38 It is thought, that Ussher's motive for making these
occurrences
earlier than he ought was a wish to reconcile them with the wrong date,39 which he had assigned for Enda's foundation in Aran.
O'Hanlon - Lives of the Irish Saints - v9
i.
, cap.
xi.
, p.
75.
"
Although Mac Graidin is praised for his judgment and learning, by Sir James Ware; yet,Papebrokeseemstohaveformed a far different opinion in "Acta Sanctorum," tomus iii. , Martii xxi. De S. Endeo Abbate Araniensi in Hibernia. Commentarius
praevius, num. 5, p. 268.
the biblical an—d theological studies cultivated "
at Clonard. " Ecclesiastical History of Ireland," vol. ii. , chap, x. , sect, xi. , n. 170, p. 54.
7 See ibid. vol. i. , chap, ix. , sect, viii. , and
notes, pp. 464 to 469.
8 This too should coincide with the date
for his birth, as given in the Annals of Innis- fallen, but, had he been born in 516, as
212 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS.
[September 9.
was also ready to offer his prayers for those wicked robbers. He demanded theheadswhichhadbeencarriedaway. Havingobtainedsuchrestoration, their vessel then floated Out on the water. Our saint returned with the heads to where their bodies lay. Then praying the Almighty to manifest His great mercy, by the restoration to life of his slain brethren, Kieran placed the heads near their bodies. Owing to the efficacy of his prayers, those monks were once more restored to life. They afterwards carried the wood cut down towards their monastery ; and, so long as those religious lived,
2
11*
It is related in the Irish Life, * that while Tuathal Mael-garbh ruled over
Ireland, Kieran went to request the manumission of a slave-girl, and he
offered to place his hand on the quern to supply her place. Whereupon, the King not only released that slave, but bestowed his royal raiment on Ciaran. This gift our saint afterwards parted with, in favour of the poor. It is said, likewise, that he went to King Furbaide15 to ask for another slave-girl, when one man brought him a cow as his offering, another man bestowed on him a mantle, and another brought a kettle ; but, these he gave to the poor, on that same day he received them. However, to reward his charity, the Almighty gave three offerings that were better ; viz. , a cauldron in lieu of his kettle, twelve mantles in lieu of his single mantle, and twelve cows instead of his one cow. Seeing this, the King released the slave-girl, in favour of St Ciaran's interposition.
After remaining with St. Nennidius for some time, our Saint16 went to St. Endeus of Aran. 1 ? According to one account,18 our Saint paid two distinct visits to him, and at* different times. We may suppose, that after the first of those visits, Kyran went to St. Senan,'9 and that after some experience of Iniscathy, he desired to return again to St. Endeus of Aran, in order to become one of his professed monks, and to close his life under such discipline. With him for some years, Kyran faithfully served in
diligence and industry of Kieran, during that period he spent in Aran, that no roof could be constructed to cover all the grain, which he had threshed. 21
marks of decapitation were traceable around their necks. '
20
years under the direction of St. Endeus, Abbot of Aran. Such were the
threshing out grain.
Archbishop Ussher states, that Kieran passed seven
12
Remarking on the unusual character of
vol. i. , pp. 176 to 181. However, Roderick O'Flaherty places the accession of Tutlialius
Calvoasper in the year 533, which agrees with the computation in the Annals of Ulster. These latter assign his death to A. l>. 543. See " Ogygia," pars iii. , cap. xciii. , p. 430.
15 No Ard-Righ, bearing this name, is to be found among the monarchs of Ireland.
16 Called " filius fabri. "
17 See his Life, at the 21st of March, in the Third Volume of this work, Art. i.
18 That of Augustin Magraidin.
'9 See his Life, at the 8th of March, in the Third Volume of this work, Art. i.
20 In the old Life, we find, "in monas-
terii territorio. " The Bollandist editor
u teritorio. '' It be suggests, forte may
observed, that this term seems to imply, a threshinzfloor.
Q'Donovan's ''Annals of the Four Masters," Island, at the time of their composition.
this prodigy, Suyskens considered it might appear more authentic if found in an earlier record. lie observes, also, that Macgraidin as in the instance of St. Endeus' acts, had possibly in his possession still older acts of our Saint, from which the foregoing prodigy might have been taken ; yet, using his dis- cretion as a with such little
compiler
ment, it is to be feared, he considered un-
authentic or very recent acts as trustworthy
13 As found in the Book of Lismore.
'*
The O'Clerys place the accession of Tuathal Maelgarbh, whose name has been
documents. Suyskens adds
hinc inferre, hax aut quoecumque alia ad fahulas certo esse rejicienda, cum antiquis monumentis revera hinc inde potuerit usus fuisse. "
Latinised Tutlialius at A. D. Calvoasper,
21 of St. Endeus In the old Acts
:
" Nolim tamen
judg-
by Magraidin, we are told, that the walls of placing his death at A. D. 538. See Dr. this threshing place might be seen in Aran
528, allowing him a leign of eleven years, and
September 9. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 213
After the lapse of his term, St. Kyran had a dream, which was thus related to his Master. One night he saw a tree, which grew near a large river called the Shannon, and it seemed so large, leafy and spreading, that it covered the whole of Ireland. Endeus said, that Kyran himself was that flourishing tree ; that before God and man should he grow great and fruitful in good works ; and, that he would be honoured throughout the whole of Ireland. Endeus
added, M Now therefore approach, and fulfilling the will of God, build there
a 22 monastery. "
some time
under the
lived for
of St. Senan of Iniscathy, St. Kieran founded his establishment at Inis
Aingin, during the life- time of the former. A
good deal of conjec- ture has been expended on an attempt to locate exactly this monastery of Aingin or Angina. However, it appears to have been situated on
2
an Island, 3now known
as Hare Island, and anciently called Inis-
Aingin or Inchinneen, in the lower region of
Lough Ree, on the River Shannon. It consists of 1 10 acres—
at present altogether grown over with large torest trees, and thickly
Having
religious discipline
Old Chur
pearances of remote erection. * It lies near the south-east shore of
Lcugh
Ree. as It is 26 that in MacGraidin's account, he thought,
probably
23
religious foundation alluded to must have been that of Clonmacnoise, Latinized, Cluanense. But, the reference was to a more remote period, as Papebroke states, in editing his Acts of St. Endeus.
F. Wakeraan, and tiansferred to the wood, engraved by Mrs. Millard.
25 Some improvements of a modern cha-
racter have been there introduced by a
It will naturally be supposed, that the
23 See Rev. A.
Cogan's
" Diocese of vol. ii. ,
Meath, Ancient and Modern," vol. hi. ,
chap, lxxiv. , p. 570.
24 The accompanying illustration of the
ruined gable and window of this primitive church was sketched on the spot by William
26
p. 295.
Suy^ken supposes it to be very likely,
Aingen, Lough Ree. 2
former proprietor, Viscount Casilemaine. "
See Parliamentary Gazetteer of Ireland,''
that, finding the same vision differently described in both copies of St. Kyran's
Acts, which he possessed, and conjecturing that they were different visions, MacGraidin
brakes of
tangled
brush-wood,
parish of Bunown,
barony of Kilkenny West and County of Westmeath. Onitare to be seen the ruins of an old church, built of solid masonry blocks, and exhibiting in its lonely and sylvan sur- roundings all the ap-
in the
2i4 LIVESOFTHEIRISHSAINTS. [September9.
confounded a double visit of St. Kieran to St. Endeus and there- ;
fore, that his prophesy might be referred to the later one. The purpose of St. Kyran to remain as a monk on Aran Island was probably frustratedbythevisionknowntoSt. Endeus. Owingtoitsoccurrence,our Saint was directed to establish his monastery near that place on the River Shannon, and specially pointed out by Heaven's decree. Whether this was on the Island of Aingen or at Clonmacnois may be questioned : if the former be meant, the account must appear to be more in the order of narrative ; but, the latter site is generally supposed to be intended, since it became the place for his more celebrated establishment. 2? While under St. Endeus, we have accounts of the charity, spirit of prophecy, and miracles of St. Ciaran ; while allusion is made to a place called Isel, which a certain Cobthach
to God and Ciaran. 28 We are butfurtheridentificationseemstobewanting. Nordoesthereappeartobe order or sequence in the narrative of his acts, as they have come down to us, so that it is impossible to state when or where many of them occurred. 3°
granted
In a Life of our
informed,
that it was near a 29 lake,
Aran,3
2 and visited St.
Senan, bishop
Iniscathy. 33
When Kieran
Saint,
told,
31
we are
that St. and abbot of
Kyran
left the Island of
obtained leave to depart from Aran, its holy abbot saw in a vision all the
guardian angels that attended on the saints of his community accompanying
him. Hereupon, St. Endeus felt depressed in mind, lest these blessed spirits" should not again return. 34 Having fasted and prayed with devoted
"Omanof
Endeus replied, " Tiie reason for my grieving <s because all the angels have left us and have
to him and
for what reason do you feel sad and so greatly afflicted ? "
an of the Lord fervour, angel
appeared
said,
God,
gone with Kieran. " The angel thus returned
:
" As Kieran is most dear to
God, therefore He hath sent those angels to accompany that Saint. Do not
in consequence be afflicted, for they shall again return to thee; then, in the
Lord's name, cease from fasting. " These testimonies seem indications of St.
Kieran's extraordinary sanctity ; but, on what original authority they rest has not been sufficiently manifested. Thus accompanied, Kieran reached the shore, and foretold the unhappy state to which that spot and the neigh- bouring islands should be reduced at a future time. Endeus returned to the monastery. 35 There, after recommending his soul to Almighty God, Enda happily departed this life. 36
The arrival of St. Kieran at Inniscathy, after his departure from St. Endeus of Aran, is placed at the year 538,37 by Archbishop Ussher. How- ever, this date is probably conjectural, and it cannot be reconciled with other dates, particularly with those laid down by himself. Thus, it is more than
might have thus referred them to distinct periods. It this latter conjecture hold good, the difficulty can easily be solved.
St. Enda of Avian may be assigned, to about
the year 542. He died, not long after
Kieran of Clonmacnoise left his monastery.
33 the site and of Inis- Regarding history
cathy, we have already treated, at the 8th of March.
5*According to Augustine Magraidin's Life of St. Endeus.
» This is stated in the last chapter of St.
27 See "Acta Sanctorum," tomus
iii. ,
Septembris ix. , Acta St. Kierani, sec. iii. ,
pp. 374 to 376.
28
Afterwards,itwasknownasIselCiaran. 9 This would seem to make it identical with Inis Aingen, which was situated on
Lough Kee, an extension of the River Enda's Acts.
"
Shannon.
30 Allusion is here made to the Life of
Ciaran of Clonmacnoise, as found in the Book of Lismore .
31 As mentioned by Ussher.
36 §ee Rev. Dr. Lanigan's
32
According to Dr. Lanigan, the death of
xiii. , and n. 213, pp. 69, 71.
3? According to this computation, he
should have remained but one year with Nennidh.
Ecclesiastical History of Ireland," vol. ii. , chap, x. , sect.
September y. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 215
probable, that Kieran did not go to the monastery of Ninnidh so early as 530. Again, we can hardly account for the time between 538 and 544 ; this latter being the year to which Ussher assigns the foundation for Kieran's first monastery. Also admitting that Kieran went from Aran to Inniscathy, it is plain, from the account given of what occurred in this latter place, that he remained there only a short time.
38 It is thought, that Ussher's motive for making these occurrences earlier than he ought was a wish to reconcile them with the wrong date,39 which he had assigned for Enda's foundation in Aran. 4° Such computation only gives us eight years for the period of time our Saint spent, both with St. Ninnidh and St. Endeus. From St. Senan, he received a in the
monastery
position
guest-master. We may rest satisfied, that he exercised great liberality, so soon as he had acquired such authority. It would seem, that Kieran was usually considered St. Senan's most intimate companion and confidant, from what we find related in the metrical Life of this latter
holy
intimacy not only endured, it is stated, while Kiernan was a disciple of Inniscathy's abbot, but even after he had been released from that jurisdic-
tion/3 In the opinion of Dr. Lanigan, half a year had not elapsed, until he incurred the displeasure of its monks. ** However, it must be observed, that in neither of St. Senan's Lives, as published by Colgan, do we find any record concerning Kieran having belonged to the house of Inniscathy, although he is mentioned more than once ; for, in the Metrical Life^ it is said, Kieran and Brendan** waited on St. Senan to make their confessions to him. In one Life, we read, that they called on this Saint to request him to become their director, as he was older and-a superior in rank, he being
6
a bishop, whilst they were only priests. *
that our saint founded the monastery of Aingin, before a. d. 540; yet, Ussher thinks this event did not happen until after Senan's death, which is
generally assigned
to the *8 it is from both ofSt. Senan's year 544. But, evident,
38 In the Life of Enda, Kieran is repre-
sented, when leaving Aran, as bent upon erecting a monastery for himself. It seems
strange, that Ussher fixed upon the year 538 for his leaving Aran, having placed Kieran's birth in 516; whereas he must have sup- posed, that Kieran arrived in Aran seven
years before, that is, in 531, when he was only fifteen years old. We can hardly imagine, that St, Enda would have ordered a boy of that age to employ himself in threshing corn.
39Namely,A. D. 449. See"Britannicarum Ecclesiarum Antiquitates," cap. xvii. , p. 451, and Index Chronologicus, p. 519.
40 Thus reasons Dr. Lanigan, who states, that Ussher drew back, so far as he thought advisable, the transactions of Kieran with Enda, lest he should be obliged to consider, that the latter attained an extreme old age. See "Ecclesiastical History of Ireland," vol. ii. , chap x. , sect, xi. , n. 175, pp.
Acts relating to the same saint, written after the twelfth century. It is said, that Colman, son to Lenin, wrote St. Senan's Acts in verse, before the end of the sixth century,
43 We have no very certain account, regarding the exact date or length of time Kieran remained on Inniscathy. Hut a cause assigned for his departure therefrom shows, that he did not continue there for any considerable period.
44 See " Ecclesiastical History of Ireland,"
vol. ii. ,chap. x. , sec. xi. , n. 176, p. 57.
4S Whether St. Brendan of Clonfert, or St. Brendan of Birr, be here meant, cannot well
be determined.
46 See Colgan's " Acta Sanctorum Hiber-
nice," Martii viii. Secunda Vita S. Senani,
cap. xxxvi. , p. 53s {rede 531). As Colgan observes, it was usual with the holy men of
that period to seek an Anmchara, i. e. , a
spiritual friend or ^father, as a particular director of conscience.
*7 See his previous commentary, prefixed to the Acts of St. Senan, at the 8th of March, "Acta Sanctorum," tomus i. , Martii viii. , sect, iii. , p. 760.
4B See Britannicarum Ecclesiarum Anti-
quitates, cap. xvii. , p. 454, and Index Chronologicus, p. 530.
56, 57«
41 "
See Ussher's Britannicarum Ecclesi-
arum Antiquitates," Index Chronologicus, a. d. dxxxviii. , p. 529.
42 This Metrical Life of St. Senan is sup- posed to have been written in the twelfth or thirteenth century ; and, there are prosaic
of 1 which was that of Inniscathy,'*
Although Papebroke considers *?
man. *2 Such
216 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS.
[September 9.
published Lives, that during his time, Kieran had a monastery and disciples under his own rule. Therefore, it may naturally be conjectured, that religious establishment was no other than Aingin. On another occasion, it is related, that on Kieran's way to visit St. Senan, he gave his cloak to a poor man, whom almost naked, he met when on the banks of the river near Inniscathy. «9 Then, Senan sent a boat to carry him over, and ran forward to welcome him,
bringing a cloak instead of that one he had given away. s° Notwithstanding the silence observed in the Lives of St. Senan, still Kieran might have lived for some time at Inniscathy in the above-mentioned capacity. 51 To avoid the envy of the monks at Inniscathy, and while Senan was still living, Kyran went away from this island, about a. d. 540 s2 and again he visited St.
;
Endeus, on the Island of Aran. In doing so, it was his intention to become a monk by profession, there hoping to end his life. St. Finian, Abbot of Clonard, was then on that island. At the time when our saint was coming, Endeushadavision, inwhichhesawatreegrowinginthemiddleofAran, and its branches extended even to the sea. Then, he beheld several men approaching, and having taken it up by the roots, these raised it in air, and brought it to the wide-spreading Shannon's banks, where, having set it down, they planted it a second time. Again, the same tree grew to a very unusual height, and extended its branches out towards the sea. This remarkable vision Endeus related to the Senior, St. Finian, and to other
"
persons, worthy of trust. He also said,
I have described to you, has reference to our brother Kieran, who shall become a father over many monks. Wherefore, he ought hasten towards the place divinely indicated with our blessing, and found a monastery on the aforesaid river's banks, so that many other monasteries may extend from it, like branches sprouting from a flourishing tree. " On hearing these words of St. Endeus, Kieran and many others, who were present, shed tears.
Accordingly,hewasresolvedonleavingAran. EndeusandFinian,witha great number of monks, accompanied him to the port,S3 where a vessel had been prepared for his departure. 54 Having recommended himself to the prayers of those holy men living on Aran, in the presence of all assembled, our saint said to Endeus, " O Father, receive me with my place of habitation
'
under thy care, that all my disciples may be recognized as thine own. " To
"' 49 See Colgan's Acta Sanctorum Iliher-
Go to the sea, and you shall find a guest there, and bring it with you with honour and veneration. ' When the monks went out, they found that robe on the sea. It was dry, as they carried it to Senan, who gave thanks to the Lord. " At the time of the lore- going narrative, that robe was preserved, and it was called Cassal Senain, or Senan 's Robe.
SI In the metrical Life of Senan, in the twenty-first strophe, we find Kieran is called a companion of Senan, thus, "comes semper et socius ;" still, these words seem to mean nothing more than that they were constant friends.
52 According to Suysken.
S1 This is stated, in the Acts of St. Endeus, hath a robe for me in keeping. ' When "Acta Sanctorum," tomus iii. , Martii xxi. ,
nice," Martii viii. Secunda Vita S. Senani,
cap. xxxviii. , p. 536 (recle 532).
50 The matter is thus related in the Life
of ^t. Ciarah, as found in the Book of
Lismore " When Ciaran went out of Aran,
:
a poor man meets him on the path. Ciaran gives his linen chasuble to him, and goes to Inis Cathaig to bid farewell to Senan. Since he had nothing on but his one mantle, that was revealed to Senan : and so he went to meet him with a linen robe under his armpit,
'
Ciaran came to Clonmacnois, he desired to send another robe to Senan. This he sent down the stream of the Shannon, and it floated without getting wet to the harbour of Inis Cathaig. Senan said to his monks,
Is it not a shame for a priest to go about without a robe ? ' 'Mercy come to us! ' saith Ciaran, 'God will take pity on my nakedness. My elder
and he said to Ciaran :
Dearly beloved, this vision, which
p. 273.
54 It is probable, that Magraidin alludes
to this same departure, after having 1 elated a nearly similar vision, which our saint is said to have had on Aran Island.
September 9. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 217
" The Almighty hath not thus decreed, that
Endeus
mutually conferred with each other, as a sign of that perfect fraternity they contracted between themselves and their disciples, a cross was then erected.
this
all in that small island should live under my discipline, but our Lord Jesus Christ shall give the half of Ireland as a lot for your inheritance, on account of your wonderful humility and perfect charity. " When they had thus
petition,
replied ;
" Whoever shall
our fraternal union on
afterwards
even after our time, may he want our fraternity and society in Heaven. " Then St. Endeus went to a place, called Medraighe,55 and to a part desig- nated Luaban. s6 Here, we are told, St. Endeus besought Kieran to visit
an adjoining place named Acadh-Draighnich,57 whence he was requested to expel a certain beast, which had devastated all the adjoing country. One of
8 lived there. The beast
expelled, a hermitage, in which that monk and our saint resided, was no
more disturbed. ^
It is said, that having obtained the benediction of Endeus, our Saint
afterwards prepared to found Clonmacnoise monastery ; although it may be questioned, if the writer did not intend to mean Aingin or Anginense for the
mentioned. 60 A
this islet, Aingin or Inis-Aingin, was identical with the Island of All Saints,
61
They
said,
interrupt
earth,
St. Endeus' named disciples,
Gigneus. s
having
been
place
conjecture
has been offered Sir Ware that by James
This conjecture has been accepted as a positive
in the River Shannon.
statement of fact, by his editor, Harris,62 and after him by Archdall. 6^ Grounding his opinion on that of Colgan 6* the Bollandist editor thinks
,
Aingin was situated in the tract Breaghmuid, called by Colgan Breghmuine,6* inWestmeath. Weareinformed,66thatfromDiermotKingofIreland,our
Saint obtained Clonmacnoise and Inis-Aingin, an Island, together with one
Aingen about the year 540, the Rev. Dr. Lanigan prefers the date of 542 ; as, in this case, we might account for the seven years he ruled as abbot,
55 Colgan tells us, that this was a maritime century; because he thinks their founder,
district in the County ol Galway, and that St. Kieran, had been born in the Island of
it lay towards the southern part of Con- Clear, A. D. 352. But, here it is evident,
hundred churches or cells, situated in Midia and
have been a little district, in that part of the country, bordering on Lough Ree. 68 While the Bollandist editor Suysken places the foundation at Inis
"
naught. See Acta Sanctorum Hibemiae,"
Martii xxi. Vita S. Endei, cap. xxii. , xxiii. , xxiv. , p. 709, and nn. 40, 41, p. 711.
s° Neither of these localities, however, has been correctly identified.
that Alemand confounded our Saint with
St. Kieran, bishop and abbot of Saigir, ai-
though elsewhere, he clearly distinguishes both of these persons,
6l See " De Hibernia et Antiquitatibus ejus," cap. xxvi. , p. 172.
57 It has not been identified.
58
Nothing him.
more is
known
concerning
62 See Harris' vol. Ware,
of Ireland," chap, xxxviii. ford, p. 265.
ii. , "Antiquities County of Long-
s' But the Bollandist editor of St. Kieran's
Acts justly rejects this narrative as fabulous,
and clearly borrowed from that occurring in
St. Senan's Acts. It has parallel relation- Januarii xvi. Vita S. Dunchadi, sect, v. ,
ship with many other fictions, unhappily disfiguring recorded and traditionary inci- dents, told about our Irish saints.
and n. 20, pp. 105, 108.
65 In the Latin Topographical Index, it is denominated Bregmania.
w By Archbishop Ussher, who takes his account from the Book of Navan.
60 In his "Histoire Monastique d'Irlande,"
L. Aug. Alemand fell into a great error,
when he says that Aingen and Clonmacnoise
were founded in the fifth century. See pp. quitates," cap.
"
Although Mac Graidin is praised for his judgment and learning, by Sir James Ware; yet,Papebrokeseemstohaveformed a far different opinion in "Acta Sanctorum," tomus iii. , Martii xxi. De S. Endeo Abbate Araniensi in Hibernia. Commentarius
praevius, num. 5, p. 268.
the biblical an—d theological studies cultivated "
at Clonard. " Ecclesiastical History of Ireland," vol. ii. , chap, x. , sect, xi. , n. 170, p. 54.
7 See ibid. vol. i. , chap, ix. , sect, viii. , and
notes, pp. 464 to 469.
8 This too should coincide with the date
for his birth, as given in the Annals of Innis- fallen, but, had he been born in 516, as
212 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS.
[September 9.
was also ready to offer his prayers for those wicked robbers. He demanded theheadswhichhadbeencarriedaway. Havingobtainedsuchrestoration, their vessel then floated Out on the water. Our saint returned with the heads to where their bodies lay. Then praying the Almighty to manifest His great mercy, by the restoration to life of his slain brethren, Kieran placed the heads near their bodies. Owing to the efficacy of his prayers, those monks were once more restored to life. They afterwards carried the wood cut down towards their monastery ; and, so long as those religious lived,
2
11*
It is related in the Irish Life, * that while Tuathal Mael-garbh ruled over
Ireland, Kieran went to request the manumission of a slave-girl, and he
offered to place his hand on the quern to supply her place. Whereupon, the King not only released that slave, but bestowed his royal raiment on Ciaran. This gift our saint afterwards parted with, in favour of the poor. It is said, likewise, that he went to King Furbaide15 to ask for another slave-girl, when one man brought him a cow as his offering, another man bestowed on him a mantle, and another brought a kettle ; but, these he gave to the poor, on that same day he received them. However, to reward his charity, the Almighty gave three offerings that were better ; viz. , a cauldron in lieu of his kettle, twelve mantles in lieu of his single mantle, and twelve cows instead of his one cow. Seeing this, the King released the slave-girl, in favour of St Ciaran's interposition.
After remaining with St. Nennidius for some time, our Saint16 went to St. Endeus of Aran. 1 ? According to one account,18 our Saint paid two distinct visits to him, and at* different times. We may suppose, that after the first of those visits, Kyran went to St. Senan,'9 and that after some experience of Iniscathy, he desired to return again to St. Endeus of Aran, in order to become one of his professed monks, and to close his life under such discipline. With him for some years, Kyran faithfully served in
diligence and industry of Kieran, during that period he spent in Aran, that no roof could be constructed to cover all the grain, which he had threshed. 21
marks of decapitation were traceable around their necks. '
20
years under the direction of St. Endeus, Abbot of Aran. Such were the
threshing out grain.
Archbishop Ussher states, that Kieran passed seven
12
Remarking on the unusual character of
vol. i. , pp. 176 to 181. However, Roderick O'Flaherty places the accession of Tutlialius
Calvoasper in the year 533, which agrees with the computation in the Annals of Ulster. These latter assign his death to A. l>. 543. See " Ogygia," pars iii. , cap. xciii. , p. 430.
15 No Ard-Righ, bearing this name, is to be found among the monarchs of Ireland.
16 Called " filius fabri. "
17 See his Life, at the 21st of March, in the Third Volume of this work, Art. i.
18 That of Augustin Magraidin.
'9 See his Life, at the 8th of March, in the Third Volume of this work, Art. i.
20 In the old Life, we find, "in monas-
terii territorio. " The Bollandist editor
u teritorio. '' It be suggests, forte may
observed, that this term seems to imply, a threshinzfloor.
Q'Donovan's ''Annals of the Four Masters," Island, at the time of their composition.
this prodigy, Suyskens considered it might appear more authentic if found in an earlier record. lie observes, also, that Macgraidin as in the instance of St. Endeus' acts, had possibly in his possession still older acts of our Saint, from which the foregoing prodigy might have been taken ; yet, using his dis- cretion as a with such little
compiler
ment, it is to be feared, he considered un-
authentic or very recent acts as trustworthy
13 As found in the Book of Lismore.
'*
The O'Clerys place the accession of Tuathal Maelgarbh, whose name has been
documents. Suyskens adds
hinc inferre, hax aut quoecumque alia ad fahulas certo esse rejicienda, cum antiquis monumentis revera hinc inde potuerit usus fuisse. "
Latinised Tutlialius at A. D. Calvoasper,
21 of St. Endeus In the old Acts
:
" Nolim tamen
judg-
by Magraidin, we are told, that the walls of placing his death at A. D. 538. See Dr. this threshing place might be seen in Aran
528, allowing him a leign of eleven years, and
September 9. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 213
After the lapse of his term, St. Kyran had a dream, which was thus related to his Master. One night he saw a tree, which grew near a large river called the Shannon, and it seemed so large, leafy and spreading, that it covered the whole of Ireland. Endeus said, that Kyran himself was that flourishing tree ; that before God and man should he grow great and fruitful in good works ; and, that he would be honoured throughout the whole of Ireland. Endeus
added, M Now therefore approach, and fulfilling the will of God, build there
a 22 monastery. "
some time
under the
lived for
of St. Senan of Iniscathy, St. Kieran founded his establishment at Inis
Aingin, during the life- time of the former. A
good deal of conjec- ture has been expended on an attempt to locate exactly this monastery of Aingin or Angina. However, it appears to have been situated on
2
an Island, 3now known
as Hare Island, and anciently called Inis-
Aingin or Inchinneen, in the lower region of
Lough Ree, on the River Shannon. It consists of 1 10 acres—
at present altogether grown over with large torest trees, and thickly
Having
religious discipline
Old Chur
pearances of remote erection. * It lies near the south-east shore of
Lcugh
Ree. as It is 26 that in MacGraidin's account, he thought,
probably
23
religious foundation alluded to must have been that of Clonmacnoise, Latinized, Cluanense. But, the reference was to a more remote period, as Papebroke states, in editing his Acts of St. Endeus.
F. Wakeraan, and tiansferred to the wood, engraved by Mrs. Millard.
25 Some improvements of a modern cha-
racter have been there introduced by a
It will naturally be supposed, that the
23 See Rev. A.
Cogan's
" Diocese of vol. ii. ,
Meath, Ancient and Modern," vol. hi. ,
chap, lxxiv. , p. 570.
24 The accompanying illustration of the
ruined gable and window of this primitive church was sketched on the spot by William
26
p. 295.
Suy^ken supposes it to be very likely,
Aingen, Lough Ree. 2
former proprietor, Viscount Casilemaine. "
See Parliamentary Gazetteer of Ireland,''
that, finding the same vision differently described in both copies of St. Kyran's
Acts, which he possessed, and conjecturing that they were different visions, MacGraidin
brakes of
tangled
brush-wood,
parish of Bunown,
barony of Kilkenny West and County of Westmeath. Onitare to be seen the ruins of an old church, built of solid masonry blocks, and exhibiting in its lonely and sylvan sur- roundings all the ap-
in the
2i4 LIVESOFTHEIRISHSAINTS. [September9.
confounded a double visit of St. Kieran to St. Endeus and there- ;
fore, that his prophesy might be referred to the later one. The purpose of St. Kyran to remain as a monk on Aran Island was probably frustratedbythevisionknowntoSt. Endeus. Owingtoitsoccurrence,our Saint was directed to establish his monastery near that place on the River Shannon, and specially pointed out by Heaven's decree. Whether this was on the Island of Aingen or at Clonmacnois may be questioned : if the former be meant, the account must appear to be more in the order of narrative ; but, the latter site is generally supposed to be intended, since it became the place for his more celebrated establishment. 2? While under St. Endeus, we have accounts of the charity, spirit of prophecy, and miracles of St. Ciaran ; while allusion is made to a place called Isel, which a certain Cobthach
to God and Ciaran. 28 We are butfurtheridentificationseemstobewanting. Nordoesthereappeartobe order or sequence in the narrative of his acts, as they have come down to us, so that it is impossible to state when or where many of them occurred. 3°
granted
In a Life of our
informed,
that it was near a 29 lake,
Aran,3
2 and visited St.
Senan, bishop
Iniscathy. 33
When Kieran
Saint,
told,
31
we are
that St. and abbot of
Kyran
left the Island of
obtained leave to depart from Aran, its holy abbot saw in a vision all the
guardian angels that attended on the saints of his community accompanying
him. Hereupon, St. Endeus felt depressed in mind, lest these blessed spirits" should not again return. 34 Having fasted and prayed with devoted
"Omanof
Endeus replied, " Tiie reason for my grieving <s because all the angels have left us and have
to him and
for what reason do you feel sad and so greatly afflicted ? "
an of the Lord fervour, angel
appeared
said,
God,
gone with Kieran. " The angel thus returned
:
" As Kieran is most dear to
God, therefore He hath sent those angels to accompany that Saint. Do not
in consequence be afflicted, for they shall again return to thee; then, in the
Lord's name, cease from fasting. " These testimonies seem indications of St.
Kieran's extraordinary sanctity ; but, on what original authority they rest has not been sufficiently manifested. Thus accompanied, Kieran reached the shore, and foretold the unhappy state to which that spot and the neigh- bouring islands should be reduced at a future time. Endeus returned to the monastery. 35 There, after recommending his soul to Almighty God, Enda happily departed this life. 36
The arrival of St. Kieran at Inniscathy, after his departure from St. Endeus of Aran, is placed at the year 538,37 by Archbishop Ussher. How- ever, this date is probably conjectural, and it cannot be reconciled with other dates, particularly with those laid down by himself. Thus, it is more than
might have thus referred them to distinct periods. It this latter conjecture hold good, the difficulty can easily be solved.
St. Enda of Avian may be assigned, to about
the year 542. He died, not long after
Kieran of Clonmacnoise left his monastery.
33 the site and of Inis- Regarding history
cathy, we have already treated, at the 8th of March.
5*According to Augustine Magraidin's Life of St. Endeus.
» This is stated in the last chapter of St.
27 See "Acta Sanctorum," tomus
iii. ,
Septembris ix. , Acta St. Kierani, sec. iii. ,
pp. 374 to 376.
28
Afterwards,itwasknownasIselCiaran. 9 This would seem to make it identical with Inis Aingen, which was situated on
Lough Kee, an extension of the River Enda's Acts.
"
Shannon.
30 Allusion is here made to the Life of
Ciaran of Clonmacnoise, as found in the Book of Lismore .
31 As mentioned by Ussher.
36 §ee Rev. Dr. Lanigan's
32
According to Dr. Lanigan, the death of
xiii. , and n. 213, pp. 69, 71.
3? According to this computation, he
should have remained but one year with Nennidh.
Ecclesiastical History of Ireland," vol. ii. , chap, x. , sect.
September y. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 215
probable, that Kieran did not go to the monastery of Ninnidh so early as 530. Again, we can hardly account for the time between 538 and 544 ; this latter being the year to which Ussher assigns the foundation for Kieran's first monastery. Also admitting that Kieran went from Aran to Inniscathy, it is plain, from the account given of what occurred in this latter place, that he remained there only a short time.
38 It is thought, that Ussher's motive for making these occurrences earlier than he ought was a wish to reconcile them with the wrong date,39 which he had assigned for Enda's foundation in Aran. 4° Such computation only gives us eight years for the period of time our Saint spent, both with St. Ninnidh and St. Endeus. From St. Senan, he received a in the
monastery
position
guest-master. We may rest satisfied, that he exercised great liberality, so soon as he had acquired such authority. It would seem, that Kieran was usually considered St. Senan's most intimate companion and confidant, from what we find related in the metrical Life of this latter
holy
intimacy not only endured, it is stated, while Kiernan was a disciple of Inniscathy's abbot, but even after he had been released from that jurisdic-
tion/3 In the opinion of Dr. Lanigan, half a year had not elapsed, until he incurred the displeasure of its monks. ** However, it must be observed, that in neither of St. Senan's Lives, as published by Colgan, do we find any record concerning Kieran having belonged to the house of Inniscathy, although he is mentioned more than once ; for, in the Metrical Life^ it is said, Kieran and Brendan** waited on St. Senan to make their confessions to him. In one Life, we read, that they called on this Saint to request him to become their director, as he was older and-a superior in rank, he being
6
a bishop, whilst they were only priests. *
that our saint founded the monastery of Aingin, before a. d. 540; yet, Ussher thinks this event did not happen until after Senan's death, which is
generally assigned
to the *8 it is from both ofSt. Senan's year 544. But, evident,
38 In the Life of Enda, Kieran is repre-
sented, when leaving Aran, as bent upon erecting a monastery for himself. It seems
strange, that Ussher fixed upon the year 538 for his leaving Aran, having placed Kieran's birth in 516; whereas he must have sup- posed, that Kieran arrived in Aran seven
years before, that is, in 531, when he was only fifteen years old. We can hardly imagine, that St, Enda would have ordered a boy of that age to employ himself in threshing corn.
39Namely,A. D. 449. See"Britannicarum Ecclesiarum Antiquitates," cap. xvii. , p. 451, and Index Chronologicus, p. 519.
40 Thus reasons Dr. Lanigan, who states, that Ussher drew back, so far as he thought advisable, the transactions of Kieran with Enda, lest he should be obliged to consider, that the latter attained an extreme old age. See "Ecclesiastical History of Ireland," vol. ii. , chap x. , sect, xi. , n. 175, pp.
Acts relating to the same saint, written after the twelfth century. It is said, that Colman, son to Lenin, wrote St. Senan's Acts in verse, before the end of the sixth century,
43 We have no very certain account, regarding the exact date or length of time Kieran remained on Inniscathy. Hut a cause assigned for his departure therefrom shows, that he did not continue there for any considerable period.
44 See " Ecclesiastical History of Ireland,"
vol. ii. ,chap. x. , sec. xi. , n. 176, p. 57.
4S Whether St. Brendan of Clonfert, or St. Brendan of Birr, be here meant, cannot well
be determined.
46 See Colgan's " Acta Sanctorum Hiber-
nice," Martii viii. Secunda Vita S. Senani,
cap. xxxvi. , p. 53s {rede 531). As Colgan observes, it was usual with the holy men of
that period to seek an Anmchara, i. e. , a
spiritual friend or ^father, as a particular director of conscience.
*7 See his previous commentary, prefixed to the Acts of St. Senan, at the 8th of March, "Acta Sanctorum," tomus i. , Martii viii. , sect, iii. , p. 760.
4B See Britannicarum Ecclesiarum Anti-
quitates, cap. xvii. , p. 454, and Index Chronologicus, p. 530.
56, 57«
41 "
See Ussher's Britannicarum Ecclesi-
arum Antiquitates," Index Chronologicus, a. d. dxxxviii. , p. 529.
42 This Metrical Life of St. Senan is sup- posed to have been written in the twelfth or thirteenth century ; and, there are prosaic
of 1 which was that of Inniscathy,'*
Although Papebroke considers *?
man. *2 Such
216 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS.
[September 9.
published Lives, that during his time, Kieran had a monastery and disciples under his own rule. Therefore, it may naturally be conjectured, that religious establishment was no other than Aingin. On another occasion, it is related, that on Kieran's way to visit St. Senan, he gave his cloak to a poor man, whom almost naked, he met when on the banks of the river near Inniscathy. «9 Then, Senan sent a boat to carry him over, and ran forward to welcome him,
bringing a cloak instead of that one he had given away. s° Notwithstanding the silence observed in the Lives of St. Senan, still Kieran might have lived for some time at Inniscathy in the above-mentioned capacity. 51 To avoid the envy of the monks at Inniscathy, and while Senan was still living, Kyran went away from this island, about a. d. 540 s2 and again he visited St.
;
Endeus, on the Island of Aran. In doing so, it was his intention to become a monk by profession, there hoping to end his life. St. Finian, Abbot of Clonard, was then on that island. At the time when our saint was coming, Endeushadavision, inwhichhesawatreegrowinginthemiddleofAran, and its branches extended even to the sea. Then, he beheld several men approaching, and having taken it up by the roots, these raised it in air, and brought it to the wide-spreading Shannon's banks, where, having set it down, they planted it a second time. Again, the same tree grew to a very unusual height, and extended its branches out towards the sea. This remarkable vision Endeus related to the Senior, St. Finian, and to other
"
persons, worthy of trust. He also said,
I have described to you, has reference to our brother Kieran, who shall become a father over many monks. Wherefore, he ought hasten towards the place divinely indicated with our blessing, and found a monastery on the aforesaid river's banks, so that many other monasteries may extend from it, like branches sprouting from a flourishing tree. " On hearing these words of St. Endeus, Kieran and many others, who were present, shed tears.
Accordingly,hewasresolvedonleavingAran. EndeusandFinian,witha great number of monks, accompanied him to the port,S3 where a vessel had been prepared for his departure. 54 Having recommended himself to the prayers of those holy men living on Aran, in the presence of all assembled, our saint said to Endeus, " O Father, receive me with my place of habitation
'
under thy care, that all my disciples may be recognized as thine own. " To
"' 49 See Colgan's Acta Sanctorum Iliher-
Go to the sea, and you shall find a guest there, and bring it with you with honour and veneration. ' When the monks went out, they found that robe on the sea. It was dry, as they carried it to Senan, who gave thanks to the Lord. " At the time of the lore- going narrative, that robe was preserved, and it was called Cassal Senain, or Senan 's Robe.
SI In the metrical Life of Senan, in the twenty-first strophe, we find Kieran is called a companion of Senan, thus, "comes semper et socius ;" still, these words seem to mean nothing more than that they were constant friends.
52 According to Suysken.
S1 This is stated, in the Acts of St. Endeus, hath a robe for me in keeping. ' When "Acta Sanctorum," tomus iii. , Martii xxi. ,
nice," Martii viii. Secunda Vita S. Senani,
cap. xxxviii. , p. 536 (recle 532).
50 The matter is thus related in the Life
of ^t. Ciarah, as found in the Book of
Lismore " When Ciaran went out of Aran,
:
a poor man meets him on the path. Ciaran gives his linen chasuble to him, and goes to Inis Cathaig to bid farewell to Senan. Since he had nothing on but his one mantle, that was revealed to Senan : and so he went to meet him with a linen robe under his armpit,
'
Ciaran came to Clonmacnois, he desired to send another robe to Senan. This he sent down the stream of the Shannon, and it floated without getting wet to the harbour of Inis Cathaig. Senan said to his monks,
Is it not a shame for a priest to go about without a robe ? ' 'Mercy come to us! ' saith Ciaran, 'God will take pity on my nakedness. My elder
and he said to Ciaran :
Dearly beloved, this vision, which
p. 273.
54 It is probable, that Magraidin alludes
to this same departure, after having 1 elated a nearly similar vision, which our saint is said to have had on Aran Island.
September 9. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 217
" The Almighty hath not thus decreed, that
Endeus
mutually conferred with each other, as a sign of that perfect fraternity they contracted between themselves and their disciples, a cross was then erected.
this
all in that small island should live under my discipline, but our Lord Jesus Christ shall give the half of Ireland as a lot for your inheritance, on account of your wonderful humility and perfect charity. " When they had thus
petition,
replied ;
" Whoever shall
our fraternal union on
afterwards
even after our time, may he want our fraternity and society in Heaven. " Then St. Endeus went to a place, called Medraighe,55 and to a part desig- nated Luaban. s6 Here, we are told, St. Endeus besought Kieran to visit
an adjoining place named Acadh-Draighnich,57 whence he was requested to expel a certain beast, which had devastated all the adjoing country. One of
8 lived there. The beast
expelled, a hermitage, in which that monk and our saint resided, was no
more disturbed. ^
It is said, that having obtained the benediction of Endeus, our Saint
afterwards prepared to found Clonmacnoise monastery ; although it may be questioned, if the writer did not intend to mean Aingin or Anginense for the
mentioned. 60 A
this islet, Aingin or Inis-Aingin, was identical with the Island of All Saints,
61
They
said,
interrupt
earth,
St. Endeus' named disciples,
Gigneus. s
having
been
place
conjecture
has been offered Sir Ware that by James
This conjecture has been accepted as a positive
in the River Shannon.
statement of fact, by his editor, Harris,62 and after him by Archdall. 6^ Grounding his opinion on that of Colgan 6* the Bollandist editor thinks
,
Aingin was situated in the tract Breaghmuid, called by Colgan Breghmuine,6* inWestmeath. Weareinformed,66thatfromDiermotKingofIreland,our
Saint obtained Clonmacnoise and Inis-Aingin, an Island, together with one
Aingen about the year 540, the Rev. Dr. Lanigan prefers the date of 542 ; as, in this case, we might account for the seven years he ruled as abbot,
55 Colgan tells us, that this was a maritime century; because he thinks their founder,
district in the County ol Galway, and that St. Kieran, had been born in the Island of
it lay towards the southern part of Con- Clear, A. D. 352. But, here it is evident,
hundred churches or cells, situated in Midia and
have been a little district, in that part of the country, bordering on Lough Ree. 68 While the Bollandist editor Suysken places the foundation at Inis
"
naught. See Acta Sanctorum Hibemiae,"
Martii xxi. Vita S. Endei, cap. xxii. , xxiii. , xxiv. , p. 709, and nn. 40, 41, p. 711.
s° Neither of these localities, however, has been correctly identified.
that Alemand confounded our Saint with
St. Kieran, bishop and abbot of Saigir, ai-
though elsewhere, he clearly distinguishes both of these persons,
6l See " De Hibernia et Antiquitatibus ejus," cap. xxvi. , p. 172.
57 It has not been identified.
58
Nothing him.
more is
known
concerning
62 See Harris' vol. Ware,
of Ireland," chap, xxxviii. ford, p. 265.
ii. , "Antiquities County of Long-
s' But the Bollandist editor of St. Kieran's
Acts justly rejects this narrative as fabulous,
and clearly borrowed from that occurring in
St. Senan's Acts. It has parallel relation- Januarii xvi. Vita S. Dunchadi, sect, v. ,
ship with many other fictions, unhappily disfiguring recorded and traditionary inci- dents, told about our Irish saints.
and n. 20, pp. 105, 108.
65 In the Latin Topographical Index, it is denominated Bregmania.
w By Archbishop Ussher, who takes his account from the Book of Navan.
60 In his "Histoire Monastique d'Irlande,"
L. Aug. Alemand fell into a great error,
when he says that Aingen and Clonmacnoise
were founded in the fifth century. See pp. quitates," cap.
