
structed by these Eastern sages in astronomy and the-
ology. After the death of his father, he determined
to travel in search of wisdom; and devoted to this
purpose the portion which fell to him, amounting to
one bundled talents. He is said to have visited Egypt
and Ethiopia, the Persian Magi, and, according to some,
even the Gymnosophists of India. Whether, in the
? ? course of his travels, he visited Athens or attended
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? DEM
DEMOSTHENES.
jc/eJ the use ol . 113 faculties to the term of a hundred
tears . (some say several years longer), and at last died
through mere decay. --Democritus expanded the atom-
ic theory of his master Leucippus, to support the truth
of which he maintained the impossibility of division ad
infinitum; and from the difficulty of assigning a com-
mencement of time, he argued the eternity of existing
mature, of void space, and of motion. He supposed
the atoms, originally similar, to be endowed with cer-
tain properties, such as impenetrability, and a density
proportionate to their volume. He referred every ac-
tive and passive affection to motion, caused by impact,
limited by the principle he assumed, that like can only
act on like. He drew a distinction between primary
motion and secondary; impulse and reaction; from a
combination of which he produced rotatory motion.
Herein consists the law of necessity, by which all
things in nature are ruled. From the endless multi-
plicity of atoms have resulted the worlds which we
behold, with all the properties of immensity, resem-
blance, and dissimilitude which belong to them. The
soul consists (such is his doctrine) of globular atoms
of fire, which impart movement to the body. Main-
taining his atomic theory throughout, Democritus in-
troduced the hypothesis of images (eliuXa), a species
of emanation from external objects, which make an im-
pression on our senses, and from the influence of which
he deduced sensation (aloftnotc) and thought (voriait).
He distinguished between a rude, imperfect, and there-
fore false perception, and a true one. In the same
manner, consistently with his theory, he accounted for
the popular notions of the Deity; partly through our
incapacity to understand fully the phenomena of which
we are witnesses, and partly from the impressions com-
municated by certain beings (eiduXa) of enormous
stature, and resembling the human figure, which in-
habit the air. To these he ascribed dreams, and the
causes of divination. He carried his theory into prac-
tical philosophy also, laying down that happiness con-
sisted in an equability of temperament (ei6v/ua),
whence he deduced his moral principles and pruden-
tial maxims. It was from Democritus that Epicurus
oorr wed the principal features of his metaphysics.
{Enfield's History of Philosophy, vol. 1, p. 423, seqq.
--Killer, Hist. Phil. , vol. 1, p. 644, seqq. --Tcnnr-
mann's Manual, p. 79. )
Dkmodocus, I. a musician at the court of Alcinoiis,
who sang in the presence of Ulysses. (Horn, Od. ,
8. U--Plul. , dt Mus. y--U. A Trojan chief, who
came with . (Eneas into Italy, where he was killed.
(Vug. , Mn. , 10, 413. )
Demoleon, I. a centaur, killed by Theseus at the
nuptials of Pirithoiis. (Ovid, Met. , 13, 356. )--II. A
son of Antenor, killed by Achilles. (Horn. , It.
Delphi was Pytho, from the serpent Python, as is com-
mon'. v supposed, which was said to have been slain
by Apollo. (ApoUod. , Btbliolh. , 1, 4, 3. ) Whence
the name Delphi itself was derived we are not in-
formed. Some make the city to have received this
name from Delphus, a son of Apollo. Others deduce
the appellation from the Greek uSityoi, " brethren,"
because Apollo and his brother Bacchus were both
worshipped there, each having one of the summits of
Parnassus sacred to him. The author of the Hymn
to Apollo seems to pun on the word Delphi, in making
Apollo transform himself into a dolphin (detyiic. --v.
494). Some supposed, that the name was intended
to designate Delphi as the centre or navel of the earth.
Faber makes it Tel Phi, " the oracle of the Sun" (Ca-
bin, vol. 1, p. 66), and Bryant would tempt us to re-
solve the Nymph who originally presided over the
sacred precincts of Delphi, into Ain omphe, i. e. , "font
oraeuli. " (Mythology, vol. 1, p. 110 and 345. ) Jones
derives the name of Delphi from the Arabic Telb, " to
inquire. " (Greek Lex. , s. v. ) If, amid these various
etymological theories, we might venture to adduce one
of our own, it would be, that BeXQol, the . folic form
for At? . <poi (Maittaire, Dial. , p. 139, c), contains the
true germe of the name, viz. , lit? , or the old term r'A
(i. <:. , "the sun"), with the digamma prefixed in place
of the aspirate. (Compare the Greek forms r/Xioc,
i. e. , ! ? '/. -toi;, aiXac, i. e. , eti-ac, and the Latin Sol)
Delphi will then be the city of the Sun. (Compare
? ? with the term BeX the Orientel Baal. )--In speaking
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? DELPHI.
seeded m removing to their own country, since we
are told, that, on the capture of Tolosa, a city of Gaul,
by the Roman general Oaepio, a great part of the Del-
phic spoils was found there. (Strabo, 188. -- Dio
Cassius, Excerpt. , p. 630. ) Pausanias, however,
relates, that the Gauls met with great disasters in
Ibeir attempt on Delphi, and were totally discomfited
through tho miraculous intervention of the god (10,
*3 --Compare Poiybius, 1, 6, 5-- Id. , 2, 30, 6 --
Justin, 24, 6). Sylla is also said to have robbed this
temple, as well as those of Olympia and Epidaurus.
(Dio Cats. , Excerpt. , p. 646. --Diod. Sic. , Excerpt. ,
406. ) Strabo assures us, that in his time the temple
was greatly impoverished, all the offerings of any
value having been successively removed. The Em-
peror Nero carried off, according to Pausanias (10, 7),
five hundred statues of bronze at one time. Con-
stantine the Great, however, proved a more fatal ene-
my to Delphi than either Sylla or Nero. He removed
the sacred tripods to adorn the hippodrome of his new
city, where, together with the Apollo, the statues of
the Heliconian muses, and a celebrated statue of Pan,
they were extant when Sozomen wrote his history.
(GAban, Decline and Fall, c. 17. ) Among these tri-
pods was the famous one, which the Greeks, after the
battle of Plataaa, found in the camp of Mardonius.
The Brazen Column which supported this tripod is
still to be seen at Constantinople. (Clarke's Trav-
els--Greece, Egypt, &c, vol. 3, p. 75, seqq. )--The
? pot whence issued the prophetic vapour, which in-
spired the priestess, was said to be the central point
of the earth, this having been proved by Jupiter him-
self, who despatched two eagles from opposite quar-
ters of the heavens, which there encountered each
other. (Strabo, 419. -- Pausan. , 10, 16. --Plut. , de
Otoe. De/. , p. 409. ) Strabo reports, that the sacred
tripod was placed over the mouth' of the cave, whence
proceeded the exhalation, and which was of great
depth. On this sat the Pythia, who, having caught
the inspiration, pronounced her oracles in extempore
prose or verse; if the former, it was immediately ver-
sified by the poet always employed for that purpose.
The oracle itself is said to have been discovered by
accident. Some goats having strayed to the mouth of
the cavern, were suddenly seized with convulsions:
those likewise by whom they were found in this situa-
tion having been affected in a similar manner, the
circumstance was deemed supernatural, and the cave
pronounced the seat of prophecy. (Pausan. , 10, 5.
--Plut. , de Orac. Def. , p. 433. --Plin. , 2, 93. ) The
priestess could only be consulted on certain days.
The season of inquiry was the spring, during the
month Busios. (Plut. , Quasi Grac, p. 292. ) Sac-
rifices and other ceremonies were to be performed by
those who sought an answer from the oracle, before
they could be admitted into the sanctuary. (Herodot. ,
1, liO. --Plut. , de Orac Def. , p. 438, 437. --Id , de
Pyth. Orac, p. 397 ) The most remarkable of the
Pythian responses are those which Herodotus records
as having been delivered to the Athenians, before the
? mrasion of Xerxes (7, 140), to Croesus (1,46), to Ly-
eorgus (I, 65), to Glaucus the Spartan (6, 86). and
one relative to Agesilaus, cited by Pausanias (3, 8).
There was, however, it appears, no difficulty in bri-
bing and otherwise influencing the Pythia herself, as
history presents us with several instances of this im-
posture. Thus we are told, that the Alcmseonida? sug-
gested on one occasion such answers as accorded with
? ? their political designs. (Herodot. , 5, 62, 90. ) Cle-
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? DEM
DEM
otyctndes, who had been appointed king in hi* stead,
he retired, first to the island of Zacynthus, whither he
was pursued by the Lacedsmonians, and afterward
crossed over into Asia to Darius, who received him
honourably, and presented him with lands and cities.
(Herod. , 6, 65, 70. ) He enabled Xerxes subsequently
to obtain the nomination to the empire, in preference
to his elder brother Artabazarnes, by suggesting to him
an argument, the justice of which was acknowledged
by Darius. (Herod. , 7, 3. ) We find him after this,
though an exile from his country, yet sending the first
intelligence to Sparta of the designs of Xerxes against
Greece. (Herod. , 7, 239. ) He accompanied the
monarch on his expedition, frankly praised to him the
discipline of the Greeks, and especially that of the
Spartans; and, before the battle of Thermopylae, ex-
plained to him some of the warlike customs of the last-
mentioned people. (Herod. , 7, 209. ) We learn also,
that he advised Xerxes to seize, with his fleet, on the
island of Cythera, off the coast of Laconia, from which
he might continually infest the shores of that country.
The monarch did not adopt his suggestion, but still
always regarded the exile Spartan as a friend, and
treated him accordingly. The nature of the advice
relative to Cythera makes it more than probable that
Demaratus, in sending home information of the threat-
ened expedition of Xerxes, meant in reality to taunt
and alarm his countrymen. (Herod. , 7, 234, seqq. )--
II. A rich citizen of Corinth, of the family of the Bac-
chiads. When Cypselus had usurped the sovereign
power of Corinth, Demaratus, with all his family, mi-
grated to Italy, and settled at Tarquinii, 658 years be-
fore Christ. Commerce had not been deemed disrep-
utable among the Corinthian nobility; and as a mer-
chant, therefore, Demaratus had formed ties of friend-
ship at this place. He brought great wealth with him.
Ptie sculptors Eucheir and Eugrammus, and Cleo-
phantus the paintsr, were said to have accompanied
him; and along with the fine arts of Greece, he taught
(>>o the popular account said) alphabetic writing to the
Etrurians. His son Lucumo migrated afterward to
Rome, and became monarch there under the name of
Tarquinius Priscus. (Plin. , 35, 5. -- Liv. , 1, 34,
teqq. )--III. A Corinthian, in the time of Philip and
his son Alexander. He had connexions of hospi-
tality with the royal family of Mocedon, and, having
paid a visit to Philip, succeeded in reconciling that
monarch to his son. After Alexander had overthrown
the Persian empire, Demaratus, though advanced in
years, made a voyage to the east in order to see the
conqueror, and, when he beheld him, exclaimed," What
a pleasure have those Greeks missed, who died without
seeing Alexander seated on the throne of Darius! " He
died soon after, and was honoured with a magnificent
funeral. (Pint. , Vit. Alex. , c. 37-- Id. ibid. , c. 56.
--Id. , Vit. Ages. , c. 15. )--IV. A Corinthian exile at
the court of Philip, king of Macedonia. (Plut. , Alex. )
Demetr! i, a festival in honour of Ceres, called by the
Greeks Demiter (Aij/iijr^p). It was then customary
for the votaries of the goddess to lash themselves with
whips made with the bark of trees. The Athenians
instituted for a short time a solemnity of the same
name, in honour of Demetrius Poliorcetea.
Dimetrias, a city of Thessaly, on the Sinus Pelas-
gicus or Pagasajus, at the mouth of the river Onches-
tus. It owed ir. i name and origin to Demetrius Poli-
orcetcs, about 290 B. C. , and derived, as Strabo re-
? ? ports, its population, in the first instance, from the
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? DEMETRIUS.
fill that fie ultimately spread the terror of his arms
orer the whole of that country. The object of Anti-
gonus and bis s-n was now to effect the final subjuga-
tion of Macedonia, Egypt, and the East. The con-
federacy of Seleucus, Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cas-
aander was therefore renewed, with the view of crush-
ing these ambitious schemes, and in the battle of Ipsus
ibey succeeded in effecting their object. Antigonus
til in the conflict, and Demetrius, after a precipitate
5gat of 200 miles, regained his Beet with only a small
remnant of his once powerful host. Sailing soon after
to Athens, he received information from the fickle and
ungrateful inhabitants that they had resolved to admit
no king within their city; upon which, finding that all
Greece had now submitted to the influence of Cassan-
der, he made a descent on the coast at Corinth for the
mere purposes of plunder and revenge, and afterward
committed similar ravages along the whole coast of
Thrace. Fortune, however, soon smiled again. Se-
leucus, jealous of the power of Lysimachus, whose ter-
ritories now extended to the Syrian borders, resolved
to strengthen his own dominions by forming an alli-
ance with the family of Demetrius, which was still
possessed of considerable claims and interests. He
therefore made proposals for, and obtained in marriage,
(he accomplished Stratonice, the daughter of his for-
mer rival. The power of Demetrius again became
formidable, an alliance with Ptolemy, who gave him
his daughter Ptolemais in marriage, having also added
to its increase Having compelled the Athenians to
open their gates' and receive a garrison, and having
generously forgiven their previous fickleness, he turned
his attention to Macedonia, and having embraced an
opportunity of interfering in the affairs of that country,
which was afforded by dissensions between the two
sons of Caasander, he cut off Alexander, one of the
two princes, and made himself master of the throne.
His restless ambition now projected new conquests in
Europe and Asia. Turning his arms against Pyrrhus,
he drove him from Thessaly, and then marched to
Thebes, which he took by assault. About the same
time also he built the city of Demetrias on the Pelas-
gic gulf; and, in order to increase his naval power,
formed a matrimonial union with the daughter of Aga-
tbocles, tyrant of Sicily. His fleet at length amounted
to 500 gallics, many of them having fifteen or sixteen
banks of oars; while his land forces exceeded consid-
erably 100. 000 men, of which more than 12,000 were
cavalry. This formidable power excited the alarm of
Lysimachus and Ptolemy; the latter advanced against
Greece with his fleet, while the former, with Pyrrhus
bis ally, made a land attack on Macedon in two differ-
ent points at once. Demetrius took the field with his
usual alacrity, but when he approached the position of
Pyrrhus, the greater part of his troops deserted him,
wd he was compelled to flee. Leaving Macedon a
prey to Lysimachus and Pyrrhus, the active Demetrius
passed over into Asia Minor with a body of his best
troops, resolved to assail his adversary in the most
vulnerable quarter. The enterprise was at first at-
tenilsd with the most brilliant success. In a short
time, however, a check was imposed on his career by
Agalhoeles, the son ot Lysimachus, and Demetrius
was compelled to apply for nrotection to his aged son-
in-law Seleucus. The U er yielded to his solicita-
tions only so far as to grant him permission to spend
two months within his territory: and was subsequently
induced by his courtiers to rid himself of so dangerous
? ? a guest, by sending him a prisoner to a strong fortress
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? DEMETRIUS.
DEMETRIUS.
? fter h>>ving reigned twelve years (from B. C. 162 to
B. C. 150). His death was avenged, however, by his
son and successor Demetrius Nicator. (Polyb. , 31,
18. --Id. , 31,19. --Id. , 32, 4, seqq. --W. ,33, 14, aeqq.
--Juttin, 34, 3. --Id. , 35, 1. )--V. Son of the prece-
ding, was surnamed Nicator, or "the Conqueror. "
He drove out Alexander Bala, with the aid of Ptole-
my Philometor, who had given him his daughter Cle-
opatra in marriage, though she was already the wife of
Bala. He ascended the throne B. C. 146, but soon
abandoned himself to a life of indolence and debauch-
ery, leaving the reins of government in the hands of
Ijasthenes, his favourite, an unprincipled and violent
man. The disgust to which his conduct gave rise in-
duced Tryphon, who had been governor of Antioch
under Bala, to revolt, and place upon the throne Anti-
ochus Dionysius, son of Bala and Cleopatra, a child
only four years of age. A battle ensued, in which De-
metrius was defeated, and Antiochus, now receiving
the surname of Thcos, was conducted by the victors
to Antioch, and proclaimed king of Syria. He reign-
ed, however, only in name. The actual monarch was
Tryphon, who put him to death at the end of aboui
two years, and caused himself to be proclaimed in his
stead. Demetrius, meanwhile, held his court at Se-
leucia. Thinking that the crimes of Tryphon would
soon make him universally detested, he turned his
arms in a different direction, and marched against the
Parthians, in the hope that, if he returned victorious, he
would be enabled the more easily to rid himself of his
Syrian antagonist. After some successes, however,
he was entrapped and made prisoner by the Parthian
monarch Milhradates, and his army was attacked and
cut to pieces. His captivity among the Parthians was
an honourable one, and Milhradates made him espouse
his daughter Rbodoguna. The intelligence of this
marriage so exasperated Cleopatra, that she gave her
hand to Antiochus Sidetes, her brother-in-law, who
thereupon ascended the throne. Sidetes having been
? lain in a battle with the Parthians after a reign of
. several years, Demetrius escaped from the hands of
Milhradates and remounted the throne. His subjects,
however, unable any longer to endure his pride and
cruelty, requested from Plolemy Physcon, a king of the
race of the Seleucids to govern them. Ptolemy sent
Alexander Zebina. Demetrius, driven out by the Syr-
ians, came to Ptoleinais, where Cleopatra, his first wife,
then held sway, but the gates were shut against him.
He then took refuge in Tyre, but was put to death by
the governor of the city. Zebina recompensed the
Tyrians for this act, by permitting them to live ac-
cording to their own laws, and from this period com-
mences what is called by chronologists the era of the
independence of Tyre, which was still subsisting at
the time of tho council of Chalccdon, 574 years after
this event. (Joteph. , Ant. Jud. , 13, 9. --Id. ib. , 13,
12. --Id. ib. , 13, 17. --Justin, 36, 1. --Id. , 39, I. --
VArt de verifier let Dates, vol. 2, p. 331. )--VI. Sur-
named Eucarut (Einaipoc), "the Seasonable" or
"Fortunate," was the fourth son of Antiochus Gry-
pus. He was proclaimed king at Damascus, and, in
conjunction with his brother Philip, to whom a part of
Syria remained faithful, drove out Antiochus Euscbes
fioiii that country, compelling him to take refuge
among the Parthians. The two brothers then divided
Syria between them, Antioch being tho capital of Phil-
ip, and Damascus that of Demetrius. The latter after-
? ? ward marched to the aid of the Jews, who had revolied
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? OEM
appears to have contained also "a Life of Aristides. "
\\ e have said that the works of Demetrius are lost:
there exists, it is true, under his name " A Treatise
on Elocution" (irepi 'Eppijveior), a work full of in-
genious observations; but critics agree in making it
of later origin. It appears that the copyists have con-
founded Demetrius Phalereus with Demetrius of Alex-
andrea, who flourished under Marcus Aurelius,and was,
perhaps, the author of the work in question. Besides
? he treatise on Elocution, there exists a small work On
the Apophthegms of the Seven Sages, which Slobaaus
has inserted iu his third discourse, as being the produc-
tion of Demetrius Phalereus. --The best editions of the
treatise on Elocution are, that of Gale, Oxon. , 1676,
8vo, re-edited by Fischer, Lips. , 1773, Svo, and that
of J. G. Schneider, Alien. , 1779, Svo. This last is
printed with but little care; yet it is critical, and sup- J
plied with an excellent commentary. (Schbll, Hist.
Lit. Gr. , vol. 3, p. 241, seqq. )--IX. A Cynic philos-
opher, who flourished at Corinth in the first century.
During the reign of Caligula, be taught philosophy at
Rome, where he obtained the highest reputation for
wisdom and virtue. He was banished from Rome in
the lime of Nero, for his free censure of public man-
ners. After the death of this emperor he returned to
Rome; but the boldness of his language soon offend-
ed Vespasian, and again subjected him to the punish-
ment of exile. Apollonius, with whom he had con-
tracted a friendship, prevailed on Titus to recall him;
but under Domilian be shared the common fate of
philosophers, and withdrew to Puteoji. Seneca, who
was intimately acquainted with him, speaks in the
highest terms of his masculine eloquence, sound judg-
ment, intrepid fortitude, and inflexible integrity. t Sen-
tea, tk Vit. Beat. , 25. )
Dehocedes, a celebrated physician of Crotona, son
cf Calliphon, and intimate with Polycrates. He was
carried as a prisoner from Samoa tu Darius, king of
Persia, where ho acquired great riches and much repu-
tation by two cures which he performed, one on the
king, and the other on Atossa. Always desirous of
returning to his native country, he pretended to enter
into the views and interests of the Persians, and pro-
cured himself to be sent with some nobles to explore
the coast of Greece, and to ascertain in what parts it
might be attacked with the greatest probability of suc-
cess. Slopping at Tarentum, the Persians were seized
as spies, and Democedes escaped to Crotona, whither
the Persians followed him, and demanded, but in vain,
that he should be restored. He settled there, and
married the daughter of Milo. (. I'. iuut, V. H , 8, 18.
--Herodot. , 3, 124, Ac. )
Dkmockitus, a celebrated philosopher, born at Ali-
dera, about 490 or 494 B. C. , but according to some,
460 or 470 B. C. His father was a man of noble fam-
ily and of great wealth, and contributed largely to-
wards the entertainment of the army of Xerxes, on his
return to Asia. As a reward for this service, the Per-
sian monarch made him and the other Abderites rich
presents, and left among them several Chaldaeau Magi.
Dernocritus, according to Diogenes Laertius, was in-
structed by these Eastern sages in astronomy and the-
ology. After the death of his father, he determined
to travel in search of wisdom; and devoted to this
purpose the portion which fell to him, amounting to
one bundled talents. He is said to have visited Egypt
and Ethiopia, the Persian Magi, and, according to some,
even the Gymnosophists of India. Whether, in the
? ? course of his travels, he visited Athens or attended
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? DEM
DEMOSTHENES.
jc/eJ the use ol . 113 faculties to the term of a hundred
tears . (some say several years longer), and at last died
through mere decay. --Democritus expanded the atom-
ic theory of his master Leucippus, to support the truth
of which he maintained the impossibility of division ad
infinitum; and from the difficulty of assigning a com-
mencement of time, he argued the eternity of existing
mature, of void space, and of motion. He supposed
the atoms, originally similar, to be endowed with cer-
tain properties, such as impenetrability, and a density
proportionate to their volume. He referred every ac-
tive and passive affection to motion, caused by impact,
limited by the principle he assumed, that like can only
act on like. He drew a distinction between primary
motion and secondary; impulse and reaction; from a
combination of which he produced rotatory motion.
Herein consists the law of necessity, by which all
things in nature are ruled. From the endless multi-
plicity of atoms have resulted the worlds which we
behold, with all the properties of immensity, resem-
blance, and dissimilitude which belong to them. The
soul consists (such is his doctrine) of globular atoms
of fire, which impart movement to the body. Main-
taining his atomic theory throughout, Democritus in-
troduced the hypothesis of images (eliuXa), a species
of emanation from external objects, which make an im-
pression on our senses, and from the influence of which
he deduced sensation (aloftnotc) and thought (voriait).
He distinguished between a rude, imperfect, and there-
fore false perception, and a true one. In the same
manner, consistently with his theory, he accounted for
the popular notions of the Deity; partly through our
incapacity to understand fully the phenomena of which
we are witnesses, and partly from the impressions com-
municated by certain beings (eiduXa) of enormous
stature, and resembling the human figure, which in-
habit the air. To these he ascribed dreams, and the
causes of divination. He carried his theory into prac-
tical philosophy also, laying down that happiness con-
sisted in an equability of temperament (ei6v/ua),
whence he deduced his moral principles and pruden-
tial maxims. It was from Democritus that Epicurus
oorr wed the principal features of his metaphysics.
{Enfield's History of Philosophy, vol. 1, p. 423, seqq.
--Killer, Hist. Phil. , vol. 1, p. 644, seqq. --Tcnnr-
mann's Manual, p. 79. )
Dkmodocus, I. a musician at the court of Alcinoiis,
who sang in the presence of Ulysses. (Horn, Od. ,
8. U--Plul. , dt Mus. y--U. A Trojan chief, who
came with . (Eneas into Italy, where he was killed.
(Vug. , Mn. , 10, 413. )
Demoleon, I. a centaur, killed by Theseus at the
nuptials of Pirithoiis. (Ovid, Met. , 13, 356. )--II. A
son of Antenor, killed by Achilles. (Horn. , It.
