No More Learning

, 1854-
61), a monument of research, breadth of view,
and devotion to the people. His autobiogra-
phy,“ Passages from a Working Life) (3 vols. ,
1864-65), is one of the most interesting of books.
His Pictorial Shakespeare) (8 vols. , 1839-41),
which he himself probably considered the
work of his life, served a good end; and (The
Shadows of the Old Booksellers) (1865) is a
gem of its kind. He wrote also a historical
novel entitled “Begg’d at Court) (1868).
Knight, Francis Arnold. An English writer
on country life; born at Gloucester, 1852. A
regular contributor, mainly on natural-history
subjects, to the Daily News, Speaker, Spectator,
and other periodicals, he has published four
volumes of essays, entitled By Leafy Ways';
(Idylls of the Field); (Rambles of a Dominie);
(By Moorland and Sea. '
Knight, William Angus. A Scotch philo-
sophical writer and littérateur ; born at Mord-
ington, Berwickshire, Feb. 22, 1836.
He has
been professor of philosophy at the University
of St. Andrews since 1876, and made valuable
additions to philosophical and general liter-
ature. Among numerous publications may be
noticed : Poems from the Dawn of English
Literature to the Year 1699) (1863); “Colloquia
Peripatetica' (1870); “Studies in Philosophy and
Literature) (1879); Memorials of Colenton)
(1887); “Wordsworth's Prose) (1893); (Aspects
of Theism (1894). He has also been the
editor of Philosophical Classics for English
Readers) (15 vols. , 1880-90), and University
Extension Manuals) (18 vols. , 1891-94).
Knorring, Soia Margarete von (knor'ing).
A Swedish novelist; born Sept. 29, 1797 ; died
Feb. 13, 1848. Unlike Fredrika Bremer, who
described middle-class life, she was the novel.
ist of Swedish society; seeing its follies and
frivolities indeed, but lacking that power of
satire which makes, for instance, Thackeray's
handling of similar material so effective. Vivid
and graceful, she wanted simplicity and out-
spokenness. Her best works were :'Kusinerna);
(Axel); Class Parallels); (A Peasant and his
Surroundings,' the only novel in which she
treats of middle or lower class life.
Knortz, Karl (knorts). A German-American
miscellaneous writer; born at Garbenheim, near
Wetzlar, Aug. 28, 1841. Has resided since 1863
in the United States, where he bends his efforts
to upholding German interests. Notable among
his works are: (Tales and Legends of the
North-American Indians) (1871); (American
Sketches) (1876); “Longfellow) (1879); (From
the Wigwam (1880); “Indian Legends); 'Pict-
ures of American Life) (1884). With Dick-
mann (1880) he collaborated on Modern Amer-
ican Lyrics.
Knowles, Herbert. An English poet; born
at Gomersal, near Leeds, 1798; died there, Feb.
17, 1817. His reputation rests wholly on the
poem (The Three Tabernacles,' known other-
wise as (Stanzas in Richmond Churchyard,
written Oct. 7, 1816, when he was only eighteen
years old. It is a remarkable if not unique
production, since, while being so precocious,
it is mature in thought and feeling, and apart
from one or two blemishes, perfect in form.
Its solemnity and pathos bave seldom been
equaled.


## p. 310 (#326) ############################################

KNOWLES- KOCK
310
Knowles, James Sheridan. An Irish actor,
lecturer, and dramatist; born at Cork, May 21,
1784; died at Torquay, England, Nov. 30, 1862.
He made his first appearance as an actor in
1806, but never attained much eminence in that
profession. Subsequently he taught elocution
for several years at Belfast and Glasgow, and
wrote for the stage. He abandoned dramatic
work in 1845 from religious scruples, devoted
himself to literature, and later became well
known as a Baptist preacher. Of his works
only the tragedy of Virginius,' produced 1820,
and the comedies (The Hunchback (1832)
and (The Love Chase ) (1837), have survived.
They are good «acting plays, and always
popular, but possess little literary value. Among
his other dramas may be mentioned: (Caius
Gracchus) (1815); “William Tell (1825); (Al-
fred the Great) (1831); (The Wife: A Tale of
Mantua) (1833); (The Rose of Aragon' (1842).
Knox, Mrs. Adeline (Trafton). An Amer-
ican novelist, daughter of Mark Trafton; born
at Saccarappa, Me. , about 1845. Her home is
at St. Louis, Mo. She has written : (Katharine
Earle) (1874); His Inheritance) (1878); (An
American Girl Abroad'; etc.
Knox, John. The great Scottish religious
reformer; born at Giffordsgate, near Hadding-
ton, 1505; died at Edinburgh, Nov. 24, 1572.
A pioneer of Puritanism; prisoner of war, for
nineteen months confined in the French gal-
leys; friend of Calvin and Beza; a preacher of
sermons that moved their hearers to demolish
convents; with a price on his head, yet never
faltering; arrested for treason, an armed
congregation” at his heels; burned in effigy,
for years a dictator, -- he spent his life forward-
ing the Reformation in Scotland. His great
work, distinguished in Scottish prose, was his
(History of the Reformation of Religion within
the Realm of Scotland) (1584; new ed. 1831 ).
His famous Letter to the Queen Dowager)
appeared in 1556; the First Trumpet Blast
against the Monstrous Regiment of Women)
- inveighing against women taking part in the
government, and which offended Queen Eliza-
beth - in 1558. ((Works, 6 vols. , 1864. )
Knox, Thomas Wallace. An American
prose-writer and traveler; born in Pembroke,
N. H. , 1835; died in New York city, 1896. He
made a journey around the world as a news-
paper correspondent in 1886. His published
works include: "Cnderground Life) (1873);
How to Travel (1880); (Lives of Blaine and
Logan (1884); (Decisive Battles since Water-
loo) (1887).
Knox, William. A Scotch poet; born at
Roxburgh, in 1789; died in 1825. Except
for the well-known poem beginning «Oh,
why should the spirit of mortal be proud ? »
he is almost forgotten, although Sir Walter
Scott and his contemporaries had consider-
able regard for his talents. Mariamne) and
(The Lonely Hearth) also enjoyed a good
deal of popularity.
Kobbe, Gustav (kob'é). An American mu-
sical and miscellaneous writer; born in New
York, 1857. His home is in New York. He
has written : 'Jersey Coast and Pines); 'Wag.
ner's Ring of the Nibelung); New York City
and its Environs. '
Kobbe, Theodor Christoph August von. A
German poet and novelist; born at Glückstadt,
June 8, 1798; died at Oldenburg, Feb. 22, 1845.
He was a humorous and entertaining writer.
Of his works, we name : (The Student's Mortal
Pilgrimage) (1820); (The Swedes in the Con-
vent at Ütersen (1830), a romance; (Humorous
Sketches and Pictures) (1831); (Recent Tales?
(2 vols. , 1833); (Humorous Reminiscences of
my College Days) (2 vols. , 1840); (Comicalities
from Philistine Life) (2 vols. , 1841).
Kobell, Franz von (koʻbel). A German poet;
born at Munich, July 19, 1803; died there, Nov.
II, 1882. A mineralogist, he made important
contributions to his science. His verse, which
belongs to the best German dialect poetry, was
marked by humor, freshness, and heartiness.
The Upper Bavarian and Palatine dialect
poems, (Schnadahüpfeln und Sprücheln) (2d
ed. 1852); Palatine Tales) (1863); (Schnada-
hüpfeln und Geschichteln) (1872); Hansl o'
Finsterwald,' etc. (2d ed. 1876), were among his
best. A devoted hunter, he was able to depict
attractively the mountain life of the Bavarian
Alps; “Wildanger: Sketches from the Chase and
its History) (1859) pleased sportsmen especially.
Kochanovski, Jan (koch-ä-nof'skē). A Po-
lish poet; born at Sycyna, 1530; died at Lub-
lin, Aug. 22, 1584. He was the most important
Polish poet of the 16th century; and has been
called the Polish Pindar. The influence he
exerted on Polish literature by his endeavor
to introduce into it classic models can scarcely
be overestimated. Writing at first in both
Latin and Polish, he gradually abandoned the
former. He wrote epics, panegyrics, political
satires, ethical discussions, and a drama, (The
Dismissal of the Greek Ambassadors) (1578),
which took high rank. His best poem was
(Lamentations,' written at the death of his
daughter,— whom he called the Slavonic Sap-
pho, and to whom he hoped his genius would
be transmitted, - and breathing bereavement
and prayer. (Works, last and best edition,
4 vols. , 1884. )
Kochovski, Hieronymus Vespasian (ko-
chof'ske). A Polish poet; born at Gaje, San.
domir, 1633; died 1699. His songs written
for the enlivenment of camp life, if occasionally
somewhat wild, are always fresh and gay, A
collection of his satires, odes, and epigrams
appeared in 1674. Among his religious poems
an epic, (The Suffering Christ) (1681),
consisting of 5,000 verses. (Polish Psalmody)
appeared in 1695. He is the best representa-
tive of the Polish poetry of the 17th century.
He wrote also several historical works.
Kock, Charles Paul de (kok). A French nov.
elist and playwright; born at Passy, May 21,
:
((
was


## p. 311 (#327) ############################################

KOCK - KOLTSOV
311
(
ocean.
(
He was
verse.
1794 ; died at Paris, Aug. 29, 1871. A remarkably
prolific writer, his long series of novels, nearly
all of which he worked over for the theatre,
became the fashion with a certain ( emanci-
pated circle of readers on both sides of the
They showed observation and knowl-
edge of their subject, the Parisian lower-class
life of his time, and were emphatically realistic.
Among the most popular were : (Georgette)
(1820); “Gustave) (1821); (Monsieur Dupont)
(1824); (Wife, Husband, and Lover) (1829);
(The Man with Three Pairs of Trousers) (1840);
(A Woman with Three Faces) (1859); (The
Millionaire) (1887). He wrote also popular
songs. He may be called a Balzac on a lower
and narrower stage. ("Works, 56 vols. , 1844. )
Kock, Paul Henri de. A French novelist
and playwright, son of Paul; born at Paris,
April 25, 1819; died at Limeil, April 14, 1892.
He followed closely in his father's footsteps,
producing numerous novels and plays, which
however never enjoyed the same popularity.
Titles of some of his novels are: (The King of
the Students and the Queen of the Grisettes)
(1844); "Kisses Accursed) (1860); (Absinthe
Drinkers) (1863); (The New Manon) (1864);
Mademoiselle Croquemitaine) (1871).
Koehler, Sylvester Rosa. An American
prose-writer; born in Leipsic, Germany, 1837.
He came to this country in 1849. He was the
editor of the American Art Review while it
existed, and is the author of Art Education
and Art Patronage in the United States) (1882).
He wrote a history of color painting.
Kohl, Johann Georg (kõl). A German
traveler and historian ; born at Bremen, April
28, 1808 ; died there, Oct. 28, 1878. Nearly his
entire life was devoted to travel and histor-
ical investigation in Europe and North Amer-
ica, where he spent four years and published
as the fruits of researches : (Travels in Canada)
(1855); (Travels in the Northwestern Parts of
the Cnited States) (1857); “History of the Dis-
covery of America) (1861); and several essays
on American cartography. Other works are :
(Travels in the Interior of Russia and Poland)
(1811); (The British Isles and Their Inhabit-
ants' (1844); "The Rhine (1851); (The Dan-
ube) (1853).
Kohn, Salomon (kon). A German novelist;
born at Prague, March 8, 1825. His first novel,
"Gabriel) (1852; 2d ed. 1875), published anony-
mously, met with considerable success. His
other more important works have been: Mirror
of the Present) (3 vols. , 1875); Prague Ghetto
Pictures) (1886), containing three short stories;
(The Old Grenadier, (The Faithful Old, (The
Life Saver and Other Tales) (all 1893).
Kohut, Alexander (köhöt). A distin-
guished Jewish-American theologian, scholar,
and preacher; born at Félegyházza, Hungary,
May 19, 1842; died in New York, May 25, 1894.
He was one of the greatest Orientalists and
Semitic scholars of his age. He was member
of the Hungarian Parliament; founded the Jew-
ish theological seminary in New York (1886),
in which he was professor (1886-94). His chief
work was 'Complete Dictionary of the Talmud?
(9 vols. , 1878-92). In later years he devoted
himself to Arabic-Hebrew literature as recently
discovered in the MS. fragments from Yemen.
A noble monument has just been raised to him
in (Semitic Studies in Memory of Rev. Dr. A.
Kohut,' Berlin, 1897 ; it is composed of contri-
butions by Max Müller, Canon Cheyne, C. A.
Briggs, M. Steinschneider, M. Heimthal, etc.
Kolár, Josef Jiri (ko'lär). A Czech novelist
and dramatist; born at Prague, Feb. 9, 1812.
Several of his dramas have been successful:
for instance, Monika) (1847); (Ziska's Death)
(1850); (Smirick) (1881); Primator) (1883).
He has also made excellent translations from
the dramatic works of Shakespeare, Goethe,
Schiller, etc. , and written novels.
an actor, very successful in tragic rôles, espe-
cially Shakespearean.
Kölcsey, Ferencz (kėl'chā-i). A Hungarian
poet; born in the county of Middle Szolnok,
Aug. 8, 1790; died at Pesth, Aug. 24, 1838. In
character, life, and writings, he was one of
the noblest of Hungarians. He wrote ballads,
songs, satires, short novels, critical treatises, and
orations, but is best known in literature by his
Its first characteristic was, not so much
strength of thought or warmth of feeling as a
certain melancholy longing for something bet-
ter. Of his short poems, two of the best are
his famous national hymn and the ballad (Beau-
tiful Lena.
Kollár, Jan (kõlſlär). A noted Czech poet;
born at Mossocz, Thurocz (Hungary), July
29, 1793; died at Vienna, Jan. 29, 1852. A
most ardent if not the first Panslavist, he used
his pen to inculcate and spread the doctrine.
His Daughter of Glory) (1821), his most pop-
ular work, a collection of 645 original sonnets
inspired by love, joy, sorrow, patriotism, etc. ,
produced on the nation an enormous effect and
made him famous; it has been pronounced one
of the most remarkable productions of the nine-
teenth century. Dedicated to the same end were
a collection of Popular Songs) (2 vols. , 1827),
and (On the Literary Reciprocity of the Slavic
Races and Dialects) (2d ed. 1844). He was
the first to give the Panslavic idea literary ex-
pression. (Works, incomplete, 4 vols. , 1862-
63. )
Koltsov, or Kolzov, Aleksei Vasilievitch
(kõlt'-sof). A Russian lyric poet; born at Vo-
ronesch, Oct. 14, 1809; died there, Oct. 31, 1842.
A dealer in cattle and wood, devouring books
in a friendly bookseller's store, he became the
Burns of Russia. His poems, few in number
(124), the best of them treating of peasant life,
short and even almost uncouth, introduced a
new form of art.
Their diction was inimita-
bly original and natural, their feeling deep and
true; they won their author consideration in
the highest Russian literary circles. Good
specimens of them are: (The Harvest); (The
Young Reaper); (The Forest. ) ("Poetical
Works, 7th ed. 1880. )
(
(
(


## p. 312 (#328) ############################################

312
KONDRATOVICZ-KOROLENKO
((
Kondratovicz, Vladislav (kon-drä-tó'vich).
[ Ladislas Syrokomla. ] A popular Polish
poet; born at Smalkov, Sept. 17, 1823; died at
Vilna, Oct. 15, 1862. His verse (some of it
founded on Polish proverbs), dealing with pa-
triotism, the love, the joy, the sorrow of the
every-day characters, went to the heart of
the nation. He was full of compassion for
the poor and the weak, hard toward worldly
success, pitiless to arrogance and selfishness,
as can be seen in (Chit-Chat and Fugitive
Rhymes) (1853); (John the Gravedigger); etc.
His Philip of Konopi, a sort of Polish (Don
Quixote,' was an original creation. Though he
himself considered Margier) (1855), a dignified
epic founded on early Lithuanian history, his
hest work, beside or even above it must be
placed the epic (John Demborog) (1854), based
on a family legend. He wrote also in prose,
including a (History of Polish Literature) and
several dramas; and made some translations.
He called his pen his “plow. " (Poetical
Works, 10 vols. , 1872. )
König, Ewald August (kė'nig). A German
novelist; born at Barmen, Aug. 22, 1833; died
at Cologne, March 9, 1888. He wrote a long
list of works, most of them dealing with crime.
Some of the best are: (Through Conflict to
Peace) (1869); (Guilty ? ) (4 vols. , 1878); (A
Lost Life) (2 vols. , 1882); (The Golden Cross)
(2 vols. , 1883); (A Modern Vampire) (3 vols. ,
1883); (The Daughter of the Councillor of
Commerce (1886); (Shadows of Life (2 vols. ,
1885); (On Dishonor's Path) (1885).
König, Heinrich Joseph. A German nov-
elist; born at Fulda, March 19, 1790; died
at Wiesbaden, Sept. 23, 1869. He wrote a
series of excellent historical novels, of which
the best were: (The Noble Bride) (2 vols. ,
1833) and especially the artistic and admirable
(Club Members of Mayence) (3 vols. , 1847).
The latter is his best work, and describes the
political and religious influence of the French
Revolution in Germany toward the end of the
eighteenth century. (William Shakespeare )
(1850) was a successful attempt to depict in
a novel the great English dramatist and his
time.
Konrad von Würzburg (konóräd fon vürts'-
börg). One of the most celebrated German
poets of the Middle Ages; born at Würzburg ;
died at Basel in 1287. He was of burgher de-
scent, and lived at first at Strasburg and later
at Basle, Fertile in imagination, learned, and
a perfect master of German versification, he
was equally at home in lyric, epic, and didactic
poetry. His largest work, «The Trojan War,'
consisting of 40,000 verses, remained unfinished.
His fame, however, is due to several shorter
legendary poems, such as : (Otto with the
Beard); (The Reward of the World); (The
Golden Smithy,' a glorification of the Virgin
Mary ; (The Legends of Sylvester); (Alexius);
(Engehart and Engeltrut.
Koopman, Harry Lyman. An American
writer of verse; born in Maine, 1860. He is
librarian of Brown University. He has written:
(The Great Admiral); Orestes,' etc. ; (Wo.
man's Will, etc. ; and others.
Kopisch, August (kop'ish). A German poet;
born at Breslau, May 26, 1799; died at Berlin,
Feb. 3, 1853. Also an artist, he was an artist
in his verse, which was precise in form and
largely descriptive; it can be best seen in
(Poems) (1836) and (All Sorts) (1848). His
ballads particularly were exquisitely humorous
and brisk. Two extremely popular productions
of his were the Story of Noah) and the droll
(Heinzelmännchen (The Brownies).
Kopp, Josef Eutychius (kop). A Swiss his-
torian and poet; born at Beromünster, Luzern,
April 25, 1793; died at Luzern, Oct. 25, 1800.
The first to apply the scientific method of study.
ing history in Switzerland, to him we owe our
modern views of old Swiss legends, especially
of that of William Tell. His chief work was
(History of the Allied Leagues) (1882). He
has been called the "Niebuhr of Switzerland. ”
He wrote also four volumes of dramatic poems
(1855-56).
Koppel, Franz (kop'el). A German miscel-
laneous writer; born at Eltville, Nassau, Dec. 7,
1840. Among his works are the heroi-comic
poem, Cervantes on his Travels) (1865); (Two
Brothers in Christ) (1867), a romance; several
comedies, including (Which Meyer ? ) (Use-
less to Worry, (On Thorns); "Spartacus,'
a tragedy; the dramas Hans in Luck) (1885)
and (Albert the Brave) (1889). He wrote also
opera librettos and celebration poems.
Körner, Karl Theodor (ker'ner). A noted
German lyric poet; born at Dresden, Sept. 23,
1791; died near Gadebusch, in the vicinity of
Schwerin, Mecklenburg, Aug. 26, 1813. When
Prussia armed against Napoleon I. in 1813, he
took the field; where, shortly after a return to
his corps from an absence caused by a wound,
he fell in battle. His spirited war-songs, which
have been the inspiration of Germany since,
many of them written in the field, can be found
in (Lyre and Sword) (1814). Among the best
of them are the Battle Prayer) and (The
Sword Song. His earlier verse - dramas, opera
texts, etc. - - although well received at the time,
is of minor importance. A Körner museum
was founded at Dresden in 1873. (Works,'
1838). *
Korolenko, Vladimir Galaktionovitch (kõ''.
rõ-len'ko). A Russian novelist; born at Zhito.
mir, Volhynia, July 27, 1853. Exiled in 1879,
while still a student, to Siberia, he was par-
doned in 1885. His pictures of contemporary
Russian life are among the best we have.
(Makar's Dream' (1885), his first work, was
one of the most successful (see Cosmopolitan
Magazine, Vol. vi. , p. 147); (The Vagrant,' etc. ,
a volume of sketches translated into English,
appeared in New York in 1888; (The Blind
Musician and (In Two Moods) (1890-91), also
exist in English; (In Bad Society) and (The
Forest Murmurs) deserve their popularity.


## p. 313 (#329) ############################################

KÖRTING - KOTZEBUE
313
etc.
Körting, Gustav (ker'ting). A German
philologist; born at Dresden, June 25, 1845.
Professor at Münster (1876) and Kiel (1893),
he has written many and valuable works in
the line of his specialty; and, of particular
interest to readers of English, an excellent
History of English Literature) (2d ed. 1893).
Kortum, Karl Arnold (kor'töm). A German
comic poet; born at Mülheim, July 5, 1745;
died there, Aug. 15, 1824. His immortal mas-
terpiece, (The Jobsiad; or the Life, Opinions,
and Deeds of Hieronymus Jobs, the Candidate)
(1784; 14th ed. 1888), a heroi-comic poem, has
been popular in Germany for over a century.
Its doggerel verse, somewhat in the style of
our Mother Goose, its riotous thought and
rhyme, and wild drollery, almost place it in a
genus by itself. Describing the college life,
as well as the previous and subsequent career
of its subject, as it does, it is a great favorite
with university students. It was translated
into English by Rev. Charles T. Brooks (1863).
Kosegarten, Ludwig Theobul (kõ'sė-gär-ten).
A Geran poet; born at Grevesmühlen, Feb. I,
1758; died at Greifswald, Oct. 26, 1818. His
novels and dramas were commonplace, but his
poetry was of higher order. Among his most
successful volumes of verse were : (Romantic
Poems) (6 vols. , 1800); Rhapsodies) (3 vols. ,
(1804); (The Island Journey) (1804); "Legends)
(2 vols. , 1816). His best work was his lyrics;
though they were more poetic in feeling than
in its expression. (Complete lyrical works, 12
vols. , 5th ed. 1824-27. )
Kossack, Karl Ludwig Ernst (kos'säk). A
German feuilletonist; born at Marienwerder,
Aug. 4, 1814; died at Berlin, Jan. 3, 1880. He
introduced into Germany, through the medium
of the Berlin Monday Post founded by himself
in 1854, the French feuilleton. These piquant
and very popular productions, by which he was
best known, were afterward issued in book form.
Among the volumes were : (Berlin and the Ber-
liners) (1851); From a Journalist's Waste-paper
Basket' (2d ed. 1859); Berlin Silhouettes (1859);
"Comicalities) (1852);( Paris Stereoscopic Views)
(1855); “Watering-Place Pictures) (1858); (Com-
icalities of Travel (2 vols. , 1862); etc. A col-
lection of his novels, “Genre Pictures,' appeared
in 1839.
Köster, Hans (kés'ter). A German dram-
atist; born near Wismar, Aug. 16, 1818. His
earlier works having been coldly received, he
abandoned writing for several years, but event-
ually embraced it again. Best of his dramas
have been : Alcibiades) (1839), his first play,
showing in places the influence of Shakespeare,
though it has been said the hero talks too much
and acts too little ; Marie Stuart) (1842), in
which Mary is depicted not in adversity but
on the throne, and considerable skill is shown
in individualizing the characters; Paolo and
Francesca' (1842); Henry IV. : A Trilogy)
(1844), containing many strong scenes and sev.
eral well-developed characters; Luther (1847).
a fine tragedy; "Ulrich von Hutten) (1846), a
tragedy; "Love in May) (1866), a comedy;
(Emperor and Empire) (1872); etc.
Koster, Samuel. See Coster.
Köstlin, Christian Reinhold (kėst'lēn).
["C. Reinhold. ”] A German novelist and poet;
born at Tübingen, Jan. 29, 1813; died Sept. 14,
1856. Besides important legal works (he be-
ing by profession a lawyer), he was a prolific
writer of lyric and dramatic poetry, novels,
One of his best novels was Matilda's
Grotto) (1838). His drama (The Doges' Sons)
was performed at Stuttgart in 1838. A 3-vol.
collection of his novels appeared in 1847-48,
under the title (Collected Tales and Novels.
Kostomarov, Nikolai Ivanovich (kos-tö'mä.
rõv). A Russian historian, novelist, and poet;
born at Ostrogosz, in 1817; died April 19, 1885.
His efforts while instructor at the University
of Kharkov to promote the development of
Little Russian as a separate tongue led to his
arrest and temporary banishment. In 1859
he was restored to favor, and appointed to a
professorship in the University of St. Peters-
burg, but resigned in 1861. A brilliant poetical
style characterizes his numerous literary and
historical works, the best-known being : (The
Cossack War with Poland) (1856); (The Com-
merce of Moscow in the Sixteenth and Seven-
teenth Centuries) (1858); (Ancient Memorials of
Russian Literature) (1861-62); “History of the
Polish Republic) (1870); (Russian History in
Biographies) (1873-76); Mazeppa) (1882), a
tragedy. Under the pseudonym (Jeremija
Halka” he wrote several historical novels, be-
sides dramas and ballads.
Kotliarevsky, Ivan Petrovitch (kot-le-ä-ref'.
skē). A Russian poet; born at Poltava, Sept.
9, 1769; died there, Nov. 10, 1838. He was the
founder of modern Littl Russian literature,
his works being written in that language. They
were and are very popular in Russia; his ope-
rettas Natalka Poltavka) (1819) and (The Sol.
dier Wizard' still holding the stage there. In
his chief work, a satire on the state of Russian
society, in the form of a burlesque on Virgil's
(Æneid' (3 vols. , 1798), was made the first liter-
ary use of genuine Little Russian.
Kotzebue, August Friedrich Ferdinand von
(kot'ze-bö). A celebrated German dramatist;
born at Weimar, May 3, 1761; died at Mann.
heim, March 23, 1819. Weak in character-
drawing, he had a strong sense for situations,
and his works have been a mine for dramatists
since. Of about 200 tragedies, comedies, dramas,
and farces, many of them very popular at
the time of their production, the best known
now are : Misanthropy and Repentance) (1789),
reproduced in Paris as lately as 1862, and fa-
mous in the United States and England in
Sheridan's adaptation entitled (The Stranger);
and (The Spaniards in Peru' (1796), adapted
by Sheridan as Pizarro. (The Indians in
England (1790) won great applause. (Ger-
man Provincials) was one of his best comedies.


## p. 314 (#330) ############################################

314
KOTZEBUE – KRASZEVSKY
-
These excelled his tragedies, but were not del.
icate in expedients for raising a laugh at any
cost. His most celebrated novel was "Sorrows
of the Ortenberg Family) (1785). The famous
(Doctor Bahrdt with the Iron Brow) (1790),
published under another's name, contained an
attack on Goethe, Schiller, etc. , who declined
to admit him to their society. He was very
fond of publishing his autobiography. During
much of his life he was in Russian service;
and was once banished to Siberia by the Em-
peror Paul, who however recalled him a year
later through being moved by something in one
of his plays, gave him a rith estate, and made
him aulic councilor and director of the court
theatre at St. Petersburg. He was assassinated
in Germany as a Russian spy, by a student.
(Complete Dramatic Works,' 40 vols. , 1840-41. )
Kotzebue, Wilhelm von. A German miscel-
laneous writer, brother of August; born at Neval,
March 19, 1813; died there, Nov. 5, 1887. Of
his works, may be named: (A Hard-Hearted
Friend,' which scored a success, and (Two Sin-
ners,' — both dramas under the pseudonym
«W. Augustsohn; Moldavian Pictures and
Sketches) (1860), (Small Stories from the Great
World) (1862), "Lascar Viorescu) (1863), Arti-
ficial and Natural Life (1869), all anonymous;
(August von Kotzebue) (1884), the romance
(Baron Fritz Reckensteg) (2 vols. , 1885), (Rou-
manian Folk Songs) (1859), all under his own
14, 1801.
name.
Kouns, Nathan Chapman (könz). An Amer-
ican novelist; born in Missouri, 1833 ; died 1890.
A lawyer by profession, he was State librarian
of Missouri (1886-90). He wrote two historical
romances : Arius the Libyan,' and Dorcas,
the Daughter of Faustina. '
Kovalevsky, Sonya (kõ-vä-lev'ske). An em-
inent Russian mathematician, said to be the
greatest woman mathematician of any age ;
born in Moscow, 1850; died at Stockholm, 1891,
'where she was professor of mathematics at the
University.