No More Learning

4. Even as profound a student of Nietzsche as Giorgio Colli was disinclined to follow up on Nietzsche's "kynical" discovery. Colli was not prepared to understand the difference between cyni- cism as the infamy of the powerful and "kynicism" as the nobility (noblesse) of the powerless. For this reason he saw only the suspect satisfaction of the cynic at the collapse of the great men of whom he believed a priori that they were good for nothing. Colli correctly observed that "this was not Nietzsche's nature. " He then incorrectly added the following: "It is therefore surprising to hear of him in Ecce Homo that he has here and there attained in his books the highest thing that can be achieved on ? ? (Nach Nietzsche ? ? 1983], p. 70). Here we can see the result of a minor inattention on the part of the ? always wrote ? -- along with the indifference of the Italian language to the distinction between "kynicism" and cynicism. ? surprise would be quickly dispelled if he were to place Nietzsche's literalization of philosophy into the proper context with the "cynical" form of speaking the truth. The editor should not forget Nietzsche's statement that "great subjects demand that one either keep silent about them or speak of them in great terms; by great I mean with
p. 535).
5. See Syllogismen der Bitterkeit (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1969), p. 32.
6. See Nietzsche's posthumous aphorism in the sketch, From the War Academy ofLife: "Those who are deeply wounded possess an Olympic laughter; one has only what one needs" ? 13, p. 531). More pointedly: "At that time I learned to give myself to art cheerfully, objectively, with cu- riosity, above all with health and ? for a sick person, it seems to me, this is his
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 98 NOTES
A more perceptive and sympathetic eye will not miss what perhaps constitutes the
? ? ? appeal of these and lacking"
See note
8. PN, p. 229. 9. PN, p. 332.
a suffering and lacking person is speaking as if he were not suffering 2, p. 374).
Chapter
? ? ? ? 10. Nietzsche, The Gay Science, translated and with commentary by Walter Kaufmann (New York: Random House, 1974), p. 280.
Jacques ? comments at one point that "Nietzsche is the thinker of pregnancy" (Spurs: Nietzsche's Style, trans. Barbara Harlow (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ? p. 65). I be- lieve Nietzsche is something other than this, but something that is related to this idea nonetheless: the thinker of incarnation. Or, to be more precise, of the subversion of incarnation. Nietzsche's immo- ralism, in my opinion, is based not so much on a derestraining of the subject, because Nietzsche at no point underestimates the positive function of restraint as a means for providing intensification. To think incarnation means to expose violation ? The subversion of incarnation, there- fore, refers not to a fascism of ? of restraint but, on the contrary, to a liberating game with the violent past. Nietzsche's "pregnancies" would thus be
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attempts to give life out of violation. The philosopher as a Kleistian Marquise of O? But this would also mean giving birth to centaurs.
12. Nietzsche very astutely made the point that the Dionysian vision, which is comparable to unlimited pain, becomes unbearable: "Five, six seconds and no more: then you suddenly feel the presence of eternal harmony. Man can, within his mortal frame, not endure it: he must either phys- ically transform himself or die. It is a clear and indisputable feeling ? if ? were to last longer, the soul could not endure it; it would have to dissolve. In these ? seconds I would live the whole of human existence, I would give my whole life for it, the price would not be too great. In order to endure it any longer, one would have to transform oneself physically" (KSA, 13, p. 145).
13. PN, p. 189.
14. A reference to the onset of Nietzsche's madness. In January of ? Nietzsche saw a
man flogging a horse on the street in Turin. He threw his arms around the neck of the animal, col- lapsed, and remained insane until his death on August 25,
15. Nietzsche wrote the following to Brandes on November 20, 1888, pertaining to his biography: "I have now narrated myself with a cynicism which will become world historical
The book is called Ecce Homo and is an attempted assassination without the respect for the crucified one: it ends with thunder and lightning against everything that is Christian or infected with Christianity" (KSA, 15, p. 185).
16. See Nietzsche's letter to Jacob ? after he had gone mad, which begins with the words, "In the end I would much rather be a Basel professor than God" ? p. 685).
17. Cf. the following verse from "On the Poverty of the Richest One" from the last Dionysus dithyramb:
Woe to you, Zarathustra! You look like someone
Who has swallowed gold: Someone will slit your belly
Be clever, you rich
Make a present of it to yourself ? O
5. Pain and Justice
The Grundgesetz is the provisory constitution of the Federal Republic of
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? NOTES 99
2. This thesis is, of course, overdrawn: one could speak here of the many voices of romantic protest that had already referred early on to a precarious affiliation between outer exoneration and an inner brutalization. The labor movement also represents a protest against the shifting of the burden from the old rural ? to modern proletarian misery.
3. For a definition of this term, see my Critique of Cynical Reason, trans. Michael Eldred (Min- neapolis: University of Minnesota Press, ? p. 460: "Algodicy means a metaphysical interpreta- tion of pain that gives it meaning. In modernity it takes the place of theodicy, as its converse. In the latter, it was asked, How are evil, pain, suffering and injustice to be reconciled with the existence of God? If there is no God and no higher meaning, how can we still bear the pain? The function of politics as a substitute theology immediately becomes
4. From this point it is only one step further to a critique of cynical reason, ? to a ? that elaborates on the concept of cynicism as the central category for the contemplation of culture and universal values in the post-Nietzschean situation. 5. Giorgio Colli, in his aphoristic meditations on the situation of the Western intellect "after Nietzsche," has brilliantly formulated this breakthrough by means of modern objectivist subjectiv- ism. In a comment under the heading "The Other Dionysus," he says: "The symbol of the mirror, which attributes the Orphic tradition to Dionysus, lends the deity a metaphysical significance Nietz- sche was not able to ? Whenever the deity observes himself in the mirror, he sees the world as his own image. The world is thus a vision, and its nature is merely perception. The relationship between Dionysus and the world is that between the unspeakable godly life and its reflection. This does not offer the reflection of his face, but rather an unending multitude of creatures and celestial bodies, a monstrous stream of forms and colors ? of this is reduced to a reflection, to an image in the mirror. God does not create the world; the world is the god himself as phenomenon. That which we consider ? the world around us, is the form in which Dionysus observes himself, expresses himself to himself. The Orphic symbol pushes the Western dichotomy between immanence and tran- scendence, a subject on which philosophers have wasted a lot of ink, into the realm of the ridiculous. There are not two things, about which one has to find out whether they are separate or unified; rather, there is only one thing, the god, and we are his hallucinations. Nietzsche approaches this version in The Birth of Tragedy, even if he does so with an excess of Schopenhauerian coloration; later a stub- born determination dims the immanence of his perspicacity" (Nach Nietzsche pp. 208-9). But does this dimming really occur? One would have to take into consideration this aphorism from Beyond Good and Evil: "Around the hero everything turns into a tragedy; around the demigod, into a satyr play; and around ? Perhaps into ? (trans. Kaufmann [New York: Vintage, ? p. 150). I am not sure whether Nietzsche intended to reproach imma- nence with a stubborn determination. It seems to me that his anti-Platonic demeanor and his decla- ration of war
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against the beyond can be understood ? a martial accompaniment to the "great operation": the introversion of metaphysics. See also Chapter 4 of this essay.
6. See Martin Heidegger's Nietzsche (Pfullingen: Neske, 1961), vol. ? pp. 639ff.
The twilight of the idols of the monarchy during the French Revolution was not alone in mark- ing the first appearance of the postmetaphysical situation; neither was this situation marked only by the development of abstract atheism or of native sensualism and materialism in the British and French thought of the eighteenth century. The considerably more significant date in the history of a postme-
taphysical thought and of Dionysian materialism ? must always at the same time be a dramatic, hermetic, and physiognomic materialism ? the birth of modern depth pyschology as mesmerism, animal magnetism, artificial somnambulism, and hypnotism around 1780. The piquant coexistence of these deepenings of subjectivity with a social occultism that is early socialist in nature has not yet been properly evaluated by intellectual historians. See Peter Sloterdijk, Der ? Die
? ? ? ? ? ? ? stehung der Psychoanalyse ? Jahr 1785 (Frankfurt: 8. 1 do believe in any case that we live in an era of cizing of society in the course of the search for a minimum of the
1985).
could be counted as a plus.
? so that a certain depoliti-
? ? ? ? NOTES
I have borrowed the term ? from the Hungarian writer ? ? who understood it to mean something along the line of spaces that were free of the influence of the ? and the moral and cultural wilfulness of society. See ? An Essay, trans. Richard E. Allen (San Francisco: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984).
I have suggested what antipolitics could signify under Western European conditions in my speech "Taugenichts ? ? oder das Ende eines Alibis ? eine Theorie ? Ende der ? in my Ende der ? der ? (Munich, 1985), pp. 108-36.
? Index
Compiled by Hassan Melehy
? ? A la recherche du temps perdu (Remembrance of Things Past), 97 n. 1
Addison, Joseph, 12 Theodor 13
Aesthetics: and politics, 77-79; and science, 15-16. See also Art
Algodicy: definition of, 99 n. 3; and politics, 77-79
Altruism: and egotism, 49
Andreas-Salome, Lou, 49, 65, 96 n. 5 Antiquity: and modernity, 8-9, 15-16, 18-20,
34-35 Aristotle. 57
Art: discourse on, ? and philosophy, 42; and science, ? and truth, 42-43, 45-46. See also Aesthetics
Roland,
Pierre, 35
Benjamin, Walter, 13, 21, 89
Beyond Good and Evil (Jenseits von Gut
95 n. 1 ? 2), 99 n. 5 Biography: role of in criticism, 5
and Christianity, 72; and language, 65-66, 67, 83. See also Physis
Brandes. Georg, 98 n. 15 Brecht, Bertolt,
64
Catholicism: political, 77. See also Christianity
Christ: death of, 72
Christianity: and body, 72; and politics, 78-79;
unmasking of, 66
Cioran, E. ? 61
Classical text: and interpretation, 3-5
Colli. Girgio, 96 n. 2, 97 n. 4 (ch. 4), 99 n. 5 Communist Manifesto, The, 28
Contest: Hellenic notion of,
fan 35
of Cynical 99 n. 3
Culture: and politics, 79-80; and tragedy, 53-54; and values, 80-81
Cynicism: and kynicism, 97 n. 4 (ch. 4)
Charles, 46 Derrida, Jacques, 98 n.
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Descartes, Rene, 36
Destiny: and drama, 88
Diogenes, 58, 70-72
Drama: and destiny, 88; and enlightenment,
88; and history, 20-21; and music, 30; and psychology, 60; and self, ? 23-24; and ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? subjectivity, 87-89; and also Tragedy
See
? ? Jacob, 98 n. 16
Ebeling, Hans, 97 n. 5 (ch. 3)
103
? ? 104
Ecce Homo, 22, 26, 34, 97 n. 4 ? 4), 98 n. 15
Egotism: and altruism, 49
der der Kunst (End of of Art), 100 n. 8
Enlightenment: and drama, i-ii, 88; and intelligence, 66; and morality, 82-83; and politics, 77-78; and subjectivity, ? and tragedy, 19-20, 57
Ethics: and illusion, 79-80; and taste, 64. See also Morality
Euripides, 87
Foucault, Michel,
Frank, Manfred, 25-26
French Revolution: and modernity, 85
Freud, ? 9, 13, 19, 53, 85. See also
Psychoanalysis
Friedrich Nietzsche in ? ? 96 n. 5
Gay Science, 35-36, 60-62; birth of, 7, 52
Gay ? The (Der Wissenschaft), 43, 57, 98 n. 10
INDEX
Illusion: and ethics, 79-80; and idealism, 36-37; and truth, 39-43
Individual: and intoxication, 23-24; and philosophy, 73; and politics, 89-90; and primordial pain, 37. See also Self, Subject, Subjectivity
Institution: and reality, 76
Intelligence: and enlightenment, 66 Interpretation: and classical text, 3-5; and
? ? ? philology, 5-7
Intoxication: and individual, 23-24
Jung, 85 Justice: and morality,
Kant, Immanuel, 19 Kaufmann, Walter, 95 n. 1 (ch.
(ch. 2), 98 n. 10, 99 n. 5 Kierkegaard, S0ren, 13
95 n. 1
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Genius: cult of, 19 Goethe, Johann
66 Der, 75
Habermas, Jurgen, 91
Hebbel, Friedrich, 70
Heidegger, Martin, 56-57, 64, 85, 89, 97 n. 6;
on art and philosophy, 42; and Nietzsche's
metaphysics, 47 Heine, 13
see Antiquity Heraclitus, 19, 57, 59
History: and drama,
96 n. 4; and subjectivity, 21
Ho Chi Minh, 77
46, 77
Hoffmann, E. 13 Friedrich, 89
Homer,
Honnefelder, Gottfried, i Human, All-Too-Human
Menschlich), 3
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Idealism: and illusion, 36-37 Ideology: Nietzsche's critique of, 37 Alexander, 13
Knowledge: and modernity, 12; and truth,
38-39
Der (The God to Come), 26 100 n. 8
Kynicism ? 59; and cynicism, 97 n. 4 (ch. 4); and ontology, 47
Laertius, 58, 59
Language: and body, ? 67, 83; and orality,
63; and self, 67; and truth, 62-63, 83. See
also Logos
Lenin, V. ? 21; and truth, 62 Lichtenberg, Georg, 12
Literature: and philosophy, 60; and theory, Lives and Thoughts of ? Famous
Philosophers, 58
Logos: and culture, 68; and physis, 67,
See also Language Lying: and truth, 37-38
96 n. 4
77 Madness: and subject, 70
Magic Flute, The (Die
Magic Mountain, The (Der Zauberberg), 96
n. 7
Mann, Thomas: and interpretation of
Nietzsche, 6-7 Marx, Karl, 77 Mask: and self, 44
12
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? philosophy of,
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 96 n. 7
? ? ? ? INDEX
Materialism: and modernity, 83-85. See also Body, Physis
Maurice, 87 Metaphor: and philosophy, 67
Metaphysics: Nietzsche's relation to, 47 Modernity: and antiquity, 8-9, 15-16, 18-19, 34-35; and depth psychology, 86- 87; and
knowledge, 12; and materialism, 83-85; and politics, 76-77; and religion, 77; and subjectivity, 86; and unconscious, 85- 86. See also
Mood: and taste, 64; and truth, 64 Morality: and enlightenment, 82-83; and
justice, 81-82; and politics, 77-78; and subjectivity, 80-82; and truth, ? See also Ethics
Mozart, W. 35
Music: and drama, 30; and Nietzsche's writing,
6-8; and philology, 8-9; and philosophy, 58 Robert,
Nach Nietzsche, 97 n. 4 (ch. 4), 99 n. 5 Nietzsche, Elisabeth, 45
Nietzsche, 97 n. 6
Nietzsche, Karl Ludwig, 8
Nihilism: and will to power, 47, 49 Novalis, 13
Ontology: and kynicism, 47 Orality: and language, 63 Other: and unified subject, 25
Paz, Octavio,
Philology: and aesthetics and science, 15-16;
and autonomous subject, 16-17; and 5-7; and music, 8-9;
Nietzsche's "subversion" of, 14; and
philosophy, 18-19
Philosophy: and art, 42; of history,
105
Politics: and aesthetics, 77-79; and algodicy, 77-79; and Christianity, 78-79; and modernity, 76-78; and morality, 77-78; and subjectivity, 74-77, 89-90
Postmodern condition: and philosophy of history, 96
Primordial pain ? 9, 82, 87; and individual, 37; and truth, 38-39, 41-42
Proust, ? 97 n. 1
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Psychoanalysis: and subjectivity, 16-17, 88.
See also Freud
Psychology: depth, 16-17, 86-87; and drama,
60; and taste, 64; and truth, 38-39 Psychonautics, 34, 36, 43, 61, 84-85; and therapeutics, 89-90 Pythagoreanism, 97 n. 2
Reality: and institution, 76
Religion: and modernity, 77. See also
Christianity
Representation: and sign, 40; and truth, 40-41 Republican Automatons, 66
Ritschl, Friedrich, 8, 10
Rohde, Erwin,
Romanticism: and self, 26
Schliemann, 16
Schopenhauer, Arthur, 8, 10, 12, 19, 36, 37,
58
Schulte, ? 95 n. 2 (ch. 2)
Science: and aesthetics, 15-16; and art, 12 Self: and drama, 17, 23-24; and language, 67;
and mask, 44; and romanticism, 26; search for, 33-34; and truth, ? 40-43; and value, 44-45; and will to power, 46. See ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? also
Self-knowledge 34
Subject, Subjectivity
and theory,
? ? ? 96 Sign: and
n. 4; and individual, 73; and literature, 60; Socialism: aesthetic, 28
40
death of, 72 97 n. 3 (ch. 4)
30-32, 80-83; and madness,
? ? and metaphor, 67; and music, 58; and Socrates, 50, 57-58, philology, 18-19; and physis, 59; and die
? ? ? ? tragedy, 50-73 55-56
and truth, 38-39, Spengler, Oswald, 20 Subject: autonomous,
? ? ? ? and logos, 67, ? 73; and and enlightenment,
philosophy, 59. See also Body Plato, 58
Platonism, 97 n. 2; Christian, and metaphysics, 67-68
70; modern, 15-16; and politics, 74-77; and ? 88; and symbol, 30; and truth, 37; unified. ? unified, and other, 25. See also Individual, Self
? ? 106
Subjectivity: and drama, 87-89; and enlightenment, 86-89; and history, ? and modernity, 86; and morality, 80-82; and psychoanalysis, 16-17. See also Individual, Self
INDEX
38-39, 41-42; and
search for, 37-38; and self, 22-23,
42-43; and subject, 37; and terror, 52; and will to power, 45-48
Unconscious: and modernity, 85-86. See also Psychoanalysis
Untimely Meditations, 34-35 Usener, Hermann,
Value: and culture, ? and self, 44-45 Virtue: and vice, 48-49.