No More Learning

Oh! »
XII-426


## p. 6802 (#182) ###########################################

6802
HAFIZ
Whilst the Water of Life is in thy hand, die not of thirst! "Water
giveth life to all things. "
Lay up treasures for thyself from the hues and odors of springtide,
for follow quickly on its heels the autumn and the winter.
Fate bestoweth no gift which it taketh not back: ask not aught of
sordid humanity; the trifle it bestoweth is a nothing.
The grandeur of sovereignty and power, how should it be stable?
Of the throne of Jem, and the diadem of Kai, what is
left save a fable?
Whoso heapeth up riches to be the heritage of the mean is an
infidel: so say the minstrel and the cupbearer; such is
the decree of the cymbal and the fife!
It is written on the portico of the mansion of Paradise: "Woe to him
who hath purchased the smiles of the world! »
Generosity is departed! I fold up my words "Where is the wine ? >
? »
that I may give «< May the soul of Hatim Tai dwell in
bliss for ever! "
The miser will never breathe the fragrance of heaven! Come, Hafiz!
take the cup and practice liberality, and I will be thy
surety!
Translation of S. Robinson.
THREE GHAZALS OR ODES
FR
ROM the garden of union with thee, [even] the gardens of Rizvān
[Paradise] gain lustre of joy;
From the torment of separation from thee, [even] hell's flame
hath torment.
In the beauty of thy cheek and stature, shelter have taken
Paradise, and the tuba [tree]. For them, it [the shelter] is good;
and a good place of returning [from this world].
All night, [even] as my eye [seeth, so] the stream of Paradise
Seeth in sleep the image of thy intoxicated eye [of mercy].
In every season, Spring giveth description of thy beauty;
In every book, Paradise maketh mention of thy grace.
This heart consumed, and my soul attained not to the heart's desire;
If it had attained to its desire, it would not have poured forth blood
[of grief].
Oh, many the salt-rights of thy lip and mouth,
Which they have against rent livers and roast hearts.


## p. 6803 (#183) ###########################################

HAFIZ
6803
Think not that in thy circle [only] lovers are intoxicated [with love
for thee]:
Of the state of zahids distraught [with love] no news hast thou.
By the circle of thy [ruddy] lip [in thy face, resplendent as the sun],
I knew that the jewel [lustre] of the ruby
Was produced by the sun, world-illuminating.
Open the veil. This modesty how long wilt thou practice?
With this veil, what hast thou bound save modesty?
The rose beheld thy face, and fell into the fire [of love],
Perceived thy fragrance, and through shame, became [soft and fra-
grant like] rose-water.
In love for thy face, Hafiz is immersed in the sea of calamity.
Behold he dieth! Come once! Help!
Hafiz! that life should pass in folly, permit not:
Strive; and understand the value of dear life.
[WHEN] the rose is in the bosom, wine in the hand, and the beloved
to my desire,—
On such a day, the world's Sultan is my slave.
Say, Into this assembly bring ye no candle for to-night.
In our assembly the moon of the Friend's face is full.
In our order [of profligates] the wine-cup is lawful; but
O Cypress, rose of body! without thy face [presence], unlawful.
In our assembly [of lovers], mix not 'itr [perfume]; for our soul
Every moment receiveth perfume from the fragrance of the tip of
thy tress.
My ear is all [intent] on the voice of the reed and the melody of
the harp [the instruction of the Mūrshid];
My eye is all [intent] on thy ruby lip, and on the circulation of the
cup [the manifestations of glories of God in the night
season].
Say ye naught of the sweetness of candy and sugar [the delights of
the world];
For my desire is for thy sweet lip [the sweet stream of Divine grace,
the source of endless delight].
From the time when the treasure of grief for thee was dweller in
my ruined heart,
The corner of the tavern is ever my abode.


## p. 6804 (#184) ###########################################

6804
HAFIZ
Of shame why speakest thou? For from shame is my name [renown];
Of name [renown] why askest thou? For from name [renown] is my
shame.
Wine-drinker, distraught of head, profligate, and glance-player, I am:
In this city, who is that one who is not like this?
To the Muhtasib, utter not my crime; for he also
Is ever like me in desire of the drinkers of wine.
Hafiz! sit not a moment without wine and the beloved. [Siyām! *
'Tis the season of the rose, and of the jessamine, and of the 'Id of
WITHOUT the beloved's face, the rose
Without wine, spring-
The border of the sward and the air of the garden
Without the [beloved of] tulip cheek-
With the beloved, sugar of lip, rose of body,
[To be] without kiss and embrace -
―
Every picture that reason's hand depicteth,
Save the picture of the [living beauteous] idol
The dancing of the cypress, and the rapture of the rose,
Without the song of the hazār
is not pleasant.
is not pleasant.
Hafiz! the soul is [but] a despicable coin;
For scattering [on the true beloved] it-
is not pleasant.
is not pleasant.
-
is not pleasant.
The garden and the rose and wine, [all] is pleasant; but
Without the beloved's society,—
is not pleasant.
is not pleasant.
is not pleasant.
THAT friend by whom our house the [happy] dwelling of the
Pari-
Head to foot, free from defect, a Pari-
Acceptable to the [All] Wise of mine [is] that moon. For his,
With beauty of manner, the way of one endowed with vision
[My] heart said, "In hope of her, in this city I will sojourn:"
Helpless, it knew not that its friend a traveler —
Out from my grasp the malignant star plucked her:
Yes: what can I do? The calamity of the revolution of the
moon it-
*A day of rejoicing following the fast of Ramazān.
―――
was,
was.
was.
was.
was.


## p. 6805 (#185) ###########################################

HAFIZ
6805
Not only from my heart's mystery fell the screen;
Since the sky [time] was, screen-rending its habit.
Sweet was the marge of the water, and the rose and the ver-
dure. But
Alas, that moving treasure a wayfarer-
Happy were those times which passed with the friend;
All without result and without knowledge the rest—
The bulbul [the true lover] slew himself through jealousy of
this, that to the rose [the true beloved]
At morning-time [the last breath of life], with the morning
breeze [the angel of death], splendor [of heavenly
messages]-
O heart! establish an excuse. For thou art a beggar; and here,
In the kingdom of beauty, the head of a crowned one-
O
was.
was.
was.
was.
was.
Every treasure of happiness that God gave to Hāfiz,
From the auspiciousness of the evening prayer and of the morning
supplication-
was.
Translations of Lieut. -Col. H. Wilberforce Clarke.
THREE GHAZALS OR ODES
CUPBEARER! bring the joy of youth; bring cup after cup of red
wine.
Bring medicine for the disease of love; bring wine, which is
the balm of old and young.
Do not grieve for the revolution of time, that it wheeled thus and not
thus. Touch the lute in peace.
Wisdom is very wearisome; bring for its neck the noose of wine.
When the rose goes, say "Go gladly," and drink wine, red like the
rose.
If the moan of the turtle does not remain, what matter? Bring music
in the jug of wine.
The sun is wine and the moon the cup. Pour the sun into the
moon.
To drink wine is either good or bad: drink, if it be bad or if it be
good.
Her face cannot be seen except in a dream; bring then the medicine
of sleep.
Give cup after cup to Hafiz; pour, whether it be sin or sar
sanctity.


## p. 6806 (#186) ###########################################

6806
HAFIZ
THE east wind at the dawn of day brought a perfume from the
tresses of my beloved, which immediately cast my foolish
heart into fresh agitation.
I imagined that I had uprooted that flower from the garden of my
heart, for every blossom which sprang up from its suffer-
ing bore only the fruits of pain.
From fear of the attacks of her love, I set my heart free with bloody
strife; my heart dropped gouts of blood which marked
my footsteps.
I beheld from her terrace how the glory of the moon veiled itself in
confusion, before the face of that dazzling sun.
At the voice of the singer and the cupbearer, I go to the door in
and out of season; for the messenger cometh with trouble
from a weary road.
Any gift of my beloved I take as a courteous and kind, whether it
be Mohammedan, Christian, or Jewish.
Heaven protect her eyebrows from harm! for though they brought
me to despair, yet with a gracious greeting they have
given consolation to the sick heart.
Joy to the time and the hour when I freed myself from the snare of
her braided tresses, and gained a victory which even my
foe admitted!
From envy of the tresses of my beloved, the breeze lavished all the
musk which she had carried from Tartary.
I was amazed when I discovered last night cup and jug beside Hafiz;
but I said no word, for he used them in Sufi manner.
YESTERDAY morning I chanced to drink a cup or two, and from the
lip of the cupbearer wine had fallen into my heart.
From the joy of intoxication I was longing to call back the beloved
of my youth; but divorce had befallen.
I dreamed that I might kiss those divine eyes.
I had lost strength
and patience on account of her arched eyebrow.
O Saki! give the cup frequently, because, in the journey on the
path, where is the lover who has not fallen into hypo-
crisy ?
O interpreter of dreams! give good tidings, because last night the
sun seemed to be my ally in the joy of the morning
sleep.
At the hour when Hafiz was writing this troubled verse, the bird of
his heart had fallen into the snare of love.
Translations of Justin Huntly McCarthy.


## p. 6807 (#187) ###########################################

6807
RICHARD HAKLUYT
(1552? -1616)
ICHARD HAKLUYT has himself told how, when he was one of
Queen Elizabeth's scholars at Westminster, he was inspired
to the study of cosmography by a visit to the chamber of a
kinsman, a gentleman of the Inner Temple in London. He saw there
all manner of books on geography, and resolved thereupon to make
their acquaintance. And while studying for holy orders at Oxford,
and afterward in France, as chaplain to Sir Edward Stafford, both
reading and observation gave him knowledge of English slothfulness
in maritime discovery and enterprise.
Before Hakluyt was sent as ambassador's chaplain to Paris, how-
ever, he had published his first work, 'Divers Voyages touching the
Discoverie of America, and the Islands adjacent unto the same, made
first of all by our Englishmen, and afterwards by the Frenchmen
and Britons: And certaine notes of advertisements for observations,
necessarie for such as shall hereafter make the like attempt, With two
mappes annexed hereunto, for the plainer understanding of the whole
matter. Imprinted at London for Thomas Woodcocke, dwelling in
Paules Church-yard, at the Signe of the Blacke Beare,' 1582. The
book, which appeared when he was thirty (he was born about 1552),
was dedicated "To the right worshipfull and most vertuous Gentle-
man, master Phillip Sidney Esquire"; and in the address to his patron,
Hakluyt complains of England's failure to possess herself of lands
rightly hers.
This was to preface a plea for the establishment of a lectureship
to advance the art of navigation; -" for which cause I have dealt
with the right worshipfull Sir Frances Drake, that, seeing God hath
blessed him so wonderfully, he would do this honour to himselfe and
benefite to his countrey, to be at the coste to erecte such a lecture. "
But his efforts proved futile.
The most memorable fruit of Hakluyt's life in Paris was 'A par-
ticuler discourse concerning the greate necessitie and manifolde com-
modyties that are like to growe to this Realme of Englande by the
Westerne discoueries lately attempted, written in the yere 1584, by
Richarde Hackluyt of Oxforde, at the requeste and direction of the
righte wershipfull Mr. Walter Rayhly, nowe Knight, before the com-
ynge home of his twoo barkes,' a part of which notable paper is


## p. 6808 (#188) ###########################################

6808
RICHARD HAKLUYT
given at the end of this article. The energy, zeal, vigor, and con-
viction the piece displays bear out the claims of Robertson, who in
his History of America' asserts that it is the Elizabethan preacher
"to whom England is more indebted for its American possessions
than to any man of that age. " Hakluyt's faith and earnestness were
so eager that he even had a thought of personal hazard, as a second
letter to Walsingham bears evidence.
) (
During a visit to England in 1584 he had presented his 'Particuler
discourse concerning Westerne discoueries, along with one in Latin
upon Aristotle's 'Politicks,» to his royal mistress, who in recogni-
tion of his pains and loyalty had given him a prebend at Bristol. In
May 1585 he brought in person, before the chapter of the cathedral
at Bristol, the Queen's order for the preferment. Upon this and like.
ecclesiastical stipends he lived and did his work,-"the most versed
man in that skill" (cosmography), says Hacket, "that England bred. ”
While in Paris Hakluyt translated and published in 1587 Laudon-
nière's 'Histoire Notable de la Florida,' under the title 'A notable
historie containing foure voyages made by certayne French Captaynes
into Florida. ' At the same time and in the same year he was pre-
paring and publishing 'De Orbe Novo Petri Martyris Anglerii Decades
octo illustratæ, labore et industria Richardi Hackluyti. ' In this work
is the copper-plate map upon which the name of Virginia is for the
first time set down. In 1588 Hakluyt returned to England, and in
the following year published a solitary volume, the precursor of his
magnum opus, The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, and
Discoveries of the English Nation,' which appeared in London in
three folio volumes between 1598 and 1600.
"In a word," says Thomas Fuller in his (Worthies,' "many of such useful
tracts of sea adventure, which before were scattered as several ships, Mr.
Hackluyt hath embodied into a fleet, divided into three squadrons, so many
several volumes: a work of great honor to England; it being possible that
many ports and islands in America which, being bare and barren, bear only
a bare name for the present, may prove rich places for the future. And then
these voyages will be produced and pleaded, as good evidence of their belong-
ing to England, as first discovered and denominated by Englishmen. »
The work is invaluable: a storehouse of the facts of life, the habits
of thinking and doing, of the discoveries abroad of the Englishmen.
of the high seas in Elizabeth's day. The salt air of the northern
seas blows over Hakluyt's pages, as well as the hot simoom and baf-
fling winds. We run aground with the castaways, adventure in bar-
gaining with natives, and in company with the mariners lament the
casting overboard, to save our good bark, of three tons of spice. The
men of that day were seekers after a golden fleece, the Argonauts of


## p. 6809 (#189) ###########################################

RICHARD HAKLUYT
6809
the modern world, and their rough-hewn stories are untellable save
in their hardy vernacular. Some of them were traders, with now and
then the excitement of a skirmish or a freebooting expedition—a salt
to harden the too tender flesh of easy commerce. All were self-
gainers and all soldiers of fortune, and by the simplest facts the fore-
runners of the seventeenth-century buccaneers, and every sort of excess
and turpitude that name connotes.
After Hakluyt had completed his great work he edited a transla-
tion from the Portuguese, The Discoveries of the World' (1601), and
in 1609 published his own translation of De Soto's discoveries in
Florida. In this work, called 'Virginia Richly Valued,' he endeavored
to promote the interests of the infant settlement. Certain of his
manuscripts fell after his death into the hands of Samuel Purchas,
and were by him edited and included in his 'Pilgrimes' (1625-26).
"He paid his last debt to nature," says Antony à Wood, "23 Nov.
in sixteen hundred and sixteen, and was buried in the abbey church
of Westminster, dedicated to S. Peter, on the 26th of the same
month. "
The 'Particuler Discourse' was first printed from a contemporary
manuscript by Dr. Woods of Bowdoin College and Mr. Charles Dean of
Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1877. Dr. Woods had trace of the paper
while searching in England for historical documents in behalf of the
Historical Society of Maine. The copy from which he made his tran-
script was doubtless one of the four which Hakluyt prepared at the
time he presented this 'Discourse' to Queen Elizabeth. Its object
was evidently to gain Elizabeth's support for Raleigh's adventure,
which he had undertaken under a patent granted him in March 1584.
The paper is most curious and valuable, and from the point of view
of to-day seems to a degree prophetic. Besides proving that Hakluyt
had sagacity, penetrative insight, and an imagination that could seize
upon and construct in practical affairs, it is typical of the English
attitude through all centuries. A moral impulse is in Anglo-Saxon
blood. In whatever it undertakes, morality, or an admixture of moral-
ity and religion, is its potential incentive. The English, in all such
works as Hakluyt deals with, have started out with religion or a
moral question and ended with commerce.
Hakluyt's 'Principal Navigations and Voyages' were republished
in 1809-1812. 'The Voyages of the English Nation to America' were
edited by Mr. Edmund Goldsmid in 1889. The 'Particuler Discourse ›
appears in these latter volumes as well as in the publications of the
Maine Historical Society.


## p. 6810 (#190) ###########################################

6810
RICHARD HAKLUYT
EXPECTATIONS OF AMERICA
A PARTICULER
DISCOURSE CONCERNING THE GREATE NECESSITIE
AND
MANIFOLDE COMMODYTIES THAT ARE LIKE ΤΟ GROWE ΤΟ THIS
REALME OF ENGLANDE BY THE WESTERNE DISCOUERIES LATELY
ATTEMPTED, WRITTEN IN THE YERE 1584, BY RICHARDE HACKLUYT
OF OXFORDE, AT THE REQUESTE AND DIRECTION OF THE RIGHTE
WERSHIPFULL MR. WALTER RAYHLY, NOWE KNIGHT, BEFORE THE
COMYNGE HOME OF HIS TWOO BARKES.
Copyrighted by the Maine Historical Society and reprinted by its permission
EINGE that the people of that parte of America from
S
30. de-
grees in Florida northewarde unto 63. degrees (which ys yet
in no Christian princes actuall possession) are idolaters; and
that those which Stephen Gomes broughte from the coaste of
NORUMBEGA in the yere 1524. worshipped the sonne, the moone,
and the starres, and used other idolatrie,
it remayneth
to be thoroughly weyed and considered by what meanes and by
whome this moste godly and Christian work may be perfourmed
of inlarginge the glorious gospell of Christe.
Nowe the
Kinges and Queenes of England have the name of Defendours of
the Faithe. By which title I thinke they are not onely chardged
to mayneteyne and patronize the faithe of Christe, but also to
inlarge and advaunce the same. Neither oughte this to be their
laste worke, but rather the principall and chefe of all others,
accordinge to the commaundemente of our Saviour, Christe,
Mathewe 6, Ffirste seeke the kingdome of God and the right-
eousnes thereof, and all other thinges shalbe mynistred unto you.
Nowe the meanes to sende suche as shall labour effectually in
this busines ys, by plantinge one or twoo colonies of our nation
upon that fyrme, where they shall remaine in safetie, and firste
learne the language of the people nere adjoyninge (the gifte of
tongues being nowe taken awaye) and by little and little ac-
quainte themselves with their manner, and so with discretion and
myldenes distill into their purged myndes the swete and lively
liquor of the gospel.
Now therefore I truste the time
ys at hande when by her Majesties forwardnes in this enter-
prise, not only this objection and such like shalbe aunswered by
our frutefull labor in Godds harvest among the infidells, but also
many inconveniences and strifes amongest ourselves at home,
in matters of ceremonies, shalbe ended. For those of the cler-
gye which by reason of idlenes here at home are nowe alwayes
·


## p. 6811 (#191) ###########################################

RICHARD HAKLUYT
6811
coyninge of newe opynions, havinge by this voyadge to set them-
selves on worke in reducinge the savages to the chefe principles
of our faith, will become lesse contentious, and be contented with
the truthe in relligion alreadie established by authoritie.
So they
that shall beare the name of Christians shall shewe themselves
worthye of their vocation.
The nexte thinge ys that nowe I declare unto you the comod-
ities of this newe westerne discoverie, and what marchandize
are there to be had, and from thence to be expected; wherein
firste you are to have regarde unto the scituation of the places
which are left for us to be possessed. The contries therefore of
AMERICA whereunto we have just title, as beinge firste discovered
by Sebastian Gabote, at the coste of that prudente prince Kinge
Henry the Seaventh, from Florida northewarde to 67. degrees
(and not yet in any Chrestian princes actuall possession), beinge
aunswerable in clymate to Barbary, Egipt, Siria, Persia, Turky,
Greece, all the islandes of the Levant sea, Italie, Spaine, Portin-
gale, Fraunce, Flaunders, Highe Almayne, Denmarke, Estland,
Poland, and Muscovye, may presently or within a shorte space.
afforde unto us, for little or nothinge, and with moche more
safetie, eyther all or a greate parte of the comodities which the
aforesaid contries do yelde us at a very dere hande and with
manifolde daungers.
Firste, therefore, to begyn at the southe from 30.
degrees, and
to quote unto you the leafe and page of the printed voyadges of
those which personally have with diligence searched and viewed
these contries. John Ribault writeth thus, in the first leafe of
his discourse, extant in printe bothe in Frenche and Englishe:
Wee entred (saithe he) and viewed the contrie, which is the
fairest, frutefullest, and pleasauntest of all the worlde, abound-
inge in honye, waxe, venison, wild fowle, fforestes, woodds of all
sorts, palme trees, cipresses, cedars, bayes, the highest and great-
est, with also the fairest vines in all the worlde, with grapes
accordinge, which naturally withoute arte or mans helpe or trym-
mynge will growe to toppes of oakes and other trees that be of
wonderfull greatness and heighte. And the sighte of the faire
meadowes is a pleasure not able to be expressed with tongue,
full of herons, curlues, bitters, mallardes, egriphts, woodcocks,
and all other kinde of small birdes, with hartes, hinds, bucks,
wild swyne, and all other kynd of wilde beastes, as wee perceaved
well bothe by their footinge there, and also afterwardes in other'


## p. 6812 (#192) ###########################################

6812
RICHARD HAKLUYT
places by their crye and roaringe in the nighte. Also there be
conies and hares, silkewormes in marvelous nomber, a great deale
fairer and better than be our silkewormes. Againe, in the sixte
leafe and seconde page: They shewed unto us by signes that they
had in the lande golde and silver and copper, whereof wee have
broughte some home. Also leade like unto ours, which wee
shewed them. Also turqueses and greate aboundance of perles,
which as they declared unto us they tooke oute of oysters,
whereof there is taken ever alonge the rivers side and amongest
the reedes and in the marishes, in so marvelous aboundaunce as
it is scante credible. And wee have perceaved that there be
as many and as greate perles founde there as in any contrie in
the worlde. In the seaventh leafe it followeth thus: The scitua-
tion is under 30. degrees, a good clymate, healthfull, and of
goodd temperature, marvelous pleasaunt, the people goodd and of
a gentle and amyable nature, which willingly will obey, yea be
contented to serve those that shall with gentlenes and humanitie
goe aboute to allure them, as yt is necessarie for those that be
sente thither hereafter so to doe. In the eighth leafe: It is a
place wonderfull fertile and of strong scituation, the grounde
fatt, so that it is like that it would bringe forthe wheate and all
other corne twise a yere.
Verarsana, fallinge in the latitude of 34. degrees, describeth
the scituation and commodities in this manner: Beyonde this we
sawe the open contrie risinge in heighte above the sandie shoare,
with many faire feeldes and plaines full of mightie greate wooddes,
some very thicke and some very thynne, replenished with divers
sortes of trees, and pleasaunt and delectable to beholde as ys
possible to ymagine. And youre Majestie may not thinke that
these are like the wooddes of Hyrcinia, or the wilde desertes of
Tartaria, and the northerne coastes, full of fruteles trees; but
full of palme, date-trees, bayes, and highe cypresses, and many
other sortes of trees to us unknowen in Europe, which yelde
moste swete savours farr from the shoare; neyther doe wee
thincke that they, partakinge of the easte worlde rounde aboute
them, are altogether voyde of drugs and spicerye, and other
riches of golde, seinge the colour of the lande dothe altogether
argue yt. And the lande is full of many beastes, as redd dere,
fallowe dere, and hares, and likewise of lakes and pooles of
freshe water, with greate plentie of fowles convenient for all
pleasaunt game. This lande is in latitude 34. degrees with goodd


## p. 6813 (#193) ###########################################

RICHARD HAKLUYT
6813
and holesome ayre, temperate betwene hote and colde; no vehe-
ment windes doe blowe in these regions, &c. Againe, in the
fourthe leafe as it is in Englishe, speakinge of the nexte contrie,
he saithe: Wee sawe in this contrie many vines growinge nat-
urally, which springinge upp tooke holde of the trees as they
doe in Lombardye, which, if by husbandmen they were dressed in
goodd order, withoute all doubte they woulde yelde excellent
wynes; for havinge oftentymes seene the frute thereof dryed,
which was swete and pleasaunte and not differinge from oures,
wee thinke they doe esteme of the same, because that in every
place where they growe they take away the under braunches
growinge rounde aboute, that the frute thereof may ripen the
better. Wee founde also roses, violetts, lyllies, and many sortes
of herbes and swete and odoriferous flowers. And after, in the
sixte leafe, he saithe: Wee were oftentimes within the lande
V. or VI. leagues, which wee founde as pleasaunte as is possible
to declare, apte for any kinde of husbandrye of corne, wine, and
oile. For therein there are plaines 25. or 30. leagues broade,
open and withoute any impedymente of trees, of suche frute-
fulnes that any seede beinge sowen therein will bringe furthe
moste excellente frute. Wee entred afterwardes into the woodds,
which wee founde so greate and thicke that an armye (were it
never so greate) mighte have hydd it selfe therein, the trees.
whereof were oakes, cypresses, and other sortes unknowen in
Europe. Wee founde pomi appij, plomes, and nuttes, and many
other sortes of frutes to us unknowen. There are beastes in
greate aboundaunce, as redd dere and fallowe dere, leopardes and
other kindes, which they take with their bowes and arrowes,
which are their chefeste weapons. This land is scituate in the
parallele of Rome in 41. degrees and 2. terces. And towardes
the ende he saithe: Wee sawe many of the people weare earinges
of copper hanginge at their eares. Thus farr oute of the relation
of Verarsana.
This coaste, from Cape Briton C. C. [200] leagues to the
south west, was again discovered at the chardges of the cardi-
nall of Burbon by my frende Stephen Bellinger of Roan, the
laste yere, 1583. who founde a towne of fourscore houses, covered
with the barkes of trees, upon a rivers side, about C. leagues.
from the aforesaid Cape Briton. He reporteth that the contrie is
of the temperature of the coaste of Cascoigne and Guyañ. He
broughte home a kinde of mynerall matter supposed to holde


## p. 6814 (#194) ###########################################

6814
RICHARD HAKLUYT
silver, whereof he gave me some: a kynde of muske called
castor; divers beastes skynnes, as bevers, otters, marternes, lu-
cernes, seales, buffs, dere skynnes, all dressed, and painted on
the innerside with divers excellent colours, as redd, tawnye, yel-
lowe, and vermillyon,- all which thinges I sawe; and divers
other marchandize he hath which I saw not. But he tolde me
that he had CCCC. and xl. crownes for that in Roan, which,
in trifles bestowed upon the savages, stoode him not in fortie
crownes.
The nature and qualitie of thother parte of America from
Cape Briton, beinge in 46 degrees unto the latitude of 52. for iij
C. leagues within the lande even to Hochelaga, is notably de-
scribed in the twoo voyadges of Iacques Cartier. In the fifte
chapiter of his second relation thus he writeth: From the 19. till
the 28. of September wee sailed upp the ryver, never loosinge
one houre of tyme, all which space wee sawe as goodly a contrie
as possibly coulde be wisshed for, full of all sortes of goodly
trees; that is to say, oakes, elmes, walnut-trees, cedars, fyrres,
asshes, boxe, willoughes, and greate store of vynes, all as full
of grapes as coulde be, that if any of our fellowes wente on
shoare, they came home laden with them. There were likewise
many cranes, swannes, geese, mallardes, fesauntes, partridges,
thrusshes, black birdes, turtles, finches, reddbreastes, nightingales,
sparrowes, with other sortes of birdes even as in Fraunce, and
greate plentie and store. Againe in the xlth chapiter of the said
relation there ys mention of silver and golde to be upon a ryver
that is three monethes' saylinge, navigable southwarde from
Hoghelaga; and that redd copper is yn Saguynay. All that con-
trie is full of sondrie sortes of woodde and many vines. There
is great store of stagges, redd dere, fallowe dere, beares, and
other suche like sorts of beastes, as conies, hares, marterns, foxes,
otters, bevers, squirrells, badgers, and rattes exceedinge greate,
and divers other sortes of beastes for huntinge. There are also
many sortes of fowles as cranes, swannes, outardes, wilde geese
white and graye, duckes, thrusshes, black birdes, turtles, wild
pigeons, lynnetts, finches, redd breastes, stares, nightingales, spar-
rowes, and other birdes even as in Fraunce. Also, as wee have
said before, the said ryver is the plentifullest of fyshe that ever
hath bene seene or hearde of, because that from the heade to
the mouthe of yt you shall finde all kinde of freshe and salte
water fyshe accordinge to their season. There are also many
·


## p. 6815 (#195) ###########################################

RICHARD HAKLUYT
6815
whales, porposes, sea horses, and adhothuis, which is a kinde of
fishe which wee have never seene nor hearde of before. And in
the x11th chapiter thus: Wee understoode of Donaconna and
others that
there are people cladd with clothe as wee
are, very honest, and many inhabited townes, and that they had
greate store of golde and redd copper; and that within the land
beyonde the said firste ryver unto Hochelaga and Saguynay, ys an
iland envyroned rounde aboute with that and other ryvers, and
that there is a sea of freshe water founde, and as they have
hearde say of those of uynay, there was never man hearde of
that founde out the begynnynge and ende thereof. Finally, in
the postcripte of the seconde relation, wee reade these wordes:
They of Canada saye, that it is a moones sailinge to goe to a
lande where cynamonde and cloves are gathered.
Thus having alleaged many printed testymonies of these cred-
ible persons, which were personally betwene 30. and 63. degrees
in America, as well on the coaste as within the lande, which
affirmed unto the princes and kinges which sett them oute that
they found there,
I may well and truly conclude with
reason and authoritie, that all the comodities of all our olde
decayed and daungerous trades in all Europe, Africa, and Asia
haunted by us, may in shorte space for little or nothinge, and
many for the very workmanshippe, in a manner be had in that
part of America which lieth between 30. and 60. degrees of
northerly latitude, if by our slacknes we suffer not the Frenche
or others to prevente us.
CAP. IV.
That this enterprize will be for the manifolde ymployment of
nombers of idle men, and for bredinge of many sufficient, and for
utteraunce of the great quantitie of the comodities of our realme.
It is well worthe the observation to see and consider what the
like voyadges of discoverye and plantinge in the Easte and Weste
Indies hath wroughte in the kingdomes of Portingale and Spayne;
bothe which realmes, beinge of themselves poore and barren and
hardly able to susteine their inhabitaunts, by their discoveries
have founde suche occasion of employmente, that these many
yeres we have not herde scarcely of any pirate of those twoo
nations; whereas wee and the Frenche are moste infamous for
our outeragious, common, and daily piracies. Againe, when hearde
wee almoste of one theefe amongest them? The reason is, that


## p. 6816 (#196) ###########################################

6816
RICHARD HAKLUYT
by these their newe discoveries, they have so many honest wayes
to set them on worke, as they rather wante men than meanes to
ymploye them. But wee, for all the statutes that hitherto can be
devised, and the sharpe execution of the same in poonishinge idle
lazye persons, for wante of sufficient occasion of honest employ-
mente cannot deliver our commonwealthe from multitudes of
loyterers and idle vagabondes. Truthe it is that throughe our
longe peace and seldome sicknes (twoo singuler blessinges of Al-
mightie God) wee are growen more populous than ever hereto-
fore; so that nowe there are of every arte and science so many
that they can hardly lyve one by another, nay rather they are
readie to eate uppe one another; yea many thousandes of idle
persons are within this realme, which, havinge no way to be sett
on worke, be either mutinous or seeke alteration in the State, or
at leaste very burdensome to the commonwealth, and often fall
to pilferinge and thevinge and other lewdnes, whereby all the
prisons of the lande are daily pestred and stuffed full of them,
where either they pitifully pyne awaye or els at length are mis-
erably hanged, even xxti at a clappe oute of some one jayle.
Whereas yf this voyadge were put in execution, these pety theves
mighte be condempned for certein yeres in the westerne partes,
especially in Newefounde lande, in sawinge and fellinge of tym-
ber for mastes of shippes, and deale boordes; in burninge of the
firres and pine-trees to make pitche, tarr, rosen, and sope ashes·
in beatinge and workinge of hempe for cordage; and in the more
southerne partes, in settinge them to worke in mynes of golde,
silver, copper, leade, and yron; in dragginge for perles and cur-
rall; in plantinge of suger canes, as the Portingales have done in
Madera; in mayneteynaunce and increasinge of silke wormes for
silke, and in dressinge the same; in gatheringe up cotten whereof
there is plentie; in tillinge of the soile there for graine; in dress-
inge of vines whereof there is greate aboundaunce for wyne;
olyves, whereof the soile ys capable, for oyle; trees for oranges,
lymons, almondes, figges and other frutes, all which are founde
to growe there already; in sowinge of woade and madder for
diers, as the Portingales have don in the Azores; in dressinge of
raw hides of divers kindes of beastes; in makinge and gatheringe
of salte, as in Rochel and Bayon, which may serve for the newe
lande fisshinge; in killinge the whale, seale, porpose, and whirle-
poole for trayne oile; in fisshinge, saltinge, and dryenge of linge,
codde, salmon, herringe; in makinge and gatheringe of hony,


## p. 6817 (#197) ###########################################

RICHARD HAKLUYT
6817
waxe, turpentine; in hewinge and shapinge of stone, as marble,
jeate, christall, freestone, which will be goodd ballaste for our
shippes homewardes, and after serve for noble buildinges; in
makinge of caskes, oares, and all other manner of staves; in
buildinge of fortes, townes, churches; in powdringe and barrel-
linge of fishe, fowles, and fleshe, which will be notable provision
for sea and land; in dryenge, sortinge, and packinge of fethers,
whereof may be had there marvelous greate quantitie.
Besides this, such as by any kinde of infirmitie can not passe
the seas thither, and nowe are chardgeable to the realme at home,
by this voyadge shalbe made profitable members, by employinge
them in England in makinge of a thousande triflinge thinges,
which will be very goodd marchandize for those contries where
wee shall have moste ample vente thereof.
And seinge the savages of the Graunde Baye, and all alonge
the mightie ryver ronneth upp to Canada and Hochelaga, are
greately delighted with any cappe or garment made of course
wollen clothe, their contrie beinge colde and sharpe in the winter,
yt is manifeste wee shall finde greate utteraunce of our clothes,
especially of our coursest and basest northerne doosens, and our
Irishe and Welshe frizes and rugges; whereby all occupations
belonginge to clothinge and knittinge shalbe freshly sett on
worke, as cappers, knitters, clothiers, wollmen, carders, spynners,
weavers, fullers, sheremen, dyers, drapers, hatters, and such like,
whereby many decayed townes may be repaired.
In somme, this enterprice will mynister matter for all sortes
and states of men to worke upon; namely, all severall kindes of
artificers, husbandmen, seamen, merchaunts, souldiers, capitaines,
phisitions, lawyers, devines, cosmographers, hidrographers, astrono-
mers, historiographers; yea, olde folkes, lame persons, women, and
younge children, by many meanes which hereby shall still be
mynistred unto them, shalbe kepte from idlenes, and be made
able by their owne honest and easie labour to finde themselves,
withoute surchardginge others.
Whatsoever clothe wee shall vente on the tracte of that firme,
or in the ilands of the same, or in other landes, ilandes, and ter-
ritories beyonde, be they within the circle articke or withoute, all
these clothes, I say, are to passe oute of this realme full wroughte
by our naturall subjectes in all degrees of labour. And if it come
aboute in tyme that wee shall vente that masse there that wee
vented in the Base Contries, which is hoped by greate reason,
XII-427


## p. 6818 (#198) ###########################################

6818
RICHARD HAKLUYT
then shall all that clothe passe oute of this realme in all degrees
of labour full wroughte by the poore naturall subjectes of this
realme, like as the quantitie of our clothe dothe passe that goeth
hence to Russia, Barbarie, Turkye, Persia, &c. And then conse-
quently it followeth, that the like nomber of people alleaged to
the Emperour shal be sett on worke in England of our poore
subjectes more then hath bene; and so her Majestie shall not be
troubled with the pitefull outecryes of cappers, knytters, spyn-
ners, &c.
And on the other side wee are to note, that all the comodities
wee shall bringe thence, we shall not bringe them wroughte,
as wee bringe now the comodities of Fraunce and Flaunders,
&c. , but shall receave them all substaunces unwroughte, to the
ymploymente of a wonderfull multitude of the poore subjectes
of this realme in returne. And so to conclude, what in the nom-
ber of thinges to goe oute wroughte, and to come in unwroughte,
there nede not one poore creature to steale, to starve, or to begge,
as they doe.
And to answer objections: where fooles for the swarminge of
beggars alleage that the realme is too populous, Salomon saieth
that the honour and strengthe of a prince consisteth in the mul-
titude of the people. And if this come aboute, that worke may
be had for the multitude, where the realme hath nowe one thou-
sande for the defence thereof, the same may have fyve thousande.
For when people knowe howe to live, and howe to mayneteyne
and feede their wyves and children, they will not abstaine from
mariage as nowe they doe. And the soile thus aboundinge with
corne, fleshe, mylke, butter, cheese, herbes, rootes, and frutes,
&c. , and the seas that envyron the same so infynitely aboundinge
in fishe, I dare truly affirme, that if the nomber in this realme
were as greate as all Spaine and Ffraunce have, the people be-
inge industrous, I say, there shoulde be founde victualls ynoughe
at the full in all bounty to suffice them all. And takinge order
to cary hence thither our clothes made in hose, coates, clokes,
whoodes, &c. , and to returne thither hides of their owne beastes,
tanned and turned into shoes and bootes, and other skynnes of
goates, whereof they have store, into gloves, &c. , no doubte but
wee shall sett on worke in this realme, besides sailers and suche
as shalbe seated there in those westerne discovered contries, at
the leaste C. M. subjectes, to the greate abatinge of the goodd
estate of subjectes of forreine princes, enemies, or doubtfull


## p. 6819 (#199) ###########################################

RICHARD HAKLUYT
6819
frends, and this absque injuria, as the lawyers say, albeit not
sine damno.
CHAP. XV. That spedie plantinge in divers fitt places is moste necessarie
upon these laste luckye westerne discoveries, for feare of the danger
of beinge prevented by other nations which have the like intention,
with the order thereof, and other reasons therewithall alleaged.
HAVINGE by God's goodd guidinge and mercifull direction
atchieved happily this presente westerne discoverye, after the
seekinge the advauncement of the kingedome of Christe, the
seconde chefe and principall ende of the same is traficque, which
consisteth in the vente of the masse of our clothes and other
comodities of England, and in receaving backe of the nedefull
comodities that wee nowe receave from all other places of the
worlde. But forasmoche as this is a matter of greate ymport-
aunce and a thinge of so greate gaine as forren princes will
stomacke at, this one thinge is to be don withoute which it were
in vaine to goe aboute this; and that is, the matter of plantinge
and fortificacion, withoute due consideracion whereof in vaine
were it to think of the former. And therefore upon the firste
said viewe taken by the shippes that are to be sente thither, wee
are to plante upon the mouthes of the greate navigable rivers
which are there, by stronge order of fortification, and there to
plante our colonies. And so beinge firste setled in strengthe
with men, armour, munition, and havinge our navy within our
bayes, havens, and roades, wee shall be able to lett the entraunce
of all subjectes of forren princes, and so with our freshe powers
to encounter their shippes at the sea, and to renewe the same
with freshe men, as the sooden feightes shall require; and by
our fortes shalbe able to hold faste our firste footinge, and
readily to annoye such weary power of any other that shall seke
to arryve; and shalbe able with out navye to sende advertise-
mente into England upon every sooden whatsoever shall happen.
And these fortifications shall kepe the naturall people of the
contrye in obedience and goodd order. And these fortes at the
mouthes of those greate portable and navigable ryvers may at
all tymes sende upp their shippes, barkes, barges, and boates
into the inland with all the comodities of England, and returne
unto the said fortes all the comodities of the inlandes that wee
shall receave in exchange, and thence at pleasure convey the
same into England. And thus settled in those fortes, yf the


## p. 6820 (#200) ###########################################

6820
RICHARD HAKLUYT
nexte neighboures shall attempte any annoye to our people wee
are kepte safe by our fortes; and wee may, upon violence and
wronge offred by them, ronne upon the rivers with our shippes,
pynnesses, barkes, and boates, and enter into league with the
petite princes their neighboures, that have alwayes lightly warres
one with an other, and so entringe league nowe with the one
and then with the other, wee shall purchase our owne safetie, and
make our selves lordes of the whole.
Contrarywise, withoute this plantinge in due time, wee shall
never be able to have full knowledge of the language, manners,
and customes of the people of those regions, neither shall wee
be able thoroughly to knowe the riches and comodities of the
inlandes, with many other secretes whereof as yet wee have but
a small taste. And althoughe by other meanes we might attaine
to the knowedge thereof, yet beinge not there fortified and
strongly seated, the French that swarme with multitude of peo-
ple, or other nations, mighte secretly fortifie and settle them-
selves before us, hearinge of the benefite that is to be reaped of
that voyadge: and so wee shoulde beate the bushe and other
men take the birdes; wee shoulde be at the chardge and travell
and other men reape the gaine.
Yf wee doe procras-
tinate the plantinge (and where our men have nowe presently
discovered, and founde it to be the beste parte of America that
is lefte, and in truthe more agreeable to our natures, and more
nere unto us, than Nova Hispania), the Frenche, the Normans,
the Brytons, or the Duche, or some other nation, will not onely
prevente us of the mightie Baye of St. Lawrence, where they
have gotten the starte of us already, thoughe wee had the same
revealed to us by bookes published and printed in Englishe before
them, but also will depriue us of that goodd lande which nowe
wee have discovered.
God, which doth all thinges in his due time, and hath in his
hande the hertes of all Princes, stirr upp the mynde of her
Majestie at lengthe to assiste her moste willinge and forwarde
subjectes to the perfourmaunce of this moste godly and profit-
able action; which was begonne at the chardges of Kinge Henry
the viith her grandfather, followed by Kinge Henry the Eighte,
her father, and lefte as it semeth to be accomplished by her
(as the three yeres golden voyadge to Ophir was by Salomon), to
the makinge of her realme and subjectes moste happy, and her
selfe moste famous to all posteritie. Amen.


## p. 6821 (#201) ###########################################

6821
EDWARD EVERETT HALE
(1822-)
HE city of Boston has been long remarkable for its distin-
guished figures in science, politics, and affairs, in art and lit-
erature- and particularly in the walk of letters. Edward
Everett Hale is one of these figures.
Dr. Hale's long and still productive life has been one of great and
varied usefulness. The religious, philanthropic, civic, and literary
circles of his community have felt for many years the impact of his
vigorous personality, and his reputation as preacher and writer has
become national. His family is a noted one:
his father was Nathan Hale, first editor of
the Boston Daily Advertiser,-Nathan Hale
the martyr. being of the same line, - while
several of the immediate kin of Edward
Hale find places in American biography.
Born in Boston, April 3d, 1822, Edward
Everett Hale was educated at the famous
Latin School, then at Harvard, of which he
is one of the most noteworthy sons. Hale
read theology and was licensed to preach
by the Boston Association of Congregational
Ministers, his first regular settlement being
in Worcester, where he was pastor of the EDWARD EVERETT HALE
Church of the Unity from 1846 to 1856.
Thence he went to the Boston Unitarian society known as the South
Congregational Church, and for more than forty years has been its
active head.
ZOG

As a clergyman Dr. Hale has shown rare qualities as preacher and
organizer. His theology has been of the advanced liberal type, his
teaching emphasizing good works. His earnest, helpful efforts in the
broadest humanitarian undertakings have gone far outside the con-
ventional limits of his calling, making him more widely known as a
public man. Both by direct personal endeavor and through the influ-
ence of his writings he has been instrumental in founding many
societies for beneficent work of all kinds, of which the Harry Wads-
worth Clubs and the Look-Up Legion, with members by the tens of
thousands in different lands, are examples. He has kept closely in


## p. 6822 (#202) ###########################################

6822
EDWARD EVERETT HALE
touch with his Alma Mater at Cambridge, serving it as member of
the board of overseers and as president of the Phi Beta Kappa
Society. The degree of S. T. D. was conferred upon him by Harvard
in 1879.
His journalistic enterprises have been too many for enumeration
here. He began early, setting type in his father's office as a lad and
showing himself a diligent scribbler. Perhaps his best known edito-
rial connections have been with the magazine Old and New, started
under Unitarian auspices with the idea of giving literary expression
to liberal Christianity, and afterwards merged in Scribner's Monthly;
and Lend A Hand, a sort of record of organized charity, founded in
1886.
Few writing clergymen have been so voluminous as Dr. Hale; few
so successful. In addition to the long list of his magazine papers and
articles of every sort, his books number upwards of fifty titles. As is
inevitable in one who is so prolific, throwing off literary work with a
running pen,-often with a practical rather than an artistic aim,-
much of his writing is occasional in motive and ephemeral in char-
acter. It includes histories, essays, novels, poems, and short stories;
and the average quality, considering the variety and extent of the
performance and the fact that with Dr. Hale literature is an avoca-
tion, an aside from his main business in life, is decidedly high. The
short story is the literary form in which he has best expressed his
gift and character. One of his stories, The Man Without a Coun-
try,' is a little American classic. Others, such as 'My Double and
How he Undid Me' and 'The Skeleton in the Closet,' have also won
permanent popularity. They were written a generation ago, when the
short story was not the familiar form it has since become; so that in
addition to their merit, they are of interest as early ventures in the
tale distinguished from the full-length novel.
'The Man Without a Country,' selections from which follow, well
represents Dr. Hale's characteristics. Its manner has ease, felicity,
and good breeding. The narrative runs along in such an honest,
straightforward way, there is such an air of verisimilitude, that the
reader is half inclined to accept it all as history; although the idea
of a United States naval officer kept a prisoner at sea for a long life-
time and never permitted to hear or know of his native land, is
hardly more credible than the idea of the Flying Dutchman' or the
'Wandering Jew. ' Yet when the tale appeared the writer received
letters of inquiry, indicating that the fiction was taken in sober ear-
nest; and in a later edition he stated in an appendix that it lacked
all foundation in fact. But over and above its literary fascination,
"The Man Without a Country' is surcharged with ethical significance.
It is a beautiful allegory, showing the dire results of a momentary


## p. 6823 (#203) ###########################################

EDWARD EVERETT HALE
6823
and heedless lapse from patriotism, and so preaching love of country.
It develops a lively sense of what it is to have a flag to fight for, a
land to love. This lesson is conveyed with power and pathos; and
the story's instant and continued acceptance is testimony, were any
needed, that Americans felt the appeal while enjoying the lovely.
fiction for its own sake. Such work, on the moral side, is typical of
Dr. Hale. He cannot write without a spiritual or moral purpose.
his literature is didactic, it is not dull; and hence, doing good, it also
justifies itself as art.
If
PHILIP NOLAN
From The Man Without a Country. ' Copyrighted; reprinted by permission
of Dr. Hale and J. S. Smith & Co. , publishers, Boston
PHIL
HILIP NOLAN was as fine a young officer as there was in the
"Legion of the West," as the Western division of our army
was then called. When Aaron Burr made his first dashing
expedition down to New Orleans in 1805 at Fort Massac, or
somewhere above on the river, he met, as the Devil would have
it, this gay, dashing, bright young fellow,-at some dinner-party,
I think. Burr marked him, talked to him, walked with him, took
him a day or two's voyage in his flatboat, and in short fasci-
nated him. For the next year, barrack life was very tame to poor
Nolan. He occasionally availed himself of the permission the
great man had given him to write to him. Long, high-worded,
stilted letters the poor boy wrote and rewrote and copied. But
never a line did he have in reply from the gay deceiver. The
other boys in the garrison sneered at him, because he sacrificed
in this unrequited affection for a politician the time which they
devoted to Monongahela, hazard, and high-low-Jack. Bourbon,
euchre, and poker were still unknown.
But one day Nolan had his revenge. This time Burr came
down the river, not as an attorney seeking a place for his office,
but as a distinguished conqueror. He had defeated I know not
how many district attorneys; he had dined at I know not how
many public dinners; he had been heralded in I know not how
many Weekly Arguses, and it was rumored that he had an army
behind him and an empire before him. It was a great day-
his arrival -to poor Nolan. Burr had not been at the fort an
hour before he sent for him. That evening he asked Nolan to take
him out in his skiff, to show him a cane-brake or a cotton-wood


## p. 6824 (#204) ###########################################

6824
EDWARD EVERETT HALE
tree, as he said, really to seduce him; and by the time the
sail was over, Nolan was enlisted body and soul. From that
time, though he did not yet know it, he lived as A Man With-
out a Country.
What Burr meant to do I know no more than you, dear
reader. It is none of our business just now. Only, when the
grand catastrophe came, and Jefferson and the house of Vir-
ginia of that day undertook to break on the wheel all the possi-
ble Clarences of the then house of York by the great treason
trial at Richmond, some of the lesser fry in that distant Missis-
sippi Valley, which was farther from us than Puget's Sound is
to-day, introduced the like novelty on their provincial stage; and
to while away the monotony of the summer at Fort Adams, got
up, for spectacles, a string of court-martials on the officers there.
One and another of the colonels and majors were tried, and to
fill out the list, little Nolan; against whom, Heaven knows there
was evidence enough,—that he was sick of the service, had been
willing to be false to it, and would have obeyed any order to
march anywhither with any one who would follow him, had the
order been signed "By command of His Exc. A. Burr. " The
courts dragged on. The big flies escaped,—rightly, for all I
know. Nolan was proved guilty enough, as I say; yet you and
I would never have heard of him, reader, but that when the
president of the court asked him at the close whether he wished
to say anything to show that he had always been faithful to the
United States, he cried out in a fit of frenzy:—
"Damn the United States! I wish I may never hear of the
United States again! "
I suppose he did not know how the words shocked old Colonel
Morgan, who was holding the court.