'or an Angel, would be
infinitely mistaken, hot understanding the Limits of Nature?
infinitely mistaken, hot understanding the Limits of Nature?
Plato - 1701 - Works - a
3.
Intruth(layshe)GodhatformedourEyes,onlyto
contemplate the Works ofhis Providence, and toJee theregularMotion oftheHeavenswhichsoconstantly obey the Spirit thatguides 'em, thatso we might ac customourJelvestolovethatwhich isComely and Regular : and that w-e might learn to regulate all the
. MotionsofourSouls,whichareofthefameNature with that Divine Intelligence, but are disordered by
our Pajfions. ? ? . ?
_,. A HelaysthefameoftheVoiceandoftheHearing? , Thetrueuse, . }_ jit- ? ? ' 0}the Voicethat the Tongue and die tars are given us particu-
a n d oj the l a r l y t h a t w e m i g h t d e c l a r e a n d h e a r t h e W o n d e r s t o Hearing, beremark'dintheWorksofGod? ,andthatMusick
was invented only to furnishus, ifwe may lo lay,
withRuleandHarmony. Forbecauseishasawon- ,derfulrelationtoalltheMotionsofourSouls, he fays,WifeMenmakeuseofit,notas'tisnowussd Tom. 3. forfoolishnayperniciousMirth;buttocalmandme- derate the Passions, and to corrett the horrible Dis-
ccrls which they occasion.
Thtfymtti- HefaystheHeartistheSourceoftheVeins,and onofthe theFountainofthe Bloodwhichrunsfromthence Heartandwitnau^ Courseintoalltheotherparts; and
Tom? 3. t;iatlt1Sasllwere*naF? rtguardedonallSides; ' thatsowhentheCholercomestobeinflam'd, when R e a s o n g i v e s it n o t i c e t h a t it is t h r e a t e n ' d w i t h s o m e Mischief from without by external Causes, or from
within
? ? TheLifeof Placo* 11j
within by the Disorder or Tumult of the Passions ? itmay speedilywarnthewholeBodyofwhatpasses' and dispose it to obey its Orders, to prevent the
Dangerimpending. AndbecauseGodknewthatthe ? unexpectedsight of any terriblething, and the motion
oftheCholerwouldmaketheHeart beatviolently,he contrivedaveryusefulRemedyforthissort oflnfla-
mation ; and put the Lungs under it, thesubstance ofwhichbeingsoftandnotfurnish''dwithmuch Bloods andhavinglittleholeswithin itlikeaSpunge,serves a* a Pillow to the Heart, incessantly refreshes it with
the Air and Moisture which it attraSs, and moderates t h a t v i o l e n t H e a t w h i c h w o u l d o t h e r w i s e c o n s u m e it.
InthelowerVentriclewheretheNourishmentismfm. made, are the Spleen and Liver-, the Spleen is a w <</ the hollowandsoftSubstance, andconsequentlyverysP. lmani
proper to perform those Functions which it hast"cSTM"'". pleas'd God to assign it. For he thought fit, that '
it should be (not the Kitchen, as 'tis expreis'd
in a corrupt Copy, but) the Spunge to wipe and^mt t>*ii cleansetheIntestines; andtotakeoffallthef/itbWP*rsid. :
which gathersabouttheLiver intime ofSickness\TiStcui
andthisswellsandpuffsitup; asitonthecontraryforiKua,.
flags, and returns to itsformerstate when the hoJyywv, << is cleansed. Sfunge.
As for the Lrver he fays i*Was destined to a usefom. j>> which deserves to be related for its singularity : H e tellsusthatbecauseGod knewthatwhen theSpirit
was busy in:distributing the Aliment in this lower partoftheBelly, itwouldbe butlittleconcern'd
inwhatpassedintheupperRegion, andintheSeat ofReason, whose Ordersitwouldneverhearj he to provide against thisInconvenience, made the Li verofahardSubstance, havingamixtureofSweet ness and Bitterness ; and of a smooth and even Super ficieslikeaLooking-Glass. WhentheSoulwould advertise this Animal Spirit of what passes, ihe by means of the Thoughts, imprints on thisSuperficies the Image of all things of which she1would give it Information j and by these Images gives it either
I2 Joy
. ,
_3
r> ! ;i
? ? no*
7be Life of Plato. "
JoyorSorrow. WhentheSouldoeshotactupon
this part, but leaves it at rest, as during the time of
Sleep, those Gods who form'd the"Body, or the
great God himself impripts on this Imooth Superfi
ciestheImagesofsuchthingsasmustcome topals,
and these Images being carried to the Imagination
produce Divination or Prophesy, t^e Seat Or which
the Ancients for thisreason plac'd hi the Liver ; but
This (sayshe) neverhappensunlessitbewhenthat <<ktfTM** part 0f the Soul is not in a condition to obey the Spi-
''*tit, which ought toguide it;for God hatjoinedPro- phesywith Madness;and 'tiseasytoconvinceany oneosthisTruth, whoconsiders thatnopersonpro-
phe/icstrulybutwhenheisoutofhis. Senses, that is when God, or Sleep, orsome Disease deprive him of the use osReason 5 find because 'tis . only by Reason thisMen canjudge,ofthings,thereforeProphets never * underjiand what tbeyfee; andwe'-arethere
fore obligedtohave recourse to Interpreters, who not being transported withPaJJion are capable pfexplaining what the Prophets haveseen, by Reasonings founded on Experience. But all this Construction of the Liver looks more like one of Pythagorju his Enig mas, than a Physical Explication ; and seems much less proper to prove that prophesy cpmes from God, thanto discoverthat itistheeffect'os'someVa pours of the lower Ventricle which darken and stain the Imagination. , .
He endeavours toshewthatGod knowingMan
* would be intemperate in Eating and Drinking, and
that nothing would be more capable of destroying
himbeforeheadvane'dtoripenessofAge, hemade
winthe asitwereaLabyrinth ofBowelsinthelowerVen-
Bowels tricle,thatbytheirturningsandwindingstheFood in*iiboit. mightbeliinder'dfrompastingofftoosoon;for if
*ThisisoneofPlato'sErrofs,whoabsurdlyconfoundsPro phets divinely inspir'd with false Prophet? , and thereby, gave 0 0 culon to the Error of the JHo-itanifis. True Prophets did not speak by Extasy, hut saw and understood what they dedar'd, arid were t! . ere! ore call'd Stirs,
the
? ? 7heLife ofPlato. H7
the Bowels were all streight, the Food would be,
continually- passing; and Men by this means ren dered insatiable would think of nothing else but eat
ing, which would make 'em uncapable of applying themselves to Learningand Philosophy, and would speedilyoccasiontheirDeath; thenaturalHeat not beingsufficienttodigestso much Food, besidesthat
itwould want time to do,it.
After this he explains the nature, and production,
oftheFlesh, Blood, Bones,Muscles,Sinews,Brain,
Marrow, andalltheotherparts? ofwhichourBo diesaiecompos'd? ,hecallstheBloodthefoodofthe ,
flesh, and fays the whole Body is encompass'd with Flesh, likesomuchsoftWool, laidclosetogether, which serves tofortifyitagainstthe. Injuriesofthe.
Air, and all other Accidents, as falls, &V. .
Inspeaking oftheConstructionoftheHead, he TheCeo-
says'tisboththemost beautiful, and weakest ofallPTMmm $? thepartsoftheBody, thatGodindeedcouldhavejJ^T . given Man a Head much better fortified with Bones,
Sinews and Flesh, which would have extremely pro longshisLife,aswellasmadehimleaditmore commodioufly ; but because itwas not possible that,
a part cover'd over with a very hard Bone, a great many Sinews, and very thick Flesh, should have x veryquickSense;andtheHeadwastobetheSeat ofSense, Reason and Prudence. ,; God having well- weigh'd the advantages, of a very strong and robust, but ill-contriv'd Body, that is heavy and uncapable, ofSense and Prudence, against those of a Body more feeble but more elegant, that is to fay, lively and; lightsome, he prefer'd this to the other, . and. chose, togiveusashortratherthana long Life-, forthe Spirit was, not created, for the Body, but the Body fprthe Spirit,,
He goes,. on to speak. ofSanguification,Nutrition, Respiration, Transpiration, natural Heat, the dimi nution, andaugmentationoftheBody, whichleads, him to speak of Old Age, Diseases and Death, which, happens, when the Machine is w:rn out, and the
I 3 Strings,,
? ? j18 TheLifeof? hto.
Stringsthatholdittogethergrowslack, andgivethe Soul liberty to fly out of her Prison with extreme Pleasure.
As forDiseasesheexplainstheCausesofthemby the fame Principles which Hippocrates had establish'a Tom. 3. "3beforehim. ForheseysManbeingaCompoundof
the four Elements, Fire, Air, Earth, and Water, or
whichisthefamething,Cold, Hot, Moist, andDry ;
thejustProportionandevenTemperament ofthese4
Qualities preserve Union and Peace, from whence
Health results; and on the contrary theirunequal
mixturewhichproceedsfromExcess, Defect, orthe
Change of the Situation of some or other of 'em, pro
duces Disorder and Division, the only source of D i s
ease's. ForthenthatwhichwasColdbecomesHot, t h a t w h i c h w a s D r y , M o i s t ? , a n d t h a t w h i c h w a s H e a
vy Light, and the Blood being corrupted by this Alteration, as well as the Spirits, and overcharged with Acid, or Salt Particles, instead of producing New tonourishtheFlesh, breedsnothingbutCholer Flegm,andWater, whichgeneratediversfortsof Feversand otherDistempers.
tttvifetsts FromtheseDiseasesoftheBodyspringthoseof ojthtSoul, the Soul which Plato divides into two forts, that of
Folly, andthatjofIgnoranceorStupidity, Ignorance
is p r o p e r l y t h e S o u l ' s f o r g e t f u l n e s s : a n d w h e n g r e a t
Pleasure or excessiveSorrows take away Knowledg
from the Soul, so that she is not in a condition to.
understandanything,thisisFolly, Forexample,a
ManwhoseTemperinclineshim toLove, isalways mad while the rage of thisPassion lasts? , he is
therefore call'd a profligate Person, oraDebauchee, asifhe willingly plung'd himselfintothisDisorder; But he ought to be call'd a Fool, and look'd upon, as a Diseas'd Person ; for according to Socrates no Man isvitiousbutagainsthiswill. This Man is carriedaway byhisConstitution,andtheillEducati onhehashad. Andthefamemaybesaidofall othersbrtsofSensuality.
? Sorrow
? ? The Life of Plato. 1 19
Sorrow likewiseproceedsfromtheIntemperatureTh(Caurtot of the Body, for itiscaus'd by an acrimonious Flegm, sorrow! and Bilious Humors which disperse themielves
through the Body, and not finding vent obscure
the Soul with their Vapours, disturb her motion,
and bring grievous Distempers upon her, but different
according to the Parts on which they fix. To. thisIntemperatureof theBodyhe joinsthe Thtmrd
Intemperature ofwholeCities,whichbytheper-^rTT"^ nicious Example of their corrupt Manners, and the*^ wicked Discourse which they suffer both in publick
and in private, and infineby thelittle Care they take to have young People well educated, frequently precipitate us into alt these Mischiefs. Thus our Corruption comes properly from two Causes that are abfblutly involuntary ; which render us wicked" a- gainst our Wills ; And instead of accusing us, there is reason only to accuse our Parents and Teachers.
What Plato faysof theillEducation ofYourh,
and the fatal Examples which whole Cities give
them, is but too True, but what he adds, that our p^"* * C o r r u p t i o n is i n v o l u n t a r y o n o u r o w n p a r t o u g h t n o t that w e a >> tobetakeninastrict:LiteralSense. ForasAristotlewickeda- has very well observ'd, 'tis a great Error to fay w e w'? st *""*^
areonlyvitiousagainstourWills. SoundPhiloso-10L'Sr- p h y a n d R e l i g i o n t e a c h u s , t h a t G o d h a s g i v e n M e n flood,
a Liberty of chosing between Good and Evil, and
thatall vertuous or vicious Actions are purely volun
tary. IfitwerenotsoitwouldbeUnreasonableto blameViceorcommendVertue,norcouldanyreason , be assigned for the Establishment of Rewards and Pu
nishments, for none can be justly praised or dispraised onlyforwhathedidwhetherhewouldorno. How then did Plato understand this Notion of Socraterjo. embrace it as he did > without doubt he understood (and 'tis what Aristotle did not comprehend) thatGod,
has given m e n all that Light that is necessary to direct 'em toobey theLaw ofNaturewhichhehasengrav'd intheirhearts^andto inform'em ofcertainfundamen tal Truths,which enlighten the Universe like so many
I 4 Torches ;
#"? ***.
? ? SmI.
. testable Maxime ; thatwhatsoever isGoedjs Beau
tiful;thatGoodness consists inproportion and mea
sure ; aud that ifthis be true in all sensible things,
'tismuch more sointheUnion oftheSoul and
Body: ForfromtheirjustproportionspringHealth and Vertue ;as Diseases and Vices are produced by
the contrary : If the Soul be too strong for the Body, she weakens it, wears it out, and very often causessuchMaladiesasbaffletheArtofPhysicians. .
: O n the other fide if the B o d y is stronger than the S o u l ? , b e c a u s e i t t a k e s c a r e o n l y o f i t s e l f , i t g r o w s , a n d
fortifies it self daily, and leaves the Soul in an O b livion, and as it were in a Lethargy, which brings on her a Stupidity and Ignorance which she cannot dissipate. Therefore topreservethehealthof both parts, they both of 'em ought to be equally exercised. He that applies himself to Study ought not to de-< s p i s e t h e E x e r c i s e s o f t h e B o d y -, a n d h e w h o m a k e s Bodily Exercises his principal business, ought not to' neglectMeditationandStudy. Butinthesetwo Stateswe must take great care not to go from one. Extremetoanotherj nottopasssuddenly, forin--
?
i}'3 The Lifeofplato7
Torches -,but Men have despised these Helps ; and
by this voluntary Contempt, are justly fallen into
Blindness which hinders 'em from distinguishing
Truth from Error, or at least from obeying it-, and
thus all the vitious Actions of Men are atthe fame
time voluntary and involuntary ; voluntary in their Origin and Source? , for 'tistheir own Choice that
they have thrown offthe Yoke ofVertue and Righte ousness j aud involuntary often in the execurion ; for in spite of theRemorse of their Consciences, they are led away by the miserable propenfion of their.
Hearts, which induces 'em to commit the Evil whichtheywouldnotdo. Theyarethe. Slavesof Sin which rules over 'em, . and to the Service of which they have engag'd their Liberty.
,.
tirtheDij- t0 be applied against these two sorts of Diseases of t'ifa ojthethe Soul and Body ; and firstestablishes this Incon-
P/ato comes, next to shew the Remedies that are
'? stance,
? ? The Use\pfPlatoC 121
stance,fromgreatResttogreatLabour. Weshould imitate Nature whose Motions are always equal, withoutCatches,andShocks. NowofallMotions
the most Salutary is that which ismade of ones self"
inonesself-,because'tisNatural. Thatwhichcomes fromanotherBody isDetrimental? ,andthemost
mischievous of all is that which by means of Exter nalBodies, removesbypartsaBodywhichwasat
Rest.
Hence it follows, that the best Remedy, and most
wholesome Purgative isExercise, that is to fay that whichtheycall*Gymnafiick: Afterthis,comes theExercise of the. Horse, orthatofbeingcarried any other way, as in a Litter or Boat, which the Ancients called VeSatio ? , For this Exercise is com- p o s ' d o f M o t i o n a n d R e s t ? , t h e t h i r d f o r t i s n o t g o o d ,
but in pressing Necessity, and no M a n of Sense will ever uie. it but in an Extremity ; Such are Medici nal Purges: for we should never irritate those D i s e a s e s t h a t are. n o t d a n g e r o u s , b y s u c h k i n d o f M e . dicines. The formationofDiseasesislikethatof Animals, they require a certain space of time to bring 'em to perfection ; they have their Periods ^ andifweattempttooppose'embyviolentReme dies before the time of their declension, we often make many Distempers of one, or of a flight Dis
easeanincurableone. We oughttopreventor. ati tack them by a good Regiment, as much as oppor-. tunity will permit.
Plato divides the Soul into 3 parts ; the Reasona- TheSoul a. blepart, theIrasciblepart,andtheConcupisciblevUtduti5 part. HeplacesthefirstintheBrain,thesecondinfartt-
theHeart, and thethirdinth>>Liver^ healsocom: . paresittoaFlyingChariot havingtwo. Horsesand aCharioteer; one oftheHorsesis head-strong and
unruly,andtheothergentleandgovernable: The. Charioteer is Reason, which is to Command and. G u i d e ; t h e U n r u l y H o r s e is t h e C o n c u p i s c i b l e p a r t 5. for the Appetites know no Bridle or Restraint of.
*. SuchasWrestling, Leaping, Runc'iy, &c.
Rca-
? ? i<<
The Life of Plato. '
Reason : and the gentle Horse is rhe Irascible part, becauseitobeystheReason, andisservie<<ableto itonurgentOccasions. WhenaMandoesnotmo deratethesetwolatterparts, andpurgetheirPassions to reduce 'em to a useful Mediocrity, and sub mit them to the former, he can have no other than Earthly and Mortal Opinions -,and he renders him selfMortal, because he fortifies in himself those partsthatareMortal;whereas he that makes the f i r s t p a r t r e i g n o v e r t h e t w o o t h e r -, b e c a u s e h e h a s inaspecial manner adorn'd and cultivatedthatGod which was given to him,that is his Understanding or Mind ; and because the Mind comes immediady from the only true God, he is. hereby united to the Source of Life, and already tastes the first fruits of Immortality.
AnExfU- ThisDivisionoftheSouldeservestobeettplain'd tationosthisfor fome have keen mightily mistaken to think that Dmfion. pjafoma(je^ gQu^divisible,orthatheimagin'd
therewerediversSouls? ,asifheputasmany SohIs
intheBodyofMan, astherewereGrecianOfficers
(if I may so speak) in the famous Trojan Horse.
This Philosopher did not fall into such an Error as
thisjbutonthecontraryattacksitand exposesall
theAbsurdityofit,andwithmarvellous strengthof
Argument establishes the Simplicity and Indivisibili ty of the Sonl ? ,but his design was to (how (as he
explaineshimselfinhisTbeoetititsand the 4thBook of his Republick) that there are some things that depend only on the Soul, such are all the Acts of t h e W i l l -, a n d t h a t t h e r e a r e o t h e r s w h i c h d e p e n d o n the Corporeal Faculties^ and these Corporeal Fa cultiesorPowerscompose thosetwoparts,thatmay be calFd the two Corporeal and Mortal parts of the Soul, viz. the Concupiscible and Irascible^ which cause all our Passions, and the feat of which he places intheHeartandLiver,whichhelooksuponasthe two Sources of the Blood and Spirits, on which alone the Corporeal Faculties depend, and which alone excite all the Motions and Passions of the Body.
Thus
? ? T h e Life of Plated
1 1 j
ThusaccordingtoPlatothereisbut onesimpleSoul withoutanydiversityofparts, thefeatofwhichis inthe Brain, whence itirradiates thewhole Body by meansoftheNerves, BloudandSpirits? ,butitsMo tions,thatistheActsoftheWill, maybeopposed
b y t h e M o t i o n s , a n d I m p u l s i o n s o f t h e B o d y 5 a n d 'tis this which makes these Combates between the Su perior and Inferior Soul, (that is betwixt the Soul and the Body) mention'd in the 4th Book of the Bfpcbhck. ThisIfayisPlatosDoctrin, bywhich 'tis easy to explain all the Faculties of the Soul, and to give the Reasons of its Vices and Vertues, and to discover the Remedies that ought to be used tofortifietheoneandweaken theother,andtocor rectall thePassionsinreducing themtoauseful Mediocrity^ fortherearenoneof'embutwhat are
goodbyNature, andmaybeusedtogoodadvantage, when the Soul is Mistress of 5em, and so regulates and conducts 'em.
He nextexplainstheProductionofthefirstWo-Theenau man,andthatofAnimals. HavingunderstoodbyJ? /the
theHistoryofMoses,thatthefirstManbeingcast2 4T into a deep sleep, God extracted the Woman from Animals. him ^ this gave rife to all those Imaginations, which
he exposes in his Timem ; where he teaches, that
the first Woman, and all Animals sprang from Man,
but through that thick Darkness he has spread upon
thisWork ofGod, inexplainingitafteraMysteri
ous and Poetical manner, the Foot-steps of Ancient
Truth are to be discovered 5 and one may perceive,
that he thus obscur'd and cOnceal'd 'em, only that
he might thence draw a Doctrine useful to regulate
theMannersofMen. HisdesignistoengageMan
always to render his Creator that Worship which is
duetohim^andtodonothingthatmayrenderhim
unworthy of that great Advantage of having been form'dbytheHandsofGod himielf? ,thereforehe
represents to him, not only that he degenerates into < a Woman, when he isunjust,timorousand voluptu ous, but moreover that he sinks into the Condition
of
? ? ^ 4
The Life osPlato. '
ofAnimals. ForwhenheisInconstant,Rashand. Unsteady, andamuseshimselfaboutpenetratingthe Heavens, by a vain Curiosity, imagining that only by the Organ of hisSight he is able to. judg of allthat appears there, he becomes a Bird : if he has, no re lish of true Philosophy ; but instead of contempla ting the Heavens, that by. the marvellous W o r k m a n ship of 'em, he might seek the knowledg of him thatmadethem, heonlythinksonEarthlyThings, and how to gratify his sensual Desires, he degene rates into,a brute Beast, and is always fix'd to the E a r t h ? , i f h e b e y e t m o r e c o r r u p t e d , h e b e c o m e s a .
Reptile, and always touches the Earth with allthe partsofhisBody;andinfine,ifhepushhisFol ly and Ignorance to the last Extremity, he becomes a, Fish, unworthy to breath in the Air -, and conse quentlyplung'dinthemostfilthyand troubledEle mentofall. ThiswastheMetempsychosisofwhich Platospeaks, andImake nodoubt, butthiswas the Sentiment of Pythagoras, and of the Egyptians, which has been made ridiculous in taking itvery un
justlyinaliteralSense. ForwhatProbabilityis there that Philosophers, who never spoke without Enigmas should with so much Simplicity explaia so wonderful a Secret as that of the Passage of Souls into various Bodiesofa different Species? And
Whatgaveperhaps it would be no ilhfounded Opinion that ueitfionto this Idea came into the head of Pythagoras, upon. thtopinion what"happen'd in hislime to&ing Nebuchad/iezzar,.
tmlsrcbosis. ^y*10 f? ? his Sins. was turn'd out among the Beasts, 'andforspvenYearsgrazed likeanOx.
A Philosopherwho explains hisDoctrine only by Enigmatick Expressions could not but be taken With this Idea, which naturally informs us, that Vice degrades us from our Dignity, and' transforms us
intoBeasts,more orlessSavage, accordingas. we aremore orlessvitious:,anda certainsign, that this was the sense of this Metempsychosis, is, that the Pythagorean Philosophers conceiv'd itjust after this manner jand prov'd that Man- inhis Essence is.
inferior
? ? fk:lJffieoJsPkto. iij
i n f e r i o r t o G o d , a n d A n g e l s , a n d s u p e r i o r jti? ' A n i m a l s ,
Plants^ and. other Terrestrial and Mortal Natures :
and that asthatMan who shouldflatterhimselfthat
he/should become a God,'.
'or an Angel, would be
infinitely mistaken, hot understanding the Limits of Nature? ,hethatsliouldthinkheshouldbecome a
BeastforhisWickedness, oraPlant becauseofhis heavy and sluggish Temper, would likewise be
deceived, beingignorantoftheessentialFormosthe Soul,tchichcanneveralter-,butbeingandcontinuing
^? ^eS
alwaysMan, issaid,tobecomeaGod:'oraBrutebyres0iPyI VertueorVice, AlthoughbyNatureitcan-notbeeitherthagoras. t h e o n e o r t h e o t h e r , a n d t h e r e f o r e i s s o ' 'o n l y b y r e
semblance.
Moreover Pythagoras might take this Idea from
the:AncientHebrews, who gaveMen suchNames' aswere descriptiveoftheirNature,callingthem Wolves,Dogs,Swine,Serpents,Fishes,&c. asthey remark'd in 'em such Vices as render'd 'em very like tholeAnimals. ThereforethefirstMan thatwascele bratedforPiety,andbegantocallontheNameof theLordwascall'dEnos, thatistofay,aTrueMan ,_ . as*if'therehadbeennotrueManbeforehim,*be- '_VU. ,) causetherewasnopiousMan. Thisisall,theMys . ? . . *, tery of Pythagoras his Metempsychosis ? * which has
beenturn'dintoaMonsterby alowliteralExplica tionofit. Platounderstooditinpart,buthealterM it in connecting it with an Error into which he fell, about rhe Return of Souls into this Life after a cer tain space of time. As I take it, he conceiv'd that a Soul camediverstimestoanimatethefameBody, thus itrwa$ rather'a. Resurrection several' times, re peated,thenaMetempsychosis. ButofthisMatter weshall_ treat more largely in its place. '
1 SomeJof Plato's Interpreters have said that in the W;tm ? . ,
CreationsofMan, God ordefdtheInferiorDeitiesvilcomts, to'make theBody, thatso,becauseallEvilwastoandwhnhti
proceed fromMatter, hemightnotbecharg'dWithf/rffi**
* IsupposetheAuthor meansinthatGsntratitn; firothittvise'tis nldtnt, thai Abel vis a. flom Mm.
it.
? ? no"
Ihe Use osPlato;
it, and that it might not be said, that Evil came fromGodhimself. Butthisexpedientwouldhave been very useless, for ifEvil were a quality adherent to Matter, God having created this, the other must needs have come from him ; though the Body had beencreatedby inferiorDeities; whichisimpious andveryremotefromPlato'sThoughts. Whenthis Philosopher says Evils could notbe banish'd from Nature, and that they arose from Necessity, that is from Matter ; he had no design to fignifiy that Mat terwas Evil of it self} but he meant to shew, that as'it is always opposite to the Nature of God, it c a u s e s a l l t h e P a s s i o n s a n d a l l t h e M i s e r i e s o f M e n ? , whobyhow muchthemoretheyapproachitbyso muchthemoredistanttheyremovefromGod. For Matter does not only corrupt those who immerse themselves in it, but also such aslook on it;because every thing that inclines or turns it self towards it, necessarily turns away from God, aud leaves Light fo'r D a r k n e s s , w h i c h is a P r i n c i p l e c o n f i r m ' d e q u a l l y by Religion and Experience, sothat'tisuimeceflaryto
bringProofstosupportit. Itwillbesufficientto />>tortlie*-cite here Plato's own words. It isimpojstble my
5? J|S"
DearTheodore, thatEvilsJhouldbeentirelyexpesd
humaneSociety, for'tisnecessarythereJhouldbe alwayssomethingoppositetoGood, letitmujlnot be thought that Evil can ever approach the Deity, 'tisonlyannex'dtomortalNatures;andisalways about theEarth which we inhabit, becauseitspringsonly fromNeceJJity. Tliere/ereweJhouldendeavourto
flyfromhenceasswiftlyaswecan. Nowtoflyaway isto labourtouniteourselves toGod, asmuch as pojsible ; and we can't be united to him, but by Wisdom, Righteousness and Holiness.
Evildoes
frmfMt ^oesnotQ^ngfromMatter,butfromMotion,which tn. *'bringsittoitsfirstConfusionandDisorder. The
World (says he) had allgood things from its Maker, butfromtheExternalHabitude, whichithadbefore it had all that isEvil, wicked and vitiout in Nature*
InthisBookofaRepublick,heshews thatEvil
and
? ? ThtLiseof Plato. " 117
and communicates it U Animals. So that by his Account, Evil is properly only a Return to the first Disorder, an Irregularity, a Distocation,, and Dis- ;. obedience, and consequently subsistsnot by it self$ whereas Good subsists independantly of the things
thatpossessit-,foritsubsistsinGod, who istheAu thorofallGood,andisGoodness itself. But whence comes this Motion that leads to Disorder ? ItproceedsnotfromMatter, seeingthatiswithout
quality. ItcomesaccordingtoPlatofromtherash and disorder'd Spirit which heated and animated tht first M a t t e r , b e f o r e G o d b y f r a m i n g t h e W o r l d , h a d render'd it capable of Order and Harmony by an Understanding.
Bythiswe aretounderstand,thatEvilisapri vation of Order and Harmony, which proves true inallfortsofEvil, andaboveallinthoseoftheSoul, that is in Vices which are the only proper Evils. When a man disobeys the Law, one can't fay his
Disobedience is a Being which exists and springs from the Law, but 'tis an Alienation from what theLawcommands. TheLawisHolyandtheCom mandment isJustandGood, butConcupiscencehas produc'dSin. When aSonlovesnothisFatherwho has done him nothing but Good, one can't fay this AversionproceedsfromtheFatherj onthecontra ry, 'tis only a Refusal of Love and Submission which heoweshim,andwhichtheLawofNatureteaches him. JustsotheEvilsoftheSoul,arenotafault of Nature ; but a fault of the Will, which being
free uses its liberty to reject: that which isGood.
So that Vices are only voluntary Aversions which
alienate us from right Reason, inwhich alone Or
der, and Harmony consist-, and consequently, as the
Pythagoreans andrlatonists knew very well there isEwldoei
no necessityofestablishingaPrincipleofEvil, whe->>otlxiP? f ther we make itspring from Matter, orderive itif^'
from without;weneedonlyoneprincipleofGood whichtruelyexists,andthisisGod. ByhisEssence he is separated from Rational Substances but he
com-
? ? are.
iuwbae
aSISS. tmsdtds.
S o u l s , a r e t h e C a u s e o f b o t h , a $ P l a t o V e r y s o l i d l y provesinhisXthBookofLaws". . ;;j:,:
ft has been charg'd oh Plato as a Crime, that he
SivestheNanleofGodt6Creatures:But-besides tnat he has done nothingIn this but what we find done in the Holy Scripture, where Men and:Angels Sre called Gods ; Never did any one better observe the infiniteSovereigntyofthe trueGod overmortal CreaturestowhomhehasgiventhisName, than Plato has done. . Thus he feigns God ipeaking to
n 8 fhetife of Plato/
communicates' and unitesiiimself to them by Rea- What Good, fon: to obey thisReafbri isrVertue and to disobey and Evil, \t^ Vfcip- ? Thus put 'Bodies are neither the Cause
anTvice ^fourVices, nor1thatofoutVertues-,*But pur
inbisTi-'emastheirSupremeLord. ChildrenoftheGods^ TMarus> all the. Works that have gone out of my Hands tire in-
,*s" dissolubleasmuchdtIplease,andatlongdtIjhallsus tain 'em. Nat butthatwhatsoeverhat beenjoinedto
getheritofariottirecapableofbeingdisunited; butit
becomes not ah-infinitely "good Creator to deftroy his Work, whth thisWork has nothing ofevilinit. uTon
have beencreated, and consequentlyyou can'tbeen t i r e l y I m m o r t a l , a n d I n d i s s o l u b l e "'5 h o w e v e r y o u s h a l l never be-dejiroy]d; and Death shallhave no dominion over you ; my Will being V;'stronger Bond to ascertain
your Immortality, than allthat wherewith you have beenbbitndatyoirrBirth. We haveyetthreesort's oj Animals toftrm of mortal Matter, without which the Wdrld would, not bepetsets, for to make it perse3 itoughtto'e'intutnAnimalsof-everySpecies; butif Ishouldcreatethemmyself theywouldbeequalto theGods. Thereforethattheymaybemortals and that the World may be compleated, dd you form them
yourselvesaccordingtoyourNature, byimitating '? * t h e P o w e r I d i s p l a y e d i n f o r m i n g y o u : a n d s e e i n g t h e
"moftexcellentof"'on oughttohavesomethingDivineto render V#z worthy to rule the reft, and td Engage
* Therefore the Holy Scripture commonly speaks of the Soul with reference to Vifces andVertues; The Soul thai sinhitbi isa. Soultouch, &c
Wei
? ? she Lifeof Plato. xtj
them to obey Laws and Justice ; I will provide that Divine Seedwhich is the Soul. Do youfinishthis Com
position, byaddingthatwhichistobemortals andby furnishing it with necessary Aliments, raise them up and. make ''cmgrow, and when theyare destroyed re'
ceive them again intoyour Bosom,
Plato here after a very Magnificent and Poetical
mannerdescribeshowGodcreatedMan andtheother Animalsby means ofsecond Causes, which he calls Gods; and itisnodifficultMatterto. findinhis Words the Beams of those Eternal Truths which Moses teaches us. Platofafter Mo/es)brmgs G o d in as ifspeaking to other Gods when he isabout to create
Man; thoughhedidnot comprehendthe Mystery hiddenunderthosedivineWords. -InPlatoaswell asintheWritingsofMoseswefeeManwasform'd after the Image of God ; not as to his Body, but
astohisMind;thathewastoruleoverotherAni mals. ;andthatheonly iscapableof. Tendering God trueWorship PlatoteachesusafterMosesthatthese very Animals serve to perfectionate the Universe j contrarytotheopinion ofcertainHeretiques, who accused God for having made many Animals that wereeitherdangerousoruseless. Infineweseein Plato as well as in the Holy Scriptures that Impor tantTruth * that theImmortalityoftheAngelsis not an effect of their Nature, but a Privilege of mere Grace, . which depends only on. the Divine Will.
Tis furpriii&g that such a M a n as Plato, w h o un- WhethtrGod derstoodtheseGreatTruths,andspokeofGod afterf<<*"fe,; ibadmirableamanned, aswe shallseeindiverspla-buuMtr* cesofthisTreatise, shouldnotwithstandingmaintain, ashehasdoneinthenthBockofhisRepublick,Tori,i, thatGod beingperfectionitself,cannotshewhim
selfto M e n under any visible Figure, and he reasons
* ThisiswhatSt. AmbrosefaysinexpressTermsinhis3dBook utFide. Ntc& Angtltuimmortalkeflnaturditir,cu[>>simmortalU t'dit[liiQtltmtattCreittris. . Angelsthemselves arenatImmortal hyNatnrfi, bitIheirImmoralitydependsontheWillofthei* ssfcatoK
& thus I
? ? ijo . TheLifeofPlato.
p, ,flsthus; IfGodshouldmetamorphosehimselfhewould Ktdoling! assume a Form more perfell than his own, or a Form lessperse3. Now 'tisridiculoustofayhechangesfor
the better,for then there would besomething more per- sett than he, which is absurd ; and 'tis Impious to admit that he changeshimselfintosomething lessper- fell, for God can't degrade himself -,besides if he shouldappearunderanyotherFormthanhisown, he would lye, because he would appear to be what he is not. Hencethereforeitmustbeconcludedthathecon tinuesinhisSimpleForm, whichaloneisBeautyand Perfellion itself. And upon thishe condemns Homer
for havingattributed toGod those Visible Forms. IfPlatohad only employ'd thisArgument ofhis tobeatdown theridiculousMetamorphoses which
thePoetsattributedtotheGods, hewouldhavehad
Reason ; but to make use of it to oppose the man
ner by which G o d has often render'd himself visible,
viz. UndertheFormofanAngelorMan,whom
he created after his Image, and whose Figure he
mighttake,withoutdeceivingMen, orlayingaside hisPerfections,? isanError. Andthisdidnote-
scape rhe knowledg of his Disciple Aristotle, who though otherwise less illuminated in what be longs to the Divine Nature, understood better than Plato the Beauty and Truth of that Sentiment of Homer,whointheXlVthBookofhisOdyjfesfays that the Gods, -who can easily clothe themselves with allsensofForms,sometimestakethefigureof Tra vellers and go into Cities to be Witnesses both of the SinsofMenandoftheirGoodAHions. Instructed by thisgreatPoetheunderstood thatitisnotun worthy ofGod to alTume Humane Nature, to deli verMenfromtheirErrors. UponwhichhistooZea lous Admirers have advane'd that he had some pre s a g e o f t h e Ii x a r n a t i o n o f t h e M e s s i a h . . B u t w h a t a n Honour is it xoHomcr, that his Notions agree better
with the Ttuths contain'd in the Holy Scriptures,than thoseoftheGreatestPhilosophers. When God ap- pear'dtoMen underavisibleForm he hadbothwhat was visible and what was invisible. B u t
? ? TheLifeof Plato. im
? ButtoreturntoPlato'sPhysicks. Onemayverym ,. welldissentbothfromthosewhowillhave'emvemmllX xy perfect: ; and from the Sentiment of those that made of Account'emverydefective. TheformerhavetooPlato*
good an Opinion of 'em ; seduc'd perhaps by the ***&& great pleasure they have found in penetrating the greatObscurities ofhisT'mteus5andothersspeak
too meanly of 'em, because they have not given them
selves time to found those Deeps, having been dis- courag'd by the dryness of his Principles, which he does not give himself the trouble of unfolding ; but leaves others the labour of explaining and finding
outthemeaningof'em. ButinthisthereisaMe diumtobeoblerv'd. 'TiscertainPlatoknewthe chiefPrinciplesoftrueNaturalPhilosophy. This sufficiently appears by what has been already said
onthisSubject. WefindinhisTimoeusanexpli cation of the Nature of the Elements, only by the Disposition and Configuration of the parts of Mat ter, which also cause the different Sensations and AffectionsoftheBody. TherewefindtheExplica tion ofColours, which are only the Reflexion of Light. BythedifferentMixture,bythediversified Figure and Motion of the Elements, each of which
has many different Qualities or Forms, he explains the Production and Nature of Minerals, Metals, Oils, Salt, Liquors, Meteors, &c. ForExample, speaking of the Loadstone, and Amber, he fays, Their Vertue. comes from the Motion ofthe Matter whichgoesoutoftheirPeres. Butallthistogether can't make a well methodiz'd System of Physicks : Nor is ithis design to give the World a Treatise of Physicks : He swiftly runs through that which is
transitory, to find that which is permanent, and to dwell upon itj he forgets nothing that is necessary, but rejects whatsoever is useless or superfluous ; he so little designs to enter into a deep research of this Matter, that he lets us know, that if any one has a mind to break off his Meditation from things that, truly exist and abide, to apply himself
K2 " to
? ? 131 Tfo Life of Plated
toamoreparticularknowledgof suchasareonly Natural transitoryandmomeiitany,andfindspleasureinsodo-
mBdtfd illg'ltwi^notbedi^cu^^orhimtosatisfyhimself "yPlatoasm followinghisPrinciples? ,andtogivehimselfa
aDivertife-Divertisement ofLife, which he callsWise andMo ment, derate.
By theseWords P/atogivesustounderstandthat he look'd upon this part of Natural Philosophy ra
therasaPlay,thananEmployment;andthisob- lig'd him, to give only a iuperficial Account of it5 that he might more usefully employ his Time in searching for more important and Solid Truths. A n d one m a y fay, that in this again he imitates Moses, who in the History of the Creation has wifely sup- preis'd whatsoever might flatter the Vanity and Cu riosity of Men, to insist only on that which was propertoaugmenttheirHumilityandPiety. There foreweshouldbesofarfromwonderingthatNa tural Philosophy was not rais'd to its perfection in those Ancient Times when itwas look'd upon at best but as an Amusement more curious than useful, and whenthegreatestMen appliedthemselvesonlyto
Morality which is concern'd only about our true HappinessandMisery;thatIknow notwhetherwe should not have more reason to be surpriz'd that it shouldbesomuch esteem'dinAges whereinwe ought eventomakelessaccountofitthanPlatodoes. So lomon does not advise Men to acquire Natural Phi losophybuttogetWisdom. For'tisWisdomonlythat teachesus toknow God ; and thisisPlato'sLan guage, whotopromotehisDesignalwaysreasons morally in his Physical Discourses :and instead of insistingon the Consideration ofMechanique Reasons taken from the Motion, and Succession of Bodies, applies himself,as Socrates did before him,to discover the first Cause, and to penetrate the Designs of the
Soveraign Spirit which governs the World ; and en deavours to explain whole Nature by Harmony aud Proportion? ,Seekingnot so much toteach Men
Physicks, as to give 'em great Prospects, and to elevate
? ? Ihe Life osPlato. nj
elevate theirMinds. Nay Socrates formally fays in Pboedon that the manner of teaching Physicks by t h e S u c c e s s i o n a n d M o t i o n o f B o d i e s is v e r y d e f e c t i v e , a n d c a u s e s m o r e E r r o r s t h a n it c u r e s ^ b e c a u s e b y d e taining the Mind too much upon Matter, and that which is but a Second Cause, ithinders it from rai singitselfup toGod, whoistheonlytrueand firstCauseofallthings;andhe blamesAnaxagcras, whothoheknewthisTruth, dissemblesitinhis practise, anddeceivestheexpectationofhisReaders. 3Tis luch a Research as this that Solomon represents as a very Evil ani Dangerous Employment and the Truth of this has been but too much confirm'd by Experience.
Beforewe quitthisSubject,letusseehowhe *S>>ordn rangestheCelestialSpheres,andwhatVertueshesup-? **f"<L
posesthemtodisplaybytheirInfluences, FirstheI*"1*? "TM' placestheEarthastheCenteroftheWorld. Tis
true Theophrastus writes, that in his Old Age he
r e p e n t e d t h a t h e h a d g i v e n it t h a t p l a c e , w h i c h is n o t suitabletoit, HefaysitistheBoundaryofthe
Rising and Setting of the Sun, and consequently the InstrumentofTime, asthePlanetsare,andGuardian orMotheroftheDayandNight. AftertheEarth
he places the Sphere of the -Moon, then that of the Sun,thatofVenusand thatofMercury ;afterMercu ryhe places Mars, Jupiter and Saturn.
He faysthat inthebeginningafterGodhadcrea-xheinfam- tedtheSoulsofMen, hedistributedthemintoallm ojtbt
the Planets ; by which he would signifie, that the stars. Bodies which those Souls animated inthe time mark'd
out byProvidence, shouldbesubjecttotheInfluences
of those Stars. Which he explains more sensibly when hefeignsthatthereareThreeParcoetheDaugh
tersofNecessity,whichturnagreatSpindle, that's<4<<? */>/? <<. theAxle-treeoftheWorld, withitsrightSpheres,timojthe whose Motions and Revolutions produce all things. thm^a! C? -
N e c e s s i t y is D e s t i n y , w h i c h is n o t h i n g b u t t h e O r d e r and Concatenation of Causes, which ought to pro duce such or such Effects. This Necessity has 3 Daugh-
K3 ters
? ? ij4 TheLifeofPlato.
t e r s w h i c h d e n o t e th. e t h r e e d i f f e r e n c e s o f T i m e w h i c h
iseitherPalt,PresentorFuture. Thefirstwhichis
the Eldest is nam'd Lachejis that is, a Lot, because ? the Lots of all things have been regulated from all
Eternity,thatisbeforeTime. ThesecondisC/othon, Thisis(hethatexecutes, andaddsthepresentto the past. And the third is Atropos which signifies that the future is no less certain or invariable than the two others ; but is the Consequence of one and andthesameLawwhichneveralters. TheseParae arecloth'dinwhite, andseatedonThrones with Crowns on their Heads, to signify on one hand their Purity and Innocence, and on the other the Dominion they exercise over all that is subjected to 'em ; they areplac'dat equaldistancesovertheseEightSpheres, upon each of which there is a Siren which Sings with'allhermight, andtheParcxanlwerthisSing ing after such a manner, that all these different VoicesmakebutoneHarmony. Platowouldhere by signify that all things obey the Divine Law and
concur to produce those Effects, which are Conse-
. quences of the Causes G o d has established. &>'s'fl'" ButifourBodiesdependonthesePlanetsand
'toDi/iiiy.
? kevtneLawsofthisfatalNecessity,ourSoulsmay preserve themselves independant, and only obey God, who isMaster ofNecessity it self. The Planets may by their Influence produce in us such or such Manners, and by these such or such Actions or Passi
o n s ? , b u t i f o u r S o u l s w i l l , t h e y h a v e p o w e r t o m o
derateandregulate'em. AndwhentheSouldoes
the conrrary, and suffers her self to be carried d o w n t h e S t r e a m ? , s h e d e p r i v e s h e r s e l f o f h e r o w n L i b e r t y ,
and loses all her Privileges. For this is that in which that Free will, that God has left her to de noteherOrigin, consists: She caneithersubmither selfto that Fatal Necessity which Zoroaster calls an Augmenting the power of Destiny ; or subject that toherself! ,byunitingherselftohim, towhom all things are subject, and in w h o m alone she can enjoy her Liberty h And this is. what Plato means, when
he
? ? The Lifeos Plato. 135
he says a Prophet having taken the Lots out of the
Lap of the first Parcoe, ascended a Throne, and ad dressing himlelf to all the Souls that had been crea ted,spoketoemintheleTerms. HearwhatLache-^7*tbtx
sistheDaughterofNecessitysays. 0MortalSouls^00k. >>/his hereisthe beginningof aNew Period, or Life,^b[
Tou aregoing toanimate Bodies that are destined to
Death ;Tour Demon {orAngel) shallnot makechoice osyou, butyoushallchooseyourDemon (crAngel) yourselves. LetthatSoulthereforethathasthe firstLot, firstchoose thekindofLifewhichshewill leadbytheLawsofNecessity,andsoostherest. There is nothing but only Vertue that does not acknowledg her Laws :sheisfree,andgivesnotherselftoany but such as know how to honour her : Thus the faultisin theSoulwhich chooses, andGodisnot
to. beblamed. AfterthisProclamation,allimagina ble ways of living are propos'd, and the Soul chooses.
W e cannot finish this Matter without speaking somewhatoftheseDemons, aslign'dasGuidestochoiceofa.
each Soul ; and this Article would indeed require a T>imm or long Chapter of it self, or ratheran entire Volume, Gm'"
if we would found the bottom of this Doctrine ;"mdtrstLd. but 'tis sufficient for us here to know in general,
that when Plato fays the Soul immediately afterher animatingtheBody,choosesherDemon orGenius? ,
Ms designisonlytosignifytheLiberty-oftheSoul, and that she is able to choose between G o o d and Evil. That is, that as w e are compos'd of 2 different N a tures, by one of which w e partake of this gross and
Terrestrial World, and by the other of the Intelligible World-,bywhichwearerailedtothatwhichis most Sublime and Spiritual; Ifthe Soul immerses herselfinMatter,shehasamaterialDemon, that hinders her from raising her self up to Celestial Things 5 and if on the contrary she keeps her self pure,andlivesonlybytheUnderstanding, (hehas a good Demon, or perfect Genius, which supports and hinders her from descending to that which is
K 4 ir. a-
Hew tbt
? ? 136 The lifeifVhtpl
material and corruptible-, if she changes her Life, s h e a l s o c h a n g e s h e r D e m o n ? , a n d a f t e r " D e a t h , t h e
D e m o n that ihe chose, leads her either to her Re- ? ward or Punishment. This was Plato's Doctrine, which hefrequentlydelivers inAllegories,verydiffi cult to be understood, but by which he seems to have known, or at least had some Glances of very great Truths concerning the Nature and Difference of
those Spirits, which are between God and Men,
Truths which the Christian Religion has consecrated
Without divesting them of their Obscurity. For
Who isitthatunderstandsthosedifferentOrders of
Spirits which St. Paul describes by those different
Names, of Powers, Thrones, Principalities, and
Mights ? St. Augustine confesses he does not under
stand'em, andSt. Ireneusassuresusthattheycannot
beunderstood.
contemplate the Works ofhis Providence, and toJee theregularMotion oftheHeavenswhichsoconstantly obey the Spirit thatguides 'em, thatso we might ac customourJelvestolovethatwhich isComely and Regular : and that w-e might learn to regulate all the
. MotionsofourSouls,whichareofthefameNature with that Divine Intelligence, but are disordered by
our Pajfions. ? ? . ?
_,. A HelaysthefameoftheVoiceandoftheHearing? , Thetrueuse, . }_ jit- ? ? ' 0}the Voicethat the Tongue and die tars are given us particu-
a n d oj the l a r l y t h a t w e m i g h t d e c l a r e a n d h e a r t h e W o n d e r s t o Hearing, beremark'dintheWorksofGod? ,andthatMusick
was invented only to furnishus, ifwe may lo lay,
withRuleandHarmony. Forbecauseishasawon- ,derfulrelationtoalltheMotionsofourSouls, he fays,WifeMenmakeuseofit,notas'tisnowussd Tom. 3. forfoolishnayperniciousMirth;buttocalmandme- derate the Passions, and to corrett the horrible Dis-
ccrls which they occasion.
Thtfymtti- HefaystheHeartistheSourceoftheVeins,and onofthe theFountainofthe Bloodwhichrunsfromthence Heartandwitnau^ Courseintoalltheotherparts; and
Tom? 3. t;iatlt1Sasllwere*naF? rtguardedonallSides; ' thatsowhentheCholercomestobeinflam'd, when R e a s o n g i v e s it n o t i c e t h a t it is t h r e a t e n ' d w i t h s o m e Mischief from without by external Causes, or from
within
? ? TheLifeof Placo* 11j
within by the Disorder or Tumult of the Passions ? itmay speedilywarnthewholeBodyofwhatpasses' and dispose it to obey its Orders, to prevent the
Dangerimpending. AndbecauseGodknewthatthe ? unexpectedsight of any terriblething, and the motion
oftheCholerwouldmaketheHeart beatviolently,he contrivedaveryusefulRemedyforthissort oflnfla-
mation ; and put the Lungs under it, thesubstance ofwhichbeingsoftandnotfurnish''dwithmuch Bloods andhavinglittleholeswithin itlikeaSpunge,serves a* a Pillow to the Heart, incessantly refreshes it with
the Air and Moisture which it attraSs, and moderates t h a t v i o l e n t H e a t w h i c h w o u l d o t h e r w i s e c o n s u m e it.
InthelowerVentriclewheretheNourishmentismfm. made, are the Spleen and Liver-, the Spleen is a w <</ the hollowandsoftSubstance, andconsequentlyverysP. lmani
proper to perform those Functions which it hast"cSTM"'". pleas'd God to assign it. For he thought fit, that '
it should be (not the Kitchen, as 'tis expreis'd
in a corrupt Copy, but) the Spunge to wipe and^mt t>*ii cleansetheIntestines; andtotakeoffallthef/itbWP*rsid. :
which gathersabouttheLiver intime ofSickness\TiStcui
andthisswellsandpuffsitup; asitonthecontraryforiKua,.
flags, and returns to itsformerstate when the hoJyywv, << is cleansed. Sfunge.
As for the Lrver he fays i*Was destined to a usefom. j>> which deserves to be related for its singularity : H e tellsusthatbecauseGod knewthatwhen theSpirit
was busy in:distributing the Aliment in this lower partoftheBelly, itwouldbe butlittleconcern'd
inwhatpassedintheupperRegion, andintheSeat ofReason, whose Ordersitwouldneverhearj he to provide against thisInconvenience, made the Li verofahardSubstance, havingamixtureofSweet ness and Bitterness ; and of a smooth and even Super ficieslikeaLooking-Glass. WhentheSoulwould advertise this Animal Spirit of what passes, ihe by means of the Thoughts, imprints on thisSuperficies the Image of all things of which she1would give it Information j and by these Images gives it either
I2 Joy
. ,
_3
r> ! ;i
? ? no*
7be Life of Plato. "
JoyorSorrow. WhentheSouldoeshotactupon
this part, but leaves it at rest, as during the time of
Sleep, those Gods who form'd the"Body, or the
great God himself impripts on this Imooth Superfi
ciestheImagesofsuchthingsasmustcome topals,
and these Images being carried to the Imagination
produce Divination or Prophesy, t^e Seat Or which
the Ancients for thisreason plac'd hi the Liver ; but
This (sayshe) neverhappensunlessitbewhenthat <<ktfTM** part 0f the Soul is not in a condition to obey the Spi-
''*tit, which ought toguide it;for God hatjoinedPro- phesywith Madness;and 'tiseasytoconvinceany oneosthisTruth, whoconsiders thatnopersonpro-
phe/icstrulybutwhenheisoutofhis. Senses, that is when God, or Sleep, orsome Disease deprive him of the use osReason 5 find because 'tis . only by Reason thisMen canjudge,ofthings,thereforeProphets never * underjiand what tbeyfee; andwe'-arethere
fore obligedtohave recourse to Interpreters, who not being transported withPaJJion are capable pfexplaining what the Prophets haveseen, by Reasonings founded on Experience. But all this Construction of the Liver looks more like one of Pythagorju his Enig mas, than a Physical Explication ; and seems much less proper to prove that prophesy cpmes from God, thanto discoverthat itistheeffect'os'someVa pours of the lower Ventricle which darken and stain the Imagination. , .
He endeavours toshewthatGod knowingMan
* would be intemperate in Eating and Drinking, and
that nothing would be more capable of destroying
himbeforeheadvane'dtoripenessofAge, hemade
winthe asitwereaLabyrinth ofBowelsinthelowerVen-
Bowels tricle,thatbytheirturningsandwindingstheFood in*iiboit. mightbeliinder'dfrompastingofftoosoon;for if
*ThisisoneofPlato'sErrofs,whoabsurdlyconfoundsPro phets divinely inspir'd with false Prophet? , and thereby, gave 0 0 culon to the Error of the JHo-itanifis. True Prophets did not speak by Extasy, hut saw and understood what they dedar'd, arid were t! . ere! ore call'd Stirs,
the
? ? 7heLife ofPlato. H7
the Bowels were all streight, the Food would be,
continually- passing; and Men by this means ren dered insatiable would think of nothing else but eat
ing, which would make 'em uncapable of applying themselves to Learningand Philosophy, and would speedilyoccasiontheirDeath; thenaturalHeat not beingsufficienttodigestso much Food, besidesthat
itwould want time to do,it.
After this he explains the nature, and production,
oftheFlesh, Blood, Bones,Muscles,Sinews,Brain,
Marrow, andalltheotherparts? ofwhichourBo diesaiecompos'd? ,hecallstheBloodthefoodofthe ,
flesh, and fays the whole Body is encompass'd with Flesh, likesomuchsoftWool, laidclosetogether, which serves tofortifyitagainstthe. Injuriesofthe.
Air, and all other Accidents, as falls, &V. .
Inspeaking oftheConstructionoftheHead, he TheCeo-
says'tisboththemost beautiful, and weakest ofallPTMmm $? thepartsoftheBody, thatGodindeedcouldhavejJ^T . given Man a Head much better fortified with Bones,
Sinews and Flesh, which would have extremely pro longshisLife,aswellasmadehimleaditmore commodioufly ; but because itwas not possible that,
a part cover'd over with a very hard Bone, a great many Sinews, and very thick Flesh, should have x veryquickSense;andtheHeadwastobetheSeat ofSense, Reason and Prudence. ,; God having well- weigh'd the advantages, of a very strong and robust, but ill-contriv'd Body, that is heavy and uncapable, ofSense and Prudence, against those of a Body more feeble but more elegant, that is to fay, lively and; lightsome, he prefer'd this to the other, . and. chose, togiveusashortratherthana long Life-, forthe Spirit was, not created, for the Body, but the Body fprthe Spirit,,
He goes,. on to speak. ofSanguification,Nutrition, Respiration, Transpiration, natural Heat, the dimi nution, andaugmentationoftheBody, whichleads, him to speak of Old Age, Diseases and Death, which, happens, when the Machine is w:rn out, and the
I 3 Strings,,
? ? j18 TheLifeof? hto.
Stringsthatholdittogethergrowslack, andgivethe Soul liberty to fly out of her Prison with extreme Pleasure.
As forDiseasesheexplainstheCausesofthemby the fame Principles which Hippocrates had establish'a Tom. 3. "3beforehim. ForheseysManbeingaCompoundof
the four Elements, Fire, Air, Earth, and Water, or
whichisthefamething,Cold, Hot, Moist, andDry ;
thejustProportionandevenTemperament ofthese4
Qualities preserve Union and Peace, from whence
Health results; and on the contrary theirunequal
mixturewhichproceedsfromExcess, Defect, orthe
Change of the Situation of some or other of 'em, pro
duces Disorder and Division, the only source of D i s
ease's. ForthenthatwhichwasColdbecomesHot, t h a t w h i c h w a s D r y , M o i s t ? , a n d t h a t w h i c h w a s H e a
vy Light, and the Blood being corrupted by this Alteration, as well as the Spirits, and overcharged with Acid, or Salt Particles, instead of producing New tonourishtheFlesh, breedsnothingbutCholer Flegm,andWater, whichgeneratediversfortsof Feversand otherDistempers.
tttvifetsts FromtheseDiseasesoftheBodyspringthoseof ojthtSoul, the Soul which Plato divides into two forts, that of
Folly, andthatjofIgnoranceorStupidity, Ignorance
is p r o p e r l y t h e S o u l ' s f o r g e t f u l n e s s : a n d w h e n g r e a t
Pleasure or excessiveSorrows take away Knowledg
from the Soul, so that she is not in a condition to.
understandanything,thisisFolly, Forexample,a
ManwhoseTemperinclineshim toLove, isalways mad while the rage of thisPassion lasts? , he is
therefore call'd a profligate Person, oraDebauchee, asifhe willingly plung'd himselfintothisDisorder; But he ought to be call'd a Fool, and look'd upon, as a Diseas'd Person ; for according to Socrates no Man isvitiousbutagainsthiswill. This Man is carriedaway byhisConstitution,andtheillEducati onhehashad. Andthefamemaybesaidofall othersbrtsofSensuality.
? Sorrow
? ? The Life of Plato. 1 19
Sorrow likewiseproceedsfromtheIntemperatureTh(Caurtot of the Body, for itiscaus'd by an acrimonious Flegm, sorrow! and Bilious Humors which disperse themielves
through the Body, and not finding vent obscure
the Soul with their Vapours, disturb her motion,
and bring grievous Distempers upon her, but different
according to the Parts on which they fix. To. thisIntemperatureof theBodyhe joinsthe Thtmrd
Intemperature ofwholeCities,whichbytheper-^rTT"^ nicious Example of their corrupt Manners, and the*^ wicked Discourse which they suffer both in publick
and in private, and infineby thelittle Care they take to have young People well educated, frequently precipitate us into alt these Mischiefs. Thus our Corruption comes properly from two Causes that are abfblutly involuntary ; which render us wicked" a- gainst our Wills ; And instead of accusing us, there is reason only to accuse our Parents and Teachers.
What Plato faysof theillEducation ofYourh,
and the fatal Examples which whole Cities give
them, is but too True, but what he adds, that our p^"* * C o r r u p t i o n is i n v o l u n t a r y o n o u r o w n p a r t o u g h t n o t that w e a >> tobetakeninastrict:LiteralSense. ForasAristotlewickeda- has very well observ'd, 'tis a great Error to fay w e w'? st *""*^
areonlyvitiousagainstourWills. SoundPhiloso-10L'Sr- p h y a n d R e l i g i o n t e a c h u s , t h a t G o d h a s g i v e n M e n flood,
a Liberty of chosing between Good and Evil, and
thatall vertuous or vicious Actions are purely volun
tary. IfitwerenotsoitwouldbeUnreasonableto blameViceorcommendVertue,norcouldanyreason , be assigned for the Establishment of Rewards and Pu
nishments, for none can be justly praised or dispraised onlyforwhathedidwhetherhewouldorno. How then did Plato understand this Notion of Socraterjo. embrace it as he did > without doubt he understood (and 'tis what Aristotle did not comprehend) thatGod,
has given m e n all that Light that is necessary to direct 'em toobey theLaw ofNaturewhichhehasengrav'd intheirhearts^andto inform'em ofcertainfundamen tal Truths,which enlighten the Universe like so many
I 4 Torches ;
#"? ***.
? ? SmI.
. testable Maxime ; thatwhatsoever isGoedjs Beau
tiful;thatGoodness consists inproportion and mea
sure ; aud that ifthis be true in all sensible things,
'tismuch more sointheUnion oftheSoul and
Body: ForfromtheirjustproportionspringHealth and Vertue ;as Diseases and Vices are produced by
the contrary : If the Soul be too strong for the Body, she weakens it, wears it out, and very often causessuchMaladiesasbaffletheArtofPhysicians. .
: O n the other fide if the B o d y is stronger than the S o u l ? , b e c a u s e i t t a k e s c a r e o n l y o f i t s e l f , i t g r o w s , a n d
fortifies it self daily, and leaves the Soul in an O b livion, and as it were in a Lethargy, which brings on her a Stupidity and Ignorance which she cannot dissipate. Therefore topreservethehealthof both parts, they both of 'em ought to be equally exercised. He that applies himself to Study ought not to de-< s p i s e t h e E x e r c i s e s o f t h e B o d y -, a n d h e w h o m a k e s Bodily Exercises his principal business, ought not to' neglectMeditationandStudy. Butinthesetwo Stateswe must take great care not to go from one. Extremetoanotherj nottopasssuddenly, forin--
?
i}'3 The Lifeofplato7
Torches -,but Men have despised these Helps ; and
by this voluntary Contempt, are justly fallen into
Blindness which hinders 'em from distinguishing
Truth from Error, or at least from obeying it-, and
thus all the vitious Actions of Men are atthe fame
time voluntary and involuntary ; voluntary in their Origin and Source? , for 'tistheir own Choice that
they have thrown offthe Yoke ofVertue and Righte ousness j aud involuntary often in the execurion ; for in spite of theRemorse of their Consciences, they are led away by the miserable propenfion of their.
Hearts, which induces 'em to commit the Evil whichtheywouldnotdo. Theyarethe. Slavesof Sin which rules over 'em, . and to the Service of which they have engag'd their Liberty.
,.
tirtheDij- t0 be applied against these two sorts of Diseases of t'ifa ojthethe Soul and Body ; and firstestablishes this Incon-
P/ato comes, next to shew the Remedies that are
'? stance,
? ? The Use\pfPlatoC 121
stance,fromgreatResttogreatLabour. Weshould imitate Nature whose Motions are always equal, withoutCatches,andShocks. NowofallMotions
the most Salutary is that which ismade of ones self"
inonesself-,because'tisNatural. Thatwhichcomes fromanotherBody isDetrimental? ,andthemost
mischievous of all is that which by means of Exter nalBodies, removesbypartsaBodywhichwasat
Rest.
Hence it follows, that the best Remedy, and most
wholesome Purgative isExercise, that is to fay that whichtheycall*Gymnafiick: Afterthis,comes theExercise of the. Horse, orthatofbeingcarried any other way, as in a Litter or Boat, which the Ancients called VeSatio ? , For this Exercise is com- p o s ' d o f M o t i o n a n d R e s t ? , t h e t h i r d f o r t i s n o t g o o d ,
but in pressing Necessity, and no M a n of Sense will ever uie. it but in an Extremity ; Such are Medici nal Purges: for we should never irritate those D i s e a s e s t h a t are. n o t d a n g e r o u s , b y s u c h k i n d o f M e . dicines. The formationofDiseasesislikethatof Animals, they require a certain space of time to bring 'em to perfection ; they have their Periods ^ andifweattempttooppose'embyviolentReme dies before the time of their declension, we often make many Distempers of one, or of a flight Dis
easeanincurableone. We oughttopreventor. ati tack them by a good Regiment, as much as oppor-. tunity will permit.
Plato divides the Soul into 3 parts ; the Reasona- TheSoul a. blepart, theIrasciblepart,andtheConcupisciblevUtduti5 part. HeplacesthefirstintheBrain,thesecondinfartt-
theHeart, and thethirdinth>>Liver^ healsocom: . paresittoaFlyingChariot havingtwo. Horsesand aCharioteer; one oftheHorsesis head-strong and
unruly,andtheothergentleandgovernable: The. Charioteer is Reason, which is to Command and. G u i d e ; t h e U n r u l y H o r s e is t h e C o n c u p i s c i b l e p a r t 5. for the Appetites know no Bridle or Restraint of.
*. SuchasWrestling, Leaping, Runc'iy, &c.
Rca-
? ? i<<
The Life of Plato. '
Reason : and the gentle Horse is rhe Irascible part, becauseitobeystheReason, andisservie<<ableto itonurgentOccasions. WhenaMandoesnotmo deratethesetwolatterparts, andpurgetheirPassions to reduce 'em to a useful Mediocrity, and sub mit them to the former, he can have no other than Earthly and Mortal Opinions -,and he renders him selfMortal, because he fortifies in himself those partsthatareMortal;whereas he that makes the f i r s t p a r t r e i g n o v e r t h e t w o o t h e r -, b e c a u s e h e h a s inaspecial manner adorn'd and cultivatedthatGod which was given to him,that is his Understanding or Mind ; and because the Mind comes immediady from the only true God, he is. hereby united to the Source of Life, and already tastes the first fruits of Immortality.
AnExfU- ThisDivisionoftheSouldeservestobeettplain'd tationosthisfor fome have keen mightily mistaken to think that Dmfion. pjafoma(je^ gQu^divisible,orthatheimagin'd
therewerediversSouls? ,asifheputasmany SohIs
intheBodyofMan, astherewereGrecianOfficers
(if I may so speak) in the famous Trojan Horse.
This Philosopher did not fall into such an Error as
thisjbutonthecontraryattacksitand exposesall
theAbsurdityofit,andwithmarvellous strengthof
Argument establishes the Simplicity and Indivisibili ty of the Sonl ? ,but his design was to (how (as he
explaineshimselfinhisTbeoetititsand the 4thBook of his Republick) that there are some things that depend only on the Soul, such are all the Acts of t h e W i l l -, a n d t h a t t h e r e a r e o t h e r s w h i c h d e p e n d o n the Corporeal Faculties^ and these Corporeal Fa cultiesorPowerscompose thosetwoparts,thatmay be calFd the two Corporeal and Mortal parts of the Soul, viz. the Concupiscible and Irascible^ which cause all our Passions, and the feat of which he places intheHeartandLiver,whichhelooksuponasthe two Sources of the Blood and Spirits, on which alone the Corporeal Faculties depend, and which alone excite all the Motions and Passions of the Body.
Thus
? ? T h e Life of Plated
1 1 j
ThusaccordingtoPlatothereisbut onesimpleSoul withoutanydiversityofparts, thefeatofwhichis inthe Brain, whence itirradiates thewhole Body by meansoftheNerves, BloudandSpirits? ,butitsMo tions,thatistheActsoftheWill, maybeopposed
b y t h e M o t i o n s , a n d I m p u l s i o n s o f t h e B o d y 5 a n d 'tis this which makes these Combates between the Su perior and Inferior Soul, (that is betwixt the Soul and the Body) mention'd in the 4th Book of the Bfpcbhck. ThisIfayisPlatosDoctrin, bywhich 'tis easy to explain all the Faculties of the Soul, and to give the Reasons of its Vices and Vertues, and to discover the Remedies that ought to be used tofortifietheoneandweaken theother,andtocor rectall thePassionsinreducing themtoauseful Mediocrity^ fortherearenoneof'embutwhat are
goodbyNature, andmaybeusedtogoodadvantage, when the Soul is Mistress of 5em, and so regulates and conducts 'em.
He nextexplainstheProductionofthefirstWo-Theenau man,andthatofAnimals. HavingunderstoodbyJ? /the
theHistoryofMoses,thatthefirstManbeingcast2 4T into a deep sleep, God extracted the Woman from Animals. him ^ this gave rife to all those Imaginations, which
he exposes in his Timem ; where he teaches, that
the first Woman, and all Animals sprang from Man,
but through that thick Darkness he has spread upon
thisWork ofGod, inexplainingitafteraMysteri
ous and Poetical manner, the Foot-steps of Ancient
Truth are to be discovered 5 and one may perceive,
that he thus obscur'd and cOnceal'd 'em, only that
he might thence draw a Doctrine useful to regulate
theMannersofMen. HisdesignistoengageMan
always to render his Creator that Worship which is
duetohim^andtodonothingthatmayrenderhim
unworthy of that great Advantage of having been form'dbytheHandsofGod himielf? ,thereforehe
represents to him, not only that he degenerates into < a Woman, when he isunjust,timorousand voluptu ous, but moreover that he sinks into the Condition
of
? ? ^ 4
The Life osPlato. '
ofAnimals. ForwhenheisInconstant,Rashand. Unsteady, andamuseshimselfaboutpenetratingthe Heavens, by a vain Curiosity, imagining that only by the Organ of hisSight he is able to. judg of allthat appears there, he becomes a Bird : if he has, no re lish of true Philosophy ; but instead of contempla ting the Heavens, that by. the marvellous W o r k m a n ship of 'em, he might seek the knowledg of him thatmadethem, heonlythinksonEarthlyThings, and how to gratify his sensual Desires, he degene rates into,a brute Beast, and is always fix'd to the E a r t h ? , i f h e b e y e t m o r e c o r r u p t e d , h e b e c o m e s a .
Reptile, and always touches the Earth with allthe partsofhisBody;andinfine,ifhepushhisFol ly and Ignorance to the last Extremity, he becomes a, Fish, unworthy to breath in the Air -, and conse quentlyplung'dinthemostfilthyand troubledEle mentofall. ThiswastheMetempsychosisofwhich Platospeaks, andImake nodoubt, butthiswas the Sentiment of Pythagoras, and of the Egyptians, which has been made ridiculous in taking itvery un
justlyinaliteralSense. ForwhatProbabilityis there that Philosophers, who never spoke without Enigmas should with so much Simplicity explaia so wonderful a Secret as that of the Passage of Souls into various Bodiesofa different Species? And
Whatgaveperhaps it would be no ilhfounded Opinion that ueitfionto this Idea came into the head of Pythagoras, upon. thtopinion what"happen'd in hislime to&ing Nebuchad/iezzar,.
tmlsrcbosis. ^y*10 f? ? his Sins. was turn'd out among the Beasts, 'andforspvenYearsgrazed likeanOx.
A Philosopherwho explains hisDoctrine only by Enigmatick Expressions could not but be taken With this Idea, which naturally informs us, that Vice degrades us from our Dignity, and' transforms us
intoBeasts,more orlessSavage, accordingas. we aremore orlessvitious:,anda certainsign, that this was the sense of this Metempsychosis, is, that the Pythagorean Philosophers conceiv'd itjust after this manner jand prov'd that Man- inhis Essence is.
inferior
? ? fk:lJffieoJsPkto. iij
i n f e r i o r t o G o d , a n d A n g e l s , a n d s u p e r i o r jti? ' A n i m a l s ,
Plants^ and. other Terrestrial and Mortal Natures :
and that asthatMan who shouldflatterhimselfthat
he/should become a God,'.
'or an Angel, would be
infinitely mistaken, hot understanding the Limits of Nature? ,hethatsliouldthinkheshouldbecome a
BeastforhisWickedness, oraPlant becauseofhis heavy and sluggish Temper, would likewise be
deceived, beingignorantoftheessentialFormosthe Soul,tchichcanneveralter-,butbeingandcontinuing
^? ^eS
alwaysMan, issaid,tobecomeaGod:'oraBrutebyres0iPyI VertueorVice, AlthoughbyNatureitcan-notbeeitherthagoras. t h e o n e o r t h e o t h e r , a n d t h e r e f o r e i s s o ' 'o n l y b y r e
semblance.
Moreover Pythagoras might take this Idea from
the:AncientHebrews, who gaveMen suchNames' aswere descriptiveoftheirNature,callingthem Wolves,Dogs,Swine,Serpents,Fishes,&c. asthey remark'd in 'em such Vices as render'd 'em very like tholeAnimals. ThereforethefirstMan thatwascele bratedforPiety,andbegantocallontheNameof theLordwascall'dEnos, thatistofay,aTrueMan ,_ . as*if'therehadbeennotrueManbeforehim,*be- '_VU. ,) causetherewasnopiousMan. Thisisall,theMys . ? . . *, tery of Pythagoras his Metempsychosis ? * which has
beenturn'dintoaMonsterby alowliteralExplica tionofit. Platounderstooditinpart,buthealterM it in connecting it with an Error into which he fell, about rhe Return of Souls into this Life after a cer tain space of time. As I take it, he conceiv'd that a Soul camediverstimestoanimatethefameBody, thus itrwa$ rather'a. Resurrection several' times, re peated,thenaMetempsychosis. ButofthisMatter weshall_ treat more largely in its place. '
1 SomeJof Plato's Interpreters have said that in the W;tm ? . ,
CreationsofMan, God ordefdtheInferiorDeitiesvilcomts, to'make theBody, thatso,becauseallEvilwastoandwhnhti
proceed fromMatter, hemightnotbecharg'dWithf/rffi**
* IsupposetheAuthor meansinthatGsntratitn; firothittvise'tis nldtnt, thai Abel vis a. flom Mm.
it.
? ? no"
Ihe Use osPlato;
it, and that it might not be said, that Evil came fromGodhimself. Butthisexpedientwouldhave been very useless, for ifEvil were a quality adherent to Matter, God having created this, the other must needs have come from him ; though the Body had beencreatedby inferiorDeities; whichisimpious andveryremotefromPlato'sThoughts. Whenthis Philosopher says Evils could notbe banish'd from Nature, and that they arose from Necessity, that is from Matter ; he had no design to fignifiy that Mat terwas Evil of it self} but he meant to shew, that as'it is always opposite to the Nature of God, it c a u s e s a l l t h e P a s s i o n s a n d a l l t h e M i s e r i e s o f M e n ? , whobyhow muchthemoretheyapproachitbyso muchthemoredistanttheyremovefromGod. For Matter does not only corrupt those who immerse themselves in it, but also such aslook on it;because every thing that inclines or turns it self towards it, necessarily turns away from God, aud leaves Light fo'r D a r k n e s s , w h i c h is a P r i n c i p l e c o n f i r m ' d e q u a l l y by Religion and Experience, sothat'tisuimeceflaryto
bringProofstosupportit. Itwillbesufficientto />>tortlie*-cite here Plato's own words. It isimpojstble my
5? J|S"
DearTheodore, thatEvilsJhouldbeentirelyexpesd
humaneSociety, for'tisnecessarythereJhouldbe alwayssomethingoppositetoGood, letitmujlnot be thought that Evil can ever approach the Deity, 'tisonlyannex'dtomortalNatures;andisalways about theEarth which we inhabit, becauseitspringsonly fromNeceJJity. Tliere/ereweJhouldendeavourto
flyfromhenceasswiftlyaswecan. Nowtoflyaway isto labourtouniteourselves toGod, asmuch as pojsible ; and we can't be united to him, but by Wisdom, Righteousness and Holiness.
Evildoes
frmfMt ^oesnotQ^ngfromMatter,butfromMotion,which tn. *'bringsittoitsfirstConfusionandDisorder. The
World (says he) had allgood things from its Maker, butfromtheExternalHabitude, whichithadbefore it had all that isEvil, wicked and vitiout in Nature*
InthisBookofaRepublick,heshews thatEvil
and
? ? ThtLiseof Plato. " 117
and communicates it U Animals. So that by his Account, Evil is properly only a Return to the first Disorder, an Irregularity, a Distocation,, and Dis- ;. obedience, and consequently subsistsnot by it self$ whereas Good subsists independantly of the things
thatpossessit-,foritsubsistsinGod, who istheAu thorofallGood,andisGoodness itself. But whence comes this Motion that leads to Disorder ? ItproceedsnotfromMatter, seeingthatiswithout
quality. ItcomesaccordingtoPlatofromtherash and disorder'd Spirit which heated and animated tht first M a t t e r , b e f o r e G o d b y f r a m i n g t h e W o r l d , h a d render'd it capable of Order and Harmony by an Understanding.
Bythiswe aretounderstand,thatEvilisapri vation of Order and Harmony, which proves true inallfortsofEvil, andaboveallinthoseoftheSoul, that is in Vices which are the only proper Evils. When a man disobeys the Law, one can't fay his
Disobedience is a Being which exists and springs from the Law, but 'tis an Alienation from what theLawcommands. TheLawisHolyandtheCom mandment isJustandGood, butConcupiscencehas produc'dSin. When aSonlovesnothisFatherwho has done him nothing but Good, one can't fay this AversionproceedsfromtheFatherj onthecontra ry, 'tis only a Refusal of Love and Submission which heoweshim,andwhichtheLawofNatureteaches him. JustsotheEvilsoftheSoul,arenotafault of Nature ; but a fault of the Will, which being
free uses its liberty to reject: that which isGood.
So that Vices are only voluntary Aversions which
alienate us from right Reason, inwhich alone Or
der, and Harmony consist-, and consequently, as the
Pythagoreans andrlatonists knew very well there isEwldoei
no necessityofestablishingaPrincipleofEvil, whe->>otlxiP? f ther we make itspring from Matter, orderive itif^'
from without;weneedonlyoneprincipleofGood whichtruelyexists,andthisisGod. ByhisEssence he is separated from Rational Substances but he
com-
? ? are.
iuwbae
aSISS. tmsdtds.
S o u l s , a r e t h e C a u s e o f b o t h , a $ P l a t o V e r y s o l i d l y provesinhisXthBookofLaws". . ;;j:,:
ft has been charg'd oh Plato as a Crime, that he
SivestheNanleofGodt6Creatures:But-besides tnat he has done nothingIn this but what we find done in the Holy Scripture, where Men and:Angels Sre called Gods ; Never did any one better observe the infiniteSovereigntyofthe trueGod overmortal CreaturestowhomhehasgiventhisName, than Plato has done. . Thus he feigns God ipeaking to
n 8 fhetife of Plato/
communicates' and unitesiiimself to them by Rea- What Good, fon: to obey thisReafbri isrVertue and to disobey and Evil, \t^ Vfcip- ? Thus put 'Bodies are neither the Cause
anTvice ^fourVices, nor1thatofoutVertues-,*But pur
inbisTi-'emastheirSupremeLord. ChildrenoftheGods^ TMarus> all the. Works that have gone out of my Hands tire in-
,*s" dissolubleasmuchdtIplease,andatlongdtIjhallsus tain 'em. Nat butthatwhatsoeverhat beenjoinedto
getheritofariottirecapableofbeingdisunited; butit
becomes not ah-infinitely "good Creator to deftroy his Work, whth thisWork has nothing ofevilinit. uTon
have beencreated, and consequentlyyou can'tbeen t i r e l y I m m o r t a l , a n d I n d i s s o l u b l e "'5 h o w e v e r y o u s h a l l never be-dejiroy]d; and Death shallhave no dominion over you ; my Will being V;'stronger Bond to ascertain
your Immortality, than allthat wherewith you have beenbbitndatyoirrBirth. We haveyetthreesort's oj Animals toftrm of mortal Matter, without which the Wdrld would, not bepetsets, for to make it perse3 itoughtto'e'intutnAnimalsof-everySpecies; butif Ishouldcreatethemmyself theywouldbeequalto theGods. Thereforethattheymaybemortals and that the World may be compleated, dd you form them
yourselvesaccordingtoyourNature, byimitating '? * t h e P o w e r I d i s p l a y e d i n f o r m i n g y o u : a n d s e e i n g t h e
"moftexcellentof"'on oughttohavesomethingDivineto render V#z worthy to rule the reft, and td Engage
* Therefore the Holy Scripture commonly speaks of the Soul with reference to Vifces andVertues; The Soul thai sinhitbi isa. Soultouch, &c
Wei
? ? she Lifeof Plato. xtj
them to obey Laws and Justice ; I will provide that Divine Seedwhich is the Soul. Do youfinishthis Com
position, byaddingthatwhichistobemortals andby furnishing it with necessary Aliments, raise them up and. make ''cmgrow, and when theyare destroyed re'
ceive them again intoyour Bosom,
Plato here after a very Magnificent and Poetical
mannerdescribeshowGodcreatedMan andtheother Animalsby means ofsecond Causes, which he calls Gods; and itisnodifficultMatterto. findinhis Words the Beams of those Eternal Truths which Moses teaches us. Platofafter Mo/es)brmgs G o d in as ifspeaking to other Gods when he isabout to create
Man; thoughhedidnot comprehendthe Mystery hiddenunderthosedivineWords. -InPlatoaswell asintheWritingsofMoseswefeeManwasform'd after the Image of God ; not as to his Body, but
astohisMind;thathewastoruleoverotherAni mals. ;andthatheonly iscapableof. Tendering God trueWorship PlatoteachesusafterMosesthatthese very Animals serve to perfectionate the Universe j contrarytotheopinion ofcertainHeretiques, who accused God for having made many Animals that wereeitherdangerousoruseless. Infineweseein Plato as well as in the Holy Scriptures that Impor tantTruth * that theImmortalityoftheAngelsis not an effect of their Nature, but a Privilege of mere Grace, . which depends only on. the Divine Will.
Tis furpriii&g that such a M a n as Plato, w h o un- WhethtrGod derstoodtheseGreatTruths,andspokeofGod afterf<<*"fe,; ibadmirableamanned, aswe shallseeindiverspla-buuMtr* cesofthisTreatise, shouldnotwithstandingmaintain, ashehasdoneinthenthBockofhisRepublick,Tori,i, thatGod beingperfectionitself,cannotshewhim
selfto M e n under any visible Figure, and he reasons
* ThisiswhatSt. AmbrosefaysinexpressTermsinhis3dBook utFide. Ntc& Angtltuimmortalkeflnaturditir,cu[>>simmortalU t'dit[liiQtltmtattCreittris. . Angelsthemselves arenatImmortal hyNatnrfi, bitIheirImmoralitydependsontheWillofthei* ssfcatoK
& thus I
? ? ijo . TheLifeofPlato.
p, ,flsthus; IfGodshouldmetamorphosehimselfhewould Ktdoling! assume a Form more perfell than his own, or a Form lessperse3. Now 'tisridiculoustofayhechangesfor
the better,for then there would besomething more per- sett than he, which is absurd ; and 'tis Impious to admit that he changeshimselfintosomething lessper- fell, for God can't degrade himself -,besides if he shouldappearunderanyotherFormthanhisown, he would lye, because he would appear to be what he is not. Hencethereforeitmustbeconcludedthathecon tinuesinhisSimpleForm, whichaloneisBeautyand Perfellion itself. And upon thishe condemns Homer
for havingattributed toGod those Visible Forms. IfPlatohad only employ'd thisArgument ofhis tobeatdown theridiculousMetamorphoses which
thePoetsattributedtotheGods, hewouldhavehad
Reason ; but to make use of it to oppose the man
ner by which G o d has often render'd himself visible,
viz. UndertheFormofanAngelorMan,whom
he created after his Image, and whose Figure he
mighttake,withoutdeceivingMen, orlayingaside hisPerfections,? isanError. Andthisdidnote-
scape rhe knowledg of his Disciple Aristotle, who though otherwise less illuminated in what be longs to the Divine Nature, understood better than Plato the Beauty and Truth of that Sentiment of Homer,whointheXlVthBookofhisOdyjfesfays that the Gods, -who can easily clothe themselves with allsensofForms,sometimestakethefigureof Tra vellers and go into Cities to be Witnesses both of the SinsofMenandoftheirGoodAHions. Instructed by thisgreatPoetheunderstood thatitisnotun worthy ofGod to alTume Humane Nature, to deli verMenfromtheirErrors. UponwhichhistooZea lous Admirers have advane'd that he had some pre s a g e o f t h e Ii x a r n a t i o n o f t h e M e s s i a h . . B u t w h a t a n Honour is it xoHomcr, that his Notions agree better
with the Ttuths contain'd in the Holy Scriptures,than thoseoftheGreatestPhilosophers. When God ap- pear'dtoMen underavisibleForm he hadbothwhat was visible and what was invisible. B u t
? ? TheLifeof Plato. im
? ButtoreturntoPlato'sPhysicks. Onemayverym ,. welldissentbothfromthosewhowillhave'emvemmllX xy perfect: ; and from the Sentiment of those that made of Account'emverydefective. TheformerhavetooPlato*
good an Opinion of 'em ; seduc'd perhaps by the ***&& great pleasure they have found in penetrating the greatObscurities ofhisT'mteus5andothersspeak
too meanly of 'em, because they have not given them
selves time to found those Deeps, having been dis- courag'd by the dryness of his Principles, which he does not give himself the trouble of unfolding ; but leaves others the labour of explaining and finding
outthemeaningof'em. ButinthisthereisaMe diumtobeoblerv'd. 'TiscertainPlatoknewthe chiefPrinciplesoftrueNaturalPhilosophy. This sufficiently appears by what has been already said
onthisSubject. WefindinhisTimoeusanexpli cation of the Nature of the Elements, only by the Disposition and Configuration of the parts of Mat ter, which also cause the different Sensations and AffectionsoftheBody. TherewefindtheExplica tion ofColours, which are only the Reflexion of Light. BythedifferentMixture,bythediversified Figure and Motion of the Elements, each of which
has many different Qualities or Forms, he explains the Production and Nature of Minerals, Metals, Oils, Salt, Liquors, Meteors, &c. ForExample, speaking of the Loadstone, and Amber, he fays, Their Vertue. comes from the Motion ofthe Matter whichgoesoutoftheirPeres. Butallthistogether can't make a well methodiz'd System of Physicks : Nor is ithis design to give the World a Treatise of Physicks : He swiftly runs through that which is
transitory, to find that which is permanent, and to dwell upon itj he forgets nothing that is necessary, but rejects whatsoever is useless or superfluous ; he so little designs to enter into a deep research of this Matter, that he lets us know, that if any one has a mind to break off his Meditation from things that, truly exist and abide, to apply himself
K2 " to
? ? 131 Tfo Life of Plated
toamoreparticularknowledgof suchasareonly Natural transitoryandmomeiitany,andfindspleasureinsodo-
mBdtfd illg'ltwi^notbedi^cu^^orhimtosatisfyhimself "yPlatoasm followinghisPrinciples? ,andtogivehimselfa
aDivertife-Divertisement ofLife, which he callsWise andMo ment, derate.
By theseWords P/atogivesustounderstandthat he look'd upon this part of Natural Philosophy ra
therasaPlay,thananEmployment;andthisob- lig'd him, to give only a iuperficial Account of it5 that he might more usefully employ his Time in searching for more important and Solid Truths. A n d one m a y fay, that in this again he imitates Moses, who in the History of the Creation has wifely sup- preis'd whatsoever might flatter the Vanity and Cu riosity of Men, to insist only on that which was propertoaugmenttheirHumilityandPiety. There foreweshouldbesofarfromwonderingthatNa tural Philosophy was not rais'd to its perfection in those Ancient Times when itwas look'd upon at best but as an Amusement more curious than useful, and whenthegreatestMen appliedthemselvesonlyto
Morality which is concern'd only about our true HappinessandMisery;thatIknow notwhetherwe should not have more reason to be surpriz'd that it shouldbesomuch esteem'dinAges whereinwe ought eventomakelessaccountofitthanPlatodoes. So lomon does not advise Men to acquire Natural Phi losophybuttogetWisdom. For'tisWisdomonlythat teachesus toknow God ; and thisisPlato'sLan guage, whotopromotehisDesignalwaysreasons morally in his Physical Discourses :and instead of insistingon the Consideration ofMechanique Reasons taken from the Motion, and Succession of Bodies, applies himself,as Socrates did before him,to discover the first Cause, and to penetrate the Designs of the
Soveraign Spirit which governs the World ; and en deavours to explain whole Nature by Harmony aud Proportion? ,Seekingnot so much toteach Men
Physicks, as to give 'em great Prospects, and to elevate
? ? Ihe Life osPlato. nj
elevate theirMinds. Nay Socrates formally fays in Pboedon that the manner of teaching Physicks by t h e S u c c e s s i o n a n d M o t i o n o f B o d i e s is v e r y d e f e c t i v e , a n d c a u s e s m o r e E r r o r s t h a n it c u r e s ^ b e c a u s e b y d e taining the Mind too much upon Matter, and that which is but a Second Cause, ithinders it from rai singitselfup toGod, whoistheonlytrueand firstCauseofallthings;andhe blamesAnaxagcras, whothoheknewthisTruth, dissemblesitinhis practise, anddeceivestheexpectationofhisReaders. 3Tis luch a Research as this that Solomon represents as a very Evil ani Dangerous Employment and the Truth of this has been but too much confirm'd by Experience.
Beforewe quitthisSubject,letusseehowhe *S>>ordn rangestheCelestialSpheres,andwhatVertueshesup-? **f"<L
posesthemtodisplaybytheirInfluences, FirstheI*"1*? "TM' placestheEarthastheCenteroftheWorld. Tis
true Theophrastus writes, that in his Old Age he
r e p e n t e d t h a t h e h a d g i v e n it t h a t p l a c e , w h i c h is n o t suitabletoit, HefaysitistheBoundaryofthe
Rising and Setting of the Sun, and consequently the InstrumentofTime, asthePlanetsare,andGuardian orMotheroftheDayandNight. AftertheEarth
he places the Sphere of the -Moon, then that of the Sun,thatofVenusand thatofMercury ;afterMercu ryhe places Mars, Jupiter and Saturn.
He faysthat inthebeginningafterGodhadcrea-xheinfam- tedtheSoulsofMen, hedistributedthemintoallm ojtbt
the Planets ; by which he would signifie, that the stars. Bodies which those Souls animated inthe time mark'd
out byProvidence, shouldbesubjecttotheInfluences
of those Stars. Which he explains more sensibly when hefeignsthatthereareThreeParcoetheDaugh
tersofNecessity,whichturnagreatSpindle, that's<4<<? */>/? <<. theAxle-treeoftheWorld, withitsrightSpheres,timojthe whose Motions and Revolutions produce all things. thm^a! C? -
N e c e s s i t y is D e s t i n y , w h i c h is n o t h i n g b u t t h e O r d e r and Concatenation of Causes, which ought to pro duce such or such Effects. This Necessity has 3 Daugh-
K3 ters
? ? ij4 TheLifeofPlato.
t e r s w h i c h d e n o t e th. e t h r e e d i f f e r e n c e s o f T i m e w h i c h
iseitherPalt,PresentorFuture. Thefirstwhichis
the Eldest is nam'd Lachejis that is, a Lot, because ? the Lots of all things have been regulated from all
Eternity,thatisbeforeTime. ThesecondisC/othon, Thisis(hethatexecutes, andaddsthepresentto the past. And the third is Atropos which signifies that the future is no less certain or invariable than the two others ; but is the Consequence of one and andthesameLawwhichneveralters. TheseParae arecloth'dinwhite, andseatedonThrones with Crowns on their Heads, to signify on one hand their Purity and Innocence, and on the other the Dominion they exercise over all that is subjected to 'em ; they areplac'dat equaldistancesovertheseEightSpheres, upon each of which there is a Siren which Sings with'allhermight, andtheParcxanlwerthisSing ing after such a manner, that all these different VoicesmakebutoneHarmony. Platowouldhere by signify that all things obey the Divine Law and
concur to produce those Effects, which are Conse-
. quences of the Causes G o d has established. &>'s'fl'" ButifourBodiesdependonthesePlanetsand
'toDi/iiiy.
? kevtneLawsofthisfatalNecessity,ourSoulsmay preserve themselves independant, and only obey God, who isMaster ofNecessity it self. The Planets may by their Influence produce in us such or such Manners, and by these such or such Actions or Passi
o n s ? , b u t i f o u r S o u l s w i l l , t h e y h a v e p o w e r t o m o
derateandregulate'em. AndwhentheSouldoes
the conrrary, and suffers her self to be carried d o w n t h e S t r e a m ? , s h e d e p r i v e s h e r s e l f o f h e r o w n L i b e r t y ,
and loses all her Privileges. For this is that in which that Free will, that God has left her to de noteherOrigin, consists: She caneithersubmither selfto that Fatal Necessity which Zoroaster calls an Augmenting the power of Destiny ; or subject that toherself! ,byunitingherselftohim, towhom all things are subject, and in w h o m alone she can enjoy her Liberty h And this is. what Plato means, when
he
? ? The Lifeos Plato. 135
he says a Prophet having taken the Lots out of the
Lap of the first Parcoe, ascended a Throne, and ad dressing himlelf to all the Souls that had been crea ted,spoketoemintheleTerms. HearwhatLache-^7*tbtx
sistheDaughterofNecessitysays. 0MortalSouls^00k. >>/his hereisthe beginningof aNew Period, or Life,^b[
Tou aregoing toanimate Bodies that are destined to
Death ;Tour Demon {orAngel) shallnot makechoice osyou, butyoushallchooseyourDemon (crAngel) yourselves. LetthatSoulthereforethathasthe firstLot, firstchoose thekindofLifewhichshewill leadbytheLawsofNecessity,andsoostherest. There is nothing but only Vertue that does not acknowledg her Laws :sheisfree,andgivesnotherselftoany but such as know how to honour her : Thus the faultisin theSoulwhich chooses, andGodisnot
to. beblamed. AfterthisProclamation,allimagina ble ways of living are propos'd, and the Soul chooses.
W e cannot finish this Matter without speaking somewhatoftheseDemons, aslign'dasGuidestochoiceofa.
each Soul ; and this Article would indeed require a T>imm or long Chapter of it self, or ratheran entire Volume, Gm'"
if we would found the bottom of this Doctrine ;"mdtrstLd. but 'tis sufficient for us here to know in general,
that when Plato fays the Soul immediately afterher animatingtheBody,choosesherDemon orGenius? ,
Ms designisonlytosignifytheLiberty-oftheSoul, and that she is able to choose between G o o d and Evil. That is, that as w e are compos'd of 2 different N a tures, by one of which w e partake of this gross and
Terrestrial World, and by the other of the Intelligible World-,bywhichwearerailedtothatwhichis most Sublime and Spiritual; Ifthe Soul immerses herselfinMatter,shehasamaterialDemon, that hinders her from raising her self up to Celestial Things 5 and if on the contrary she keeps her self pure,andlivesonlybytheUnderstanding, (hehas a good Demon, or perfect Genius, which supports and hinders her from descending to that which is
K 4 ir. a-
Hew tbt
? ? 136 The lifeifVhtpl
material and corruptible-, if she changes her Life, s h e a l s o c h a n g e s h e r D e m o n ? , a n d a f t e r " D e a t h , t h e
D e m o n that ihe chose, leads her either to her Re- ? ward or Punishment. This was Plato's Doctrine, which hefrequentlydelivers inAllegories,verydiffi cult to be understood, but by which he seems to have known, or at least had some Glances of very great Truths concerning the Nature and Difference of
those Spirits, which are between God and Men,
Truths which the Christian Religion has consecrated
Without divesting them of their Obscurity. For
Who isitthatunderstandsthosedifferentOrders of
Spirits which St. Paul describes by those different
Names, of Powers, Thrones, Principalities, and
Mights ? St. Augustine confesses he does not under
stand'em, andSt. Ireneusassuresusthattheycannot
beunderstood.
