No More Learning

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term "pleasure capacity" under the categories of in- authenticity,5B and in Sein und Zeit he affirms Jaspers' statement that a psychology of world-views is by no means a psychology. 59 The no-less-disgusting practice of psychoanalytic language, hammering "enjoyment capacity" into its patients without regard for what is to be enjoyed, is simply turned upside down. But if inwardness is neither an existent thing nor an aspect -no matter how general-of the subject, then it turns into an imaginary quantity. If every existent thing, even the psychic, is cut out from the subject, then the remainder is no less abstract than the transcendental subject in respect to which the individual's inwardness, as existent, imagines itself so superior. In the classic texts of existentialism, as in that of the Kierkegaard- ian sickness unto death, existence becomes a relation- ship to itself, under which heading nothing further can be conceived. It becomes, as it were, an absolutized moment of mediation, without any regard for what is mediated; and it pronounces a verdict, from the very beginning, against any philosophy of inwardness. In the jargon, finally, there remains from inwardness only the most external aspect, that thinking oneself superior which marks people who elect themselves:
the claim of people who consider themselves blessed simply by virtue of being what they are. Without any effort, this claim can turn into an elitist claim, or into a readiness to attach itself to elites which then quickly gives the ax to inwardness. A symptom of the transfor-
58. Heidegger, Being and Time, p. 68.
59. Ibid. , p. 293 . and especially pp. 348 if.
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mation of inwardness is the belief of innumerable peo- pIe that they belong to an extraordinary family. The jargon of authenticity, which sells self-identity as something higher, projects the exchange formula onto that which imagines that it is not exchangeable; for as a biological individual each man resembles himself. That is what is left over after the removal of soul and immortality from the immortal soul.
The over-all appearance of the immediate, which comes to a head in inwardness-now merely a speci- men-makes it unusually hard for those who are steadily exposed to the jargon to see through it. In its second-hand primalness they actually find something like contact, comparable to the feeling in the fraudu- lent National Socialist Yolk-community which led peo- ple to believe that all kindred comrades are cared for and none is forgotten: permanent metaphysical sub- vention. The social basis for this is clear. Many in- stances of mediation in the market economy, which have strengthened the consciousness of alienation, are put aside in the transition to a planned economy; the routes between the whole and atomized individual
subjects are shortened, as if the two extremes were near to one another. The technical progress of the means of communication runs parallel to this. These means-especially radio and television-reach the people at large in such a way that they notice none of the innumerable technical intermediations; the voice of the announcer resounds in the home, as though he were present and knew each individual. The an- nouncers' technically and psycholOgically created arti- ficial language-the model of which is the repel-
? ? ? ? ? lently confidential " 'Til we meet again"-is of the same stripe as the jargon of authenticity. The catch-word for all this is "encounter": "The book lying before us, which concerns itself with Jesus, is of a very unusual kind. It does not intend to be a biography, a 'Life of Jesus,' in the usual sense, but to lead us to an existen- tial encounter with Jesus . . . " 60 Gottfried Keller, the lyricist, on whom the apostles of harmony looked down condescendingly, wrote a poem called "En- counter," a poem of wonderful clumsiness. 61 The poet unexpectedly meets, in the woods, her
whom alone my heart longs for, wrapped whitely in scarf and hat, transformed by a golden shine. She was alone; yet I greeted her hardly made shy in passing on, because I had never seen her so noble, still, and beautiful.
The misty light is that of sadness, and from it the word "encounter" receives its power. But this sadness gathers to itself the feeling of departure, which is powerful and incapable of unmediated expression; it designates nothing other than, quite literally, the fact that the two people met each other without any inten- tion. What the jargon has accomplished with the word "encounter," and what can never again be repaired,
60. Archiv fur Literaturwissenschaft, 1 960, o n Rudolf Bult- mann, Jesus.
61 . Cf. Bruno Russ, Das Problem des Todes in der Lyrik Gottfried Kellers, Ph. D. diss. (Frankfurt a. M. , r959), pp. r89 ff. , 200 ff.
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does more harm to Keller's poem than a factory ever did to a landscape. "Encounter" is alienated from its literal content and is practically made usable through the idealizing of that content. There are scarcely en- counters like Keller's any longer-at the most there are appointments made by telephone-in a society in which it is essentially accidental when men get to know one another; and in which what one once simply called '1ife" constantly melts away more and more,
and, where it maintains itself at all, is considered something to be merely tolerated. But for precisely this reason encounter is praised, language has smeared organized contacts with luminous paint, because the light has gone out. The accompanying speech-gesture is that of eye-to-eye, as is the way with dictators. Who- ever looks deep into somebody's eye is hoping to hypnotize him, to win power over him, and always with a threat: Are you really faithful to me? no be- trayer? no Judas? Psychological interpretation of the jargon should discover in this -language-gesture an un- conscious homosexual transference, and should in that way also be able to explain the patriarch's eager rejection of psychoanalysis. The manic eye-to-eye
glance is related to racial insanity; it wants a con- spiratOrial community, the feeling that we are of the same kind; it strengthens endogamy. The very desire to purify the word "encounter," and to reinstate it through strict usage, would become, through unavoid- able tacit agreement, a basic element of the jargon, along with purity and primalness-an element of that jargon from which it would like to escape. What was done to "encounter" satisfies a specific need. Those en-
? counters which counteract themselves because they are organized, those encounters to which good will, busy-body behavior and canny desire for power tire- lessly exhort us, are simply covers for spontaneous actions that have become impossible. People console themselves, or are being consoled, by thinking that something has already been done about what is op- pressing them when they talk about it. Conversation,
after having been a means of becoming clear about something, becomes an end in itself and a substitute for that which, in terms of its sense, should follow from it. The surplus in the word "encounter"-the sug- gestion that something essential is already occurring when those ordered to gather converse together-that surplus has the same deception at its center as the speculation on being helped in the word "concern. " Once that word meant a sickness. The jargon falls back on that: as though the individual's interest were at the same time his trouble. It begs for caritas but at the same time, for the sake of its human essence, it exercises terror. Here one is expected to understand a transcendental power which requires that one, again according to the jargon, should "perceive" the concern. The archaic superstition, which is still exploited today by the epistolary formula "hoping not to have asked in vain" is taken on existential RPM's by the j argon ; readiness to help being, as it were, squeezed out of being.
The counterpart to that-something over which the authentics have unquestioningly grown indignant -would be communicative usage as it is fqund in America. "Being cooperative" means, in that context,
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to offer one's services to the other without remunera- tion, or at least to put one's time at the other's disposal in the expectation-no matter how vague-that all that will someday be repaid, since all men need all men. The German concern, however, evolved from the capitalist exchange principle at a stage in which this principle was still dominant, while the liberal norm of equivalence had been shattered. So dynamiC is the linguistic character of the jargon as a whole : in it that becomes disgusting which was by no means always SO. 62 In the encounters where the jargon prattles, and of which it prattles, it sides with that which it accuses by the word "encounter," namely, the over-adminis- tered world. It accommodates itself to that world through a ritual of non-accommodation. Even the Hitler dictatorship wooed for consensus; it was here that it checked its mass basis. Finally, the self-employed ad- ministration wants at every moment, under the condi- tions of formal democracy, to prove that it exists for the sake of the administrated whole. Therefore she makes eyes at the jargon, and it at her, the already irrational, self-sufficient authority.
The jargon proves itself as a piece of the negative spirit of the time; it institutes socially useful work within the tendency already observed by Max Weber; the tendency for administrations to expand out over
62. The author's own work taught him about the change in function. Nothing in the Philosophie der neuen Musik, which was written when he was still in America, warned him against "concern. " Only a German critique pointed out to him the bigotry of the word. Even he who detests the jargon cannot be safe from its contagion. For this reason one should fear it all the more.
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what they consider as their cultural domain. There are countles s occasions on which administrators, special- ists trained in law or in management, feel themselves obliged to speak, as it were, about the content of art, science, and philosophy. They are afraid of being bor- ing, of being dry, and they would like to show their alliance with a kindred specialized spirit, though with-
out being involved too greatly with the other in their activity and experience. If an Oberstadtdirektor ad- dresses a congress of philosophers, whose own guiding principle is already as administration-oriented as the title Oberstadtdirektor, then he must use whatever cultural stuffing offers itself to him. And that is the jargon. This shelters him from the disagreeable task of expressing himself seriously on the matter at hand, about which he knows nothing. At the same time per- haps he can thus feign general acquaintance with the
subject. The jargon is so appropriate for that because, by lts very nature, it always unites the appearance of an absent concreteness with the ennobling of that concreteness. If there were no functional need for the jargon, which is hostile to function, it would hardly have become a second language-that of the language- less and those alien to language. The jargon, which is not responsible to any reason, urges people higher sim-
ply through its simultaneously standardized tone; it reproduces on the level of mind the curse which bu- reaucracy exercises in reality. It could be described as an ideological replica of the paralyzing quality of official functions. Their horror is made present to us by Kafka's dry language, which is itself a complete contrary to the jargon. Society's regulatory violence
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becomes crassly tangible to the people when they are obliged to request something from the inaccessible mouthpieces of the administration. Like these mouth- pieces, the jargon speaks directly to them without letting them respond. In addition it talks them into thinking that the man behind the counter is really the man whom his name plate, recently introduced, pre- sents him as being. Latently, the salvation formulas of the jargon are those of power, borrowed from the ad- ministrative and legal hierarchy of authority.
. The bureaucratic language, seasoned with - authen- ticity, is therefore no merely decadent form of the appropriate philosophical language, but is already pre- formed in the most notable texts of that philosophy. Heidegger's favorite "first of all," that has its roots as much in didactic procedure as in a Cartesian first-and- then, leads thoughts along on a leash, in the spirit of philosophical systematization; as if in a business agendum, one adjourns whatever is out of order, by the throttling schema, "but before we . . . further fundamental investigations have to be undertaken":
This chapter, in which we shall undertake the explica- tion of Being-in as such (that is to say of the Being of the "there" ) breaks up into two parts : A. the existen- tial Constitution of the "there"; B. the everyday Being of the "there," and the falling of Dasein. 63
Such pedantry still propagandizes for an allegedly radical philosophical reflection, which it presents as a solid science. The pedantry, in addition, is repaid by a
63. Heidegger, Being and Time, p. 171 . 82
? ? ? ? side result: that it simply never arrives at what phi- losophy promises. That all goes back to Husserl, in the course of whose extensive preliminary considerations one easily forgets the main thing though critical re- flection would first come to grips with the very phi- losophemes that fastidiousness pushes along in front of it. But even the assertion that practical conse- quences are contemptible, which has its distinguished prehistory in German idealism, cannot do without the
cleverness of strategy. The administrative offices, in Kafka's world, similarly shirk decisions, which then, ungrounded, suddenly catch up with their victims. The reciprocity of the personal and apersonal in the jargon; the apparent humanization of the thingly; the actual turning of man into thing: all this is the lumi- nous copy of that administrative situation in which both abstract justice and objective procedural orders appear under the guise of face-to-face decisions. It is impossible to forget the image of those SA-men from the early period of Hitler's rule. In them administra-
tion and terror found themselves visibly joined; the folder of documents above, and below the high boots. The jargon of authenticity preserves something of this image in words like "commission. " In such words there is calculated uncertainty about the distinction between something administratively arranged, justly or unjustly, and something absolutely commanded- between authority and sentiment.
The incorporation of the word "commission" into the jargon might have been inspired by the first of the Duino Elegies of Rilke, who was one of the founders of the jargon. For years every ambitious Privatdozent
? ? ? viewed it as an obligatory exercise to analyze that first elegy : "All that was commission. " 64 The line expresses the vague feeling that an unsayable element of ex- perience wants something from the subject. This is similarly the case with the archaic torso of Apollo : 65 "Many stars expected you to feel them. " 66 To that the poem adds the uncommittedness and vainness of such a feeling of command, especially when it expresses the poetic subject : "But did you manage it? " 67 Rilke ab- solutizes the word "commission" under the shelter of aesthetic appearance and, as the poem advances, limits the claim that his pathos already announces. The jargon needs only to cross out this limitation, with a deft movement, and to take literally the word "commission," which has been absolutized by ques- tionable poetastering. But the fact that the neo- romantic lyric sometimes behaves like the jargon, or at least timidly readies the way for it, should not lead us to look for the evil of the poetry simply in its form. It is not simply grounded, as a much too innocent view might maintain, in the mixture of poetry and prose. Both of them become unequally untrue from the same cause. The evil, in the neoromantic lyric, consists in the fitting out of the words with a theo- logical overtone, which is belied by the condition of the lonely and secular subject who is speaking there: religion as ornament. Where words and turns of this
64. Rainer Maria Rilke, Duineser Elegien (New York, n. d. ), p. 8.
65. Cf. Rainer Maria Rilke, Der neuen Gedichte anderer TeiZ ('Leipzig, 1919) p. I.
? 6. Rilke, Duineser Elegien, p . 7 . 67. Ibid. , p. 8.
? ? ? ? ? ? sort appear in HOlderlin-the secret model for all this -they are not yet the tremulous expressions of the j argon, however uninhibitedly the administrators of the jargon reach out their hands toward that unpro- tected genius. In lyric poetry, as in philosophy, the jargon acquires its defining character by the way it imputes its truth. It does this by making an intended object present-as though this object were Being with- out any tension toward the subject. That makes it, prior to all discursive judgment, into untruth. The expression is sufficient unto itself. It discards as an annoyance the obligation to express a thing other than itself. Beyond its difference from that thing, which may already be nothing, and out of thanks, this nothing is made into that which is supreme. Rilke's language still stands on the edge of all this, like much that is irrational from the era prior to fascism. It not only darkens, but it also takes note of, subconscious ma- terial, which, slipping away from thingly rationality, protests against it. The feeling of being touched, which the word "commission" is supposed to evoke in that elegy, is of such a nature. It at once becomes unbear- able as soon as it objectifies itself, as soon as it flaunts itself as something definite and unambiguous pre- cisely in its irrationality. It is unbearable in all its registers; from Heidegger's obedient and comprehend- ing thought to all that summoning and invoking, with whose details the subaltern self-importance of the jargon surrounds itself. Simply because Rilke, in this poem, acknowledges the multiple significance of com- mission, that multiple significance expects to be ab- solved. On the other hand, though, commission with-
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out committing agen t is alre ady used here, as in the jargon; and a conception of Being in general is evoked which fits this usage. That again accords with the handicraftish religiosity of the early Rilke, especially of the Book of Hours, which with theological phrasings subjects the psychological to a kind of refining process.
Lyric poetry permits itself any metaphor, even the absolutely unmetaphorical, as a parable. It will not be disturbed by the question of the objectivity of those things that are allegedly suggested to the subject by its emotions. Nor will the lyric be disturbed by the question of whether the words, gathered from culture, at all cover the experiences whose objectification is the central idea of such lyric. Therefore, because it blunts itself against the truth and exactitude of its words-even the vaguest would have to be smuggled in as something vague, not as something definite- this lyric, as lyric, is already bad, despite its virtuos- ity. The problematic of that to which it claims to ele- vate itself, the problematic of its content, is also that of its form, which makes believe it could be capable of transcendence, and in that way becomes mere ap- pearance in a more fateful sense than that of the aesthetic.
The evil truth behind that appearance, nonethe- less, is precisely the bond between commission and the administrative structure, a bond which denies that ap- pearance in the service of that structure. Its words
are dossier numbers, or stamps, or that In re of of- ficial office language, which it remains the commission of the jargon to gloss over. The fussy attention to in- dividual words, as they were lexically handled in the
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days of the pre-Heideggerian idol-phenomenology, was already the harbinger of bureaucratic stocktaking. Whoever prepared meanings from all this, whoever acted as a midwife of today's pure words, acted by force, without regard for the sanctuaries of the philos- ophy of Being. The method which prohibits a word from being involved with its neighbors was, objectively, of the same character as the small bureaucrat, who sees to it that everything remains strictly in its cate- gory, as he himself remains in his salary-class. Even death is handled by the book, in SS-orders and in exis- tential philosophies; red tape ridden as Pegasus, ridden in extremis as an apocalyptic steed.
In the jargon the sun, which the jargon has in its heart, brings the dark
secret of the method to the light of day, as the method of a procedure which eagerly takes the place of the intended object. In general, the j argon behaves in this way itself. Indifferent to the matter at hand, it is to be used for commanded purposes. Language, as once in major philosophy, no longer flows out of the necessity of the subject matter. Such language-procedural indif- ference has become a metaphysics of language : that which in terms of its form seems to fly above its cor- relative, thereby establishes itself as something higher.
The less philosophical systematizing, which Nietzsche called dishonest, is theoretically pOSSible, the more that which had its place only in the system transforms itself into mere assertion. In effect, linguistic non- sense is the heir of the diSintegrated strictness of the system. In fact, like a worthless construction, it is for- ever falling off its stilts and stumbling around in non- sense.
? ? The term "commission" sets itself up with unques- tioned authority in the vulgar jargon of authenticity. The fallibility of the term is hushed up by the absolute use of the word. By leaving out of consideration the organizations and people which give commissions, the
term establishes itself as a linguistic eyrie of totalitar- ian orders. It does this without rational examination of the right of those who usurp for themselves the charisma of the leader. Shy theology allies itself with secular brazenness. There exist cross-connections be- tween the jargon of authenticity and old school-like phrases, like that which was once observed by Tuchol- sky: "That's the way it's done here. " The same holds true for the trick of military command, which dresses an imperative in the guise of a predicative sentence. By eliminating all linguistic traces of the will of the superior, that which is intended is given greater em- phasis. Thus the impression is created that it is neces- sary to obey, since what is demanded already occurs factually. "The participants on this trip, in memory of
our heroes, assemble in Liineburg. " Heidegger, too, cracks the whip when he italicizes the auxiliary verb in the sentence, "Death is. " 68 The grammatical transla- tion of the imperative into a predication makes the imperative categorical. This imperative does not allow for refusal, since it no longer at al obliges like the Kantian imperative, but describes obedience as a com- pleted fact. Possible resistance is then eliminated simply in terms of logical form. The objection raised
68. Heidegger, Being and Time, p. 303. 88
by reason is banned from the range of what is at all conceivable in society. Such irrationality, in an ele- ment which still, in times of pawned-off myths, insists on calling itself thinking, was, of course, the blemish of the Kantian enlightenment. The Kantian enlighten- ment asserts deceptively that it is not necessary to know the categorical imperative in order to act rightly. Meanwhile, the categorical imperative, if it is truly to be one with the principles of reason, trusts that each one who acts has reason, which if unimpaired would be philosophical reason.
Christian Schlitze has published a satire called the "Stenciled Speech for Festive Occasions. " It throws light on the j argon with great comic force :
Most honored Mr. President, ministers, secretaries of state, mayors, advisors, administrators, and assist- ants, highly esteemed men and women of our cultural life, representatives of science, of industry, and of the self-employed middle-class, honored public of this fes- tive gathering, ladies and gentlemen!
It is not by chance that we are gathered here today for the purpose of celebrating this day. In a time like ours, in which the true human values have more than ever to be our innermost concern, a statement is ex- pected from us. I do not wish to present you with a patented solution, but I would merely like to bring up for discussion a series of hot potatoes which do after all face us. For we do not need ready-made opinions, which anyway do not touch us deeply, but what we need is rather the genuine dialogue which moves us in our humanity. What brought us together here is our knowl- edge of the power of encounter in the forming of the intrahuman sphere. The things which matter are set-
89
tled in this intrahuman sphere: I do not have to tell you what I mean by this. You will all understand me, for in a particular and extraordinary sense you all have to do with people.
In a time like ours-I have mentioned it already- in which the perspective of things has everywhere begun to waver, everything depends more than ever on
the individual who knows of the essence of things, of things as such, of things in their authenticity. We need openhearted people who are capable of this. Who are th. ese people? -you will ask me-and I will answer you : You are they! By being gathered here you have proven more thoroughly than by words that you are prepared to put emphasis on your concern. That is what I would like to thank you for. But I would also like to thank you for energetically opposing, by your commitment to this good cause, the flood of materialism which threatens to drown everything around us. To say it in a nutshell from the start: you have come here to be given direc- tions; you have come to listen. From this encounter, on an intrahuman level, you expect a contribution to the reestablishment of the interhuman climate. You expect a restoration of that homey warmth which seems to be lacking, in our modern industrial society, to such a
terrifying degree. . . .
But what do'es this mean for our concrete situation
here and now? To pronounce the question means to pose it. But in fact it means much more than that. It means that we expose ourselves to it, that we surrender to it. That we must not forget. But in the rush and busy work of the day, modem man forgets it all too easily. But you who belong to the silent majority, you know of it. For our problems stem from a region which it is our vocation to preserve. The wholesome perplexity which comes from this situation opens perspectives which we should not simply block out by turning away in bore-
dom. It is important to think with the heart and to tune in the human antenna to the same wave length. Today
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? go
no ones knows better than man that which is of im- portance in the end. 69
Now, everything is assembled here : the innermost concern, the true dialogue, things in their authenticity, with a vague reminiscence of Heidegger, the encounter on an intrahuman level, the question for its own sake, even the slightly anachronistic reserve army of the silent majority. The long-winded address designates the participating notables in terms of their function and subordinates the whole speech from the beginning to an intangible administrative purpose. . While what the speaker is aiming at remains unspecified, the jar-
gon brings it to light. The concern is the working climate. By calling the listeners people "who in a par- ticular and extraordinary sense have to do with peo- ple," it can be gathered that the subject matter is that kind of human leadership in which men are merely the pretext for leadership-in-itself. To this is accurately fitted the indestructible phrase about the "flood of ma- terialism" which full-blooded industrial leaders usu- ally vituperate in those who are dependent on them. That is the ground of being of the higher element in
the jargon. In its slips of the tongue the jargon ac- knowledges that administration is its essence. The intrahuman level, which is supposed to contribute to the "reestablishment of the human climate," places the word '1evel" beside "intrahuman," together with the association of "I and thou," which has a social- scientific as well as a homey character. The levels, how-
69. Christian Schiitze, "Gestanzte Festansprache," in Stuttgarter Zeitung, Dec. 2, 1962, quoted in Der Monat, Jan. , 1963, p. 63, n. 160.
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ever-the level of counties, of the federation-desig- nate areas of judicial and administrative responsibility. The exhortation to think with the heart-Pascal's formula que les grandes pensees proviennent du coeur -has been admired by business men right from the beginning; it is pronounced with the same breath as "the human antenna is tuned in to the same wave length. " The total content, however, is flowering non- sense. This becomes obvious in phrases like "To pro- nounce the question is to pose it," or, "No one knows better than man that which is of importance in the end. " Such nonsense also has its reasonable basis in the world. It hides the fact that both it and the goal at which it aims are manipulated. For this reason all content is "bracketed," as it goes in administrative German. At the same time the appearance of content must not be renounced; those who are addressed, again in the same German, must "toe the line. " The purpose, the intention, contracts itself into an intentionless underworldly language, truthful to the objective deter- mination of the jargon itself, which has no other con- tent than its wrapping.
Mter the fact, the jargon adapts itself to the need for a philosophy which was current in about 1925. This was a philosophy that strove for the concretiza- tion of experience, thought, and behavior in the midst of a total state of affairs which oriented itself accord- ing to something abstract-according to exchange. For this reason the jargon is neither able nor willing
to concretize the elements which condemn it to aJ. stractness. The jargon turns in a circle. It wants to be
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immediately concrete without sliding into mere fac- ticity. It is consequently forced into secret abstraction, which is the same formalism against which Heidegger's own school, that of phenomenology, once strongly spoke out. This can be grasped in existential ontology's theoretical criticism, especially in the paired concepts of authenticity and inauthenticity in Sein und Zeit. Already there the drive for concretion is coupled with a hands-off attitude. One speaks from a depth which would be profaned if it were called content. Yet this depth wants to be this content, which in turn wants to express itself. Heidegger's defensive technique of with-
drawing into eternity takes place at this "pure and dis- gusting height" of which Hegel spoke in his polemic against Reinhold. 70 Like Reinhold, Heidegger cannot get enough of the ritual preliminaries for the "step into the temple," 71 although hardly anyone nowadays dares to tie a warning bell around the cat's neck. Heidegger is by no means incomprehensible, as one might gather from the marginalia of the positivists, but he lays around himself the taboo that any under- standing of him would simultaneously be falsification. The impossibility of saving what this thinking wants to save is cleverly turned into its own life element. This thinking refuses all content which would have to be argued against. MetaphysicS is said to miss this ele- ment in the same manner as it is missed in translation into ontic statements, which, as parts of the individual
70. G. W. F. Hegel, Werke, ed. H. Glockner (Stuttgart, 1958) Vol. I: "Differenz des Fichteschen und Schellingschen Systems," p. 43.
7 1 . Ibid.
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scientific disciplines, are regarded with some favor. 72 Even authenticity and inauthenticity are first of all treated cautiously. Heidegger shuns the reproach that he paints in black and white. He claims that he does not give a directive for philosophical judgment, but that he introduces descriptive and neutral terms in the manner of that which in earlier phenomenology was called investigation. In Weber's interpretation of soci- ology, a discipline denounced by Heidegger, this was called neutrality of values :
As modes of Being, authenticity and inauthenticity ( these expressions have been chosen terminologically in a strict sense) are both grounded in the fact that any Dasein whatsoever is characterized by mineness. But the inauthenticity of Dasein does not signify any "less"
72. Careless for one moment, Heidegger shows his hand in the tractatus on Identitiit und Differenz:
But let us assume for a moment that difference is an element added by our representation. Then the question rises: added to what? The answer is, to the existent. All right. But what does this mean-the existent? What else does it mean but such a thing as is? Thus we enter the supposed addition, the conception of difference under being. But "Being" says itself: being which is existent? Where we wanted to take difference as supposed addition we already always find what is existent and being in their difference. It is the same story as Grimm's fairy tale about the hare and the hedgehog: ''I'm here already. " (Heidegger, Identitiit und Differenz [Pfiillingen, 1957], p. 60. )
What is said here about so-called ontological difference by means of a rather primitive hypostasis of the copula, is said in order to shift the ontological primacy of difference into being itself. This is actually Heidegger's method. This method protects itself by conSidering possible contradictions as ele ments that have already been considered in the particular thesis. These are false syllogisms which any logician could check. These false syllogisms are projected into, and thus justified by, the objective structure of that at which the thought
aims.
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Being or any "lower" degree of Being. Rather it is the case that even in its fullest concretion Dasein can be characterized by inauthenticity-when busy, when ex- cited, when interested, when ready for enjoyment. 13
In a much later passage of Sein und Zeit, the category of "the They" is subsumed under inauthenticity. In this passage Heidegger says
that interpretation is purely ontological in its aims, and is far removed from any moralizing critique of every- day Dasein, and from the aspirations of a "philosophy of culture. " . . . Even the expression "idle talk" is not to be used here in a "disparaging" signification. 74
The quotation marks around "disparaging" are the kid gloves of a prudish metaphysics. Considerable advan- tages are connected with this kind of methodological performance. The affirmations of scientific purity in Husserl's texts provide the model for all thi s . The philosophy of authenticity needs its proviso clauses so that it can on occasion make the excuse that it is not a philosophy. The reputation of scientific objec- tivity grows together with its authority and, at the same time, leaves the decision between authentic and in- authentic being up to an arbitrariness-one that has been absolved from the judgment of reason, in a fash- ion not much different from Max Weber's "value. " The execution of the volte is so elegant because "the terminologically chosen" expressions are not exhausted by the uses of them that are chosen in subjective free- dom. Rather, and Heidegger the philosopher of lan- guage should be the first to concede this, they keep as
73. Heidegger, Being and Time, p. 68. 74. Ibid. , p. 211.
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their objective content those standards from which Heidegger distinguishes them. The nominalists saw that better than the latecomer of language mysticism. Following Bacon's doctrine of idols, Hobbes already noted "that men usually express their affects simul- taneously with words so that the latter already include a certain judgment on the subject matter. "75 The triviality of this observation does not free us from the responsibility of reminding people of it when they merely ignore it. As an impartial contemplative of essence, Heidegger allows for the fact that inauthen-
ticity "can define existence in its fullest concretion. " Yet the accompanying words, which he attributes to this mode of being, are essentially vituperative. As officiousness and interestedness, they characterize such qualities as have given themselves up to the world of exchange and wares and resemble this world. Some- body is officious when he carries on business activity for his own sake and confuses means with ends. If a person is "interested," it means that-all too openly
according to the rules of the bourgeois game-he sees to his own interest, or disguises as his objective that which only serves himself. Pleasure capacity falls in the same line. According to the habit of the petit bour- geois, the deformations inflicted on men by the world of profit are explained by men's greed, as if it was
their fault that they were cheated out of their sub- jectivity. In the end, however, Heidegger's philosophy does not want to have anything to do with the cultural
75. Quoted in Rudolf Eucken, Geschichte der philosophi- schen Terminologie (Leipzig, 1879), p. 86, in reference to Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, chaps. 4 and 5.
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philosophy in which such questions appear. And in- deed, the concept of cultural philosophy is just as ridiculous as that of social philosophy. The limitation of philosophy to one specific area is incompatible with the fact that it should reflect on institutional separa- tion. For philosophy should itself derive this separa- tion, and recognize that which is necessarily separated as something which then again is not separated. By virtue of its self-limitation, cultural philosophy accepts the division of phenomena into areas of subject matter and possibly even into those of hierarchy within areas.