Graece, cum Trincavelli Epistola ad Nico Theodosius the Younger conferred the empire of
laum Rodulphum Cardinalem, Venice, 1553, fol.
laum Rodulphum Cardinalem, Venice, 1553, fol.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
185, cen-
casion, that they offered him a present of a hundred sured still more strongly the treatment which Sparta
and twenty talents, which he at once declined, had experienced.
bidding them keep it for the purpose of gaining In B. c. 183 Philopoemen was elected general of
over bad men to their side, and not attempt to the league for the eighth time ; it is probable that
corrupt with money good men who were already he held the office for the seventh time in B. c. 187,
their friends.
though it is not expressly mentioned (comp. Clin-
In B. c. 189 Philopoemen was again elected ge- ton, F. H. ad ann. 187). Philopoemen was now
neral of the league. He introduced in this year a seventy years of age, and was lying sick of a
change of some importance in the constitution of fever at Argos, when he heard that Deinocrates,
the league, by transferring the place of assembly who was a personal enemy of his, and who was
from Aegium, which had hitherto possessed this secretly supported by Flamininus, had induced
privilege exclusively, to the other cities of the Messene to dissolve its connection with the league.
league in rotation. This innovation was intended Notwithstanding his illness, he immediately has-
to deprive the old Achaean towns of their exclusive tened to Megalopolis, hastily collected a body of
privileges, and to diffuse the power more equally cavalry, and pressed forward to Messene. He fell
among the other cities of the league. Meantime, in with Deinocrates, whom he attacked and put to
fresh disturbances had broken out at Sparta. The flight; but a fresh body of Messenian troops having
party there which bad shown itself so grateful to come up, he was obliged to retire, and while he
Philopoemen was probably the one which he had was keeping in the rear in order to protect the
placed at the head of affairs when he annexed retreat of his troops, he was stunned by a fall
Sparta to the league ; but the great body of the from his horse, and fell into the hands of the
inhabitants, who had been established in the place Messenians. Deinocrates had him dragged into
by Nabis and the other tyrants, were opposed to Messene with his hands tied behind his back, and
Philopoemen and the league. They especially afterwards exposed him to the public gaze in the
dreaded lest by Philopoemen's influence the exiles theatre ; but perceiving that the people began to
should be restored, who had been expelled by the feel sympathy at his misfortunes, he hurried him
tyrants, and whose property they held at present. | into a narrow dungeon, and on the second night
## p. 321 (#337) ############################################
PHILOPONUS.
321
PHILOPONUS
:
after his capture, sent an executioner to him with to grant him the possession of the celebrated library
a cup of poison, which Philopoemen drank off of Alexandria. Having informed the absent khalif
calmly, after inquiring whether Lycortas and the Omar of the philosopher's wishes, Amru received
cavalry had reached Megalopolis in safety. for answer that if the books were in conformity
Such was the unworthy end of this great man, with the Koran, they were useless, and if they did
who died in the same year as his great contem- not agree with it, they were to be condemned, and
poraries Hannibal and Scipio. The news of his ought in both cases to be destroyed. Thus the
death filled the whole of Peloponnesus with grief library was burnt. We now know, however, that
and rage. An assembly was immediately held at this story is most likely only an invention of Abu-
Megalopolis ; Lycortas was chosen general, and 1-faraj, the great Arabic writer of the 13th cen-
invaded Messenia in the following year with the tury, who was however a Christian, and who, at
flower of the Achaean troops burning for revenge. any rate, was the first who ever mentioned such a
Messenia was laid waste far and wide, and Deino- thing as the burning of the Alexandrine library.
crates and the chiefs of his party were obliged to We consequently dismiss the matter, referring the
put an end to their lives. The body of Philopoe- reader to the 51st chapter of Gibbon's “ Declino
men was burnt with great pomp, and his remains and Fall. " It is extremely doubtful that Philo-
were conveyed to Megalopolis in solemn procession. ponus became a Mohammedan. His favourite
The urn which contained the ashes was carried by authors were Plato and Aristotle, whence his ten-
the historian Polybius, and was received by his dency to heresy, and he was either the founder or
grateful fellow-citizens with the bitterest sorrow. one of the first and principal promoters of the sect
His remains were then interred at Megalopolis of the Tritheists, which was condemned by the
with heroic honours ; and soon afterwards statues council of Constantinople of 681. The time of the
of him were erected in most of the towns belong- death of Philoponus is not known. The following
ing to the Achaean league. (Plutarch, Life of is a list of his works: - 1. Twv els tnv Mwvoews
Philopoemen ; Polyb. ii. 40, x. 24, 25, xi. 8—10, koouogovlay ényntik@ Móyou Ś', Commentarii in
xvi. 36, xxii. 23, xxiii. 1, 2, 9, 10, xxiv. 5, 9, 12; | Mosaicam Cosmogoniam, lib. viii. , dedicated to Ser-
Liv. xxxv. 25—29, 36, xxxviii. 31—34, xxxix. gius, patriarch of Constantinople, who held that see
49, 50; Paus, viii. 49–52, these four chapters from 610 to 639, and perhaps 6+1. Ed. Graece
are the most important ; see also iv. 29, vii. 9, et Latine by Balthasar Corderius, Vienna, 1630,
viii. 27. $ 15; Thirlwall, History of Greece, vol. viii. 4to. The editor was deficient in scholarship, and
Pp. 191, &c. , 263, &c. )
Lambecius promised a better edition, which, how-
2. The father of Monima, whom Mithridates ever, has not appeared. Photius (Bibl. cod. 75)
the Great married. [MONIMA. ]
compares the Cosmogonia with its author, and
3. A freedman of T. Vinius, and consequently forms no good opinion of either. 2. Disputatio de
called T. VINIUS PHILOPOENEN, assisted Tanusia, Paschale, ad calcem Cosmogoniae," by the same
the wife of Vinius, in saving the life of her hus- editor. 3. Kata Mpókhov nepi aiðiótntOS KÓomov
band when he was proscribed by the triumvirs. auoeis, dóyou in', Adversus Procli de Aeternitate
As a reward for his fidelity, Augustus afterwards Mundi Argumenta XVIII. Solutiones, commonly
raised Philopoemen to the equestrian rank. In called De Aeternitate Mundi. The end is muti.
Appian he is erroneously called Philemon (Suet. lated. Ed. : the text by Victor Trincavellus,
Aug. 27; Dion Cass. xlvii. 7 ; Appian, B. C. iv. Venice, 1535, fol. ; Latin versions, by Joannes
44. )
Mahotius, Lyon, 1557, fol. , and by Casparus Mar-
PHILO'PONUS, JOANNES (lwávns ó cellus, Venice, 1551, fol. 4. De quinque Dialectis
Dubrovos), or JOANNES GRAMMA'TICUS Graecae Linguae Liber. Ed. Graece, together with
(o r papuatıkós), an Alexandrine scholar of great the writings of some other grammarians, and the
renown, which he deserved but little on account Thesaurus of Varinus Camertes, Venice, 1476, fol
of his extreme dullness and want of good sense, 1504, fol. ; ad calcem Lexici Graeco-Latini, Venice,
was called Piórovos because he was one of the 1524, fol. ; another, ibid. 1524, fol. ; Basel, 1532,
most laborious and studious men of his age. He fol. ; Paris, 1521, fol. 5. Συναγωγή των προς
lived in the seventh century of our era ; one of | διάφορον σημασίαν διαφόρως τονουμένων λέξεων,
his writings, Physica, is dated the 10th of May, Collectio Vocum quae pro diversa significations
A. D. 617. He calls himself ypaunatikos, un- Accentum diversum accipiunt, in alphabetical order.
doubtedly because he taught grammar in his native It has been often published at the end of Greek dic-
town, Alexandria, and would in earlier times have tionaries. The only separate edition is by Erasmus
been called rhetor. He was a disciple of the phi- Schmid, Wittenberg, 1615, 8vo, under the title of
losopher Ammonius. Although his renown is Cyrilli
, vel, ut alii volunt, Joanni Philoponi Opus-
more based upon the number of his learned pro- culum utilissimum de Differentiis Vocum Graecarum,
ductions, and the estimation in which they were quod Tonum, Spiritum, Genus, &c. , to which is
held by his contemporaries, than upon the intrinsic added the editor's Dissertatio de Pronunciatione
value of those works, he is yet so strangely con- Graeca Antiqua. Schmid appended to the dic-
nected with one of the most important events of tionary of Philoponus about five times as much
his time, though only through subsequent tradition, of his own, but he separates his additions from the
that his pame is sure to be handed down to future text. 6. Commentarii in Aristotelem, viz. (1) In
generations. We allude to the capture of Alex: Analytica Priora. Ed. : the text, Venice, 1536,
andria by Amru in A. n. 639, and the pretended fol. ; Latin versions, by Gulielmus Dorotheus,
conflagration of the famous Alexandrine library. Venice, 1541, fol. ; Lucillus Philaltheus, ibid.
It is in the first instance said that Philopontis 1544, 1548, 1553, 1555, fol. ; Alexander Jus-
adopted the Mohammedan religion on the city being tinianus, ibid. 1560, fol. (2) In Analytica Poste-
taken by Amru, whence he may justly be called riora. Ed. : Venice, 1504, fol. , together with
the last of the pure Alexandrian grammarians. Anonymi Graeci Commentarii on the same work,
Upon this, so the story goes, he requested Amru ibid. 1534, fol. , revised and with additions, together
VOL. 111.
Y
## p. 322 (#338) ############################################
322
PHILOSTEPHANUS.
PHILOSTRATUS.
with Eustratii, episcopi Nicaeani (who lived about de Hist. Graec. p. 129, ed. Westermann ; Clinton,
1117) Commentarii on the same work. A Greek F. II, s. a. 249. )
edition of 1534 is said to exist. Latin versions 3. A poet of Mantineia, whose hymns are
by Andreas Grateolus, Venice, 1542, fol. , and quoted by Ptolemy, the son of Hephaestion, but of
Paris, 1543, fol. ; by Martianus Roin, Venice, whom nothing further is known. (Pho. Bill. Cod.
1559, 1568, fol. (3) In quatuor priores Libros 190, p. 148. 41, ed. Bekker. ) (P. S. )
Physicorum. Ed. : the text, cum Praefatione Vie- PHILOSTOʻRGIUS (PÁos Tóprios), an eccle-
toris Trincavelli ad Casparum Contarenum Cardi- İsiastical historian. He was a native of Borissus
nalem, Venice, 1535, fol. ; Latin version, by in Cappadocia, the son of Carterius and Eulampia.
Gulielmus Dorotheus, Venice, 1539, ibid. 1541, He was born in the reign of Valentinian and
fol. ; a better one by Baptista Rasarius, ibid. 1558, Valens in A. D. 358, according to Gothofredus
1569, 1581, fol. Philoponus speaks of his Scholia (Proleg. ad Philost. p. 5, &c. ), about A. D. 367,
to the sixth book, whence we may infer that he according to Vossius (de Hist. Gr. p. 314). lie
commented upon the four last books also. (4) In was 20 years old when Eunomius was expelled from
Librum unicum Meteorum. The text ad calcem Caesareia (EUNONIUS). Like his father Carterius,
Olympiodori “ In Meteora,” Venice, 155), fol. he warmly embraced the doctrines of Eunomius
Latine, by Joannes Baptistus Camotius, Venice, He wrote an ecclesiastical history, from the heresy
1551, 1567, fol. (5) In Libros III. de Anima. of Arius in A. D. 300, down to the period when
Ed.
Graece, cum Trincavelli Epistola ad Nico Theodosius the Younger conferred the empire of
laum Rodulphum Cardinalem, Venice, 1553, fol. ; the West on Valentinian the Younger (A. D. 425).
Latine, by Gentianus Hervetus, Lyon, 1544, 1548. The work was composed in twelve books, which
Venice, 1554, 1568 ; and by Matthaeus a Bove, began respectively with the twelve letters of his
Venice, 1544, 1581, all in fol. (6) In Libros V. name, so as to form a sort of acrostic. In this
De Generatione et Interitu. Gruece, cum Praefa- history he lost no opportunity of extolling the
tione A salani, Venice, 1527, fol. , together with | Arians and Eunomians, while he overwhelmed the
Alexander Aphrodiseus, Meteorologia. (7) In orthodox party with abuse, with the single exeep-
Libros V. De Generatione Animalium, probably by tion of Gregorius of Nazianzus. Photius charges
Philoponus. Ed. Graece cum Petri Corcyraei him with introducing gross misrepresentations and
Epistola Graeca ad Andream Matthaeum Aqua- unfounded statements, and says that his work is
vivam, Venice, 1526, fol. ; Latine, by the same, not a history, but a panegyric upon the heretics.
ibid. eodem anno. Black letter. (8) In Libros Philostorgius nevertheless was a man of learning,
XIV. Metaphysicorum. Latine by Franciscus Pa and was possessed of considerable geographical and
tricius, Ferrara, 1583, fol. The text was never astronomical knowledge. Being a heretic, it is
published.
not to be wondered at that his work has not come
Philoponus wrote many other works, some down to us. An abstract of it, however, was
of which are lost, and others have never been made by Photius in a separate work, which has
published. Fabricius gives an “ Index Scriptorum been preserved. Photius characterises him as being
in Philop. De Mundi Aeternitate memoratorum," elegant in his style, making use of figurative ex-
and an “Index Scriptorum in universis Philoponi pressions, though not in excess. His figures were,
ad Aristotelem Commentariis memoratorum," both however, sometimes harsh and far-fetched, and his
of great length. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. x. p. 639, narrative involved and indistinct. (Phot. Bibl. cod.
&c. ; Cave, Hist. Lit. vol. i. )
(W. P. ) xl. ) The abstract of Photius was published at
PHILOSTEʻPHANUS (Đilogrépavos). 1. A Geneva in 1643 by Jac. Godefroi, or Gothofredus,
comic poet, but whether of the Old or Middle and in a somewhat corrected form, with a new
Comedy is uncertain. Athenaeus (vii. p. 293, a. ) Latin translation by H. Valesius (Paris, 1673),
quotes from his analos, in which he appears to together with the ecclesiastical history of Theo-
have satirized the parasitical habits of the Delians. doritus, Evagrius and Theodorus ; also by Read-
(Meineke, Frag. Com. Graec. vol. i. p. 498, vol. iv. ing, Cantabr. 1720. (Fabric. Bibl. Gr. vii. p. 420,
P. 589. )
&c. ; Voss. de Hist. Gr. p. 313, &c. ; Schöll, Gesch.
2. Of Cyrene, an Alexandrian writer of history der Griech. Lit. vol. iii. p. 313. ) (C. P. M. )
and geography, the friend or disciple of Callima- PHILOSTOʻRGIUS ($1. 00Tópylos), a physi-
chus, flourished under Ptolemy II. Philadelphus, cian in the time of Valentinian and Valens, in the
about B. c. 249 (Ath. viii. p. 331, d. ). We have latter half of the fourth century after Christ. He
quotations from the following works of his: Iepi was the father of Philagrius and Posidonius, and
παραδόξων ποταμών (Αth. ι. ), περί των εν τη is said to have been the chief physician of his age.
'Aslą Trólew (Ath. vii. p. 297, f. ); Tepl mowv (Philostorg. Ilist. Eccles. viii. 10. ) (W. A. G. ]
(Harpocr. 8. v. Etpúun ; Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. PHILO'STRATUS (dotpatos) historical.
iii. 1242 ; Schol. ad Lycophr. 447, 586), of which 1. An Athenian, who seems to have followed the
work a history of Cyprus formed a part (Clem. infamous trade of a brothel-keeper. He is sa.
Alex. Protrept. p. 17 ; Siebelis, Phanodemi Frag. tirized by Aristophanes, who calls him kuvaline,
p. 70); td MTEIwtiká (Harpocr. 8. v. Bovxeta); a cross between a dog and a fox. (Arist. Eq. 1064,
tepl eúpnuátwv (Clem. Alex. Strom. i. p. 133. s. Lys. 957. )
308 ; Plin. H. N. vii. 56. s. 57); and an historical 2. Of Colonus, is mentioned by Demosthenes
work, the title of which is not specified. (Plut. (c. Meid. p. 535) as the bitterest accuser of Cha-
Lyc. 23. )
brias, in the famous trial about the loss of Oropus,
To the above citations several others might be B. c. 366. (CALLISTRATUS, No. 3; CHABRIAS. )
added, but all the extant titles of the writings of He appears to have been the same person who is
Philostephanus have been mentioned. Some writers spoken of in the oration against Neaera (p. 1352)
identify him with the comic poet ; whether rightly as a friend, when a young unmarried man, of Ly-
or not can hardly be determined (Fabric. Bibl. sias the sophist, who probably should not be iden-
Graoc, vol. i. . p. 150, n. , vol. iii. p. 814 ; Vossius, tified with the celebrated orator of the same name.
:
## p. 323 (#339) ############################################
PHILOSTRATUS.
323
PHILOSTRATUS.
.
Whether the accuser of Chabrias was also the | $8 2, 3, 27. §. 3. ) If we may believe Suidas (8. v.
maternal grandfather and adoptive father of Phae- Ppórtwr), Fronton was his rival at Athens, and
nippus is a doubtful point. (Dem. C. Phaen. pp. probably Apsines, who also was opposed to Fron-
1045, 1047. )
ton, and of whom Philostratus speaks (V. S. ii.
casion, that they offered him a present of a hundred sured still more strongly the treatment which Sparta
and twenty talents, which he at once declined, had experienced.
bidding them keep it for the purpose of gaining In B. c. 183 Philopoemen was elected general of
over bad men to their side, and not attempt to the league for the eighth time ; it is probable that
corrupt with money good men who were already he held the office for the seventh time in B. c. 187,
their friends.
though it is not expressly mentioned (comp. Clin-
In B. c. 189 Philopoemen was again elected ge- ton, F. H. ad ann. 187). Philopoemen was now
neral of the league. He introduced in this year a seventy years of age, and was lying sick of a
change of some importance in the constitution of fever at Argos, when he heard that Deinocrates,
the league, by transferring the place of assembly who was a personal enemy of his, and who was
from Aegium, which had hitherto possessed this secretly supported by Flamininus, had induced
privilege exclusively, to the other cities of the Messene to dissolve its connection with the league.
league in rotation. This innovation was intended Notwithstanding his illness, he immediately has-
to deprive the old Achaean towns of their exclusive tened to Megalopolis, hastily collected a body of
privileges, and to diffuse the power more equally cavalry, and pressed forward to Messene. He fell
among the other cities of the league. Meantime, in with Deinocrates, whom he attacked and put to
fresh disturbances had broken out at Sparta. The flight; but a fresh body of Messenian troops having
party there which bad shown itself so grateful to come up, he was obliged to retire, and while he
Philopoemen was probably the one which he had was keeping in the rear in order to protect the
placed at the head of affairs when he annexed retreat of his troops, he was stunned by a fall
Sparta to the league ; but the great body of the from his horse, and fell into the hands of the
inhabitants, who had been established in the place Messenians. Deinocrates had him dragged into
by Nabis and the other tyrants, were opposed to Messene with his hands tied behind his back, and
Philopoemen and the league. They especially afterwards exposed him to the public gaze in the
dreaded lest by Philopoemen's influence the exiles theatre ; but perceiving that the people began to
should be restored, who had been expelled by the feel sympathy at his misfortunes, he hurried him
tyrants, and whose property they held at present. | into a narrow dungeon, and on the second night
## p. 321 (#337) ############################################
PHILOPONUS.
321
PHILOPONUS
:
after his capture, sent an executioner to him with to grant him the possession of the celebrated library
a cup of poison, which Philopoemen drank off of Alexandria. Having informed the absent khalif
calmly, after inquiring whether Lycortas and the Omar of the philosopher's wishes, Amru received
cavalry had reached Megalopolis in safety. for answer that if the books were in conformity
Such was the unworthy end of this great man, with the Koran, they were useless, and if they did
who died in the same year as his great contem- not agree with it, they were to be condemned, and
poraries Hannibal and Scipio. The news of his ought in both cases to be destroyed. Thus the
death filled the whole of Peloponnesus with grief library was burnt. We now know, however, that
and rage. An assembly was immediately held at this story is most likely only an invention of Abu-
Megalopolis ; Lycortas was chosen general, and 1-faraj, the great Arabic writer of the 13th cen-
invaded Messenia in the following year with the tury, who was however a Christian, and who, at
flower of the Achaean troops burning for revenge. any rate, was the first who ever mentioned such a
Messenia was laid waste far and wide, and Deino- thing as the burning of the Alexandrine library.
crates and the chiefs of his party were obliged to We consequently dismiss the matter, referring the
put an end to their lives. The body of Philopoe- reader to the 51st chapter of Gibbon's “ Declino
men was burnt with great pomp, and his remains and Fall. " It is extremely doubtful that Philo-
were conveyed to Megalopolis in solemn procession. ponus became a Mohammedan. His favourite
The urn which contained the ashes was carried by authors were Plato and Aristotle, whence his ten-
the historian Polybius, and was received by his dency to heresy, and he was either the founder or
grateful fellow-citizens with the bitterest sorrow. one of the first and principal promoters of the sect
His remains were then interred at Megalopolis of the Tritheists, which was condemned by the
with heroic honours ; and soon afterwards statues council of Constantinople of 681. The time of the
of him were erected in most of the towns belong- death of Philoponus is not known. The following
ing to the Achaean league. (Plutarch, Life of is a list of his works: - 1. Twv els tnv Mwvoews
Philopoemen ; Polyb. ii. 40, x. 24, 25, xi. 8—10, koouogovlay ényntik@ Móyou Ś', Commentarii in
xvi. 36, xxii. 23, xxiii. 1, 2, 9, 10, xxiv. 5, 9, 12; | Mosaicam Cosmogoniam, lib. viii. , dedicated to Ser-
Liv. xxxv. 25—29, 36, xxxviii. 31—34, xxxix. gius, patriarch of Constantinople, who held that see
49, 50; Paus, viii. 49–52, these four chapters from 610 to 639, and perhaps 6+1. Ed. Graece
are the most important ; see also iv. 29, vii. 9, et Latine by Balthasar Corderius, Vienna, 1630,
viii. 27. $ 15; Thirlwall, History of Greece, vol. viii. 4to. The editor was deficient in scholarship, and
Pp. 191, &c. , 263, &c. )
Lambecius promised a better edition, which, how-
2. The father of Monima, whom Mithridates ever, has not appeared. Photius (Bibl. cod. 75)
the Great married. [MONIMA. ]
compares the Cosmogonia with its author, and
3. A freedman of T. Vinius, and consequently forms no good opinion of either. 2. Disputatio de
called T. VINIUS PHILOPOENEN, assisted Tanusia, Paschale, ad calcem Cosmogoniae," by the same
the wife of Vinius, in saving the life of her hus- editor. 3. Kata Mpókhov nepi aiðiótntOS KÓomov
band when he was proscribed by the triumvirs. auoeis, dóyou in', Adversus Procli de Aeternitate
As a reward for his fidelity, Augustus afterwards Mundi Argumenta XVIII. Solutiones, commonly
raised Philopoemen to the equestrian rank. In called De Aeternitate Mundi. The end is muti.
Appian he is erroneously called Philemon (Suet. lated. Ed. : the text by Victor Trincavellus,
Aug. 27; Dion Cass. xlvii. 7 ; Appian, B. C. iv. Venice, 1535, fol. ; Latin versions, by Joannes
44. )
Mahotius, Lyon, 1557, fol. , and by Casparus Mar-
PHILO'PONUS, JOANNES (lwávns ó cellus, Venice, 1551, fol. 4. De quinque Dialectis
Dubrovos), or JOANNES GRAMMA'TICUS Graecae Linguae Liber. Ed. Graece, together with
(o r papuatıkós), an Alexandrine scholar of great the writings of some other grammarians, and the
renown, which he deserved but little on account Thesaurus of Varinus Camertes, Venice, 1476, fol
of his extreme dullness and want of good sense, 1504, fol. ; ad calcem Lexici Graeco-Latini, Venice,
was called Piórovos because he was one of the 1524, fol. ; another, ibid. 1524, fol. ; Basel, 1532,
most laborious and studious men of his age. He fol. ; Paris, 1521, fol. 5. Συναγωγή των προς
lived in the seventh century of our era ; one of | διάφορον σημασίαν διαφόρως τονουμένων λέξεων,
his writings, Physica, is dated the 10th of May, Collectio Vocum quae pro diversa significations
A. D. 617. He calls himself ypaunatikos, un- Accentum diversum accipiunt, in alphabetical order.
doubtedly because he taught grammar in his native It has been often published at the end of Greek dic-
town, Alexandria, and would in earlier times have tionaries. The only separate edition is by Erasmus
been called rhetor. He was a disciple of the phi- Schmid, Wittenberg, 1615, 8vo, under the title of
losopher Ammonius. Although his renown is Cyrilli
, vel, ut alii volunt, Joanni Philoponi Opus-
more based upon the number of his learned pro- culum utilissimum de Differentiis Vocum Graecarum,
ductions, and the estimation in which they were quod Tonum, Spiritum, Genus, &c. , to which is
held by his contemporaries, than upon the intrinsic added the editor's Dissertatio de Pronunciatione
value of those works, he is yet so strangely con- Graeca Antiqua. Schmid appended to the dic-
nected with one of the most important events of tionary of Philoponus about five times as much
his time, though only through subsequent tradition, of his own, but he separates his additions from the
that his pame is sure to be handed down to future text. 6. Commentarii in Aristotelem, viz. (1) In
generations. We allude to the capture of Alex: Analytica Priora. Ed. : the text, Venice, 1536,
andria by Amru in A. n. 639, and the pretended fol. ; Latin versions, by Gulielmus Dorotheus,
conflagration of the famous Alexandrine library. Venice, 1541, fol. ; Lucillus Philaltheus, ibid.
It is in the first instance said that Philopontis 1544, 1548, 1553, 1555, fol. ; Alexander Jus-
adopted the Mohammedan religion on the city being tinianus, ibid. 1560, fol. (2) In Analytica Poste-
taken by Amru, whence he may justly be called riora. Ed. : Venice, 1504, fol. , together with
the last of the pure Alexandrian grammarians. Anonymi Graeci Commentarii on the same work,
Upon this, so the story goes, he requested Amru ibid. 1534, fol. , revised and with additions, together
VOL. 111.
Y
## p. 322 (#338) ############################################
322
PHILOSTEPHANUS.
PHILOSTRATUS.
with Eustratii, episcopi Nicaeani (who lived about de Hist. Graec. p. 129, ed. Westermann ; Clinton,
1117) Commentarii on the same work. A Greek F. II, s. a. 249. )
edition of 1534 is said to exist. Latin versions 3. A poet of Mantineia, whose hymns are
by Andreas Grateolus, Venice, 1542, fol. , and quoted by Ptolemy, the son of Hephaestion, but of
Paris, 1543, fol. ; by Martianus Roin, Venice, whom nothing further is known. (Pho. Bill. Cod.
1559, 1568, fol. (3) In quatuor priores Libros 190, p. 148. 41, ed. Bekker. ) (P. S. )
Physicorum. Ed. : the text, cum Praefatione Vie- PHILOSTOʻRGIUS (PÁos Tóprios), an eccle-
toris Trincavelli ad Casparum Contarenum Cardi- İsiastical historian. He was a native of Borissus
nalem, Venice, 1535, fol. ; Latin version, by in Cappadocia, the son of Carterius and Eulampia.
Gulielmus Dorotheus, Venice, 1539, ibid. 1541, He was born in the reign of Valentinian and
fol. ; a better one by Baptista Rasarius, ibid. 1558, Valens in A. D. 358, according to Gothofredus
1569, 1581, fol. Philoponus speaks of his Scholia (Proleg. ad Philost. p. 5, &c. ), about A. D. 367,
to the sixth book, whence we may infer that he according to Vossius (de Hist. Gr. p. 314). lie
commented upon the four last books also. (4) In was 20 years old when Eunomius was expelled from
Librum unicum Meteorum. The text ad calcem Caesareia (EUNONIUS). Like his father Carterius,
Olympiodori “ In Meteora,” Venice, 155), fol. he warmly embraced the doctrines of Eunomius
Latine, by Joannes Baptistus Camotius, Venice, He wrote an ecclesiastical history, from the heresy
1551, 1567, fol. (5) In Libros III. de Anima. of Arius in A. D. 300, down to the period when
Ed.
Graece, cum Trincavelli Epistola ad Nico Theodosius the Younger conferred the empire of
laum Rodulphum Cardinalem, Venice, 1553, fol. ; the West on Valentinian the Younger (A. D. 425).
Latine, by Gentianus Hervetus, Lyon, 1544, 1548. The work was composed in twelve books, which
Venice, 1554, 1568 ; and by Matthaeus a Bove, began respectively with the twelve letters of his
Venice, 1544, 1581, all in fol. (6) In Libros V. name, so as to form a sort of acrostic. In this
De Generatione et Interitu. Gruece, cum Praefa- history he lost no opportunity of extolling the
tione A salani, Venice, 1527, fol. , together with | Arians and Eunomians, while he overwhelmed the
Alexander Aphrodiseus, Meteorologia. (7) In orthodox party with abuse, with the single exeep-
Libros V. De Generatione Animalium, probably by tion of Gregorius of Nazianzus. Photius charges
Philoponus. Ed. Graece cum Petri Corcyraei him with introducing gross misrepresentations and
Epistola Graeca ad Andream Matthaeum Aqua- unfounded statements, and says that his work is
vivam, Venice, 1526, fol. ; Latine, by the same, not a history, but a panegyric upon the heretics.
ibid. eodem anno. Black letter. (8) In Libros Philostorgius nevertheless was a man of learning,
XIV. Metaphysicorum. Latine by Franciscus Pa and was possessed of considerable geographical and
tricius, Ferrara, 1583, fol. The text was never astronomical knowledge. Being a heretic, it is
published.
not to be wondered at that his work has not come
Philoponus wrote many other works, some down to us. An abstract of it, however, was
of which are lost, and others have never been made by Photius in a separate work, which has
published. Fabricius gives an “ Index Scriptorum been preserved. Photius characterises him as being
in Philop. De Mundi Aeternitate memoratorum," elegant in his style, making use of figurative ex-
and an “Index Scriptorum in universis Philoponi pressions, though not in excess. His figures were,
ad Aristotelem Commentariis memoratorum," both however, sometimes harsh and far-fetched, and his
of great length. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. x. p. 639, narrative involved and indistinct. (Phot. Bibl. cod.
&c. ; Cave, Hist. Lit. vol. i. )
(W. P. ) xl. ) The abstract of Photius was published at
PHILOSTEʻPHANUS (Đilogrépavos). 1. A Geneva in 1643 by Jac. Godefroi, or Gothofredus,
comic poet, but whether of the Old or Middle and in a somewhat corrected form, with a new
Comedy is uncertain. Athenaeus (vii. p. 293, a. ) Latin translation by H. Valesius (Paris, 1673),
quotes from his analos, in which he appears to together with the ecclesiastical history of Theo-
have satirized the parasitical habits of the Delians. doritus, Evagrius and Theodorus ; also by Read-
(Meineke, Frag. Com. Graec. vol. i. p. 498, vol. iv. ing, Cantabr. 1720. (Fabric. Bibl. Gr. vii. p. 420,
P. 589. )
&c. ; Voss. de Hist. Gr. p. 313, &c. ; Schöll, Gesch.
2. Of Cyrene, an Alexandrian writer of history der Griech. Lit. vol. iii. p. 313. ) (C. P. M. )
and geography, the friend or disciple of Callima- PHILOSTOʻRGIUS ($1. 00Tópylos), a physi-
chus, flourished under Ptolemy II. Philadelphus, cian in the time of Valentinian and Valens, in the
about B. c. 249 (Ath. viii. p. 331, d. ). We have latter half of the fourth century after Christ. He
quotations from the following works of his: Iepi was the father of Philagrius and Posidonius, and
παραδόξων ποταμών (Αth. ι. ), περί των εν τη is said to have been the chief physician of his age.
'Aslą Trólew (Ath. vii. p. 297, f. ); Tepl mowv (Philostorg. Ilist. Eccles. viii. 10. ) (W. A. G. ]
(Harpocr. 8. v. Etpúun ; Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. PHILO'STRATUS (dotpatos) historical.
iii. 1242 ; Schol. ad Lycophr. 447, 586), of which 1. An Athenian, who seems to have followed the
work a history of Cyprus formed a part (Clem. infamous trade of a brothel-keeper. He is sa.
Alex. Protrept. p. 17 ; Siebelis, Phanodemi Frag. tirized by Aristophanes, who calls him kuvaline,
p. 70); td MTEIwtiká (Harpocr. 8. v. Bovxeta); a cross between a dog and a fox. (Arist. Eq. 1064,
tepl eúpnuátwv (Clem. Alex. Strom. i. p. 133. s. Lys. 957. )
308 ; Plin. H. N. vii. 56. s. 57); and an historical 2. Of Colonus, is mentioned by Demosthenes
work, the title of which is not specified. (Plut. (c. Meid. p. 535) as the bitterest accuser of Cha-
Lyc. 23. )
brias, in the famous trial about the loss of Oropus,
To the above citations several others might be B. c. 366. (CALLISTRATUS, No. 3; CHABRIAS. )
added, but all the extant titles of the writings of He appears to have been the same person who is
Philostephanus have been mentioned. Some writers spoken of in the oration against Neaera (p. 1352)
identify him with the comic poet ; whether rightly as a friend, when a young unmarried man, of Ly-
or not can hardly be determined (Fabric. Bibl. sias the sophist, who probably should not be iden-
Graoc, vol. i. . p. 150, n. , vol. iii. p. 814 ; Vossius, tified with the celebrated orator of the same name.
:
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PHILOSTRATUS.
323
PHILOSTRATUS.
.
Whether the accuser of Chabrias was also the | $8 2, 3, 27. §. 3. ) If we may believe Suidas (8. v.
maternal grandfather and adoptive father of Phae- Ppórtwr), Fronton was his rival at Athens, and
nippus is a doubtful point. (Dem. C. Phaen. pp. probably Apsines, who also was opposed to Fron-
1045, 1047. )
ton, and of whom Philostratus speaks (V. S. ii.
