No More Learning

. . .
the spread of the development of Urdu and what is worse still is
that Hindi with its Hindu Sanskritous literature and philosophy
and ideals will and must necessarily be forced upon the Muslim
children and students”. He also alleged that serious difficulties
were being placed in the way of the Muslims enjoying religious
freedom. He was obsessed with the idea of Hindu Raj and he de-
clared that all notions and dreams of such a Raj “must be abandon-
ed”. While presiding over the Patna session of All-India Muslim
League held from 26 to 29 December, 1938, Mr. Jinnah con-
demned the Wardha Education Scheme and Vidya Mandir Scheme
and ridiculed Mahatma Gandhi as their author. To quote Mr.
Jinnah, “The genius behind these was Mr. Gandhi and it was Mr.
Gandhi alone who described the very ideals with which the Con-
gress started its career and converted it into a communal Hindu
body, with a view to a revival and propagation of Hindu culture. ”
While speaking at the Sindh Muslim League Conference held on 8
October, 1938, Mr. Jinnah observed: “The Congress is fighting for
domination over the Muslims. It is rank madness but that has
seized the Congress and it is against that design--that mad ideal--
that I have rebelled. ”
The Muslims condemned the Vidya Mandir Scheme of the
Central Provinces. Their contention was that the word Mandir
was a Hindu name. For the Muslims, a Hindu temple was a place


## p. 818 (#860) ############################################

818
PAKISTAN
where idols were worshipped and that was a deliberate affront to
Islam which condemned Idolatry. Moreover, the Vidya Mandir
schools were managed by committees elected on joint electorates.
The complaint of the Muslims was that no provision was made for
separate Muslim schools or for the training of Urdu speaking
teachers. The Muslims of the Central Provinces went to the ex-
tent of resorting to direct action against the Vidya Mandir Scheme.
The Muslim League condemned the Bande Mataram as the na-
tional anthem. It characterized the anthem as “positively anti-Isla-
mic and idolatrous in its inspiration and ideas. ” The Muslim League
appointed an inquiry Committee to find out the grievances of the
Mussalmans in the Congress Provinces. The report was publish-
ed towards the end of 1938 and came to be known as the Pirpur
Report after the name of its chairman, Rajya Sayyid Muhammad
Mahdi of Pirpur. The Report attacked the “closed door” policy
of the Congress and declared that Parliamentary Government was
not workable in India. It was alleged that in the matter of public
appointments due regard was not paid to the size and importance
of the Muslim Community in India. It was alleged that “the flag,
the anthem, the reverence paid to Mr. Gandhi, the emphasis laid
by the Mahatma himself on cow protection, all these are evidence
of a deliberate and far-reaching attack on the civic and cultural
rights of the Muslim Community, but its most insidious feature is
the attempt to extend the use of Hindi at the expense of Urdu. ”
The Working Committee of the Bihar Muslim Leaguc appointed
an enquiry committee and the report submitted by it came to be
known as the Shareef Report after the name of its draftman, Mr. S.
M. Shareef. This Committee was set up to enquire into the grie-
vances of the Bihar Muslims and its Report embodied allegations
of a very serious nature, although there was no substance in them.
After the resignation of the Congress Ministries in October-
November, 1939, Fazl-ul-Huq issued a statement to the press and
later on the same was embodied in a pamphlet entitled "Muslim
Sufferings under Congress Rule”. This contained stories which
had absolutely no truth in them. In 1946, a book entitled “It
Shall Never Happen Again” was published by the Muslim League.
It covered 32 articles from the Dawn and it referred to the alleged
sufferings of the Muslims in the Congress-governed Provinces. It
was stated there that the principal sufferers were the Muslims and
that was due to the deliberate policy followed by the Congress.
All sorts of cock and bull stories were given in that book. Re-
ferring to their attack on Tirath Bazar, Sitapur, it was stated that
about 400 Hindus armed with Lathies, swords, spears and other
deadly weapons appeared on the scene with cries of "Gandhi


## p. 819 (#861) ############################################

LEAGUE PROPAGANDA AGAINST CONGRESS
819
Mahatma ki Jai” and suddenly attacked the Muslim shopkeepers
and looted and plundered their goods. It was also alleged that the
prominent Congress Leaders of the place took a leading part in
the loot and plunder. About Banaras it was said that the leading
Congressmen including the President and secretary of the city
Congress Committee and the two Central M. L. A. 's divided them-
selves into groups and one group sat at one police station. When-
ever a Muslim happened to come with a report of some injury done
to him or to some other Muslim, the Congressman sitting at the
police station laughed at him and sent him away without allowing
the police to record the complaint. About the Lalpura village in
Patna District, it was alleged that in the name of village uplift,
Congress preachers “incited Hindus against Muslims. The result
was that hundreds of Hindus of Lalpura and other places caused a
serious riot in which a Muslim almost lost his life". The entire
book covering 264 pages was full of allegations of this nature. In
the article written by Mr. Jinnah himself, it was contended that
democracy was not suited to India. Mr. Jinnah also referred to
the alleged Congress atrocities and charged the Congress with power
intoxication. To quote Mr. Jinnah, “The Working Committee (of
the Congress) arrogated to itself the position of a parallel Central
Government to whom the Provincial Governments were reponsi-
ble. ” Referring to Maulana Azad, Rajendra Prasad and Patel to
whom the different provinces were assigned in order to bring about
administrative coordination, Mr. Jinnah observed: “Regional
dictators were appointed and the Ministers were entirely subject to
their orders generally and no Provincial legislation could be enacted
without their approval. ” About Bande Matram, the Congress Flag
and Hindi, Mr. Jinnah observed: "in the six Hindu Provinces, a
Kulturkampf was inaugurated. ”
It was rightly pointed out by Dr. Rajendra Prasad that the
Muslim League adopted Hilter's tactics of inventing false charges
and exaggerating small ones into Himalayan blunders. The same
thing was repeated again and again so that it may look like truth.
All kinds of falsehoods were invented by the Muslim League with
the object of creating bitterness in the minds of the Muslim Masses
with a view to prepare them for demanding Pakistan.
The Congress made an offer to the Muslim League to get the
alleged atrocities investigated through Sir Maurice Gwyer, Chief
Justice of the Federal Court of India or some other person of the
similar status. The simple reply of Mr. Jinnah was that the
Viceroy was asked to consider the whole question and nothing
was done to substantiate the truth of the allegations made against
the Congress Ministries.


## p. 820 (#862) ############################################

820
PAKISTAN
After the resignation of the Congress Ministries in October-
November, 1939, the Muslim League celebrated on 22 December,
1939 "The Deliverance Day” throughout India. The following re-
solution was passed by the Muslim League meetings on that date:
"That the Congress Ministries both in the discharge of their duties
of the administration and in the Legislatures have done their best
to flout the Muslim opinion, to destroy Muslim culture, and have
interfered with their religious and social life, and trampled upon
their economic and political rights; that in matters of differences
and disputes the Congress Ministries invariably have sided with,
supported and advanced the cause of the Hindus in total disregard
and to the prejudice of the Muslim interests. ”
(The truth is that the Congress Ministries had treated the Mus-
lims well. They could not afford to do otherwise. They wanted
independence for their country and no wonder they had to care for
the goodwill of all, including the Muslims. Nothing was done
deliberately to injure the feelings of the Muslims. Everything was
done for the good of the people as a whole. ) Sir Harry Haig,
Governor of U. P. , rightly ovserves: “The Congress Ministries dealt
with the Muslims fairly and justly. " Coupland says: “The Con-
gress Ministries had not lent themselves to a policy of communal
injustice, still less of deliberate persecution. ”
During 1938 and 1939, there was correspondence between Mr.
Jinnah on the one hand and Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhash Chandra
Bose, Mahatma Gandhi, Dr. Rajendra Prasad and Sir Tej Bahadur
Sapru but nothing came out of it. The contention of Mr. Jinnah
was that the Congress must recognise the Muslim League as the
sole representative organisation of the Muslims of India. Nehru
was not prepared to admit this as the Congress stood for all the
people of India including the Muslims. The only outcoine of this
correspondence was that it added to the prestige of Mr. Jinnah in
the eyes of the Muslims of India. Mr. Jinnah also consolidated
his position during this period.
A reference may be made to two statements of Mr. Jinnah made
by him in 1939 regarding the position of the Muslim League and
its President vis-a-vis the politics of India. The first statement is
to the following effect: “The British public may be misled by cer-
tain propaganda that Muslims are against the freedom of India.
We want freedom and liberty, but the question is, whose freedom
and liberty? Muslim India wants to be free and enjoy liberty to
the fullest extent and develop its own political, economic, social
and cultural institutions according to its own genius, and not to
be dominated and crushed, while wishing Hindu India well and
giving it fullest scope to do likewise. I know that the Englishman


## p. 821 (#863) ############################################

MR. JINNAH IN 1939
821
who has developed in his own country a system of parliamentary
government cannot think of anything else but what has worked
and been developed through the centuries as the only pattern for
every other country in the world. But he must dismiss from his
mind the experiments tried in Canada and Australia where after
all the foundations of Government are suited to the genius of the
people, mainly British in stock. It is very doubtful as to how it
will work in South Africa where there are two powerful rival com-
munities like the Boers and the British, and even here the differ-
ences between them are not so fundamental
fundamental as those between
Hindus and Muslims. Even Ireland, after decades of union, did
not submit to the British Parliament in spite of the close affinity
with the English and Scotch. I may refer to Lord Morley’s dic-
tum that the fur coat of Canada would not do for the extremely
tropical climate of India.
"The Congress insistence that they, and they alone, represent the
people of India is not only without any foundation, but is highly
detrimental to the progress and advancement of India. They know
that they do not represent the whole of India, not even all the Hindus,
and certainly not the Muslims, who are often wrongly described as
a minority in the ordinary sense as understood in the West. They
are in a majority in the North-West and in Bengal, all along the
corridor stretching from Karachi to Calcutta. That part of the
Indian continent alone has double the population of Great Britain
and is more than ten times in area. Until the Congress come down
to earth and face realities, they will be wholly responsible for block-
ing the progress of India, and unless they give up the Fascist and
authoritarian basis of their policy and programme which they are
vigorously following, there cannot be any peace in India. "
The second statement in these words: “We had many difficulties
to face from January 1939 right up to the declaration of war. We
had to face the Vidya Mandir in Nagpur. We had to face the
Wardha Scheme all over India. We had to face ill-treatment and
oppression to Muslims in the Congress-governed Provinces. We
had to face the treatment meted out to Muslims in some of the
Indian States such as Jaipur and Bhavnagar. We had to face a
vital issue that arose in that little state of Rajkot. Rajkot was the
acid test made by the Congress which would have affected one-
third of India. Thus the Muslim League had all along to face
various issues from January 1939 up to the time of the declaration
Before the war was declared the greatest danger to the
Muslims of India was the possible inauguration of the Federal
scheme in the Central Government. We know what machinations
were going on. But the Muslim League was stoutly resisting them
cf war.


## p. 822 (#864) ############################################

822
PAKISTAN
in every direction. We felt that we could never accept the dan-
gerous scheme of the Central Federal Government embodied in the
Government of India Act, 1935. I am sure that we have made no
small contribution towards persuading the British Government to
abandon the scheme of Central Federal Government. In creating
that mind in the British Government the Muslim League, I have
no doubt, played no small part. You know that the British people
are very obdurate people. They are also very conservative; and
although they are very clever, they are slow in understanding.
After the war was declared, the Viceroy naturally wanted help
from the Muslim League. It was only then that he realised that
the Muslim League was a power. For it will be remembered that
up to the time of the declaration of war, the Viceroy never thought
of me but of Gandhi and Gandhi alone I have been the leader of
an important party in the Legislature for a considerable time, lar-
ger than the one I have the honour to lead at present, the Muslim
League Party in the Central Legislature. Yet the Viceroy never
thought of me before. Therefore, when I got this invitation from
the Viceroy along with Mr. Gandhi, I wondered within myself why
I was so suddenly promoted and then I concluded that the answer
was the ‘All-India Muslim League, whose President I happen to
be. I believe that was the worst shock that the Congress High
Command received, because it challenged their sole authority to
speak on behalf of India. And it is quite clear from the attitude
of Mr. Gandhi and the High Command that they have not yet re-
covered from that shock. My point is that I want you to realise
the value, the importance, the significance of organising ourselves.
I will not say anything more on the subject. ”
THE SECOND WORLD WAR AND MUSLIM LEAGUE
The Second World War was declared in September, 1939. The
Working Committee of the Congress met after the declaration of
War to review the situation and passed lengthy resolutions. It
was contended that India had been declared a belligerent country
without the consent of the people of India "whose declared wishes
in such matters have been deliberately ignored by the British Gov-
ernment. ” The Working Committee declared its "entire disapprov-
al of the ideology and practice of Fascism and Nazism and their
glorification of war and violence and suspension of the human
spirit. ” The Working Committee “further laid down that the
issue of war and peace for India must be decided by the Indian
people and no outside authority can impose this decision upon
them, nor can the Indian people permit their resources to be ex-


## p. 823 (#865) ############################################

LEAGUE AND WORLD WAR II
823
ploited for imperialist ends. ” The Congress demanded that the
British Government must declare her war aims and India should
be immediately declared independent and given the right to frame
a constitution for herself through a Constituent Assembly based
on adult franchise.
The Working Committee of the Muslim League also met after
the declaration of war and passed the following resolution: "The
Working Committee of the All-India Muslim League appreciate
the course adopted by His Excellency the Viceroy in inviting Mr.
M. A. Jinnah, President of the All-India Muslim League, and
apprising him of the international situation resulting in war, and
his own views, to be conveyed to the Muslim League. The Work-
ing Committee have given their most earnest consideration to his
Excellency the Viceroy's views conveyed to them by the President
and also to the pronouncement made by the Viceroy since the dec-
laration of war by Great Britain as also His Excellency's address to
the members of the Central Legislature on the 11th of September,
1939.
"The Committee are of opinion that the views expressed by the
Council of the All-India Muslim League by its resolution No. 8 of
the 27th of August, 1939, in the following words--"While deploring
the policy of the British Government towards the Muslims of India
by attempting to force upon them against their will a Constitution,
and in particular the Federal Scheme as embodied in the Govern-
ment of India Act, 1935, which allows a permanent hostile com-
munal majority to trample upon their religious, political, social and
economic rights and the utter neglect and indifference shown by
the Viceroy and the Governors in the Congress-governed provinces
in exercising their special powers to protect and secure justice to
the minorities; and towards the Arabs in Palestine in refusing to
meet their demands, holds the view that in these circumstances if
the British Government desires to enlist the support and the sym-
pathy of the Muslims of the world, and particularly of the Indian
Muslims in future contingencies it must meet the demands of the
Muslims of India without delay,'—are the true sentiments and
opinions of the Mussalmans of India.
"The Working Committee appreciate the declaration of His
Excellency the Viceroy, which is in the interest of India and parti-
cularly the Musalmans, that the Federal Scheme embodied in the
Government of India Act, 1935, has been suspended. They wish
that instead of its being suspended it had been abandoned completely
and desire to convey to His Majesty's Government that they should
do so without further delay. The Committee desire to make it
clear that they do not endorse the Federal objective of His


## p. 824 (#866) ############################################

824
PAKISTAN
Majesty's Government referred to by his Excellency in his address
to the members of the Central Legislature and strongly urge upon
th British Government to review and revise the entire problem of
India's future Constitution de novo in the light of the experience
gained by the working of the present provincial constitution of
India and developments that have taken place since 1935 or may
take place hereafter.
(“The Committee in this connection wish to point out that Mus-
lim India occupies a special and peculiar position in the policy of
India and for several decades it had hoped to occupy an honour-
able place in the national life, government and administration of
the country and worked for free India with Free and Independent
Islam in which they could play an equal part with the major
community with complete sense of security for their religious, poli-
tical, cultural, social and economic rights and interests; but the
developments that have taken place, and specially since the inaugu-
ration of the provincial constitution based on the so-called demo-
cratic parliamentary system of government, and the recent experi-
ences of over two years have established a permanent communal
majority and the domination of the Hindus over the Muslim mino-
rities whose life and liberty, property and honour are in danger
and even their religious rights and culture are being assailed and
annihilated every day under the Congress Governments in various
provinces. ”
(In his statement of 18 October, 1939, Lord Linlithgow tried to
defend the British position by saying that the British Government
was bound by its pledge of giving India Dominion Status. He also
referred to the establishment of a consultative group consisting of
the representatives of all major political parties and the Indian
princes. The Working Committee of the Congress saw no subs-
tance in this statement and by a resolution of 22 October, 1939, it
called upon all the Congress Ministries to resign. Sir Samuel
Hoare, then Secretary of State for India, suggested that the Execu-
tive Council of the Viceroy should be expanded by including in it
the representatives of the major political parties. The Viceroy
held negotiations with the Congress and Muslim League leaders
and asked them to explore the possibility of some agreement in the
Provincial field. While these discussions were going on in Novem-
ber, 1939, Mr. Jinnah offered five terms for an interim settlement
with the Congress for the duration of the war. Those terms were
the establishment of coalition ministries in the Provinces, the Con-
gress acceptance of the formula that no legislation affecting the
Muslims would be passed by a Provincial Lower House if two-
thirds of the Muslim representatives in that House were opposed


## p. 825 (#867) ############################################

TENTATIVE PROPOSALS OF JINNAH
825
to it, and undertaking from the Congress not to fly their flags on
public institutions, and understanding as regards the singing of
Bande Mataram and a Congress undertaking to cease its hostile
campaign against the Muslim League. However, these proposals
were not accepted by the Congress. )
TENTATIVE PROPOSALS OF JINNAH (1940)
Although the Congress had rejected the offer, negotiations conti-
nued between the Viceroy and Mr. Jinnah. On 1 July, 1940,
while Mr. Jinnah was at Simla, he forwarded the following sug-
gestions marked as “Tentative Proposals” to the Viceroy:
“That no pronouncement or statement should be made by His
Majesty's Government which would in any way militate against
the basic and fundamental principles laid down by the Lahore
Resolution of division of India and creating Muslim States in the
north-west and eastern zones; and it may be stated that that ideal
now has become the universal faith of Muslim India.
“That His Majesty's Government must give a definite and cate-
gorical assurance to the Musalmans of India that no interim or
final scheme of constitution would be adopted by the British Gov-
trnment without the previous approval of Muslim India. In view
of the rapid developments in Europe and the grave danger that is
facing India it is fully realised that everything should be done that
is possible to intensify war efforts and mobilise all the resources of
India for her defence, for the purpose of maintaining internal
security, peace and tranquillity, and to ward off external aggression.
But this can only be achieved provided the British Government are
ready and willing to associate the Muslim leadership as equal part-
ners in the Government both at the Centre and in all the Provinces.
In other words, Muslim India leadership must be fully trusted as
equals and have equal share in the authority and control of the
Governments, Central and Provincial.
“Provisionally and during the period of the war, the following
steps should be taken to comply with the formula, namely, co-
operation with the Government with equal share in the authority
of the Government:
“(a) That the Executive Council of the Viceroy should be
enlarged, within the framework of the present constitutional exist-
ing law, the additional number to be settled after further discussion
but it being understood that the Muslim representation must be
equal to that of the Hindus if the Congress comes in; otherwise they
should have the majority of the additional members as it is obvious
that the main burden and the responsibility will be borne by the


## p. 826 (#868) ############################################

826
PAKISTAN
Musalmans in that case.
“(b) That in the provinces where Section 93 of the Act has to
operate, non-official Advisers should be appointed, the number to
be fixed after further discussion, and the majority of the non-official
Advisers should be the representatives of Musalmans; and where
the provinces can be run by a combination of parties or ‘coalition,'
naturally it would be for the parties concerned to adjust matters
by agreement among themselves.
"(c) That there should be a War Council consisting of not less
than fifteen members, including the President, to be presided over
by His Excellency the Viceroy. I do not like the expression ‘War
Consultative Committee'. This Council should regularly meet to
deal with, and review the general situation as it may develop from
time to time, and advise the Government with regard to matters in
connection with the prosecution of the war generally, and in parti-
cular, the fullest development of defence possible and of finance and
to make a thorough economic and industrial drive. On this body it
will not be difficult to secure the representation and full co-operation
of the Indian Princes, and as far as I can judge they would have
no difficulty in joining it. It is through this body that the associa-
tion of the Princes can be secured. Here again the representation
of the Muslim India must be equal to that of Hindus if the Con-
gress comes in, otherwise they should have the majority.
“Finally, the representatives of the Musalmans on the proposed
War Council and the Executive Council of the Governor-General
and the additional non-official Advisers of the Governors, should
be chosen by the Muslim League. ”
The Viceroy wrote back to Jinnah on 6 July, 1940, as follows:
“I am much obliged for the private and personal memorandum
headed “Tentative Proposals' which you were kind enough to send
me in your letter to my Private Secretary on July 1. I note the
points taken in Paragraph 1 of that memorandum, and in the first
sentence of Paragraph 2, both of which you emphasised in our
recent conversation. I welcome also the amplification, as putting
me in fuller possession of your mind, of that conversation represent-
ed by the balance of your letter. But certain of the points taken
suggest there may be same slight misapprehension, which you will
I think, agree that it would be desirable that I should clear without
delay.
“As regards my expansion of the Executive Council, this would,
as you rightly observe in your memorandum, be within the existing
constitutional scheme. In other words, any council so expanded
would co-operate as a whole and as a single Government of India.
It is not a case of striking a balance between the different interests


## p. 827 (#869) ############################################

TENTATIVE PROPOSALS OF JINNAH
827
Gov
or of preserving the proportions between the important parties. As
you yourself indicated in the course of our conversation, there are
parties other than either Congress or the Muslim League who may
fairly claim to be considered for inclusion, and there is a very defi-
nite limit of numbers to any possible expansion. At the same time
I readily accept the importance, in the event of any expansion, of
securing adequate representation of Muslim interests and that is a
point which I would bear in mind.
“There is, however, as you will see from my explanation, no
question of responsibility falling in greater or less degree on any
particular section. Responsibility will be that of the Governor-
General-in-Council as a whole. Again, it will be clear that under
existing law and practice it must remain with the Secretary of State,
in consultation with the Governor-General, to decide upon such
names as we may submit to His Majesty the King for inclusion in
the Governor-General's Executive Council, and such persons can-
not be the nominees of political parties, however important, though
it may, of course, be assumed that both the Secretary of State and
the Governor-General would, in all cases, do their utmost to select
persons from the various sections of the community.
“I need not remind you that under law the whole responsibility
of Government in Section 93 provinces vests exclusively in the
or, although a Governor can, of course, take advantage of
the assistance of any advisers he may appoint. Whether, and if
so at what point and in what strength, non-official Advisers from
political parties should be appointed in provinces under Section 93
administration, in the event of an expansion of the Governor-
General's Council would clearly call for consideration in the light
of circumstances of each province. You will, I think, agree with
me also that the importance of the community from which Advisers
are drawn in a particular province has a direct bearing.
“Your idea for a War Council is, in my view, well worth-while
considering, though details would have to be worked out Here
again there are, of course, many parties to be considered other than
the Muslim League or the Congress.
“As regards Section III of your memorandum, I ought, I think,
to make it clear that it would be constitutionally impossible for the
choice of Muslim gentlemen to be appointed to any expanded Ex-
ecutive Council or as non-official Advisers to rest with the Muslim
League. But in the contingency envisaged you need not fear that
any suggestions you may put forward would not receive full con-
sideration.
“Let me, in conclusion, thank you again for your very clear and
valuable memorandum. I realise, of course, fully that it is not


## p. 828 (#870) ############################################

828
PAKISTAN
merely private and personal, but that, in your own words, it em-
bodies a tentative proposal. I am sure that you will agree with me
that it is well that there should be no misunderstanding on the im-
portant points on which I have touched above. "
PAKISTAN RESOLUTION (1940)
At this stage, it seems desirable to refer to the circumstances
which led to the passing of the Pakistan Resolution at Lahore on
23 March, 1940. It was in October, 1938, that a resolution was
passed by the Sind Muslim League Conference held at Karachi.
The resolution was in these words: “This Conference considers
it absolutely essential in the interests of an abiding peace of the
vast Indian continent and in the interests of unhampered cultural
development, the economic and social betterment, and political self-
determination of the two nations known as Hindus and Muslims,
to recommend to All-India Muslim League to review and revise
the entire question of what should be the suitable constitution for
India which will secure honourable and legitimate status due to
them, and that this conference therefore recommends to the All-
India Muslim League to devise a scheme of Constitution under
which Muslims may attain full independence. ” The resolution
also disapproved of the scheme of the All-India federation as em-
bodied in the Government of India Act, 1935 and urged the
British Government not to enforce it as it was detrimental to the
interests of the Muslims.
When the annual session of the All-India Muslim League was
held at Patna in December 1938, a resolution was passed by which
the President of the Muslim League was given the authority to
adopt such course as might be necessary with a view to exploring
a suitable alternative to the Government of India Act, 1935 which
could safeguard the interests of the Muslims of India. When the
Working Committee of the All-India Muslim League met at Meerut
on 26 March, 1939, a Committee was appointed to examine and
report on the various draft schemes “already propounded by those
who are fully versed in the constitutional developments of India
and other countries and those that may be submitted hereafter to
the President and report to the Working Committee their con-
clusions at an early date". Some of the important members of
this Committee were President Jinnah, Sir Sikander Hayat Khan,
Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan, Sayyed Abdul Aziz, Liaquat
Ali Khan, Sir Nazimuddin, etc. The above resolution of the Work-
ing Committee was placed before the Council of the All-India
Muslim League for ratification in April 1939. On that occasion,


## p. 829 (#871) ############################################

SCHEMES OF PAKISTAN
829
Mr. Jinnah observed: “In regard to Federation, there were several
schemes in the field including that of dividing the country into
Muslim and Hindu India. These schemes were before the Com-
mittee which had been set up by the Working Committee of the
League. The Committee was not pledged to any particular
scheme. It would examine the whole question and produce a
scheme which according to the Committee, would be in the best
interests of the Muslims of India. ”
The Committee appointed by the Muslim League examined a
number of schemes. The schemes of Dr. Iqbal and Choudhry
Rahmat Ali have already been discussed above. Dr. Syed Abdul
Latif of Hyderabad, Deccan published his scheme in 1939. The
Indian Federation was to consist of four Muslim cultural zones and
eleven Hindu cultural zones. The four Muslim cultural zones
were the North-West bloc embracing Sind, Baluchistan, the Punjab,
North-West Frontier Province and the Indian States of Khairpur
and Bahawalpur, the North-East bloc of Eastern Bengal and
Assam, the Delhi-Lucknow bloc extending from the Eastern border
of Patiala to Lucknow and the Deccari bloc embracing the state
of Hyderabad and including a strip of territory in the South with
an opening to the sea. It is interesting to know that although the
Muslims were in a hopeless minority in the state of Hyderabad,
Dr. Latif still wanted a Muslim zone for that area as he belonged
to Hyderabad. As he himself was an Urdu speaking Muslim, he
advocated the creation of the Delhi-Lucknow bloc.
bloc. Dr. Latif's
view was that such a zone could be created by the exchange
of population. His scheme provided for a weak centre having con-
trol over Defence, Foreign Affairs, Commerce and Communi-
cations. The residuary powers were to be with the provinces.
Dr. Latif was not in favour of a Parliamentary form of Govern-
ment in India as that would have meant the rule by the Hindus.
Therefore, he suggested the creation of a composite executive drawn
from all parties or groups. Dr. Latif was in favour of giving the
ports of Calcutta and Madras to the Muslims.
The Aligarh scheme was prepared by Professor Syed Zafar-ul-
Hasan and Dr. Mohammad Afzal Husain Qadri of the Aligarh
Muslim University. According to it, British India was to be divided
into three independent, sovereign states. There were to be two
Muslim states of North-West India and Bengal and the Hindu state
known as Hindustan was to cover the rest of British India. The
Muslim state of North-West India was to be known as the Pakistan
Federation and Bengal was to be known as the Muslim Federation.
Hyderabad with its old dominions of Merar and Carnatic was to be
created a sovereign state. Delhi and Malabar were to be raised to


## p. 830 (#872) ############################################

830
PAKISTAN
the status of Provinces in Hindustan so that they may be able to
protect the interests of the Muslims. All the towns of Hindustan
with a population of 50,000 or more were to have the status of a
borough with a large measure of autonoiny. After the partition of
British India, the Muslims in Hindustan were to be recognized as
a separate nation and allowed to have their separate organization.
In the summer of 1939, Nawab Sir Muhammad Shah Nawaz
Khan of Mamdot was the President of the Punjab Provincial
Muslim League. He published his scheme in a book entitled “The
Confederacy of India". According to his scheme, India was to be
divided into five "countries”, viz. , the Indus Regions, Rajistan
,
comprising the states of Rajputana and Central India, the Deccan
states built around the states of Hyderabad and Myscre, Bengal
(excluding the Hindu districts in it but including parts of Assam
and other states) and Hindu India lying in the Central Region
and including all the territory not covered by the other four ‘coun-
tries'. There was to be no transfer of population as the same was
inconvenient and expensive. The author was not in favour of a
separate Muslim Federation. To quote him, “The foreign element
amongst us is quite negligible and we are as much sons of the soil
as the Hindus are. Ultimately our destiny lies within India and
not out of it”. The scheme was silent with regard to the subjects
to be assigned to the Confederacy of India. The cost of Defence
was to be shared equally by the five members of the Confederacy.
Fiscal policy was to be controlled by the Centre. The scheme said
nothing about the constitutions of the five countries in which India
was to be divided.
Sir Abdoola Haroon put forward his own scheme. According
to him, India was to be divided into two separate federations, each
drawing its support from one of the major communities in India.
The Muslim Federation was to comprise the North-Western part
of India and Kashmir. However, nothing was said about Bengal
and Hyderabad. Sir Abdoola Haroon tells us that the Muslim
League circles had begun drifting in the direction of "a separate
federation of Muslim states and Provinces so that we are free, once
and for all, from the Hindu molestation".
Sir Sikander Hyat Khan published his scheme in July 1939.
It provided for a two-tier federation, a regional and an All-India
Federation. India was to be divided into seven zones, viz. , zone 1 con-
sisting of Assam, Bengal, Bengal states and Sikkim, zone 2 consisting
of Bihar and Orissa, zone 3 consisting of the United Provinces and
U. P. States, zone 4 consisting of Madras, Travancore, Madras
States and Coorg, zone 5 consisting of Bombay, Hyderabad, Western
India States, Bombay States, Mysore and C. P. States, zone 6 con:


## p. 831 (#873) ############################################

PAKISTAN RESOLUTION
831
zones.
sisting of Rajputana States (excluding Bikaner and Jaisalmer),
Gwalior, Central India States, Bihar, Orissa States, C. P. and Berar
and zone 7 consisting of the Punjab, Sind, North-Western Frontier
Province, Kashmir, Punjab States, Baluchistan, Bikaner and
Jaisalmer. Each zone was to have its own legislature consisting of
representatives of British India and Indian States within these
The Central Federal Assembly was to consist of 375 mem-
bers, 250 from British India and 125 from the Indian states. The
Muslims were to be at least one-third of the total number of re-
presentatives in the Federal Assembly. The Viceroy was to be
the Head of the Federal executive. The Federal executive was to
have at least one representative from each zone. At least one-
third of the ministers were to be Muslims. The Federal Govern-
ment was given subjects like Defence, External Affairs, Communi-
cations, Customs, Coinage, Currency, etc. The residuary powers
were to be with units.
It is true that the Committee of the Muslim League examined
the various schemes before the Lahore Session of the All-India
Muslim League held in March 1940, but the Committee was not
able to recommend any particular scheme it preferred. In his
Presidential address, Mr. Jinnah pointed out that no final scheme
had emerged from the Committee. As to what happened in the
Working Committee of the Muslim League before the Lahore Re-
solution of 23 March, 1940, Sir Sikander Hyat Khan observes: “I
have no hesitation in admitting that I was responsible for drafting
the original resolution. But let me make it clear that the resolu-
tion which I drafted was radically amended by the Working Com-
mittee, and there is a wide divergence in the resolution I drafted
and the one that was finally passed. The main difference between
the two resolutions is that the latter part of my resolution which
related to the centre and co-ordination of the activities of the var-
ious units, was eliminated. ”
While presiding over the Lahore Session of the All-India Muslim
League, Mr. Jinnah declared on 22 March, 1940 that the Mussal-
mans were not a minority and they were a nation by any definition.
To quote him, “If the British Government are really in earnest and
sincere to secure peace and happiness of the people of this sub-
continent, the only course open to us all is to allow the major nations
separate homelands by dividing India into autonomous national
States. There is no reason why the States should be antagonistic
to each other. On the other hand, the rivalry and the natural
desire and efforts on the part of one to dominate the social order
and establish political supremacy over the other in the govern-
ment of the country will disappear. It will lead more towards


## p. 832 (#874) ############################################

832
PAKISTAN
natural goodwill by international pacts between them, and they
can live in complete harmony with their neighbours. This will
lead further to a friendly settlement all the more easily with regard
to minorities by reciprocal arrangements and adjustments between
Muslim India and Hindu India which will far more adequately and
effectively safeguard the rights and interests of Muslims and var-
ious other minorities.
“It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu friends
fail to understand the real nature of Islam and Hinduism. They are
not religious in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact, quite
different distinct social orders, and it is a dream that the Hindus
and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality and this
misconception of the Indian nation has gone far beyond the limits
and is the cause of most of our troubles and will lead India to
destruction if we fail to revise our notions in time. The Hindus
and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social
customs, literatures. They neithher inter-marry, nor inter-dine and,
indeed, they belong to two different civilisations which are based
mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspects on life
and of life are different. It is quite clear that Hindus and Mussal-
mans derive their inspiration from different sources of history.
They have different epics, their heroes are different, and different
episodes. Very often the hero of one is foe of the other and, like-
wise, their victories and defeats overlap. To yoke together two
such nations under a single State, one as a numerical minority and
the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final
destruction of any fabric that may be so built up for the govern-
ment of such a State. "
On 23 March, 1940 was passed a resolution by the All-India
Muslim League. It is known as the Lahore Resolution or the
Pakistan Resolution. The resolution was in these terms: "Resolved
that it is the considered view of this session of the All-India Muslim
League that no constitutional plan would be workable in this coun-
try or acceptable to Muslims unless it is designed on the following
basic principle, namely, the geographically continuous units are
demarcated in regions which should be so constituted, with such
territorial readjustments as may be necessary, that the areas in
which the Muslims are numerically in a majority as in the North-
Western and Eastern Zones of India should be grouped to con-
stitute 'Independent States' in which the constituent units shall be
autonomous and sovereign.
"That adequate, effective and mandatory safeguards should be
specifically provided in the constitution for minorities in these units


## p. 833 (#875) ############################################

PAKISTAN RESOLUTION
833
and in these regions for the protection of their religious, cultural,
economic, political, administrative and other rights and interests in
consultation with them; and in other parts of India where the
Mussalmans are in a majority, adequate, effective and mandatory
safeguards shall be specially provided in the constitution for them
and other minorities for the protection of their religious, cultural,
economic, political, administrative and other rights and interests in
consultation with them.
“This session further authorises the Working Committee to
frame a scheme of constitution in accordance with these basic prin-
ciples providing for the assumption finally by the respeciive regions
of all powers such as defence, external affairs, communications,
customs and such other matters as may be necessary. "
It is to be observed that in the Lahore resolution, there is no
mention of the word Pakistan. This name was given to this re-
solution later on. In his Presidential address in the Delhi session
of the Muslim League held in 1943, Mr. Jinnah made it clear that
the word Pakistan was coined neither by him nor by the Muslim
League. To quote Mr. Jinnah, “You know perfectly well that
Pakistan is a word which is really foisted upon us and fathered
on us by some section of the Hindu press and also by the British
press. Now our resolution was known for a long time as the
Lahore resolution, popularly known as Pakistan. But how long
are we to have this long phrase? Now I say to my Hindu and
British friends: We thank you for giving us one word. ”
The Lahore resolution was vague in many ways. It did not
clearly demarcate the areas in the North-Western and Eastern
Zones of India which were to be grouped to constitute independent
Muslim states. Probably, the language used was deliberately kept
vague in order to give room to the leaders of the Muslim League
for bargaining and manoeuvring. It was rightly pointed out by
Lord Mountbatten to the leaders of the Muslim League that the
areas of Pakistan as envisaged in the Lahore Resolution did not in-
clude the entire Provinces of the Punjab, Bengal and Assim because
the resolution specifically used the phrase "areas in which
the
Muslims are numerically in a majority as in the North-Western and
Eastern Zones of India".
The Lahore Resolution was a personal triumph for Mr. Jinnah
and it established his dictatorial leadership beyond all possibility
of overthrow. On account of the Second World War, the British
Government also began to rely more and more on the support of
the Muslims, the Muslim League and Mr. Jinnah.
About the Lahore Resolution, Dr. Rajendra Prasad observed:
“When insisted to elaborate the scheme and furnish details as re-


## p. 834 (#876) ############################################

834
PAKISTAN
gards the territories to be included in the regions and other matters,
he has refused to do so, insisting that the principle should be first
accepted and then and only then wiil he be prepared to work out
or disclose details. ” Dr. Rajendra Prasad pointed out the ambiguities
in the Lahore Resolution in these words: “The questions that arise
are: (a) Who is to frame the constitution? (b) What is to be the
nature of the constitution contemplated—theocratic, oligarchic,
totalitarian, or any other? (c) What is the relation of these inde-
pendent States going to be with the British Empire and the non-
Muslim Zones? (d) In case of breach of any of the mandatory
safeguards for the protection of the minorities, how, by whom and
under what sanction are these safeguards to be enforced? (e) What
are the territories to be included in the Muslim State or States? (f)
What will be their resources and position? (g) What is the authority
that will be in charge of defence, external affairs, etc. ? ”
Regarding the importance of the Lahore Resolution, Dr. Lal
Bahadur says: “The Lahore Resolution was the highest culmination
of Muslim aspirations roused by leaders from Syed Ahmed's times.
But it was never put so boldly as in 1940. It was vehemently cri-
ticised by organisations and individuals on several grounds and
some believed it to be a practical impossibility but its authors knew
that it would, one day, be a reality and those who had statesman-
ship and political imagination understood the danger lurking behind
a demand of this character. It gave the League a new ambition
and new programme. A renewed stress was laid on the two-nation
theory and communal differences were exaggerated with re-doubled
energy. It was, therefore, natural that the relations between the
Congress and the League be marred in their highest degree. "
A Muslim writer contends that the Lahore Resolution was a
landmark in the history of India and that of the Mussalmans.
Before the passing of that resolution, Muslim India had no goal
in view and Muslim politics remained in the hands of individuals
who had conflicting interests and inclinations. Very often, the col-
lective good of the Muslims suffered either at their hands or at the
hands of their agents and wire-pullers. Dr. Iqbal and his followers
had tried to place a goal before the Muslims but they were not
able to achieve it. It was left to Jinnah to fulfil the aspirations
of the Muslims. It was under his leadership that the Muslims of
India were organised and learned the lesson that their organisation
was more important than the individuals. By and by, the British
Government came to realise that nothing could be done in India
without the consent and approval of the Muslims, the Muslim
League and Mr. Jinnah.
It looked strange to Mr. Jinnah that “men like Mr. Gandhi and


## p. 835 (#877) ############################################

AUGUST OFFER AND LEAGUE
835
Mr. Rajagopalachari should talk about the Lahore resolution in
such terms as 'vivisection of India' and 'cutting the baby into two
halves'. Surely, today India is divided and partitioned by Nature.
Muslim India and Hindu India exist on the physical map
of India, I fail to see why there is this hue and cry. Where is the
nation which is denationalised? India is composed of nationalities,
to say nothing about the castes and sub-castes. Where is the cen-
tral national Government whose authority is being violated? India
is held by the British power and that is the hand that holds and
gives the impression of a United India and a unitary Government.
Indian nation and Central Government do not exist. It is only
the convenient imagination of the Congress High Command. It
is pure intellectual and mental luxury, in which some of the Hindu
leaders have been indulging so recklessly. "
On 8 August, 1940 Lord Linlithgow made a statement on behalf
of the British Government. This is known as the August Offer.
It was clearly stated by the Viceroy that in view of the doubts as to
whether the position of the minorities would be sufficiently safe-
guarded in any future constitutional change, the British Govern-
ment reaffirmed its desire that full weight should be given to minority
opinion. “It goes without saying that they could not contemplate
transfer of their present responsibilities for the peace and welfare
of India to any system of Government whose authority is directly
denied by large and powerfui elements in India's national life.
Nor could they be parties to the coercion of such elements into sub-
mission to such a Government. "
The Working Committee of the Muslim League welcomed that
part of the August Offer which was condemned by the Congress.
It was resolved that the August Offer met the demand of the
League "for a clear assurance to the effect that no future constitu-
tion, interim or final, should be adopted by the British Govern-
ment without their approval and consent. ” It was also declared
that "the partition of India was the only solution of the most diffi-
cult problem of India's future constitution. ” In spite of this the
Muslim League neither accepted nor rejected the August Offer.
While addressing the Central Assembly in November, 1940, Mr.
Jinnah emphatically declared: “And although I am pressed for
time, I think I must tell the House the correct position. And I
tell you and my Congress friends that they have still at the back
of their mind the idea that the Congress and Congress alone
re-
present the country, the people of India, the Indian nation, and
so on; that they alone are the spokesmen, and that the Muslims
and others are minorities. I say this on the floor of this House
that the reason why there has not been a settlement between the
>


## p. 836 (#878) ############################################

836
PAKISTAN
Hindus and Musalmans is that the Congress is a Hindu organi-
sation, whatever they may say—that the Hindu leaders and Con-
gres leaders have had always at the back of their minds the basis
that the Musalmans have to come within the ken of the Congress
and the Hindu Raj, that they are a minority, and all that they
can justly press for is merely safeguards as a minority, whereas let
me tell gentlemen of the Congress and the Nationalist Congress
Party members that the Musalmans always had at their back the
basis—and it has never been different during the last twenty-five
years—that they are a separate entity. "
While speaking at the Madras session of the Muslim League in
1941, Mr. Jinnah gave a warning to the British Government in
these words: "I think I have taken much more time of yours than
I thought I would, but it seems to me that I can only wind up
on a note-a note which is really of warning to the British Govern-
ment; because, after all, they are in possession of this land and the
Government of this sub-continent. Please stop your policy of ap-
peasement towards those who are bent upon frustrating the war
effort, doing their best to oppose the prosecution of the war and the
defence of India at this critical moment. Do you want at this
moment to place them in a superior and dominant position now
and after the war? Change the corner-stone of the British policy
in this country. You are not loyal to those who are willing to
stand by you and who sincerely desire to support you.
desire to placate those who have the greatest nuisance-value in
political and economic fields. Give up the dominant feature of
this policy and the character of this policy. It is that you are try-
ing to get on with those who do not want to get on with you. If
you want honestly the support and the co-operation of Muslim
India, place your cards on the table and take action. "
But you
CRIPPS MISSION (1942)
In March 1942, Sir Stafford Cripps was sent to India by the
British Government with certain proposals for ending the dead-
lock prevailing in India. Soon after his arrival in India, he com-
municated the contents of the Draft declaration of the British Gov-
ernment brought by him to India, to Indian leaders on 25 March,
1942. It was provided in the draft declaration that imme-
diately upon the cessation of hostilities, steps would be taken to
set up in India an elected body charged with the task of framing
a new constitution for India.