It looked
from a distance like the tall pharos of Alexandrea.
from a distance like the tall pharos of Alexandrea.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
When tho second
Punic war broke out, Hiero continued true to his Ro-
man alliance, and, after the Trasymenian defeat, he
sent a fleet to Ostia with provisions and other gifts,
and a body of light troops to the assistance of Rome.
He lived to see the battle of Cannae, after which his
son Gelon embraced the part of the Carthaginians.
Gelon, however, died, not without suspicion of vio-
lence, and Hiero himself, being past ninety years of
age, ended his days soon after (B. C. 216), leaving the
crown to his grandson Hieronymus. With Hiero the
prosperity and independence of Syracuse may be said
to have expired. (Liv. , lib. 22 et 23. --Polyb. , lib.
l. --Encyel. Vs. Knowl. , vol. 12, p. 195. )
Hierocles, I. a rhetorician of Alabanda, in Caria,
who lived in the beginning of the first century before
the Christian era. He excelled in what Cicero termed
the Asiatic style of eloquence. (Cic, de Oral. , 2,
23. --Id. , Brill. , c. 95. )--II. A lawyer, who wrote a
work on veterinary medicine, addressed to Cassianus
Has ins. of which three chapters are preserved in the
sixteenth book of :he "Geoponica. " (Vid. Geoponi-
ca. )- -III. Surnamed the grammarian, for distinction'
? ? like from the philosopher of the same name, a Greek
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? HIERONYMUS.
HIKRONYMUS.
granddaughters of Hiero were murdered, and royalty
was abolished. But the people were distracted by fac-
tions, and by the mercenaries in their pay, and revo-
lution succeeded revolution, until two adventurers of
Syracusan extraction, but natives of Carthage, who
nad been sent by Hannibal to keep in countenance the
Carthagiuian party in Syracuse, became possessed of
the chief power, and ao provoked the Roman com-
mander Marcetlus that be laid siege to and took Syr-
acuse. (Vid. Syracuse. --DM. Sic. ,fragm. , lib. 26,
vol. 9, p. 369, ed. Bip. -- Liv. , 24, 4-- Id. , 24, 7,
nqq. )--II. A native of Cardia, in the Thracian Cher-
sonese. He was one of the companions of Alexander
the Great, and after his death attached himself to Eu-
menes. Made prisoner in the battle in which that
chieftain was betrayed by his own followers, he was
kindly treated by Antigonus, and entered into bis ser-
vice. This prince intrusted him with the government
of Ccelesyria and Phoenicia, and charged him with an
expedition, the object of which was to seize upon the
country around the Lake Asphaltites. The expedition
did not succeed, owing to the opposition of the neigh-
hocring Arabs, who supported themselves by vending
the bitumen obtained from the lake. After the defeat
of Antigonus at the battle of Ipsus, and his death,
Hieronymus remained faithful to his son Demetrius.
At a later period he entered into the service of Pyr-
rhus, king of Epirus, and accompanied him in his Ital-
ian campaign. He survived this prince, and attained
the age of 104 years. The principal work of Hieron-
rmus, and that on which his reputation was founded,
was entitled 'laropma "Xnouvrifiara (" Historic Me-
moirs"). In this production he developed the move-
ments which followed the death of Alexander, the ca-
bals and jealousies of the principal officers, the bloody
wars to which their ambitious views gave rise, the de-
? truc. ion of the royal house of Macedonia, and the
birth of the new monarchies which dismembered the
empire of Alexander. The anotcnts, however, ac-
cused him of having been influenced too much by the
hatred jo bore to Seleucus, Cassander, Ptolemy, but
above all to Lysimachua, by whose orders Cardia, his
native city, had been destroyed. They charge him
il>> with partiality towards Eumenes, Antigonus, and
Pyrrbus. A particular worthy of remark, and one
whjch makes us regret more earnestly the loss of Hie-
ronyrnus's work, is, that he is the first Greek writer
who entered into any details on the origin and antiqui-
ties of Rome; the war of Pyrrhus with the republic
afforded him probably an occasion for this. Diodorus
Siculus derived considerable aid from the commenta-
ries of Hieronymus, as did Plutarch also in his life of
Eumenes. (Consult Recherches rur la vie el tur les
outrages de Jerome de Cardie, par VAbbi Sevin. --
Mem. de VAcad. des Inscr. , etc. , vol. 18, p. 20. --
ScAdll, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 3. p. 204, teqq. )--III. A
peripatetic philosopher, born in the island of Rhodes,
towards the close of the third century B. C. Cicero
praises his ability, but doubts the propriety of his
t>eing ranked under the peripatetic sect, since he
placed the summvm bonum in freedom from painful
emotion, a doctrine belonging to the Epicurean school.
(Cir. , de Fin. , 5, 5. )--IV. A celebrated father of the
church, better known by the English form of his name,
St. Jarome, and accounted the most learned of all the
Laths fathers. He was born of Christian parents,
A. D. 331, on the confines of Pannonia and Dalmatia,
? ? at the town of Stridon or Stridonium. His father,
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? HIE
1IIEROS0LYMA.
rcaclif! u? Appeared at Basle, frtfm" the press of Fro-
! ien, undei the care of Erasmus, 1516, 9 vols. fol.
Many subsequent editions have been published at Ly-
ons, Rome, Pans, and Antwerp, but the best is that
of Vallarsi, Verona, 1734-1742, 11 toIs. fol, and Ve-
net, 1766, teqq. , ann. , 11 vols. 4to. (B'dhr, Gcsck.
Rim. Lit. --Die Christlich-Romiscke Theologie, p.
165, <<yy. }
Himcso'. yha (neut. plur. ) (Jerusalem), a celebrated
city of Palestine, the capital of Judsea. The history of
Abraham mentions, that Melchizedek, king of Salem,
came forth to meet him when he returned from the
slaughter of the kings (Gen. , 14, 18), and it has been
generally supposed, that this Salem was the original of
the city which we are now considering. It is more
certain, however, that, when the Israelites entered Ca-
naan, they found the place in the occupation of the
Jebusites, a tube descended from Jebus, a son of Ca-
naan, and the city then bore the name of Jebus or Jebu-
si. (Jot! i. ! 5,63. --Id. , 18,28--Consult Reland, Pal-
tut. , p. 834 ) The lower city was taken and burned
by the children of Judah (J*d. 1, 8) after the death
of Joshua; but the Jebusites had so strongly fortified
themselves in the upper city, on Mount Zion, that they
maintained themselves in possession of it till the time
of David. That monarch, after his seven years' rule
over Judah in Hebron, became king of all Israel,
on which he expelled the Jebusites from Mount Zion,
and established here the metropolis of his kingdom.
The city now took the name of Jerusalem, a term
which denotes the abode, or (according to another de-
rivation), the people, of peace. (Consult Reland, p.
633. --Gcscmus, Hcbr. Lei. , s. v. ) The Septuagint
version gives tipovaa? . r/u as the form of the name,
while by the Greek and Roman writers the place is
called Hierosolyma. At present this city is known
throughout Western Asia by the Arabic name of El-
Kads, which signifies *' holiness. " ( Vid. Cadytis. )--
Jerusalem was built on several hills, the largest of
wh'-h was Mount Sion, which formed the southern
part of the city. A valley towards the north separ-
ated thia from Acra, the second or lower city, on the
east of which was Mount Moriah, the site of the tem-
ple of Solomon. Northeast of Mount Moriah was the
Mount of Olives, on the south was the valley of Hin-
nom, and at the north Mount Calvary, the scene of
our Lord's crucifixion. Passing over Ae history of
this celebrated city, so fully detailed in the sacred vol-
ume, we come to the memorable period of its capture
and destruction by Titus. The date of this event was
the 8th of September, A. D. 70. During this sicgo
and capture 1,100,000 persons are said to have per-
ished, and 97,000 to have been made prisoners, and
afterwfrd either sold for slaves, or wantonly exposed
for the sport of their insolent victors to the fury of
wild beasts. In fact, the population, not of Jerusa-
lem alone, but that of the adjacent districts, many who
had taken refuge in the city, more who had assembled
for the feast of unleavened bread, had been shut up by
the sudden formation of the siege. The ardent zeal
of the Jewish nation for their holy city and temple soon
caused both to be again rebuilt; but fresh commotions
compelled the Emperor 'Hadrian to interfere, and or-
dain that no Jew should remain in, or even approach
near Jerusalem, on pain of death. On the ruins of
their temple the same emperor caused a temple in hon-
our of Jupiter Capitolmus to be erected, and the im-
? ? age of a hog *o be cut in stone over the gate leading
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? HIEROSOLYMA.
HIEKOSOLYMA.
tot, then the council house, and abutted on the tow-
? r llippicus, whence the northern wall sprang. The
old wall then ran southward through Betbso to the
gate of the Essenes, all along the ridge of the Valley
of Hinnom, above the pool of Siloam, then eastward
again to the Pool of Solomon, so on through Opha,
probably a deep glen: it then joined the eastern por-
tico of the temple. Thus there were, it might seem,
four distinct towns, each requiring a separate siege.
The capture of the first wall only opened Bezctha;
the fortifications of the northern part of the temple,
the Antonia, and the second wall, still defended the
other quarters. The second wall forced, only a part
of the lower city was won; the strong rock-built cita-
del of Antonia and the temple on one hand, and Sion
on the other, were not the least weakened. The whole
circuit of these walls was guarded with towers, built
of the same solid masonry with the rest of the walls.
They were thirty-five feet broad and thirty-five high;
but above this height were lofty chambers, and above
those again upper rooms, and large tanks to receive
the rain-water. Broad flights of steps led up to them.
Ninety of these towers stood in the first wall, fourteen
in the second, and sixty in the third. The intervals
between the towers were about three hundred and
fifty feet. The whole circuit of the city, according to
Josephus, was thirty-three stadia, rather more than
four miles. The most magnificent of all these towers
was that of Psephina, opposite to which Titus en-
camped. It was one hundred and twenty-two and a
half feet high, and commanded a noble view of the
whole country of Judaea, to the border of Arabia, and
to the sea: it was an octagon. Answering to this
was the tower Hippicus, and following the old wall
stood those of Phasaelis and Mariamne. built by Herod,
and named after his wife, and his brother, and friend.
These were stupendous even as works of Herod.
Hippicus was square; forty-three and three fourths feet
each way. The whole height of the tower was one
hundred and forty feet; the tower itself fifty-two and
a half, a deep tank or reservoir thirty-five, two stories
of chambers forty-three and three fourths, battlements
? nd pinnacles eight and three fourths. Phasaelis was a
solid square of seventy feet. It was surrounded by
a portico seventeen and a half feet high, defended by
breastworks and bulwarks, and above the portico was
another tower, divided into lofty chambers and baths.
It was more richly ornamented than the rest with bat-
tlements and pinnacles, so that its whole height was
above one hundred and sixty-seven feet.
It looked
from a distance like the tall pharos of Alexandrea.
Mariamne, though not equal in elevation, was more
luxuriously fitted up; it was built of solid wall thirty-
five feet high, and of the same widtn: on the whole,
with the upper chambers, it was about seventy-six and
three fourths feet high. These lofty towers appeared
? till higher from their situation. They were built on
the old wall, which ran along the steep brow of Sion.
The masonry was perfect: they were built of white
marble, cut in blocks thirty-five feet long, seventeen
and a half wide, eight and one fourth high, so fitted
that the towers seemed hewn out of the solid quarry. "
A description of the fortress Antonia is given under
that article. "High above the whole city rose the
temple, uniting the commanding strength of a citadel
vith the splendour of a sacred edifice. According to
Josephus, the esplanade on which it stood had been con-
? ? siderably eiiirged by the accumulation of fresh soil
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? HIEROSOLIMA.
I bunch: and these were hung up upon it; and so it
wu increasing continually. ' The temple itself, ex-
cepting in the extension of the wings of the propylon,
was probably the same in its dimensions and distribu-
tion with that of Solomon. It contained the same
holy treasures, if not of equal magnificence, yet, by the
leal of successive age<<, the frequent plunder to which
it had been exposed was constantly replaced; and
within, the golden candlestick spread out its flowering
branches, the golden table supported the shew-bread,
and the altar of incense flamed with its costly perfume.
The roof of the temple had been set all over, on the
outside, with sharp golden spikes, to prevent the birds
from settling on and defiling the roof (vid. , however,
remarks under the article Elicius), "and the gates
were still sheeted with plates of the same splendid
metal. At a distance the whole temple looked liter-
ally like a mount of snow, fretted with golden pinna-
cles. " (Milman, History of the Jews, vol. 3, p. 22,
"? '/'I )--Jerusalem, in more modern times, has not
ceased to be an object of inviting interest to the trav-
eller. About the year 705 of our era, it was visited
by ArcuUus, from whose report Adamnam composed
a narrative, which was received with considerable ap-
probation. Eighty years later, Willibald, a Saxon,
undertook the same journey. In Jerusalem he saw
all that Arculfus had seen; but he previously visited
the tomb of the seven sleepers, and the cave in which
St. John wrote the Apocalypse. Bernard proceeded
to Palestine in the year 878. The crusades, however,
threw open the holy places to the eyes of all Europe;
and, accordingly, so long as a Christian king swayed
the aceptre in the capital of Judaea, the merit of indi-
ridual pilgrimage was greatly diminished. But no
sooner had the warlike Saracens recovered possession
of Jerusalem, than the wonted difficulty and danger
returned. In 1331, William de Bouldesell ventured
mum expedition into Arabia and Palestine, of which
some account has been published. A hundred years
afterward, Bertrandon de la Broquiere sailed from
Venice to Jaffa. At Jerusalem he found the Chris-
tians reduced to a state of the most cruel thraldom.
At Damascus they were treated with equal severity.
The beginning of the 17th century witnessed a higher
order of travellers, who, from such a mixture of mo-
tives as might actuate either a pilgrim or an antiquary,
undertook the perilous tour of the Holy Land. Among
these, one of the most distinguished was George
Sandys, who commenced his peregrinationa in the
year 1610. He was succeeded by Doubdan, Cheron,
Thevenot, Gonzalcs, Morison, Maundrell, and Po-
cocke. Of the more recent travellers, however, the
most interesting and intelligent is Dr. Clarke. "We
had not^been prepared," remarks this writer, descri-
bing his approach to the ancient capital of Judsea, "for
the grandeur of the spectacle which the city alone ex-
hibited. Instead of a wretched and ruined town, by
some described as the desolated remnant of Jerusa-
lem, wo beheld, as it were, a flourishing and stately
metropolis; presenting a magnificent assemblage of
domes, towers, palaces, churches, and monasteries;
all of which, glittering in the sun's rays, shone with
inconceivable splendour. " Dr. Clarke entered, how-
ever, by the Damascus gate. He confesses that there
is n> other point of view in which the city is seen to
HO much advantage, as ihe one from which he beheld
it, the summit of a hill at about an hour's distance.
In the celebrated prospect from the Mount of Olives,
? ? the city lies too low, and has too much the character
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? HIP
HIP
tnd id ands called Oestrymnidea, which are usually'
considered to be Cornwall and the Scilly Islands.
. Gossellin, Rcckerchcs, vol. 4, p. 162, seqq. )--II. A
Carthaginian, who commanded in the wars with Dio-
lysius I. , tyrant of Syracuse, B. C. 405-368. Himil-
o <<as an able and successful general. He tookGela,
ilesaina, and many other cities in Sicily, and at length
xtieged Syracuse by sea and land, but he was de-
feated by Dionysius, who burned most of the Cartha-
ginian vessels. (Diod. Sic. , lib. 13 et 14. )--III. A
supporter of the Barca party at Carthage. (Liv. , 13,
13)--He was sent by the Carthaginian government
to oppose Marcellus in Sicily. [Lit. , 24, 35, seqq. --
Id. , 25, 23, seqq. )
Hipparchus, I. a son of Pisistratus, who, together
with his brother Hippias, succeeded his father as ty-
rant of Athens. An account of their government will
oc found under the article Hippias. Hipparchus was
assassinated by Harmodius and Aristogiton, for an ac-
count of which affair, consult remarks under the arti-
cle Harmodius. --II. The first astronomer on record
who really made systematic observations, and left be-
hind him a digested body of astronomical science.
He was a native of Nica-a in Bithynia, and flourished
Dftween the 154th and 163d Olympiads, or between
160 and 125 B. C. , as appears from his having made
astronomical observations during that interval. He
resided some time in the island of Rhodes, where he
continued the astronomical observations which he had
probably commenced in Bithynia; and hence he has
been called by some authors the Bithynian, and by
others the Rhodian, and some even suppose two as-
tronomers of the same name, which is certainly incor-
rect. Hipparchus is also supposed to have made ob-
servations at Alexandre! ; but Delambre, comparing
together such passages as Ptolemy has preserved on
the subject, is of opinion that Hipparchus never speaks
of Alexandres as of the place in which he resided, and
this conclusion of the French astronomer is probably
ccirect. The period of his death is not known. He
was the author of a commentary on the Phasnornena of
Anlus, published by Peter Victorius at Florence, in
1567; and also by Petavius, with a Latin version and
notes, in his Uranologia. He also wrote treatises on
the nature of the fixed stars; on the motion of the
moon: and others no longer extant. Hipparchus has
been highly praised both by the ancients and moderns.
Phny the Elder styles him " the confidant of nature,"
on account of the importance of his discoveries; and
M. Bailly has bestowed on him the title of the " patri-
arch of astronomy. " He treated that science with a
philosophical spirit, of which there are no traces before
his time. He considered the subject in a general
point of view; examined the received opinions; pass-
ed in review the truths previously ascertained, and ex-
hibited the method of reducing them so far into a sys-
tem as to connect them with each other. He was
the first who noticed the precession of the equinoxes,
or that very slow motion of the fixed stars from west
to east, by which they perform an apparent revolution
in a great number of years. He observed and calcu-
lated eclipses; discovered the equation of time, the
parallax, and the geometrical mensuration of distances;
and he thus laid the solid foundations of geographical
and trigonometrical science. The result of his la-
bours in the observation of the fixed stars, has been
preserved by Ptolemy, who has inserted the catalogue
? ? of Hipparchus in hia Almagest. As regards the gen-
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? ril"
HIP
toiisi; lent with a prudent regard to securing the sub-
? tance. They kept up a standing force of foreign
mercenaries, but they made no change in the laws or
the form* of the constitution, only taking care to fill
the most important offices with their own friends.
Thev even reduced the tax imposed by Pisistratus to
a twentieth, and, without laying on any fresh burdens,
provided for the exigences of the state, and continued
the great works which their father bad begun. The
language of a later writer (the author of the Hippar-
chus, p. 229), who speaks of their dominion as hav-
ing recalled the happiness of the golden age, seems
almost justified by the sober praise of Thucydides,
when . 10 says that these tyrants most diligently culti-
vated r. t. ue and wisdom. The country was flourish-
ing, the people, if not perfectly contented, were cer-
tainly not impatient of the yoke, and their rule seemed
likely to laat for at least another generation, when an
event occurred which changed at once the whole as-
pect of tho government, and led to its premature over-
throw. This was the affair of Harmodius and Aristo-
giton, in which Hipparchus lost his life, and the par-
ticulars of which have been given under a different
article. (Vid. Harmodius. ) Previous to this occur-
rence, Hippias had shown himself a mild, affable, and
beneficent ruler, but ho now became a suspicious,
stern, and cmel tyrant, who regarded all his subjects
as secret enemies, and, instead of attempting to con-
ciliate them, aimed only at cowing them by rigour.
He was now threatened not only by the discontent of
the people at home, but by the machinations of power-
ful enemies from without. The banished Alcmxonidae,
with tho aid of the oracle at Delphi, induced the La-
cedemonians to espouse their cause, and Hippias was
compelled to leave Attica in the fourth year after his
brother's death. Having set sail for Asia, he fixed
tea residence for a time in his hereditary principality
af Sigeum. The Spartans, subsequently repenting of
what they had done, sent for Hippias, and, on his arri-
val, summoned a congress of deputies from their Pclo-
potinesian allies, and proposed, as the only means of
curbing the growing insolence of the Athenian people,
to unite their forces and compel Athens to receive
iter former ruler. All, however, with one accord,
loudly excla --jd against the proposition of Sparta,
and Hippias soon after returned to Sigeum, whence he
proceeded to the court of Darius Hystaspis. Here he
remained for many years; and when the expedition of
Datis and Artaphernes took place, an expedition which
he himself had strenuously urged, he guided the bar-
barian armament against bis country, and the Persian
fleet, by his advice, came to anchor in the bay of
Marathon. --The subsequent history of Hippias is in-
volved in uncertainty. Thucydides (6,59) merely says
that he was present at the battle of Marathon, without
informing ua whether he lost his life there or not.
(Compare Herodotus, 6, 107. ) Justin (2, 9) states
that he waa killed in the fight, and Cicero (JSp. ad All. ,
9,10) confirms this. Suidas, however, informs us, that
Hippias fled to Lemnos, where, falling sick, he died,
the blood issuing from his eyes. (Consult Larchcr,
*d Herod. , 6, 117. ) ? *
Hippo, I. Rcoius ('Imruv BaoiXtudc), a city of Af-
rica, in that part of Numidia called the western prov-
ince. It was situate near the sea, on a bay in the vi-
cinity of the promontory of Hippi. It was called Hip-
po Regiua, not only in opposition to Hippo Zarytus
? ? mentioned below, but also from its having been one of
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? HIPPOCRATES.
HIPPOCRATES.
falm Mrolls, 'jecause the description ho gives of the
nanners and mode of life of the Scythians is extreme-
ly exact and faithful. According to Soranus, the cities
of Athens and Abdera owed to Hippocrates the bene-
fit of having been delivered from a plague which had
caused great ravages. It ia uncertain whether the
frightful epidemic is here meant which desolated Ath-
ens during tho Peloponnesian war, and which Thucyd-
ides has so faithfully described, or some other malady;
ftr tho historian, who was an eyewitness of the rav-
ages of the disease, makes no mention of Hippocrates.
However this may be, the Athenians, grateful for the
services which this distinguished physician had ren-
dered, either in delivering them from a pestilential
scourge, or in publishing valuable works on the art of
preserving life, or in refusing the solicitations of the
enemies of Greece, decreed that he should be initiated
into the mysteries of Ceres, should be gifted with a
golden crown, should enjoy the rights of citizenship,
should be supported all his days at the public expense
in the Prytaneum, and, finally, that all the children
bom in Cos, the native island of Hippocrates, might
come and pass their youth at Athens, where they would
be . rested as if offspring of Athenian citizens. Ac-
cording to Galen, it was by kindling large fires, and
burning everywhere aromatic substances, that Hippoc-
rates succeeded in arresting the pestilence at Athens.
The reputation of this eminent physician extended far
and wide, and Artaxerxes Longimanus even sent for
him to stop the progress of a malady which was com-
mitting great ravages among the forces of that mon-
arch. Hippocrates declined the offer and the splendid
presents that accompanied it; and Artaxerxes endeav-
oured to accomplish his object by menacing the inhab-
itants of Cos, but in vain. Though the correspond-
ence which took place on this point between Hippoc-
rates and the satrap Hystanes, and which has reached
our days, must be regarded as altogether unauthentic,
jet it appears that credit was given to the story by an-
cient writers, two of whom, Galen and Plutarch, re-
late lbs circumstance. Stobauis also makes mention
xf it, but commits, at the same time, an anachronism
in giving the name of the monarch as Xerxes, and
not Artaxerxes. Certain Arabian authors affirm, that,
in the course of his travels, Hippocrates spent some
time at Damascus; there is no authority, however,
for :his, and the assertion is altogether destitute of
probability. An individual named Andreas or An-
dron, who lived under Ptolemy Philopator, and who
was a disciple of Hcrophilus, undertook, nearly three
centuries after the death of Hippocrates, to assign
a very disgraceful motive for the travels of this phy-
sician. He says that Hippocrates was compelled to
flee for having set fire to the library at Cnidus,
after having copied the best medical works con-
tained in it Tzetzes, agreeing in this accusation,
slates that it was the library at Cos wl. lrh became
? prey to the flames; and Pliny, without charging
Hippocrates with the deed, and without speaking of
any library, reduces the loss to that of a few votive
tablets, which were consumed together with the tem-
ple of iEsculapius. The discrepance of these state-
ments alone is sufficient to show the falsity of the ac-
cusation. Besides, all contemporaneous history is si-
lent on the subject; nor would Plato have shown so
much esteem for the physician of Cos, nor Athens and
Greece, in general, have rendered him so many and so
? ? high honours, had he been guilty of the disgraceful
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? H IP
HIP
lud purity of morals. In his Oath, he exacts from
. hose who enter on the profession a solemn promise
never to indulge in libertine practices, nor to degrade
their art by applying it to any criminal purposes. In
his other works he is at great pains to inculcate the
necessity of attention to address and apparel; and
gives particular directions to assist in forming a cor-
rect prognostic. With regard to his descriptions of
the phenomena of diaeaae, one may venture to affirm,
that even at the present day they are perfectly unri-
valled. As a guide to practice, he may be followed
with great confidence; for his indications are always
derived from personal observation, and his principles
are ne\cr founded on vague hypothesis. Indeed, as
an intelligent American author, Dr. Hosack, remarks,
his professional researches were conducted according
to the true principles of the Baconian philosophy; and
his late editor, Kiihn, relates, that a zealot for the Bru-
nonian theory of medicine waa convinced of its being
untenable by an attentive perusal of the works of Hip-
pocrates. His treatment of acute diseases may be
instanced as being so complete that the experience of
more tlftn two thousand yean has scarcely improved
upon it. Nay, in some instances, the correctness of
his views outstripped those of succeeding ages, and
we now only begin to recognise the propriety of them.
Thus, in acute attacks of anasarca, he approved of
bloodletting, which is a mode of practice now ascer-
tained to be highly beneficial in such cases, but against
which great and unfounded prejudices have existed,
not only in modem times, but even as far back as the
days of Galen, who found great difficulty in enforcing
the treatment recommended by Hippocrates. In his
work on Airs, Places, and Waters, he has treated of
the effects of the seasons and of situation on the hu-
man form, with a degree of accuracy which has never
been equalled. His Epidemics contain circumstantial
reports of febrile cases highly calculated to illustrate
the causes, symptoms, and treatments of these dis-
eases. Though he has not treated of the capital op-
erations of Surgery, which, if practised at all in his
day, most probably did not come within his province,
he has given an account of Fractures and Dislocations,
to which little has been added by the experience of
after ages. He has also left many impcrtant remarks
ipon the treatment of wounds and ulcers, and the
American author alluded to above ventures to assert,
'. hat the surgeons of the present day might derive an
important lesson from him on the use of the Actual
Cautery. The following aphorism points out the class
of diseases to which he considered this mode of prac-
tice applicable. 'Those complaints which medicines
will not cure, iron will cure; what iron will not cure,
fire will cure; what fire will not cure arc utterly in-
curable. ' In his treatise on the Sacred Disease, he
has shown himself superior to the superstition of his
age; for he maintains that the epilepsy is not occa-
sioned by demoniacal influence, but by actual disease
of the brain; and he mentions, what is now well
known to be the fact, that when the brains of sheep or
goats that are affected with this complaint are opened,
they are found to contain water. Of the anatomical
treatises attributed to him it is unnecessary to say any-
thing, as it appears highly probable that all, or most of
them, at least, are not genuine. Dr. Alston counted,
in his Materia Medica, 36 mineral, 300 vegetable, and
150 animal substances; in all 586, and he could not
? ?
Punic war broke out, Hiero continued true to his Ro-
man alliance, and, after the Trasymenian defeat, he
sent a fleet to Ostia with provisions and other gifts,
and a body of light troops to the assistance of Rome.
He lived to see the battle of Cannae, after which his
son Gelon embraced the part of the Carthaginians.
Gelon, however, died, not without suspicion of vio-
lence, and Hiero himself, being past ninety years of
age, ended his days soon after (B. C. 216), leaving the
crown to his grandson Hieronymus. With Hiero the
prosperity and independence of Syracuse may be said
to have expired. (Liv. , lib. 22 et 23. --Polyb. , lib.
l. --Encyel. Vs. Knowl. , vol. 12, p. 195. )
Hierocles, I. a rhetorician of Alabanda, in Caria,
who lived in the beginning of the first century before
the Christian era. He excelled in what Cicero termed
the Asiatic style of eloquence. (Cic, de Oral. , 2,
23. --Id. , Brill. , c. 95. )--II. A lawyer, who wrote a
work on veterinary medicine, addressed to Cassianus
Has ins. of which three chapters are preserved in the
sixteenth book of :he "Geoponica. " (Vid. Geoponi-
ca. )- -III. Surnamed the grammarian, for distinction'
? ? like from the philosopher of the same name, a Greek
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? HIERONYMUS.
HIKRONYMUS.
granddaughters of Hiero were murdered, and royalty
was abolished. But the people were distracted by fac-
tions, and by the mercenaries in their pay, and revo-
lution succeeded revolution, until two adventurers of
Syracusan extraction, but natives of Carthage, who
nad been sent by Hannibal to keep in countenance the
Carthagiuian party in Syracuse, became possessed of
the chief power, and ao provoked the Roman com-
mander Marcetlus that be laid siege to and took Syr-
acuse. (Vid. Syracuse. --DM. Sic. ,fragm. , lib. 26,
vol. 9, p. 369, ed. Bip. -- Liv. , 24, 4-- Id. , 24, 7,
nqq. )--II. A native of Cardia, in the Thracian Cher-
sonese. He was one of the companions of Alexander
the Great, and after his death attached himself to Eu-
menes. Made prisoner in the battle in which that
chieftain was betrayed by his own followers, he was
kindly treated by Antigonus, and entered into bis ser-
vice. This prince intrusted him with the government
of Ccelesyria and Phoenicia, and charged him with an
expedition, the object of which was to seize upon the
country around the Lake Asphaltites. The expedition
did not succeed, owing to the opposition of the neigh-
hocring Arabs, who supported themselves by vending
the bitumen obtained from the lake. After the defeat
of Antigonus at the battle of Ipsus, and his death,
Hieronymus remained faithful to his son Demetrius.
At a later period he entered into the service of Pyr-
rhus, king of Epirus, and accompanied him in his Ital-
ian campaign. He survived this prince, and attained
the age of 104 years. The principal work of Hieron-
rmus, and that on which his reputation was founded,
was entitled 'laropma "Xnouvrifiara (" Historic Me-
moirs"). In this production he developed the move-
ments which followed the death of Alexander, the ca-
bals and jealousies of the principal officers, the bloody
wars to which their ambitious views gave rise, the de-
? truc. ion of the royal house of Macedonia, and the
birth of the new monarchies which dismembered the
empire of Alexander. The anotcnts, however, ac-
cused him of having been influenced too much by the
hatred jo bore to Seleucus, Cassander, Ptolemy, but
above all to Lysimachua, by whose orders Cardia, his
native city, had been destroyed. They charge him
il>> with partiality towards Eumenes, Antigonus, and
Pyrrbus. A particular worthy of remark, and one
whjch makes us regret more earnestly the loss of Hie-
ronyrnus's work, is, that he is the first Greek writer
who entered into any details on the origin and antiqui-
ties of Rome; the war of Pyrrhus with the republic
afforded him probably an occasion for this. Diodorus
Siculus derived considerable aid from the commenta-
ries of Hieronymus, as did Plutarch also in his life of
Eumenes. (Consult Recherches rur la vie el tur les
outrages de Jerome de Cardie, par VAbbi Sevin. --
Mem. de VAcad. des Inscr. , etc. , vol. 18, p. 20. --
ScAdll, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 3. p. 204, teqq. )--III. A
peripatetic philosopher, born in the island of Rhodes,
towards the close of the third century B. C. Cicero
praises his ability, but doubts the propriety of his
t>eing ranked under the peripatetic sect, since he
placed the summvm bonum in freedom from painful
emotion, a doctrine belonging to the Epicurean school.
(Cir. , de Fin. , 5, 5. )--IV. A celebrated father of the
church, better known by the English form of his name,
St. Jarome, and accounted the most learned of all the
Laths fathers. He was born of Christian parents,
A. D. 331, on the confines of Pannonia and Dalmatia,
? ? at the town of Stridon or Stridonium. His father,
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? HIE
1IIEROS0LYMA.
rcaclif! u? Appeared at Basle, frtfm" the press of Fro-
! ien, undei the care of Erasmus, 1516, 9 vols. fol.
Many subsequent editions have been published at Ly-
ons, Rome, Pans, and Antwerp, but the best is that
of Vallarsi, Verona, 1734-1742, 11 toIs. fol, and Ve-
net, 1766, teqq. , ann. , 11 vols. 4to. (B'dhr, Gcsck.
Rim. Lit. --Die Christlich-Romiscke Theologie, p.
165, <<yy. }
Himcso'. yha (neut. plur. ) (Jerusalem), a celebrated
city of Palestine, the capital of Judsea. The history of
Abraham mentions, that Melchizedek, king of Salem,
came forth to meet him when he returned from the
slaughter of the kings (Gen. , 14, 18), and it has been
generally supposed, that this Salem was the original of
the city which we are now considering. It is more
certain, however, that, when the Israelites entered Ca-
naan, they found the place in the occupation of the
Jebusites, a tube descended from Jebus, a son of Ca-
naan, and the city then bore the name of Jebus or Jebu-
si. (Jot! i. ! 5,63. --Id. , 18,28--Consult Reland, Pal-
tut. , p. 834 ) The lower city was taken and burned
by the children of Judah (J*d. 1, 8) after the death
of Joshua; but the Jebusites had so strongly fortified
themselves in the upper city, on Mount Zion, that they
maintained themselves in possession of it till the time
of David. That monarch, after his seven years' rule
over Judah in Hebron, became king of all Israel,
on which he expelled the Jebusites from Mount Zion,
and established here the metropolis of his kingdom.
The city now took the name of Jerusalem, a term
which denotes the abode, or (according to another de-
rivation), the people, of peace. (Consult Reland, p.
633. --Gcscmus, Hcbr. Lei. , s. v. ) The Septuagint
version gives tipovaa? . r/u as the form of the name,
while by the Greek and Roman writers the place is
called Hierosolyma. At present this city is known
throughout Western Asia by the Arabic name of El-
Kads, which signifies *' holiness. " ( Vid. Cadytis. )--
Jerusalem was built on several hills, the largest of
wh'-h was Mount Sion, which formed the southern
part of the city. A valley towards the north separ-
ated thia from Acra, the second or lower city, on the
east of which was Mount Moriah, the site of the tem-
ple of Solomon. Northeast of Mount Moriah was the
Mount of Olives, on the south was the valley of Hin-
nom, and at the north Mount Calvary, the scene of
our Lord's crucifixion. Passing over Ae history of
this celebrated city, so fully detailed in the sacred vol-
ume, we come to the memorable period of its capture
and destruction by Titus. The date of this event was
the 8th of September, A. D. 70. During this sicgo
and capture 1,100,000 persons are said to have per-
ished, and 97,000 to have been made prisoners, and
afterwfrd either sold for slaves, or wantonly exposed
for the sport of their insolent victors to the fury of
wild beasts. In fact, the population, not of Jerusa-
lem alone, but that of the adjacent districts, many who
had taken refuge in the city, more who had assembled
for the feast of unleavened bread, had been shut up by
the sudden formation of the siege. The ardent zeal
of the Jewish nation for their holy city and temple soon
caused both to be again rebuilt; but fresh commotions
compelled the Emperor 'Hadrian to interfere, and or-
dain that no Jew should remain in, or even approach
near Jerusalem, on pain of death. On the ruins of
their temple the same emperor caused a temple in hon-
our of Jupiter Capitolmus to be erected, and the im-
? ? age of a hog *o be cut in stone over the gate leading
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? HIEROSOLYMA.
HIEKOSOLYMA.
tot, then the council house, and abutted on the tow-
? r llippicus, whence the northern wall sprang. The
old wall then ran southward through Betbso to the
gate of the Essenes, all along the ridge of the Valley
of Hinnom, above the pool of Siloam, then eastward
again to the Pool of Solomon, so on through Opha,
probably a deep glen: it then joined the eastern por-
tico of the temple. Thus there were, it might seem,
four distinct towns, each requiring a separate siege.
The capture of the first wall only opened Bezctha;
the fortifications of the northern part of the temple,
the Antonia, and the second wall, still defended the
other quarters. The second wall forced, only a part
of the lower city was won; the strong rock-built cita-
del of Antonia and the temple on one hand, and Sion
on the other, were not the least weakened. The whole
circuit of these walls was guarded with towers, built
of the same solid masonry with the rest of the walls.
They were thirty-five feet broad and thirty-five high;
but above this height were lofty chambers, and above
those again upper rooms, and large tanks to receive
the rain-water. Broad flights of steps led up to them.
Ninety of these towers stood in the first wall, fourteen
in the second, and sixty in the third. The intervals
between the towers were about three hundred and
fifty feet. The whole circuit of the city, according to
Josephus, was thirty-three stadia, rather more than
four miles. The most magnificent of all these towers
was that of Psephina, opposite to which Titus en-
camped. It was one hundred and twenty-two and a
half feet high, and commanded a noble view of the
whole country of Judaea, to the border of Arabia, and
to the sea: it was an octagon. Answering to this
was the tower Hippicus, and following the old wall
stood those of Phasaelis and Mariamne. built by Herod,
and named after his wife, and his brother, and friend.
These were stupendous even as works of Herod.
Hippicus was square; forty-three and three fourths feet
each way. The whole height of the tower was one
hundred and forty feet; the tower itself fifty-two and
a half, a deep tank or reservoir thirty-five, two stories
of chambers forty-three and three fourths, battlements
? nd pinnacles eight and three fourths. Phasaelis was a
solid square of seventy feet. It was surrounded by
a portico seventeen and a half feet high, defended by
breastworks and bulwarks, and above the portico was
another tower, divided into lofty chambers and baths.
It was more richly ornamented than the rest with bat-
tlements and pinnacles, so that its whole height was
above one hundred and sixty-seven feet.
It looked
from a distance like the tall pharos of Alexandrea.
Mariamne, though not equal in elevation, was more
luxuriously fitted up; it was built of solid wall thirty-
five feet high, and of the same widtn: on the whole,
with the upper chambers, it was about seventy-six and
three fourths feet high. These lofty towers appeared
? till higher from their situation. They were built on
the old wall, which ran along the steep brow of Sion.
The masonry was perfect: they were built of white
marble, cut in blocks thirty-five feet long, seventeen
and a half wide, eight and one fourth high, so fitted
that the towers seemed hewn out of the solid quarry. "
A description of the fortress Antonia is given under
that article. "High above the whole city rose the
temple, uniting the commanding strength of a citadel
vith the splendour of a sacred edifice. According to
Josephus, the esplanade on which it stood had been con-
? ? siderably eiiirged by the accumulation of fresh soil
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? HIEROSOLIMA.
I bunch: and these were hung up upon it; and so it
wu increasing continually. ' The temple itself, ex-
cepting in the extension of the wings of the propylon,
was probably the same in its dimensions and distribu-
tion with that of Solomon. It contained the same
holy treasures, if not of equal magnificence, yet, by the
leal of successive age<<, the frequent plunder to which
it had been exposed was constantly replaced; and
within, the golden candlestick spread out its flowering
branches, the golden table supported the shew-bread,
and the altar of incense flamed with its costly perfume.
The roof of the temple had been set all over, on the
outside, with sharp golden spikes, to prevent the birds
from settling on and defiling the roof (vid. , however,
remarks under the article Elicius), "and the gates
were still sheeted with plates of the same splendid
metal. At a distance the whole temple looked liter-
ally like a mount of snow, fretted with golden pinna-
cles. " (Milman, History of the Jews, vol. 3, p. 22,
"? '/'I )--Jerusalem, in more modern times, has not
ceased to be an object of inviting interest to the trav-
eller. About the year 705 of our era, it was visited
by ArcuUus, from whose report Adamnam composed
a narrative, which was received with considerable ap-
probation. Eighty years later, Willibald, a Saxon,
undertook the same journey. In Jerusalem he saw
all that Arculfus had seen; but he previously visited
the tomb of the seven sleepers, and the cave in which
St. John wrote the Apocalypse. Bernard proceeded
to Palestine in the year 878. The crusades, however,
threw open the holy places to the eyes of all Europe;
and, accordingly, so long as a Christian king swayed
the aceptre in the capital of Judaea, the merit of indi-
ridual pilgrimage was greatly diminished. But no
sooner had the warlike Saracens recovered possession
of Jerusalem, than the wonted difficulty and danger
returned. In 1331, William de Bouldesell ventured
mum expedition into Arabia and Palestine, of which
some account has been published. A hundred years
afterward, Bertrandon de la Broquiere sailed from
Venice to Jaffa. At Jerusalem he found the Chris-
tians reduced to a state of the most cruel thraldom.
At Damascus they were treated with equal severity.
The beginning of the 17th century witnessed a higher
order of travellers, who, from such a mixture of mo-
tives as might actuate either a pilgrim or an antiquary,
undertook the perilous tour of the Holy Land. Among
these, one of the most distinguished was George
Sandys, who commenced his peregrinationa in the
year 1610. He was succeeded by Doubdan, Cheron,
Thevenot, Gonzalcs, Morison, Maundrell, and Po-
cocke. Of the more recent travellers, however, the
most interesting and intelligent is Dr. Clarke. "We
had not^been prepared," remarks this writer, descri-
bing his approach to the ancient capital of Judsea, "for
the grandeur of the spectacle which the city alone ex-
hibited. Instead of a wretched and ruined town, by
some described as the desolated remnant of Jerusa-
lem, wo beheld, as it were, a flourishing and stately
metropolis; presenting a magnificent assemblage of
domes, towers, palaces, churches, and monasteries;
all of which, glittering in the sun's rays, shone with
inconceivable splendour. " Dr. Clarke entered, how-
ever, by the Damascus gate. He confesses that there
is n> other point of view in which the city is seen to
HO much advantage, as ihe one from which he beheld
it, the summit of a hill at about an hour's distance.
In the celebrated prospect from the Mount of Olives,
? ? the city lies too low, and has too much the character
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? HIP
HIP
tnd id ands called Oestrymnidea, which are usually'
considered to be Cornwall and the Scilly Islands.
. Gossellin, Rcckerchcs, vol. 4, p. 162, seqq. )--II. A
Carthaginian, who commanded in the wars with Dio-
lysius I. , tyrant of Syracuse, B. C. 405-368. Himil-
o <<as an able and successful general. He tookGela,
ilesaina, and many other cities in Sicily, and at length
xtieged Syracuse by sea and land, but he was de-
feated by Dionysius, who burned most of the Cartha-
ginian vessels. (Diod. Sic. , lib. 13 et 14. )--III. A
supporter of the Barca party at Carthage. (Liv. , 13,
13)--He was sent by the Carthaginian government
to oppose Marcellus in Sicily. [Lit. , 24, 35, seqq. --
Id. , 25, 23, seqq. )
Hipparchus, I. a son of Pisistratus, who, together
with his brother Hippias, succeeded his father as ty-
rant of Athens. An account of their government will
oc found under the article Hippias. Hipparchus was
assassinated by Harmodius and Aristogiton, for an ac-
count of which affair, consult remarks under the arti-
cle Harmodius. --II. The first astronomer on record
who really made systematic observations, and left be-
hind him a digested body of astronomical science.
He was a native of Nica-a in Bithynia, and flourished
Dftween the 154th and 163d Olympiads, or between
160 and 125 B. C. , as appears from his having made
astronomical observations during that interval. He
resided some time in the island of Rhodes, where he
continued the astronomical observations which he had
probably commenced in Bithynia; and hence he has
been called by some authors the Bithynian, and by
others the Rhodian, and some even suppose two as-
tronomers of the same name, which is certainly incor-
rect. Hipparchus is also supposed to have made ob-
servations at Alexandre! ; but Delambre, comparing
together such passages as Ptolemy has preserved on
the subject, is of opinion that Hipparchus never speaks
of Alexandres as of the place in which he resided, and
this conclusion of the French astronomer is probably
ccirect. The period of his death is not known. He
was the author of a commentary on the Phasnornena of
Anlus, published by Peter Victorius at Florence, in
1567; and also by Petavius, with a Latin version and
notes, in his Uranologia. He also wrote treatises on
the nature of the fixed stars; on the motion of the
moon: and others no longer extant. Hipparchus has
been highly praised both by the ancients and moderns.
Phny the Elder styles him " the confidant of nature,"
on account of the importance of his discoveries; and
M. Bailly has bestowed on him the title of the " patri-
arch of astronomy. " He treated that science with a
philosophical spirit, of which there are no traces before
his time. He considered the subject in a general
point of view; examined the received opinions; pass-
ed in review the truths previously ascertained, and ex-
hibited the method of reducing them so far into a sys-
tem as to connect them with each other. He was
the first who noticed the precession of the equinoxes,
or that very slow motion of the fixed stars from west
to east, by which they perform an apparent revolution
in a great number of years. He observed and calcu-
lated eclipses; discovered the equation of time, the
parallax, and the geometrical mensuration of distances;
and he thus laid the solid foundations of geographical
and trigonometrical science. The result of his la-
bours in the observation of the fixed stars, has been
preserved by Ptolemy, who has inserted the catalogue
? ? of Hipparchus in hia Almagest. As regards the gen-
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? ril"
HIP
toiisi; lent with a prudent regard to securing the sub-
? tance. They kept up a standing force of foreign
mercenaries, but they made no change in the laws or
the form* of the constitution, only taking care to fill
the most important offices with their own friends.
Thev even reduced the tax imposed by Pisistratus to
a twentieth, and, without laying on any fresh burdens,
provided for the exigences of the state, and continued
the great works which their father bad begun. The
language of a later writer (the author of the Hippar-
chus, p. 229), who speaks of their dominion as hav-
ing recalled the happiness of the golden age, seems
almost justified by the sober praise of Thucydides,
when . 10 says that these tyrants most diligently culti-
vated r. t. ue and wisdom. The country was flourish-
ing, the people, if not perfectly contented, were cer-
tainly not impatient of the yoke, and their rule seemed
likely to laat for at least another generation, when an
event occurred which changed at once the whole as-
pect of tho government, and led to its premature over-
throw. This was the affair of Harmodius and Aristo-
giton, in which Hipparchus lost his life, and the par-
ticulars of which have been given under a different
article. (Vid. Harmodius. ) Previous to this occur-
rence, Hippias had shown himself a mild, affable, and
beneficent ruler, but ho now became a suspicious,
stern, and cmel tyrant, who regarded all his subjects
as secret enemies, and, instead of attempting to con-
ciliate them, aimed only at cowing them by rigour.
He was now threatened not only by the discontent of
the people at home, but by the machinations of power-
ful enemies from without. The banished Alcmxonidae,
with tho aid of the oracle at Delphi, induced the La-
cedemonians to espouse their cause, and Hippias was
compelled to leave Attica in the fourth year after his
brother's death. Having set sail for Asia, he fixed
tea residence for a time in his hereditary principality
af Sigeum. The Spartans, subsequently repenting of
what they had done, sent for Hippias, and, on his arri-
val, summoned a congress of deputies from their Pclo-
potinesian allies, and proposed, as the only means of
curbing the growing insolence of the Athenian people,
to unite their forces and compel Athens to receive
iter former ruler. All, however, with one accord,
loudly excla --jd against the proposition of Sparta,
and Hippias soon after returned to Sigeum, whence he
proceeded to the court of Darius Hystaspis. Here he
remained for many years; and when the expedition of
Datis and Artaphernes took place, an expedition which
he himself had strenuously urged, he guided the bar-
barian armament against bis country, and the Persian
fleet, by his advice, came to anchor in the bay of
Marathon. --The subsequent history of Hippias is in-
volved in uncertainty. Thucydides (6,59) merely says
that he was present at the battle of Marathon, without
informing ua whether he lost his life there or not.
(Compare Herodotus, 6, 107. ) Justin (2, 9) states
that he waa killed in the fight, and Cicero (JSp. ad All. ,
9,10) confirms this. Suidas, however, informs us, that
Hippias fled to Lemnos, where, falling sick, he died,
the blood issuing from his eyes. (Consult Larchcr,
*d Herod. , 6, 117. ) ? *
Hippo, I. Rcoius ('Imruv BaoiXtudc), a city of Af-
rica, in that part of Numidia called the western prov-
ince. It was situate near the sea, on a bay in the vi-
cinity of the promontory of Hippi. It was called Hip-
po Regiua, not only in opposition to Hippo Zarytus
? ? mentioned below, but also from its having been one of
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? HIPPOCRATES.
HIPPOCRATES.
falm Mrolls, 'jecause the description ho gives of the
nanners and mode of life of the Scythians is extreme-
ly exact and faithful. According to Soranus, the cities
of Athens and Abdera owed to Hippocrates the bene-
fit of having been delivered from a plague which had
caused great ravages. It ia uncertain whether the
frightful epidemic is here meant which desolated Ath-
ens during tho Peloponnesian war, and which Thucyd-
ides has so faithfully described, or some other malady;
ftr tho historian, who was an eyewitness of the rav-
ages of the disease, makes no mention of Hippocrates.
However this may be, the Athenians, grateful for the
services which this distinguished physician had ren-
dered, either in delivering them from a pestilential
scourge, or in publishing valuable works on the art of
preserving life, or in refusing the solicitations of the
enemies of Greece, decreed that he should be initiated
into the mysteries of Ceres, should be gifted with a
golden crown, should enjoy the rights of citizenship,
should be supported all his days at the public expense
in the Prytaneum, and, finally, that all the children
bom in Cos, the native island of Hippocrates, might
come and pass their youth at Athens, where they would
be . rested as if offspring of Athenian citizens. Ac-
cording to Galen, it was by kindling large fires, and
burning everywhere aromatic substances, that Hippoc-
rates succeeded in arresting the pestilence at Athens.
The reputation of this eminent physician extended far
and wide, and Artaxerxes Longimanus even sent for
him to stop the progress of a malady which was com-
mitting great ravages among the forces of that mon-
arch. Hippocrates declined the offer and the splendid
presents that accompanied it; and Artaxerxes endeav-
oured to accomplish his object by menacing the inhab-
itants of Cos, but in vain. Though the correspond-
ence which took place on this point between Hippoc-
rates and the satrap Hystanes, and which has reached
our days, must be regarded as altogether unauthentic,
jet it appears that credit was given to the story by an-
cient writers, two of whom, Galen and Plutarch, re-
late lbs circumstance. Stobauis also makes mention
xf it, but commits, at the same time, an anachronism
in giving the name of the monarch as Xerxes, and
not Artaxerxes. Certain Arabian authors affirm, that,
in the course of his travels, Hippocrates spent some
time at Damascus; there is no authority, however,
for :his, and the assertion is altogether destitute of
probability. An individual named Andreas or An-
dron, who lived under Ptolemy Philopator, and who
was a disciple of Hcrophilus, undertook, nearly three
centuries after the death of Hippocrates, to assign
a very disgraceful motive for the travels of this phy-
sician. He says that Hippocrates was compelled to
flee for having set fire to the library at Cnidus,
after having copied the best medical works con-
tained in it Tzetzes, agreeing in this accusation,
slates that it was the library at Cos wl. lrh became
? prey to the flames; and Pliny, without charging
Hippocrates with the deed, and without speaking of
any library, reduces the loss to that of a few votive
tablets, which were consumed together with the tem-
ple of iEsculapius. The discrepance of these state-
ments alone is sufficient to show the falsity of the ac-
cusation. Besides, all contemporaneous history is si-
lent on the subject; nor would Plato have shown so
much esteem for the physician of Cos, nor Athens and
Greece, in general, have rendered him so many and so
? ? high honours, had he been guilty of the disgraceful
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? H IP
HIP
lud purity of morals. In his Oath, he exacts from
. hose who enter on the profession a solemn promise
never to indulge in libertine practices, nor to degrade
their art by applying it to any criminal purposes. In
his other works he is at great pains to inculcate the
necessity of attention to address and apparel; and
gives particular directions to assist in forming a cor-
rect prognostic. With regard to his descriptions of
the phenomena of diaeaae, one may venture to affirm,
that even at the present day they are perfectly unri-
valled. As a guide to practice, he may be followed
with great confidence; for his indications are always
derived from personal observation, and his principles
are ne\cr founded on vague hypothesis. Indeed, as
an intelligent American author, Dr. Hosack, remarks,
his professional researches were conducted according
to the true principles of the Baconian philosophy; and
his late editor, Kiihn, relates, that a zealot for the Bru-
nonian theory of medicine waa convinced of its being
untenable by an attentive perusal of the works of Hip-
pocrates. His treatment of acute diseases may be
instanced as being so complete that the experience of
more tlftn two thousand yean has scarcely improved
upon it. Nay, in some instances, the correctness of
his views outstripped those of succeeding ages, and
we now only begin to recognise the propriety of them.
Thus, in acute attacks of anasarca, he approved of
bloodletting, which is a mode of practice now ascer-
tained to be highly beneficial in such cases, but against
which great and unfounded prejudices have existed,
not only in modem times, but even as far back as the
days of Galen, who found great difficulty in enforcing
the treatment recommended by Hippocrates. In his
work on Airs, Places, and Waters, he has treated of
the effects of the seasons and of situation on the hu-
man form, with a degree of accuracy which has never
been equalled. His Epidemics contain circumstantial
reports of febrile cases highly calculated to illustrate
the causes, symptoms, and treatments of these dis-
eases. Though he has not treated of the capital op-
erations of Surgery, which, if practised at all in his
day, most probably did not come within his province,
he has given an account of Fractures and Dislocations,
to which little has been added by the experience of
after ages. He has also left many impcrtant remarks
ipon the treatment of wounds and ulcers, and the
American author alluded to above ventures to assert,
'. hat the surgeons of the present day might derive an
important lesson from him on the use of the Actual
Cautery. The following aphorism points out the class
of diseases to which he considered this mode of prac-
tice applicable. 'Those complaints which medicines
will not cure, iron will cure; what iron will not cure,
fire will cure; what fire will not cure arc utterly in-
curable. ' In his treatise on the Sacred Disease, he
has shown himself superior to the superstition of his
age; for he maintains that the epilepsy is not occa-
sioned by demoniacal influence, but by actual disease
of the brain; and he mentions, what is now well
known to be the fact, that when the brains of sheep or
goats that are affected with this complaint are opened,
they are found to contain water. Of the anatomical
treatises attributed to him it is unnecessary to say any-
thing, as it appears highly probable that all, or most of
them, at least, are not genuine. Dr. Alston counted,
in his Materia Medica, 36 mineral, 300 vegetable, and
150 animal substances; in all 586, and he could not
? ?
