No More Learning

29), and many modern writers.
B. C. 54 as the accuser of M. Messalla, because he 16. Sex. POMPRIUS Sex. F. CN. N. , was the
had gained his election to the consulship by bribery. son of No. 15, and we may conclude from his pme-
[Messalla, No. 7. ] He was tribune of the plebs nomen that he was the elder of his two sons, He
B. C. 52, and not B. c. 53, as Dion Cassius states never obtained any of the higher offices of the state,
(xl. 45). In his tribuneship he distinguished him- but acquired great reputation as a man of learning,
self as the great partizan of the triumvir Pom- and is praised by Cicero for his accurate knowledge of
pey. The latter longed for the dictatorship, and jurisprudence, geometry, and the Stoic philosophy.
therefore secretly fomented the disturbances at He was present on one occasion in the camp of his
Rome, in hopes that all parties tired of anarchy brother Strabo during the Social war, B. C. 89, but
would willingly throw themselves into his arms. this is the only time in which his name occurs in
Rufus supported his views, and to increase the public affairs. (Cic. Brut. 47, Philipp. xii. 11, De
confusion would not allow any of the elections to Orat. i. 15, iii. 21, De Off: i. 6. )
be held. There seemed an end of all government. 17. Sex. Pompeius, son of No. 16, only known
The senate apprehended Rufus and cast him into as the father of No. 19.
prison, notwithstanding his sacred character as 18. Q. POMPEIUS Sex. F. , probably younger
tribune ; but this act of violence only strengthened son of No. 16, is recommended by Cicero in a
his power and influence. He retaliated by throw- letter, of which we do not know the date, to one
ing into prison one of the most active supporters of Curius, proconsul of some province (Cic. ad Fam.
the senatorial party, the aedile Favonius. The xiv. 49).
murder of Clodius by Milo on the 20th of January 19. Sex. POMPEIUS Sex. F. , son of No. 17,
still further favoured the views of the triumvir; was consul B. c. 35, with L. Cornificius, in which
Kufus and his colleague Munatius Plancus added year Sex. Pompeius, the son of the triumvir, was
fuel to the fire, and omitted no means for increas- killed in Asia. (Dion Cass. xlix. 18, 33. )
ing the wrath of the people. Pompey was ap- 20. Sex. Pompeius Sex. F. son of No. 19, was
pointed sole consul; the laws which he proposed consul A. D. 14, with Sex. Appuleius, in which
were supported by Rufus and his party, and Milo year the emperor Augustus died. These consuls
was condemned. But he had no sooner laid down were the first to render homage to Tiberius (Dion
his office of tribune, on the 10th of December in Cass. lvi. 29 ; Tac. Ann. i. 7 ; Suet. Aug. 100 ;
this year, than he was accused by one of his late Vell. Pat. ii. 123). Sex Pompeius seems to have
colleagues, M. Caelius, of violating the very law been a patron of literature. Ovid addressed him
De Vi, which he had taken so active a part in several letters during his exile (ex Pont. iv. 1. 4,
passing. He was condemned, and lived in exile at 5, 15); and it was probably this same Sex. Pom-
Bauli in Campania. Here he was in great pecu- peius, whom the writer Valerius Maximus accom-
niary difficulties, till M. Caelius, who had accused panied to Asia, and of whom he speaks as his Aler-
him, generously compelled his mother Cornelia to ander. (Val. Max. ii. 6. § 8, iv. 7. extern. & 2. )
surrender to him his paternal property. The last 21. Cn. Pompeius Ses. F. Cn. N. STRABO,
time that Rufus is mentioned is in B. c. 51, when younger son of No. 15, and father of the triumvir.
his enemies spread the false report that he had His surname Strabo, which signifies one who
murdered Cicero on his journey to Cilicia. (Cic. squints, and which occurs in several other Roman
ad Q. Fr. iii. 2. § 3, ad Att. ir. 16. § 8; Dion gentes, is said to have been first giren to his cook,
Cass. xl. 45, 49, 55 ; Ascon. in Cic. Alilon. passim ; Menogenes, and then to have been applied to
Caelius, ad Fam. viii. 1. $ 4; Val. Max. iv. 2. Pompeius himself, from his likeness to his slave
$7. )
(Plin. H. N. vii. 10. s. 12; Val. Max. ix. 14. & 2).
10. Pompeia, daughter of No. 8. [POMPEIA, Whether this be true or false, Pompeius at all
No. 2. ]
events adopted the name ; and it appears on his
11. Q. Pompeius BITHYNICUS, probably son of coins, and in the Fasti. All the ancient writers
No. 7. [BITHYNICUS, No. 1. )
agree in giving this Pompeius a thoroughly bad
12. A. POMPEIUS BITHYNICUS, son of No. 11. character. His name is first mentioned in con-
[BITHINICUS, No. 2. ]
nection with a discreditable matter. He had been
13. Q. POMPEIUS Rufus, praetor B. C. 63. His quaestor in Sardinia in B. c. 103, under the pro-
cognomen shows that he belonged to the preceding praetor T. Albucius, against whom he collected
family, but his descent is quite uncertain. In his materials for an accusation, although the Romans
praetorship he was sent to Capua, where he re- regarded the relation between praetor and quaestor
inained part of the following year, because it | as a sacred one, like that between father and
ܪ


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POMPEIUS.
477
POMPEIUS.
Bon. For that reason he was not allowed to con- year, B. C. 87, Strabo was killed by lightning. llis
duct the accusation, which was assigned to C. avarice and cruelty had made himn hated by the
Caesar instead (Cic. Div. in Curcil. 19). He was soldiers to such a degree, that they tore his corpse
probably praetor in B. c. 94, and obtained in the from the bier and dragged it through the streets.
following year the government of Sicily (Cic. Verr. Cicero describes him (Brut. 47) as worthy of
iii. 16, v. 66).
On the breaking out of the Social hatred on account of his cruelty, avarice, and per-
or Marsic war, in B. c. 90, Pompeius served as fidy. " He possessed some reputation as an orator,
legate under the consul P. Rutilius Lupus. Pom. and still more as a general. He left behind him
peius was at first deſeated, and obliged to take a considerable property, especially in Picenum ;
refuge at Firmum, where he was besieged by and his anxiety to protect his estates probably led
Afranius, one of the Italian generals. But when him to make that neighbourhood one of the princi-
Sulpicius came to his assistance, Afranius was at pal scats of the war against the Italians (Appian,
tacked at once by the two Roman arinies, and lost B. C. i. 40, 47, 52, 60—60, 80 ; Liv. Epit. 74–
his life in the battle: his troops Aed in confusion 79; Vell. Pat. ii. 20, 21 ; Flor. iii. 18 ; Oros. v.
to Asculum. To this town Pompeius proceeded to 18 ; Plut. Pomp. 1, 3 ; Cic. Philipp. xii. 11. )
lny siege ; and as he seems to have been regarded 22. Cn. POMPEIUS MAGNUS, the son of No. 21,
as a general of no mean abilities, he was elected to and afterwards the triumvir, was born on the 30th
the consulship, B. C. 89, with L. Porcius Cato. of Septeinber, B. c. 106, in the consulship of Atilius
Soon after entering upon his consulship, he de Serranus and Servilius Caepio.
He was con-
feated the Italians on the east coast, who, ignorant sequently a few months younger than Cicero, who
that the Etruscans had made terms with the Ro- was born on the 3d of January in this year, and
mans, were marching to their assistance. He fol- six years older than Caesar. He had scarcely left
lowed up this victory by others, and defeated, in school before he was summoned to serve under his
succession, the Marsi, Marrucini, and Vestini. He father in the Social war. He fought under him in
at length took Asculum, and subdued the Picen- B. C. 89 against the Italians, when he was only
tines, and returned to Rome at the end of the seventeen years of age, and continued with him
year, which he entered in triumph on the 27th of till his death two years afterwards. He was pre-
December. Before he laid down his consulship, sent at the battle of the Colline Gate, in B. c. 87,
he probably brought forward the law (lex Pom- and, as has been already related, he saved the life of
peia), which gave to all the towns of the Transpa- his father, and quelled an insurrection of the sol-
dani the Jus Latii or Latinitas.
diers by his courage and activity. The death of
In the following year, B. C. 88, occurred the dread his father soon after this event left Pompey his own
fal struggle between Marius and Sulla for the com- master at the age of nineteen. The aristocratical
mand of the Mithridatic war, which ended in the party were no longer able to offer any opposition to
proscription of Marius, and his flight from Italy. Marius and Cinna, who accordingly entered Home
Strabo had returned to his army, and was engaged in shortly afterwards, and took a bloody revenge on
southern Italy in completing the subjugation of the their opponents. Pompey's house was plundered ;
Italians, when he learnt that the senate had deprived and he did not venture to appear in public till
him of the command, and had assigned his army to after the death of Marius in the following year,
the consul Q. Pompeius Rufus, to whom the care of B. C. 86. His enemies, however, immediately ac-
Italy was entrusted, while his colleague Sulla was cused him of having shared with his father in the
engaged in the Mithridatic war. But Strabo, who plunder of Asculum. Not trusting either to the
was excessively fond of power, was indignant at justice of his cause, or to the eloquence of his advo-
this decision. He however concealed his resent- cates, L. Marcius Philippus and Q. Hortensius, he
ment and handed over the army to Rufus; but at agreed to marry the daughter of the praetor Antis.
the same time he secretly instigated the soldiers to tius, who presided at the trial, and was in con-
murder their new commander, which they accord sequence acquitted.
ingly did shortly afterwards. He affected great In B. C. 84, the Marian party made great
horror of the crime, but took no steps to bring the preparations to oppose Sulla, who had now
perpetrators to justice ; and Sulla, who was on the finished the Mithridatic war, and was on his way
point of starting for the East, was obliged to over- to Italy. Pompey, though so young, was fired
look the murder.
with the ambition of distinguishing himself above
Next year, B. C. 87, the Marian party obtained all the other leaders of the aristocracy; and while
the upper hand. L. Cinna, who had been driven the rest were content to wait quietly for Sulla's
out of the city by his colleague Cn. Octavius, had arrival in Italy to deliver them from their enemies,
collected a formidable army, and being joined by Pompey resolved to share with Sulla the glory of
Marius, advanced against Rome. The aristocracy crushing the Marian party. He accordingly fled from
summoned Pompeius Strabo to their aid; but as the
of Cinna shorly before the Litter was mur.
he commanded against their wish, and had been dered, and hastened to Picenum, where he pro-
refused a second consulship this year, he was un- ceeded to levy troops without holding any public
willing to espouse their side. Still, not being pre- office, and without any authority from the senate
pared to join the other party, he advanced by slow or people. The influence which he possessed by
marches to the relief of the city, and, contrary to his large estates in Picenum, and by his personal
his wishes, was obliged to fight near the Colline popularity, enabled him to raise an army of three
Gate with Cinna and Sertorius. The battle was legions by the beginning of the following year,
not decisive, but Strabo was unable to play any B. c. 83. ile assumed the command at Auximum, a
longer a neutral part. Cinna attempted to remove town in the north of Picenum, not far from An-
him by assassination, but he was saved by the cona ; and while the rest of the aristocracy hastened
energy and prudence of his son, who also quelled to join Sulla, who had landed at Brundisium,
a dangerous mutiny among the soldiers. Shortly Pompey was anxious to distinguish himself by
after these events, and in the course of the same some brilliant success over the enemy. The faults
camp


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478
POMPEIUS.
POMPEIUS.
Next
of the Marian generals gave him the wished-for 1 he was seized and brought in chains to Pomper,
opportunity; he was surrounded by three armies, at Lily baeum, who put him to death, and sent
commanded respectively by M. Brutus, C. Caelius his head to Sulla He likewise executed several
Caldus, and C. Carrinas, whose great object seems others of the Marian party ; but he can scarcely
to have been to prevent his escape to Sulla. Pom- be reproached with cruelty for so doing, as he had
pey now displayed for the first time the great no other alternative, even if he had wished to
military abilities for which he became afterwards save them ; and he treated the cities which had
80 conspicuous ; he concentrated all his forces in one espoused the popular side with greater leniency
spot, and then fell upon M. Brutis at a time when than might have been expected. Next year, B. C.
he could receive no assistance from the other ge- 81, Pompey left Sicily, and passed over to Africa,
nerals, and completely defeated him. Pompey also in order to oppose Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, the
distinguished himself by his personal bravery in son-in-law of Cinna, who, with the assistance of
this engagement, charging at the head of his ca- Hiarbas, had collected a formidable army. But
valry, and striking down a Celtic horseman with his troops, chiefly consisting of Numidians, were
his own hand. The Marian generals, after the no match for the veterans who had conquered the
loss of this battle, quarrelied among themselves, and well-disciplined Italian allies. Still they fought
withdrew from the country. Pompey, who had with great bravery, and out of 20,000 only 3000
no longer an enemy to oppose him, set out to join are said to have survived the decisive battle.
Sulla, and was hailed as a deliverer by the towns Their camp was taken, and Domitius fell. In a
of Picenum, who had now no other alternative but few months Pompey reduced the whole of Nu-
submission. Ile was proscribed by the senate, midia ; Hiarbas was taken prisoner and put to
but his troops proved faithful to him, and he death, and his throne was given to Hiempsal.
joined Sulla in safety, having already gained for But it was not only his military achievements that
himself a brilliant reputation. He was received gained him great renown at Rome ; unlike other
by Sulla with still greater distinction than he had Roman governors, be abstained from plundering
anticipated ; for when he leapt down from his the province, which seemed the more extraordinary,
horse, and saluted Sulla by the title of Imperator, since the disturbed state of the country afforded
the latter returned the compliment by addressing him particular facilities for doing so. Intent upon
him by the same title. Pompey was only twenty- triumphing, he collected a great number of elephants
three, and had not held any public office when he and lions in Numidia, and returned to Rome, in the
received this unprecedented mark of honour. same year, covered with glory. As he approached
year, B. c. 82, the war was prosecuted with Rome, numbers flocked out of the city to meet
vigour against the Marian party. Pompey took a him; and the dictator himself, who formed one of
prominent part in it as one of Sulla's legates, and the crowd, greeted him with the surname of
by his success gained still further distinction. The Magnus, which he bore ever afterwards, and
younger Marius, who was now consul, was block-handed down to his children. * But Pompey did
aded in Praeneste, and his colleague, Carbo, was not find it easy to obtain his wished-for triumph.
making every effort to relieve him. Sulla himself Hitherto no one but a dictator, consul, or praetor,
fought an indecisive battle against Carbo ; but his had enjoyed this distinction, and it seemed a
legates, Marcius and Carrinas, were defeated by monstrous thing for a simple eques, who had not
Pompey. Carbo then retreated to Ariminum, and yet obtained a place in the senate, to coret this
sent Marcius to the relief of Praeneste ; but Pom- honour. Sulla at first tried to dissuade Pompey
pey defeated the latter again in the Apennines, from pressing his request ; and as he would not
and compelled him to retire. Despairing of suc- relinquish his design, the matter was referred to
cess, Carbo then abandoned Marius to his fate, and the senate, and there Sulla positively opposed it.
set sail for Africa. Praeneste shortly afterwards Pompey was not, however, to be cowed, and ut-
surrendered. Sulla thus became the master of tered a threat about the rising and the setting
Italy, and was proclaimed dictator.
sun; whereupon Sulla, indignant at his impudence,
ceeded to reward his partizans, and to take ven- shouted out contemptuously, “ Let him triumph
geance on his enemies ; and in order to connect then! " It is true that Sulla's dominion was too
Pompey more closely with himself, he compelled firmly established to be overthrown by Pompey ;
him to marry his step-daughter Aemilia, the but he probably could not have put him down
daughter of his wife Caecilia Metella, by her for- | without a struggle, and therefore thought better
mer husband Aemilius Scaurus. To effect this to let him have his own way. Pompey therefore
marriage two divorces had to take place : Pompey entered Rome in triumph as a simple eques in the
was obliged to put away his wife Antistia, though month of September B. c. 81, and before he had
her father had been murdered by Marius as a completed his twenty-fifth year. Pompey's con-
partizan of Sulla, simply on account of his connec- duct in insisting upon a triumph on this occasion
tion with Pompey; and Aemilia was obliged to has been represented by many modern writers as
leave her husband M'. Glabrio, although she was vain and childish ; but it should be recollected
pregnant at the time.
Aemilia died shortly after that it was a vanity which all distinguished
wards in child-birth.
Romans shared, and that to enter Rome drawn in
But although the war in Italy was brought to a
close, the Marian party still held out in other
parts of Europe ; ard Pompey, who was now re- # There can be little doubt that this surname
garded as one of the principal leaders of the aristo- was given to Pompey on this occasion, though
cracy, was sent against them by Sulla. He first many writers assign it to a different time. The
proceeded to Sicily, to which island Carbo had question is discussed at length by Drumann, vol. ir.
crossed over from Africa, but here met with no p. 335. Pompey did not use it himself till he
opposition ; as soon as he landed, Carbo fled from was appointed to the command of the war against
the island, intending to take refuge in Egypt, but | Sertorius (Plut. Pomp. 13).
He then pro-


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POMPEIUS.
479
POMPEIUS.
|
the triumphal car was regarded as one of the general had met with nothing but disasters; and
noblest objects of ambition.
he therefore still continued at the head of his army
Having thus succeeded in carrying his point in the neighbourhood of Rome. The senate, howa
against the dictator Pompey again exhibited his cver, hesitated to give him this opportunity for
power in promoting in B. c. 79 the election of M. gaining fresh distinction and additional power ;
Aemilius Lepidus to the consulship, in opposition but as Sertorius was now joined by Perperna,
to the wishes of Sulla. Through Pompey's in- and was daily becoming more formidable, it be-
fluence Lepidus was not only elected, but obtained came absolutely necessary to strengthen Metellus ;
a greater number of votes than his colleague and as they had no general excepi Pompey, who
Q. Catulus, who was supported by Sulla. The was either competent or willing to conduct the
latter hnd now retired from public affairs, and war against Sertorius, they at length unwillingly
would not relinquish his Epicurean enjoyments for determined to send him to Spain, with the title of
the purpose of defeating Pompey's plans, but con- Proconsul, and with equal powers to Metellus.
tented himself with warning the latter, as he met In the debate in the senate which ended in his
him retuming from the comitia in triumph, “ Young appointment, it was urged that no private man
man, it is time for you not to slumber, for you ought to receive the title of Proconsul, whereupon
have strengthened your rival against yourself. " L. Philippus replied with bitter scorn, in allusion
The words of Sulla were prophetic; for upon his to the insignificance of the existing consuls, “ Non
death, wliich happened in the course of the same ego illum mea sententia pro consule, sed pro con-
year, Lepidus attempted to repeal the laws of Sulln, sulibus mitto. "
and to destroy the aristocratical constitution which In forty days Pompey completed his prepara-
he had established. He seems to have reckoned tions, and left Italy with an army of 30,000 foot
upon the support of Pompey ; but in this he was and 1000 horse, at the beginning of B. c. 76, being
disappointed, for Ponipey remained faithful to the then thirty years of age. He crossed the Alps
aristocracy, and thus saved his party. During the between the sources of the Rhône and the Po,
year of the consulship of Lepidus and Catulus, and advanced towards the southern coast of Spain.
B. C. 78, peace was with difficulty preserved The Spanish tribes, through which he marched,
(LEPIDUS, No. 13] ; but at the beginning of the did not offer him much resistance, and the town of
following year B. c. 77, Lepidus, who had been Lauron (not far from Valencia) declared in his
ordered by the senate to repair to his province favour. But the approach of Sertorius quickly
Further Gaul, marched against Rome at the head changed the face of matters, and taught Pompey
of an army, which he had collected in Etruria. that he had a more formidable enemy to deal with
Here Pompey and Catulus were ready to receive than any he had yet encountered. His army was
him ; and in the battle which followed under the suddenly surprised by Sertorius, and he was obliged
walls of the city, Lepidus was defeated and obliged to retreat with the loss of a legion. Sertorius fol-
to take to flight. While Catulus followed him into lowed up his victory by taking the town of Lauron,
Etruria, Pompey marched into Cisalpine Gaul, which he committed to the flames, almost before
where M. Brutus, the father of the so-called ty- Pompey's face. Thus his first campaign in Spain
rannicide, commanded a body of troops on behalf ended ingloriously. He passed the winter in the
of Lepidus. On Pompey's approach Brutus threw Nearer Province, and at the beginning of B. c. 75
himself into Mutina, which he defended for some crossed the Iberus, and again marched southward
time, but at length surrendered the town to against C. Herennius and Perperna, the legates of
Pompey, on condition that his life should be Sertorius. These he defeated, with great loss,
spared. This was granted by Pompey; but next near Valencia ; and elated with his success, and
day he was murdered, by Pompey's orders, at anxious to wipe off the disgrace of the preceding
Rhegium, a small town on the Po, whither he had year, he hastened to attack Sertorius, hoping to
retired after the surrender of Mutina. Pompey was crush him entirely before Metellus arrived to share
much blamed for this cruel and perfidious act, which the glory with him. Sertorius, who had advanced
was however more in accordance with the spirit of from the west, was equally eager to fight before
his party than his own general conduct. But he the junction of the two Ronan armies. The
seems to have acted now in accordance with battle, thus eagerly desired by both generals, was
Sulla's principles ; for he likewise put to death fought on the banks of the Sucro (Xucar). It
Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, the son of Lepidus, was obstinately contested, but was not decisive.
whom he took prisoner at Alba in Liguria. The The right wing, where Pompey commanded in
war in Italy was now at an end ; for Lepidus, person,
was put to flight by Sertorius, and Pompey
despairing of bolding his ground in Etruria, had himself was nearly killed in the pursuit ; his left
sailed with the remainder of his forces to Sardinia, wing, however, which was under the command of
where he died shortly afterwards
his legate L. Afranius, drove the right wing of
The senate, who now began to dread Pompey, Sertorius's army off the field, and took his camp.
ordered him to disband his army ; but he found Night put an end to the battle ; and the approach
various excuses for evading this command, as he of Metellus on the following day obliged Sertorius
was anxious to obtain the command of the war to retire. Pompey and Metellus then continued
against Sertorius in Spain. Sertorius was the only together for a time, but were reduced to great
surviving general of the Marian party, who still straits for want of provisions, and were frequently
continued to hold out against the aristocracy. By obliged to separate in order to obtain food and
his extraordinary genius and abilities he had won fodder. On one of these occasions they were
the hearts of the Spaniards, and had for the last attacked at the same time, Pompey by Sertorius,
three years successfully opposed Metellus Pius, and Metellus by Perperna ; Metellus defeated the
one of the ablest of Sulla's generals (SERTORIS). latter with a loss of 5000 men, but Pompey was
The misfortunes of Metellus only increased Pom- routed by Sertorius, and lost 6000 of his troons
pey's eagerness to gain laurels, where a veteran Shortly after this Pompey retired, for the wintes,


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480
POMPEIUS.