No More Learning

, 8, 17, et 27. ) As re-
gards, the circumstances connected with his death, vid.
Acheron II.
Alexander II. , son of the celebrated Pyrrhus. To
avenge the death of his father, who had been slain at
Argjs. fighting against Antigonus, he seized upon
Macedonia, of which the latter was king. He was
? lan, however, driven out, not only from Macedonia,
but also from his own dominions, by Demetrius, son
of Antigonus. Taking refuge, on this, among the
Acamanians, he succeeded, by their aid, in regaining
the'throne of Epirus. {Justin. 26, 3. --Id. , 28, 1. --
Pint. , Vit. Pyrr. , 34. )
3. Kings of Syria.
Alkiaxdeb I. , sumamed Bala or Balas, a man of
low origin, but of great talents and still greater auda-
city, who claimed to be the son of Antiorhus Epipha-
nes, assumed the name of Alexander, and, being ac-
knowledged by Ptolemy Philometor, Ariarathes, and
Attalus, seized upon the throne of Syria. He was
afterward defeated and driven out by Demetrius Nica-
tor, the lawful heir; and, having taken refuge with an
Arabian prince, was put to death by the latter. (Jus-
n<<,35, \,teq. )
Alexander II. , sumamed Zabina the Slave, a
usurper of the throne of Syria. He was the son of a
petty trader in Alexandres, but claimed, at the insti-
gation of Ptolemy VII. , to have been adopted by An-
tiochus VIII. Ptolemy aided him with troops, and
Demetrius Nicator was defeated at Damascus, and
driven out of his kingdom. A few years after, how-
ever, Alexander was himself defeated by Antiochus
Grypus, aided in his turn by the same Ptolemy, and
put to death. Grypus -was son of Demetrius Nicator.
(J*>><m, 39, 1, teq. -)
4. Princes ofJudita.
Alexander I. , Janneeus, monarch of Judsa, son of
Hyrcanus, and brother of Aristobulus, to whom he suc-
ceeded, B. C. 106. He was a warlike prince, and dis-
played great ability in the different wars in which he
was engaged during his reign. Driven from his king-
dom by his subjects, who detested him, he took up
arms against them, and waged a cruel warfare for the
? pace of six years, slaying upward of 50,000 of his
ties. Having at last re-entered Jerusalem, he cruci-
fied, for the amusement of his concubines, 800 of his
revolted subjects, and at the same time caused their
wives and children to be massacred before their eyes.
Being re-established on the throne, he made various
conquests in Syria, Arabia, and Humeri, and finally
died of intemperance at Jerusalem, B. C. 76, after a
reign of 27 years. (Josephus, Ant. Jud. , 17, 22, &c. )
Alexander II. , son of Aristobulus II. , was made
prisoner, along with his father, by Pompey, but man-
aged to escape while being conducted to Rome, raised
an army, and made some conquests. Hyrcanus, son
of Alexander JannaBUs, being then on the throne, so-
licited the aid of the Romans, and Marc Antony being
sent by Gabinius, defeated Alexander near Jerusalem.
After standing a siege for some time in the fortress
Alexandreion, he obtained terms of peace; but not
long after, having taken up arms for Cajsar, who had
released his father, he fell into the hands of Metellus
Scipio, and was beheaded at Antioch. (Josephus,
Anhq. Jad. , 14, 13. )
Alexander III. , son of Herod the Great, put to
? ? death by his father, along with Aristobulus his brother,
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? ALEXANDER.
ALEXANDREA.
commentary on Aristotle, which commonly passes un-
der the name of Alexander of Aphrodisia. (Schbll,
Hist. Litt. Gr. , vol. 5, p. 156. ) -- XIV. A native of
Aphrodisia in Caria, who flourished in the beginning
of the third century. He is regarded as the restorer
of the true doctrine of A ristotle, and he is the princi-
pal peripatetic, after the founder of this school, who
adopted the system of the latter in all its purity, with-
out intermingling along with it, as Alexander of Age
and his disciples did, the precepts of other schools.
He was sumamed, by way of compliment, 'E^rrynric,
Ezegetcs (" the interpreter," or "expounder"), and
became the head of a particular class of Aristotelian
commentators, styled " Alexandreans. " He wrote, 1.
A treatise on Destiny and Free Agency (Tlepl Eiuap-
\iivi,r Kiti roil i<j>' i/fiiv), a work held in high estima-
tion, and which the author addressed to the emperors
Septimius Severus and Antoninus Caracalla. In it
he combats the Stoic dogma, as hostile to free agency,
and destructive, in consequence, of all morality. The
best edition of this work is that printed at London, in
1658,12mo. It is inserted also, with new corrections,
in the 3d vol. of Grotius's Theological Works, Amst. ,
1679, fol. 2. A commentary on the first book of the
first Analytics of Aristotle, Gr. , fol. , Vcnct. , 1489, and
4to, Florent. , 1521. Translated into Latin by Feli-
cianus, fol. , Vcnct. , 1542, 1546, and 1560. 3. A com-
mentary on the eight books of the Topica, fol. , Vcnct. ,
1513 and 1526. A Latin translation by Dorotheus,
which appeared for the first time in 1524. fol. , Vcnct. ,
has been often reprinted. In 1563, a translation by
Kasarius appeared, fol. , Vcnct. , which is preferable to
the other. 4. Commentaries on the Elenchi sophistici
of Aristotle, Gr. , fol. , Vend. , 1520, and 4to, Florent. ,
1552. Translated into Latin by Kasarius, Vcnct. ,
1557. 5. A commentary on the twelve books of the
metaphysics of Aristotle. The Greek text has never
been printed, although there are many MS. copies in
the Royal Library at Paris, and other libraries. A
Latin translation, however, by Scpulveda, appeared at
Rome, 1527, in fol. , and has been often reprinted. 6.
A commentary on Aristotle's work De Sennit, etc. , Gr. ,
at the end of Simplicius's commentary on the work
of Aristotle respecting the Soul, fol. , Vend. , 1527.
7. A commentary on the Meteorologica of Aristotle.
Gr. , fol. , Vcnct. , 1527, and in the Ijitin of Alex. Pi-
colomini, fol. , 1540, 1548, 1575. 8. A treatise irepl
niicuc (De Mistione), directed against the dogma of
the Stoics respecting the penetrability of bodies, Gr. ,
with the preceding. Two Latin translations have ap-
peared, one by Caninius, Vend. , 1555, fol. , and the
other by Schegk, Tubing. , 1540, 4to. 9. A treatise
on the Soul, in two books, or, more correctly speak-
ing, two treatises on this subject, since there is little
if any connexion between these books. Gr. , at the
end of Themistius; and in Latin by Donati, Vend. ,
1502, folio. 10. Physica Scholia, &c. (Qvoik&v oxo-
? . iuv, uKopiuv, not y. vacuv, (StCXia i'), Gr. , fol. , Ve-
nd. , 1536, and in Latin by Bagolinus, Vend. , 1541,
1549. 1555, 1589. 11. Problemata Mcdica, &? . , the
best Greek edition of which is in Sylburgius's works
of Aristotle; this is attributed by some to Alexander
Trallianus. 12. A treatise on Fevers; never pub-
lished in Greek, but translated by Valla, and insert-
ed in a collection of various works, Vcnctxa, 1488.
For medical works, vid. the Supplement. -- XV. A
native of Myndus, quoted by Athensus. (Compare
? ? Meurtius, Bibl. , in Thet. Gronov. , vol. 10, p. 1208,
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? ALEX ANDREA.
Of these, the first was at the head of the western
plfof the Red Sea, where the canal of Neco com-
ntnceil, and where stood the city of Areinoe or Cleo-
palns. This route, however, was not much used, on
mount of the dangerous navigation of the higher parts
of the Red Sea. The second point was the harbour
ofMyo* Honnus, in latitude 27? . The third was
Berenice, south of Myos Hormus, in latitude 23? 30'.
What the ships deposited at either of the last two
pUcei, the caravans brought to Coptos on the Nile,
whence the; were conveyed to Alexandrea by a canal
connecting this capital with the Canopic branch. Be-
tween Coptos and Berenice a road was constructed by
Ptolemj Philadelphias, 258 miles in length. Ptolemy,
the ion of Lagus, who received Egypt in the general
division, improved what Alexander had begun. On
the long, narrow island of Pharos, which is very near
the coast, and formed a port with a double entrance,
a magnificent tower of white marble was erected, to
jer. e? as a beacon and guide for navigators. The ar-
chitect was Sostratus of Cnidus. --The first inhabi-
tantiof Aleiandrea were a mixture of Egyptians and
Greeks, to whom must be added numerous colonies of
Jew<<, transplanted thither in 336, 320, and 312 B. C. ,
t: increase the population of the city. It was they
who made the well-known Greek translation of the
Old Testament, under the name of Septuaginta or
the Sepluagint. --The most beautiful part of the city,
near the great harbour, where stood the royal palaces,
magnificently built, was called Bruchion. There was
the large and splendid edifice, belonging to the acad-
emy and Museum, where the greater portion of the
royal library (400,000 volumes) was placed; the rest,
imounting to 300,000, were in the Serapion, or temple
of Jupiter Serapis. The larger portion was burned
daring the siege of Alexandrea by Julius Cmsar, but
was afterward in part replaced by the library of Per-
gamus, which Antony presented to Cleopatra.
The
Museum, where many scholars lived and were sup-
ported, ate together, studied, and instructed others, re-
mained unhurt till the reign of Aurelian, when it was
destroyed in a period of civil commotion. The libra-
rf in the Serapion was preserved to the time of The-
odoaius the Great. He caused all the heathen tem-
ples throughout the Roman empire to be destroyed;
and even the splendid temple of Jupiter Serapis was
not spared. A crowd of fanatic Christians, headed by
their archbishop, Theodosius, stormed and destroyed it.
At that time, the library, it is said, was partly burned,
partly dispersed; and the historian Orosius, towards
the close of the fourth century, saw only the empty
? helves. The common account, therefore, is <in erro-
neous one. which makes the library in question to have
been destroyed by the Saracens at the command of
the Calif Omar, A. I). 642, and to have furnished fuel
during six months to the 4000 baths of Alexandrea.
This narrative rests merely on the authority of the
historian Abulpharagius, and has no other proof at all
to support it. But, whatever may have been the cause
of this disastrous event, the loss resulting to science
was irreparable. The Alexandrean library, called by
livy "Elegantitf regum curotque cgregium opus," em-
braced the whole Greek and Latin literature, of which
we possess bat simple fragments. -- In the divis-
ion of the Roman dominions, Alexandrea, with the
rest of Egypt, was comprehended in the Eastern em-
pire. The Arabs possessed themselves of it in 640;
the Calif Motawakc I, in 845, restored the library and
? ? academy; but the Turks took the city in 868, and it
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? ALEXANDRINA SCHOLA.
ALEXANDRINA SCHOLA.
(Mannert, 4, p. 159 and 256. ) For the true Alexan-
dri Arte, vid. Hyphasis.
Alexandri castra (7 'kfa! ;av6pov nape/iio^y), a
place in Marmarica, at the Oasis of Amnion, where
the Macedonian forces were encamped while Alexan-
der was consulting the oracle. (Ptol. )
Alexandri insula, an island in the Sinus Persi-
cus, on the Persian coast. (Ptol. --Plin. , 6, 25. )
Alexandri portus, a harbour of Gedrosia, where
the fleet of Nearchus was detained four weeks by ad-
verse winds. (Arrian, Indie, 22. ) It was in the
immediate vicinity of Kims Promontorium, or Cape
Monze. (Compare Vincent's Commerce of the An-
cients, vol. 1, p. 197. )
Alexandrine Aqu^E, baths in Rome, built by the
Emperor Alexander Scverus.
AlexandrTna schola. When the flourishing pe-
riod of Greek poetry was past, study was called in to
supply what nature no longer furnished. Alexandrea
in Egypt was made the scat of learning by the Ptole-
mies, admirers of the arts, whence this age of liter-
ature took the name of the Alcxandrcan. Ptolemy
Philadelphus founded the famous library of Alexan-
drea, the largest and most valuable one of antiquity,
which attracted many scholars from all countries; and
also the Museum, which may justly be considered the
first academy of sciences and arts. (Vid. Alexandrea. )
The grammarians and poets arc the most important
among the scholars of Alexandrea. These gramma-
rians were philologists and literati, who explained
things as well as words, and may be considered a kind
of encyclopedists. Such were Zenodotus the Ephe-
sian, who established the first grammar-school in Alex-
andrea, Eratosthenes of Cyrenc, Aristophanes of By-
zantium, Aristarchus of Samothrace, Crates of Malius,
Dionysius the Thracian, Apollonius the Sophist, and
Zoilus. Their merit is to have collected, examined,
reviewed, and preserved the existing monuments of
intellectual culture. To them we are indebted for
what is called the Alcxandrcan Canon, a list of the
authors whose works were to be regarded as models
in the respective departments of Grecian literature.
The names composing this Canon, with some remarks
upon its claims to attention, will be given at the close
of the present article. --To the poets of the Alexan-
drean age belong Apollonius the Rhodian, Lyco-
phron, Aratus, Nicander, Euphorion, Callimachus,
Theocritus, Philctas, Phanocles, Timon the Phliasian,
Scymnus, Dionysius, and seven tragic poets, who were
called the Alcxandrean Pleiades. The Alexandrean
age of literature differed entirely, in spirit and charac-
ter, from the one that preceded. Great attention was
paid to the study of language; correctness, purity,
and elegance were cultivated; and several writers of
this period excel in these respects. But that which
no study can give, the spirit which filled the earlier
poetry of the Greeks, is not to be found in most of
their works. Greater art in composition took its
place; criticism was now to perform what genius had
accomplished before. But this was impossible. Ge-
nius was the gift of only a few, and they soared far
above their contemporaries. The rest did what may
be done by criticism and study; but their works arc
tame, without soul and life, and those of their disci-
ples, of course, still more so. Perceiving the want of
originality, but appreciating its value, and striving af-
ter it, they arrived the sooner at the point where poe-
? ? try is lost. Their criticism degenerated into a dispo-
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? ALF.
for-which precedent might not be found; and as there
were tar more bail than good writers, the authority
and weight of numbers was likely to prevail, and the
language, consequently,to grow more and more cor-
rupt. It was thought necessary, therefore, to draw a
line between those classic writers, to whose authority
an appeal in matter of language might be made, and
the common herd of inferior authors. In the most cul-
tivated modern tongues, it seems to have been found
expedient to erect some such barrier against the in-
roads of corruption; and to this preservative caution
are we indebted for the vocabulary of the Academi-
cians delia Crusca, and the list of authors therein cited
as affording l'lesti di lingua. " To this we owe the
Dictionaries of the Royal Academies of France and
Spain, of their respective languages ; and Johnson's
Dictionary of our own. But, as for the example first
set in this matter by the Alexandtean critics, its effects
upon their own literature have been of a doubtful na-
ture In so far as the canon has contributed to pre-
serve to us some of the best authors included in it, we
cannot but rejoice. On the other hand, there is rea-
son to believe, that the comparative neglect into which
those not received into it were sure to fall, has been
the occasion of the loss of a vast number of writers,
who would have been, if not for their language, yet for
their matter, very precious; and who, perhaps, in many
eases, were not easily to be distinguished, even on the
score of style, from those that were preferred. (Moore's
Lectures, p. 55, seqq. ) The details of the canon are
as follows: I. Epic Poets. Homer, Hesiod, Pisan-
der. Panyasis, Antimachus. 2. Iambic Poets. Ar-
chitochus. Simonides, Hipponax. 3. Lyric Poets.
Alcraan, Alcsus, Sappho, Stesichorus, Pindar, Bac-
ehylides, Ibveus, Anacreon, Simonides. 4. Elegiac
Poets. Caliinus, Mtmnermus, Philetas, Callimachus.
5. Tramc Poets. (First Class): ? Eschylus, Sopho-
cles. Euripides, Ton. Achteus, Agathon. (Second
Ciasi, or Tragic Pleiades): Alexander the . 'Etolian,
P. iiliscus of Corcyra, Sositheus, Homer the younger,
-Exnlidcs, Sosiphanea or Sosiclcs, Lycophron. 6.
Coauc Poets. (Old Comedy) : Epicharmus, Cratinus,
En p . 1;-. Aristophanes, Pherccrates, Piato. (Middle
Comedy): Antiphanes, Alexis. (New Comedy): Me-
ander. Phiiippides, Diphilus. Philemon, Apollodorus.
7. Historians. Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon,
Theopompus, Ephorus, Philistus, Anaximenes, Cal-
bsthenes. 8. Orator*. (The ten Attic Orators):
Antiphon, Andocides, Lysias, Isocrates. Ismus, /Es-
chines, Lycurgus, Demosthenes, Hyperides, Dinar-
ehas. 9. Philosophers. Plato, Xenophon, . Eschines,
Aristotle, Theophraatus. 10. Poetic Pleiades. (Sev-
iea poets of the same epoch with one another): Apol-
lonius the Rhodian, Aratus, Philiscus, Homer the
younger, Lycophron, Nicander, Theocritus. (Schiill,
Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 3, p. 186, seqq. )
Aieiindropolis, a city of Parthia, probably east
of Xisaea, built by Alexander the Great. (Plin. , 6, 25. )
Alexabchus, a Greek historian. Vid Supplement.
Alexicacus, an epithet applied to various deities,
particularly to Jupiter, Apollo, Hercules, Sec. It means
"m arerler of evil," and is derived from <Uef<i, " to
atert," or " -ward o/T," and kokov, "evil. " Another
Greek term of the same import is uTrorpoTraioc, and
analogous to both is the Latin acerruncus. (Consult
Fischer, ad Anstoph . Plul. . 359. )
Alexias, a Greek physician. Vid. Supplement.
AlexTnus, a native of Elis, the disciple of Eubuli-
? ? iti. and a member of the Alegaric <<ect. He set him-
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? ALL
AT. O
Alimentcs, C, a Roman historian, who flourished
during the period of the second Punic war, of which
he wrote an account in Greek. He was the author
also of a biographical sketch, in Latin, of the Sicilian
rhetorician Ciorgias of Leontini, and of a work De Re
Mihtan. This last-mentioned production is cited by
Aulus Gellius, and is acknowledged by Vegetius as
the foundation of his more elaborate commentaries on
the same subject. (Dunlop's Roman Lit, vol 2, p
25, in notis. )
Alinpa, a city of Caria, southeast of Stratonicea
It was a place of some note and strength, and was held
by Ada, queen of Caria, at the time that Alexander
undertook the siege of Halicarnassus. (Arrian, Exp.
Al,\, 23. --Strab, 657. ) The site has been iden-
tified by many antiquaries with the modem Moglah,
the principal town of modern Caria, but on what au-
thority is not apparent. Another traveller, from the
similarity of names, places it at Ateina, between
Mot'lah and Tshina. (Renncll's Geogr. of Western
Asia, vol. 2, p. 53. --Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2,
p 208. J
Aupius. Vid. Alypius.
Ai. iKROTHius. Vtd. Halirrothius.
Allectus, a praetorian prefect, who slew Carausius
in Britain, and took possession of his throne, holding
it for three years, from 294 to 297 AD. He was at
last defeated and slain by Asclcpiodotus, a general of
Constantius Chlorus, who landed on the coast of the
island with an army. (Aurcl. Kir/. , 39. )
AllTa, a river of Italy, running down, according to
Livy, from the mountains of Crustumium, at the
eleventh milestone, and flowing into the Tiber. It
was crossed by the Via Salaria, about four miles beyond
the modern Marctgliano, and is now the Aia. Cluve-
rius (Ital. Ant. , vol. 1, p. 707) is mistaken when he
identifies the Allia with the Rio di Mosso, as that riv-
ulet is much beyond the given distance from Rome.
(Niblnj, dellc Vie degtt Antichi, p. 87. ) On its banks
the Unmans were defeated by the Gauls under Bren-
nus, July 17th, B. C. 387. Forty thousand Romans
were cither killed or put to flight. Hence in the Ro-
man calendar, " Allicnsis dies" was marked as a most
unlucky day. (Livy, 5, 37.