The
interior
of the penis coming thus to view would be equiva- lent to the emerging lead of graphite.
Kittler-Gramophone-Film-Typewriter
4.
Lindau 1906, 76.
Ibid. , 19?
Ibid. , 2L
Schreber I903iI973, 95; see also 208-IO.
Lindau 1906, 58. 148. Ibid. , 34-35; see also 57? Ibid. , 27. 150. Ibid. , 83.
Ibid. , 47.
Wagner I882iI986, 851-52, 854-55.
1 5 3 . Lindau 1906, 22.
154. Bergson I907iI9II, 306; see also 2-3.
155. Ibid. , 331-32.
156. H. Miinsterberg I9I6ir970, 26.
157. Ibid. , 30.
1 58 . See ibid. , 22, and, on the Miinsterberg-Lindsay connection, Monaco
I977, 298-30L
1 59.
160.
162.
164.
166.
168. Specht (1922, 212-13) calls Leutnant Gustl's inner monologue "fabu-
lous, stupendous, almost uncanny in its truth and power as well as in the vision of a writer who appears to be able to unlock the secret of every human soul"-sim- ply because in this monologue, "the film of words and the phonography of the soul are one and the same. "
169. Meyrink I9I5ir928, 22.
1 70. Ibid. , 5-7.
I7L Balazs 1930, 120. Meyrink, by contrast, knows that essences made of
associations result not from the spirit but from brain functions. Pernath, the pro- tagonist of the framed narrative that evolves as a flow of association or doppel- ganger of the framing I, follows all the patterns of psychophysics when he recog- nizes himself in a "cat gone mad" (eine Katze mit verletzter Gehirnhalfte; 49), and he follows all the patterns of aphasia research when he recognizes the Golem (the exponential doppelganger) precisely in that brain injury: "all these problems had suddenly achieved their terrible solution: I had been mad, and treated by hypnosis. They had locked up a room [the Golem's] that communicated with certain cham- bers in my brain; they had made me into an exile in the midst of the life that sur- rounded me" (Meyrink 191 5ir928, 5 I; see also 19, 21-22, 25-26). [Eine Katze mit verletzter Gehirnhalfte: lit. , "a cat with an injured brain hemisphere. "-Trans. ]
172. H. Miinsterberg I9I6iI970, 15.
173 . Hardenberg (Novalis) I 802ir964, 9 I . 1 74. Ibid? , 90-9L
175. Ibid. , 17.
H. Miinsterberg 1916/1970, 74.
? Ibid. Ibid. , 3 6. Ibid. , 40. Ibid. , 44.
16L Ibid. , 3 L
163 . Ibid. , 37-3 8 . 165. Ibid. , 4L
167. Balazs 1930, 5 L
? 1 7 6. 177. 178. 179? 180. 1 8 1 .
Notes to Pages I67-82 289
H. Munsterberg I9 I6ir970, 1 5 .
Freud, Interpretation ofDreams (1899), in idem 1962, 5: 536.
Lacan I975ir988a, 123.
Ibid. , 140, 125.
See Zglinicki 1956, 338.
See ibid. , 43-44. The parallel between Messter and Lacan was discov-
ered by Lorenz (1985, 209-II). 182. Lacan 1975, 76.
183. 1 84. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194? 195. 196. 19 7.
198. Hesse I927ir957, 210-13.
See Lacan I975/I988a: 140-41.
See Lacan 1966, 680.
Edison, quoted in Monaco 1977, 56. Pinthus I914ir963, 9.
Ibid. , 9-10.
Bloem 1922, 36.
H. Munsterberg I9I6ir970, 87-88.
Balazs 1930, 142.
Pamphlet (1929), reproduced in Greve et al. 1976, 387. Bloem 1922, 25.
A. Braun, "H6rspiel" (1929), in Bredow 1950, 149. Bronnen 1927, 48.
Ibid. , 109.
Ibid. , II6.
Ibid. , 1 30-3 1 . Similar couplings linked gramophone and typewriter. Kracauer (I930ir97I-79, I: 228) describes an industrial training course using gramophone rhythms to make stenographers achieve record performances.
199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206.
Mann, I928ir933 : 266.
For details, see Fischer and Kittler 1978, 29-37.
See Mann I924ir927, 108.
Ibid. , 801 .
See ibid. , 854-57.
See the brilliant analysis in Matt 1978, 82-100.
Goethe I809ir965-72, 2: 474.
Mann I924ir927, 401 . For an observant analysis of writing and media
in The Magic Mountain, see Kudszus 1974.
207? Mann I924ir927, 168-69.
208. Braune, 1929,inKaes 1983, 352-53. Thereverselinkoffilmandread-
ing has also been claimed, albeit with a dandy's flightiness. "She reads at such a pace," a queen complains about her reader in a novella, "and when I asked her where she had learnt to read so quickly she replied 'In the screens at Cinemas'" (Firbank 1923/1949, 128).
209. See the poem "Brise Marine" in Mallarme 1945, 38.
210. Bloem 1922, 43-44.
2 1 1 . The difficulties involved in this distinction are articulated by one of
Ewers's heroes, who, for purposes of scientific experimentation, looks for and finds a whore: "It had to be the one, he thought, who belongs here and nowhere
? ? 290 Notes to Pages I82-90
else. Not one of those who ended up here [in the brothel] by some fluke. Who could just as well have become little ladies, workers, maids, typists, or even tele- phone operators" (Ewers I9II, IOI).
212. Bliven 1954, 3.
TYPEWRITER
I . Bliven 1974, 7 2 . Other languages experienced terminological problems. In French, the typewriter was initially called "typographe, piano a ecrire, clavecin a ecrire, pantographe, plume typographique" (B. Muller 1975, 169), as well as "dactylographe. "
2. Heidegger I942-431I992, 86.
3. See Cockburn 198I.
4 - See Van Creveld 198 5 , 103-4.
5. See pp. 65-67 in this volume; on Goethe's dictations, see Ronell 1986,
63-19 1 .
6. Goethe, November 24, 1809, cited in Riemer I84I1I92I, 313.
7? Schlegel I7991I958, 8: 42.
8. Freud, Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, 19I5-16, in idem
1962, IS: ISS? See also Giese 1914, 528, on "Sexual Models for Simple Inven- tions " (Sexualvorbilder bei einfachen Erfindungen ) : "In 1 5 6 5 , Konrad Gesner de- scribes an actual lead or, more properly, graphite pencil enclosed in a gliding, wooden casing. . . . The model that would come to mind is the retracting foreskin during erection.
The interior of the penis coming thus to view would be equiva- lent to the emerging lead of graphite. Even the fountain pen of a more recent date might well be a reconstruction of the construction above . "
9. "Schreiben" 1889,863ff. Thoseinsearchofsexualmodelscapitulateina corresponding way: "In the 'modern' technology of our time psychoanalysis may well appear out of place" (Giese 1914, 524).
IO. See Bliven 1954, 56. II. See Stumpel 1985, 9. 12. Bliven 1954, 72. 1 3 . Burghagen 1 898, 9.
14? British Patent 395, January 7, 1714, quoted in Eye 1958, 12. IS. C. Muller 1823, II. 16. Ibid. , 16.
17. Kuf5maul 1881, 5. 18. Ibid. , I26.
19? C. Muller 1823, 5.
20. See Eye 1958, 13-17, as well as Tschudin 1983, 5ff. The link between
neurophysiology and media technology is most visible with Thurber, whose type- writer was supposed to help not only the blind but also "people with nervous dis- orders who could not guide the quill" (Stumpe! 1985, I2).
21. Journal ofArts and Sciences, 1823, cited in Brauner 1925, 4. 22. Burghagen 1 898, 20.
23? Bliven 1954, 35?
24. See, for example, Grashey 1885, 688.
2 5 ? Salthouse 1984, 94-96.
? Notes to Pages I90-98 29I
26. See Granichstaedten-Czerva 1924, 3 5 . Significantly, m 8, which is sup- posed to carry proof of this charge, does not point to any evidence.
27. Zeidler 1983, 96. Correspondingly, the standardization of the compo- nent parts of typewriters took place "during the time of the First World War" (Eye 1958, 75)'
28. Bliven 1954, 56.
29. Burghagen 1898, 3I.
30. Ibid. Typing-speedrecordsintheUnitedStates,bycontrast,wereupto
fifteen letters per second (Klockenberg 1926, 10).
3 1 . DPA ( German press agency) news release, June I , 198 5 .
3 2.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37. SeeWedel1962,114-17. However,seealsoPynchon1973,529:"It[the
Cocteau 1979, 62.
See, for example, Cocteau I94Iir946-s r , 8: 40. Ibid. , 63?
Ibid. , 181.
Ibid. , 16.
V2] was half bullet, half arrow. It demanded this, we didn't. So. Perhaps you used a rifle, a radio, a typewriter. Some typewriters in Whitehall, in the Pentagon, killed more civilians than our little A4 could have ever hoped to. "
38. Twain, March 1875, quoted in Bliven 1954, 62.
39. Sales figures (in thousands) yield the curve shown in Stiimpel 1985, 12. [Beginning with 0 in 1 879, the graph shows a precipitous increase: IO,OOO units by 1874, 30,000 by 1887, and 65,000 by I890. -Trans. ]
40. Current 1954, 54?
42. See Eye 1958, 78.
44. Richards 1964, I.
46. Schwabe 1902, 6. Compare Burghagen 1 898, 29: "Youths and female of-
fice assistants can also, without any training, be put to productive use at the type- writer for all types of business and administrative correspondence . " See also Weckerle 1925, 3 2 : " We have grown as accustomed to the typewriter as the sewing machine. And yet it has only been a few decades since a 'fine hand' was the best recommendation for a trade apprentice. Today, handwriting in a trading firm is virtually outdated and is at best limited to bookkeeping. "
47? Schwabe 1902, 7?
48. For evidence on the social stratification of typists, see Witsch 193 2, 54. 49. Meyer and Silbermann 1895, 264.
50. Valery I944ir957-60, 2: 301.
5 1 . Spinner quoted in Eye 1958, 54.
52. See Eye 1958, 78. Von Budde's division ofthe General Staff, however, is
shamelessly described as "a large railroad corporation. " 53. For details, see Siegert 1986, 181-88.
54. L. Braun 1901, 197.
55. Schwabe 1902, 21.
5 6. Zeitschrift fur weibliche Handelsgehilfen, 19 1 8 , quoted in Nienhaus 1982, 46. Stalin integrated Hindenburg's wholesome principle into the constitu- tion of the Soviet Union in 193 6.
41. See Bliven 1954, 71. 43. Krukenberg 1906, 38. 45? See Baumann 1985, 96.
292 Notes to Pages I98-208
57? Heidegger I93 5/r959, 3 5?
58. Heidegger, I942-43/r992, 80-81, 85-86.
59. Nietzsche, letter toward the end of February 1 8 8 2, in idem 1975-84,
pt. 3, I: 172.
60. Dr. Eiser,1877,quotedinFuchs1978,632.
61. Ibid. , 633.
62. After an observation by Martin Stingelin of Basel.
63. Nietzsche, letter of November 5, 1 879, in idem 1975-84, pt. 2, 5: 461. 64. Nietzsche, letter of August 14, 1882, in idem 1975-84, pt. 2, 5: 435. 65. Nietzsche, letter of August 14, 1882, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, I: II3? 66. Nietzsche, letter of December 5, 1881, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, I: 146. 67. Burghagen 1 898, 6.
68. Apparently infected, Nietzsche's biographer corrects his hero (saying
that "the typewriter was 'invented,' that is, developed, 10 years earlier [sic] in America"). To top it off, he even writes "Hansun" instead of "Hansen" (Janz 1978-79, 2: 81, 95).
69. The following data are taken from Nyrop 1938.
70. Burghagen 1898, 6.
71. SeeStumpel1985,22. TherewereevenwritingballswithaMorse-code
hookup (Brauner 1925, 35-36).
72. Burghagen1898,120. Alsoseethephotographonp. 204ofthisvolume. 73? See Martin 1949, 571. 74. Stumpel 1985, 8.
75. McLuhan 1964, 260. 76. Bliven 1954, 132.
77. Nietzsche, letter of August 20-21, 1881, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, I: II7.
78. Burghagen 1 898, 120 (referring to Mailing Hansen's typewriter).
79. Nietzsche, letter of August 20-21, 1881, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, I: II7.
80. Berliner Tageblatt, March 1882.
81. See Nietzsche, letter ofMarch 17, 1882, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, I: 180.
"I enjoyed a report of the Berliner Tageblatt about my existence in Genoa-even the typewriter was mentioned. " The mechanized philosopher clipped the news item.
82. Nietzsche, Ecce Homo, 1908, in idem 1967, 287. 83 . See, for example, Eye 1958, 20.
84. Beyerlen quoted in Herbertz 1909, 559.
85? Beyerlen 1909, 362.
86. Swift 1904, 299, 300, 302.
Ibid. , 19?
Ibid. , 2L
Schreber I903iI973, 95; see also 208-IO.
Lindau 1906, 58. 148. Ibid. , 34-35; see also 57? Ibid. , 27. 150. Ibid. , 83.
Ibid. , 47.
Wagner I882iI986, 851-52, 854-55.
1 5 3 . Lindau 1906, 22.
154. Bergson I907iI9II, 306; see also 2-3.
155. Ibid. , 331-32.
156. H. Miinsterberg I9I6ir970, 26.
157. Ibid. , 30.
1 58 . See ibid. , 22, and, on the Miinsterberg-Lindsay connection, Monaco
I977, 298-30L
1 59.
160.
162.
164.
166.
168. Specht (1922, 212-13) calls Leutnant Gustl's inner monologue "fabu-
lous, stupendous, almost uncanny in its truth and power as well as in the vision of a writer who appears to be able to unlock the secret of every human soul"-sim- ply because in this monologue, "the film of words and the phonography of the soul are one and the same. "
169. Meyrink I9I5ir928, 22.
1 70. Ibid. , 5-7.
I7L Balazs 1930, 120. Meyrink, by contrast, knows that essences made of
associations result not from the spirit but from brain functions. Pernath, the pro- tagonist of the framed narrative that evolves as a flow of association or doppel- ganger of the framing I, follows all the patterns of psychophysics when he recog- nizes himself in a "cat gone mad" (eine Katze mit verletzter Gehirnhalfte; 49), and he follows all the patterns of aphasia research when he recognizes the Golem (the exponential doppelganger) precisely in that brain injury: "all these problems had suddenly achieved their terrible solution: I had been mad, and treated by hypnosis. They had locked up a room [the Golem's] that communicated with certain cham- bers in my brain; they had made me into an exile in the midst of the life that sur- rounded me" (Meyrink 191 5ir928, 5 I; see also 19, 21-22, 25-26). [Eine Katze mit verletzter Gehirnhalfte: lit. , "a cat with an injured brain hemisphere. "-Trans. ]
172. H. Miinsterberg I9I6iI970, 15.
173 . Hardenberg (Novalis) I 802ir964, 9 I . 1 74. Ibid? , 90-9L
175. Ibid. , 17.
H. Miinsterberg 1916/1970, 74.
? Ibid. Ibid. , 3 6. Ibid. , 40. Ibid. , 44.
16L Ibid. , 3 L
163 . Ibid. , 37-3 8 . 165. Ibid. , 4L
167. Balazs 1930, 5 L
? 1 7 6. 177. 178. 179? 180. 1 8 1 .
Notes to Pages I67-82 289
H. Munsterberg I9 I6ir970, 1 5 .
Freud, Interpretation ofDreams (1899), in idem 1962, 5: 536.
Lacan I975ir988a, 123.
Ibid. , 140, 125.
See Zglinicki 1956, 338.
See ibid. , 43-44. The parallel between Messter and Lacan was discov-
ered by Lorenz (1985, 209-II). 182. Lacan 1975, 76.
183. 1 84. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194? 195. 196. 19 7.
198. Hesse I927ir957, 210-13.
See Lacan I975/I988a: 140-41.
See Lacan 1966, 680.
Edison, quoted in Monaco 1977, 56. Pinthus I914ir963, 9.
Ibid. , 9-10.
Bloem 1922, 36.
H. Munsterberg I9I6ir970, 87-88.
Balazs 1930, 142.
Pamphlet (1929), reproduced in Greve et al. 1976, 387. Bloem 1922, 25.
A. Braun, "H6rspiel" (1929), in Bredow 1950, 149. Bronnen 1927, 48.
Ibid. , 109.
Ibid. , II6.
Ibid. , 1 30-3 1 . Similar couplings linked gramophone and typewriter. Kracauer (I930ir97I-79, I: 228) describes an industrial training course using gramophone rhythms to make stenographers achieve record performances.
199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206.
Mann, I928ir933 : 266.
For details, see Fischer and Kittler 1978, 29-37.
See Mann I924ir927, 108.
Ibid. , 801 .
See ibid. , 854-57.
See the brilliant analysis in Matt 1978, 82-100.
Goethe I809ir965-72, 2: 474.
Mann I924ir927, 401 . For an observant analysis of writing and media
in The Magic Mountain, see Kudszus 1974.
207? Mann I924ir927, 168-69.
208. Braune, 1929,inKaes 1983, 352-53. Thereverselinkoffilmandread-
ing has also been claimed, albeit with a dandy's flightiness. "She reads at such a pace," a queen complains about her reader in a novella, "and when I asked her where she had learnt to read so quickly she replied 'In the screens at Cinemas'" (Firbank 1923/1949, 128).
209. See the poem "Brise Marine" in Mallarme 1945, 38.
210. Bloem 1922, 43-44.
2 1 1 . The difficulties involved in this distinction are articulated by one of
Ewers's heroes, who, for purposes of scientific experimentation, looks for and finds a whore: "It had to be the one, he thought, who belongs here and nowhere
? ? 290 Notes to Pages I82-90
else. Not one of those who ended up here [in the brothel] by some fluke. Who could just as well have become little ladies, workers, maids, typists, or even tele- phone operators" (Ewers I9II, IOI).
212. Bliven 1954, 3.
TYPEWRITER
I . Bliven 1974, 7 2 . Other languages experienced terminological problems. In French, the typewriter was initially called "typographe, piano a ecrire, clavecin a ecrire, pantographe, plume typographique" (B. Muller 1975, 169), as well as "dactylographe. "
2. Heidegger I942-431I992, 86.
3. See Cockburn 198I.
4 - See Van Creveld 198 5 , 103-4.
5. See pp. 65-67 in this volume; on Goethe's dictations, see Ronell 1986,
63-19 1 .
6. Goethe, November 24, 1809, cited in Riemer I84I1I92I, 313.
7? Schlegel I7991I958, 8: 42.
8. Freud, Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, 19I5-16, in idem
1962, IS: ISS? See also Giese 1914, 528, on "Sexual Models for Simple Inven- tions " (Sexualvorbilder bei einfachen Erfindungen ) : "In 1 5 6 5 , Konrad Gesner de- scribes an actual lead or, more properly, graphite pencil enclosed in a gliding, wooden casing. . . . The model that would come to mind is the retracting foreskin during erection.
The interior of the penis coming thus to view would be equiva- lent to the emerging lead of graphite. Even the fountain pen of a more recent date might well be a reconstruction of the construction above . "
9. "Schreiben" 1889,863ff. Thoseinsearchofsexualmodelscapitulateina corresponding way: "In the 'modern' technology of our time psychoanalysis may well appear out of place" (Giese 1914, 524).
IO. See Bliven 1954, 56. II. See Stumpel 1985, 9. 12. Bliven 1954, 72. 1 3 . Burghagen 1 898, 9.
14? British Patent 395, January 7, 1714, quoted in Eye 1958, 12. IS. C. Muller 1823, II. 16. Ibid. , 16.
17. Kuf5maul 1881, 5. 18. Ibid. , I26.
19? C. Muller 1823, 5.
20. See Eye 1958, 13-17, as well as Tschudin 1983, 5ff. The link between
neurophysiology and media technology is most visible with Thurber, whose type- writer was supposed to help not only the blind but also "people with nervous dis- orders who could not guide the quill" (Stumpe! 1985, I2).
21. Journal ofArts and Sciences, 1823, cited in Brauner 1925, 4. 22. Burghagen 1 898, 20.
23? Bliven 1954, 35?
24. See, for example, Grashey 1885, 688.
2 5 ? Salthouse 1984, 94-96.
? Notes to Pages I90-98 29I
26. See Granichstaedten-Czerva 1924, 3 5 . Significantly, m 8, which is sup- posed to carry proof of this charge, does not point to any evidence.
27. Zeidler 1983, 96. Correspondingly, the standardization of the compo- nent parts of typewriters took place "during the time of the First World War" (Eye 1958, 75)'
28. Bliven 1954, 56.
29. Burghagen 1898, 3I.
30. Ibid. Typing-speedrecordsintheUnitedStates,bycontrast,wereupto
fifteen letters per second (Klockenberg 1926, 10).
3 1 . DPA ( German press agency) news release, June I , 198 5 .
3 2.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37. SeeWedel1962,114-17. However,seealsoPynchon1973,529:"It[the
Cocteau 1979, 62.
See, for example, Cocteau I94Iir946-s r , 8: 40. Ibid. , 63?
Ibid. , 181.
Ibid. , 16.
V2] was half bullet, half arrow. It demanded this, we didn't. So. Perhaps you used a rifle, a radio, a typewriter. Some typewriters in Whitehall, in the Pentagon, killed more civilians than our little A4 could have ever hoped to. "
38. Twain, March 1875, quoted in Bliven 1954, 62.
39. Sales figures (in thousands) yield the curve shown in Stiimpel 1985, 12. [Beginning with 0 in 1 879, the graph shows a precipitous increase: IO,OOO units by 1874, 30,000 by 1887, and 65,000 by I890. -Trans. ]
40. Current 1954, 54?
42. See Eye 1958, 78.
44. Richards 1964, I.
46. Schwabe 1902, 6. Compare Burghagen 1 898, 29: "Youths and female of-
fice assistants can also, without any training, be put to productive use at the type- writer for all types of business and administrative correspondence . " See also Weckerle 1925, 3 2 : " We have grown as accustomed to the typewriter as the sewing machine. And yet it has only been a few decades since a 'fine hand' was the best recommendation for a trade apprentice. Today, handwriting in a trading firm is virtually outdated and is at best limited to bookkeeping. "
47? Schwabe 1902, 7?
48. For evidence on the social stratification of typists, see Witsch 193 2, 54. 49. Meyer and Silbermann 1895, 264.
50. Valery I944ir957-60, 2: 301.
5 1 . Spinner quoted in Eye 1958, 54.
52. See Eye 1958, 78. Von Budde's division ofthe General Staff, however, is
shamelessly described as "a large railroad corporation. " 53. For details, see Siegert 1986, 181-88.
54. L. Braun 1901, 197.
55. Schwabe 1902, 21.
5 6. Zeitschrift fur weibliche Handelsgehilfen, 19 1 8 , quoted in Nienhaus 1982, 46. Stalin integrated Hindenburg's wholesome principle into the constitu- tion of the Soviet Union in 193 6.
41. See Bliven 1954, 71. 43. Krukenberg 1906, 38. 45? See Baumann 1985, 96.
292 Notes to Pages I98-208
57? Heidegger I93 5/r959, 3 5?
58. Heidegger, I942-43/r992, 80-81, 85-86.
59. Nietzsche, letter toward the end of February 1 8 8 2, in idem 1975-84,
pt. 3, I: 172.
60. Dr. Eiser,1877,quotedinFuchs1978,632.
61. Ibid. , 633.
62. After an observation by Martin Stingelin of Basel.
63. Nietzsche, letter of November 5, 1 879, in idem 1975-84, pt. 2, 5: 461. 64. Nietzsche, letter of August 14, 1882, in idem 1975-84, pt. 2, 5: 435. 65. Nietzsche, letter of August 14, 1882, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, I: II3? 66. Nietzsche, letter of December 5, 1881, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, I: 146. 67. Burghagen 1 898, 6.
68. Apparently infected, Nietzsche's biographer corrects his hero (saying
that "the typewriter was 'invented,' that is, developed, 10 years earlier [sic] in America"). To top it off, he even writes "Hansun" instead of "Hansen" (Janz 1978-79, 2: 81, 95).
69. The following data are taken from Nyrop 1938.
70. Burghagen 1898, 6.
71. SeeStumpel1985,22. TherewereevenwritingballswithaMorse-code
hookup (Brauner 1925, 35-36).
72. Burghagen1898,120. Alsoseethephotographonp. 204ofthisvolume. 73? See Martin 1949, 571. 74. Stumpel 1985, 8.
75. McLuhan 1964, 260. 76. Bliven 1954, 132.
77. Nietzsche, letter of August 20-21, 1881, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, I: II7.
78. Burghagen 1 898, 120 (referring to Mailing Hansen's typewriter).
79. Nietzsche, letter of August 20-21, 1881, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, I: II7.
80. Berliner Tageblatt, March 1882.
81. See Nietzsche, letter ofMarch 17, 1882, in idem 1975-84, pt. 3, I: 180.
"I enjoyed a report of the Berliner Tageblatt about my existence in Genoa-even the typewriter was mentioned. " The mechanized philosopher clipped the news item.
82. Nietzsche, Ecce Homo, 1908, in idem 1967, 287. 83 . See, for example, Eye 1958, 20.
84. Beyerlen quoted in Herbertz 1909, 559.
85? Beyerlen 1909, 362.
86. Swift 1904, 299, 300, 302.
