An American writer
of stories and juvenile tales ; born in Maine
in 186-, and now living at Arlington, Mass.
of stories and juvenile tales ; born in Maine
in 186-, and now living at Arlington, Mass.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
He has published: (Origin of the
Republican Form of Government in the United
States) (1886); and (Roger Williams, the Pio-
neer of Religious Liberty?
Strauss, David Friedrich. A German writer
and critic of great celebrity ; born at Ludwigs-
burg, Würtemberg, Jan. 27, 1808; died there,
Feb. 8, 1874. His book (The Life of Jesus,
published in 1834-35, made him famous. He
passed a life of great literary productivity,
and was engaged all his life in critical and
theological controversies. *
Street, Alfred Billings. An American poet
of nature; born in Poughkeepsie, N. Y. , Dec.
18, 1811; died in Albany, N. Y. , June 2, 1881.
From 1848 until his death he was State libra-
rian of New York at Albany. He published
among other works: (Fugitive Poems) (1846);
(Woods and Waters) (1860); (Forest Pictures
in the Adirondacks, poems (1865); (Fronte-
nac); Drawings and Tintings.
Strickland, Agnes. An English historical
writer; born at Reydon Hall, Suffolk, about
1808; died there, July 8, 1874. Her first work,
aided by her sister Susannah, was a volume
of Patriotic Songs,' followed by Worcester
Field, a historical poem. She wrote : Queen
Victoria from her Birth to her Bridal) (1840);
(Historic Scenes and Poetic Fancies) (1850);
"Lives of the Bachelor Kings of England
(1861); "Lives of the Seven Bishops) (1866);
(Lives of the Tudor Princesses) (1868). Her
best works are (Lives of the Queens of Eng.
land) (12 vols. , 1840-48), and Lives of the
Queens of Scotland' (8 vols. , 1850-59).
Strindberg, August (strēnd'berg). A Swed-
ish novelist and dramatist; born in Stock-
holm, Jan. 22, 1849. He is the leading apostle
of naturalism in Sweden. Among his works
are : (Mästar Olof,' a drama; (The Red Room,
a social satire ; (The Secret of the Club); (Mr.
Bengt's Wife); (Fröken Julie) (1889); (The
Keys to the Kingdom of Heaven) (1892); and
the novels (Utopias in Real Life) (1885), and
(In the Offing' (1891).
Strong, Latham Cornell. An American
journalist and verse-writer; born in Trov, N. Y. ,
June 12, 1845; died in Tarrytown, N. Y. , Dec.
17, 1879. He was editorially connected with
the Troy Whig, and contributed verses to other
journals and periodicals, besides a series of
"Letters from Europe. His published volumes
include : (Castle Windows) (1876); Poke o'
Moonshine) (1878); Midsummer Dreams)
(1879); and Pots of Gold.
Strong, Nathan. An American Congrega-
tional clergyman and author; born in Cor.
entry, Conn. , Oct. 16, 1748; died in Hartford,
Conn. , Dec. 25, 1816. He was a chaplain in
the Revolutionary army; projected and sus.
tained the Connecticut Evangelical Magazine
(1800-15); founded and conducted the Con-
necticut Missionary Society (1798-1800); and
compiled the (Hartford Collection of Hymns)
(1799). His published works include two vol-
umes of (Sermons) (1798-1800), and a pam.
phlet, “The Doctrine of Eternal Misery Con.
sistent with the Infinite Benevolence of God'
(1796).
Strother, David Hunter. [“Porte Crayon. ”]
An American writer and illustrator; born in
Martinsburg, Va. , Sept. 16, 1816; died in Charles-
ton, W. Va. , March 8, 1888. He was a colonel
of the Union army in the Civil War. His
series of sketches contributed to Harper's Mag.
azine in the years before the War under the
pen-name “Porte Cravon, illustrated by him-
self, were great popular favorites; they were
republished in book form under the titles (The
Blackwater Chronicle) (1853), and Virginia
Illustrated (1857).
Stryker, Melanchthon Woolsey. An Amer-
ican Presbyterian clergyman and educator;
born in New York, 1851. He has been pres-
ident of Hamilton College since 1892. He has
published : Miriam and Other Verses); Ham-
ilton, Lincoln, and Other Addresses); “The
Letter of James the Just); and many hymns.
Strype, John. An English ecclesiastical his-
torian; born at Stepney, Nov. I, 1643; died at
Hackney, Dec. II, 1737. His works include:
(Annals of the Reformation in England” (4
vols. , 1709-31); Lives of Thomas Cranmer,
Sir Thomas Smith, John Aylmer, Sir John
Cheke, Edmund Grindall, Matthew Parker,
and John Whitgift; and Ecclesiastical Memo-
rials) (3 vols. , 1721).
Stuart, Esmé. An English story-writer :
author of (The Good Old Days) (1875); (The
Belfry of St. Jude: A Story) (1880); (White-
chapel: A Story) (1881); Isabeau's Hero: A
Story of the Revolt of the Cevennes) (1882);
Jessie Dearlove: A Story) (1885); (Muriel's
Marriage (1886); The Goldmakers? (1887);
(Daisy's King) (1888); Joan Vellacot) (1888).
Stuart, Mrs. Ruth McEnery. An American
writer of fiction ; born in 1856. Her published
writings include: (A Golden Wedding, and
Other Tales); Carlotta's Intended, and Other
Stories ); (The Story of Babette); (Solomon
Crow's Christmas Pockets); Pockets, and
Other Tales); etc.
Stub, Ambrosius (stöb). A Danish lyric
poet; born on the Island of Funen, May 1705;
died at Ribe, about 1758. His poems were
all (except one) published after his death
(1771).
*
## p. 511 (#527) ############################################
STUBBS-SUMNER
511
He is the original of the hero of C. K. F. Mol-
beck's romantic drama (Ambrosius.
Stubbs, William. An English historical
writer ; born at Knaresborough, June 21, 1825.
He became bishop of Oxford in 1889. His
great work is (The Constitutional History of
England' (3 vols. , 1874, 1875, and 1878). *
Sturgis, Julian Russell. A British story-
writer; born 1848. He is author of John-a-
Dreams) (1878); (An Accomplished Gentleman
(1879); (Little Comedies) (1882); (Dick’s Wan-
derings) (1882); My Friends and (1884);
(Thraldom(1887).
Sturm, Julius (störm ). A German lyric
poet; born at Köstritz in Reuss, July 21, 1816;
died there, May 2, 1896. He wrote: (Two
Roses; or, the Canticle of Love (1854); (De-
vout Songs and Poems) (1858); Israelite
Songs) (3d ed. 1881); Poems of Battle and
Victory) (1870); (Mirror of the Time in Fa-
bles) (1872); (To the Lord my Song (1884);
(Palm and Crown) (1887); In Joy and in Sor-
row) (1896).
Suckling, Sir John. An English poet; born
at Whitton, Middlesex, in 1608; died in Paris
about 1642. A complete edition of his works
was published in 1874. His love poems should
not be neglected by lovers. *
Sudermann, Hermann (sö'der-man). One
of the most distinguished German dramatists
and novelists of the day; born at Matziken,
East Prussia, Sept. 30, 1857. He published:
(In the Twilight' (1885); “Dame Care) (1886);
Brothers and Sisters) (1887); “Honor) (1888);
(The Cat Bridge) (1889); “The Destruction of
Sodom' (1890); (Home); (Battle of the Butter-
flies); "Jolanthe's Wedding (1892); (Once on
a Time) (1893); (Johannes) (1897); etc. *
Sue, Eugène (sü). A famous French ro-
mancer; born in Paris, Dec. 10, 1804; died at
Annecy, July 3, 1857. He published: (Ker-
nock the Pirate) (1830); "History of the French
Navy) (1835-37); (History of the War Navies
of all Nations) (1841); (The Mysteries of Paris)
(1843); “The Wandering Jew) (1845); (Martin
the Foundling' ( 1847); The Seven Deadly
Sins) (1847–49); The Mysteries of the People )
(1849); (The Jouffroy Family) (1854); (The
Secrets of the Confessional (1858); etc. *
Suetonius -- Caius Suetonius Tranquillus
(swe-to'nē-us). A Latin chronicler, gramma-
rian, and critic, who flourished in the early part
of the second century of our era. He is cele-
brated for his "Lives of the Cæsars. His other
works include: (Illustrious Grammarians);
(Distinguished Orators); and (Lives,' only
partly preserved, of Terence, Horace, Lucan,
Juvenal, and Pliny. *
Suidas (swe'das). The reputed author of an
alphabetically arranged work in Greek, giving
an account of persons and places and expla-
nations of words, besides much miscellaneous
information. The book is referred to as a
"Lexicon,' and bears evidence of having gone
through many hands. It is accompanied by a
prefatory statement that the present book is
by Suidas, but its arrangement is the work of
twelve learned men. Nothing is known of
Suidas, although he is usually placed in the
tenth or eleventh century. The "Lexicon' is
valued for its extracts from ancient writers
whose works have in many cases perished.
Sullivan, James William. An American
writer on social questions; born at Carlisle, Pa. ,
March 9, 1848. He is author of: “Working-
People's Rights) (1885); (A Concept of Politi-
cal Justice (1890); Direct Legislation through
the Initiative and Referendum. (1892),- this
book started the Referendum movement in the
United States; (Tenement Tales of New York)
(1894); "So the World Goes, a series of short
stories (1898).
Sullivan, Thomas Russell. An American
novelist and dramatist; born in Boston, Nov.
21, 1849. His novels include (Tom Sylvester,'
(Roses of Shadow, (Day and Night Stories);
and his plays, “The Catspaw) (1881), «Merely
Players (1886), and a dramatization of Steven-
son's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde) (produced
1886). He was joint author with W. W. Cham-
berlin of Hearts Are Trumps, produced 1878,
and Midsummer Madness, produced 1880.
Sully, Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of
(sü-le'); born at Rosny (Seine-et-Oise), Dec.
13, 1560; died at Villebon, Dec. 22, 1641. He
was the close friend, supporter, and finance
minister of Henry of Navarre. His (Memoirs)
(1634), followed by two posthumous volumes
(1662), are very celebrated.
Sully-Prudhomme, René François Armand
(sü - lē'prüd- um'). A French poet; born at
Paris, May 16, 1839. He has written : Stanzas
and Poems) (1865); (The Broken Vase); (The
Stables of Augeas) ; (The Wildernesses); 'Im-
pressions of War' (collected 1872); “Revolt of
the Flowers) (1874); (Reflections on the Art
of Versification' (1892). *
Sulzer, Johann Georg (söl'tser). A Swiss
art critic; born at Winterthur, Oct. 6, 1720;
died at Berlin, Feb. 25, 1779. His principal
work is (Universal Theory of the Fine Arts)
(2 vols. , 1771-74). His Autobiography) was
published 1809.
Sumarokov, Aleksander Petrovich (sö-mär'.
okov). A Russian playwright; born in Mos-
cow, Nov. 23, 1718; died Oct. 12, 1777. His
tragedy Khorev) (1747) first attracted atten-
tion; it was followed by "Sinav and Truvor)
and (Semira, which added to his fame. He
also wrote comedies, odes, sonnets, madrigals,
epigrams, and fables.
Sumner, Charles. A distinguished Ameri.
can statesman ; born in Boston, Jan. 6, 1811;
died in Washington, D. C. , March 11, 1874.
His collected works, including speeches, ora-
tions, etc. , have been published in a 15-vol.
edition (1870-83). *
Sumner, William Graham. An American
educator and author; born in Paterson, N. J. ,
## p. 512 (#528) ############################################
512
SWEDENBORG – SYLVA
>
Oct. 30, 1840. Since 1872 he has been pro.
fessor of political and social science at Yale.
Among his works are : History of American
Currency) (1874); (Andrew Jackson as a Pub-
lic Man) (1882); (Economic Problems) (1884);
(Protectionism,' collected essays in political
and social science (1885); (The Financier and
Finances of the American Revolution (1891);
and (Robert Morris) (1892).
Swedenborg, Emanuel. The great Swedish
religious mystic, philosopher, and author; born
in Stockholm, Jan. 29, 1688; died there, March
29, 1772. For an adequate account of his lit-
erary works, see article in this Library. ' *
Sweet, Alexander Edwin. An American
journalist; born in St. John, N. B. , March 28,
1841. He served in the Confederate army in
the Civil War; was editor of the San Antonio
(Texas) Herald, and of Texas Siſtings from
1881. He has published (Three Dozen Good
Stories from Texas Siftings); and with J. Am.
ory Knox, "On a Mexican Mustang through
Texas, etc. (1883).
Swetchine, Anne Sophie (svech-en'). A
Russian society dame and letter-writer; born
at Moscow, 1782; died at Paris, Sept. 10, 1857.
At St. Petersburg her drawing-room was fre.
quented by scholars and men of science; after
1815 she resided in Paris. She was the friend
and correspondent of many of the Catholic
notables of France, Joseph de Maistre, Lacor-
daire, De Falloux, etc. Her Life and Works)
was published in 2 vols. ; and her Letters) in
several volumes.
Swett, Sophia Miriam.
An American writer
of stories and juvenile tales ; born in Maine
in 186-, and now living at Arlington, Mass.
She has published: (The Lollipops' Vacation);
(Captain Polly); (Flying Hill Farm); (The
Mate of the Mary Ann'; 'Cap'n Thistletop';
and (The Ponkarty Branch Road.
Swift, Jonathan. A great English prose
satirist; born in Dublin, Nov. 30, 1667; died
there, Oct. 19, 1745. He wrote: (Tale of
a Tub) (1704); (Battle of the Books) (1704);
(Meditation upon a Broomstick) (1704); (Ar-
gument to Prove the Inconvenience of Abol-
ishing Christianity) (1708); Project for the
Advancement of Religion (1708); (Senti-
ments of a Church of England Man) (1708);
(Conduct of the Allies) (1711); (Advice to
the October Club) (1712); Remarks on the
Barrier Treaty) (1712); Public Spirit of the
Whigs ) (1714); (Drapier's Letters) (1724); "Gul-
liver's Travels) (1726); (A Modest Proposal
(1729), for utilizing Irish children as articles
of food; etc.
Swinburne, Algernon Charles. A cele
brated English poet; born in London, April 5,
1837. He has published: (The Queen Mother
and Rosamund (1861); (Atalanta in Calydon)
(1864); "Chastelard (186-); (Poems and Bal-
lads) (1866); (A Song of Italy) (1867); “Ode
on the Proclamation of the French Republic)
(1871); "Songs before Sunrise) (1871); Under
the Microscope) (1872); (Bothwell! (1874);
(Erechtheus) ( 1875 ); Poems and Ballads)
(1878), second series; (Songs of the Spring-
tides); (Songs of Two Nations); (Studies in
Song); (A Century of Roundels); Marino
Faliero'; 'Lochrine); “Tristram of Lyonesse);
( The Sisters'; etc. *
Swinton, John. An American journalist
and writer on social and labor questions; born
in Salton. Haddingtonshire, Scotland, Dec. 12,
1830. In 1857 he came to New York, and sub-
sequently was managing editor of the New York
Sun; and from 1883 to 1887 he published a
weekly journal, John Swinton's Paper, devoted
to labor reform. Among his publications are:
(The New Issue : the Chinese-American Ques-
tion'; A Eulogy on Henry J. Raymond”;
John Swinton's Travels); "Oration on John
Brown); and various pamphlets.
Swinton, William. An American journalist,
educator, and historical writer, brother of John;
born in Salton, Scotland, April 23, 1833; dieci
in 1892. During the Civil War he was war cor-
respondent of the New York Times; and after
1874 he devoted his time to the preparation
of educational works. His writings include:
(Rambles among Words); (Twelve Decisive
Battles of the War'; 'Campaigns of the Army
of the Potomac); Word Analysis); and
"Studies in English Literature. '
Swisshelm, Jane Grey. An American jour.
nalist, reformer, and writer; born near Pitts-
burg, Pa. , Sept. 6, 1815; died in Swissvale, Pa. ,
July 22, 1884. She was among the earliest
advocates of woman's rights; an ardent oppo-
nent of slavery, and while editing the St. Cloud
(Minn. ) Visitor, had her office and press de-
stroyed by a mob for advocating abolitionism.
She was among the first to become a nurse in
the Northern army. Besides voluminous contri.
butions to current periodicals, she published :
(Letters to Country Girls) (1853), and an au-
tobiography, “Half of a Century) (1881).
Sybel, Heinrich von (sē'bel). An eminent
German historian ; born in Düsseldorf, 1817; died
1895. The partisan tone of many of his writ-
ings involved him in controversy. He wrote:
History of the First Crusade) (1841); (The
Development of German Sovereignty) (1844);
History of the Revolutionary Period from 1789
to 1795' (1853-58), which has passed through
many editions and was later brought down to
the year 1800; (The German Nation and the
Empire) (1862); (The Foundation of the Ger.
man Empire through William I. (1889-94),
already in its fifth edition.
Sylva, Carmen (kär'man sil'va), pseudonym
of Elizabeth, Queen of Roumania. A German
poet and story-writer; born at Castle Monrepos
near Neuwied, Dec. 29, 1843. In 1869 she was
married to Charles, then Prince, now King, of
Roumania. Among her works (all in German)
are: (Roumanic Poems) (1881); (Tempests);
(Songs from the Dimbovitza Valley) (1889).
Her tragedy (M Manole' (1892) had a
*
## p. 513 (#529) ############################################
SYMMACHUS – TACITUS
513
brilliant success in the Burgh Teatre, Vienna.
In collaboration with Mite Kremnitz, she has
written some novels: Astra); From Two
Worlds); etc. The gem of the fine tragedy
(Master Manole) is the scene in which are por-
trayed a wife's longings for motherhood. *
Symmachus, Quintus Aurelius (sim'a-kus).
A Roman author and orator; born about 350
A. D. ; died about 405 A. D. Ten books of his
(Letters) are extant, and are of much historical
interest. Fragments of his speeches were dis-
covered by Cardinal Mai, and published in
1815. Symmachus was one of the last cham-
pions of paganism, and seems to have been a
pure and noble character.
Symonds, John Addington. A distinguished
English critic and historian of literature ; born
at Bristol, Oct. 5, 1840; died at Rome, April
19, 1893. He wrote: (Introduction to the Study
of Dante ) (1872); (Studies of the Greek Poets)
(1873); (Sketches in Italy and Greece) (1874);
(The Renaissance in Italy) 17 vols. , 1875-86),
his greatest work; (Sketches and Studies in
Italy (1879); (Shakespeare's Predecessors)
(1884); several volumes of verse both original
and translated ; 'Lives) of Sir Philip Sidney,
Michelangelo, Ben Jonson, Shelley, etc. *
Symons, Arthur. A British literary critic;
born in Wales, 1865; author of Days and
Nights) (1889); “Silhouettes) (1892).
Synesius (si-nē'shus). A Greek bishop,
philosopher, and poet; born in Cyrene, Africa,
about 375; died about 415. He studied phi-
losophy in Alexandria under Hypatia. Among
his works which have survived are several
essays, including one (On Dreams); and a
number of orations, among them that delivered
before the Emperor Arcadius, (On Kingship. '
His hymns have often been translated into
modern languages.
Syrus, Publilius. See Publilius Syrus.
Szalay, Laszlo (säl'i). A Hungarian his.
torian; born at Buda, April 18, 1813; died at
Salzburg, July 17, 1864. He succeeded Kossuth
as editor-in-chief of the Pesti Hirlap, in 1844.
Among his works are History of Hungary)
(6 vols. , 1850–63); (Michael Eszterházy) (2 vols. ,
1862–66); and (The Book of Statesmen,' a col-
lection of political biographies.
Sze-ma or Suma Kwang (sā'ma). One of
the most eminent statesmen and writers of
China, and as a historian second only to Sze-ma
Ts'ien; born in 1009; died 1086. He is re-
nowned as the author of "The Comprehens-
ive Mirror of History,' in 294 books, the labor
of nineteen years. It covers a period from the
beginning of the fourth century B. C. to 960
A. D.
Sze-ma or Sŭ-ma Ts'ien. Author of the first
general history of China; born at Lung-Mun,
in what is now the province of Ho-nan, about
163 B. C. He died in disgrace, about 85 B. C.
In 110 B. C. he succeeded his father, Sze-ma
T'an, as grand recorder and astronomer, and
took up the historical work begun by him. It
was finished in 91 B. C. , and was named (Shih-
ki,' or Historical Records. It covers from 2097
to 104 B. C. He is also noted for reforming the
calendar. The chronology settled on by him
still prevails in China.
Szigligeti, Eduard (sēg-le-get'ē); true name
Joseph Szatmáry. A Hungarian dramatist;
born at Nagy Varad (Grosswardein), March 18,
1814; died at Pesth, Jan. 19, 1878. He wrote
about 100 plays between 1834 and 1872. Sev-
eral of his comedies and tragedies were crowned
by the Academy. Among his best dramas
are : (The Deserter); (A Brace of Pistols);
(The Jew); (The Foundling. He wrote also:
( The Drama and its Different Forms) (1874),
(Biographies of Hungarian Actors) (1878).
T
Tabarî, Abu Djasar Mohammed ibn Djerîr
(tä-bä're). A celebrated Mohammedan theo-
logian and historian; born at Amul in Taberis-
tan, 839; died at Bagdad, 921. His two prin-
cipal writings are : (Tefsir (exegesis), by far
the most authoritative exposition of the doc-
trine of the Koran; and his Annals,' in which
he gives, on a theological basis, the history of
the world from the creation to the year 914.
Tabb, John Banister. An American edu-
cator and author; born in Maryland, 1845. He
is professor of English literature at St. Charles
College, Ellicott City, Md. He has written:
(Poems); (Lyrics); (An Octave to Mary.
Tacitus, Publius Cornelius (tas'it-us). A
great Latin historian; born about 54 A. D. He
was an intimate friend of Pliny the Younger.
The dialogue (De Oratoribus) is his earliest
work; the (Agricola,' a biography of his father-
in-law, C. Julius Agricola, is interesting to Eng-
lish speaking readers on account of the fact
that Agricola spent so much of his time in Brit-
ain; the (Germania,' or "On the Manners of
the Germans,' is of great value for its descrip-
tion of early Germany. Of his History)
only the first four and a half books are extant,
giving the history of the years 69-96 A. D. ; of
the (Annals, beginning at the death of Au-
gustus and ending at the death of Nero (14-68
A. D. ), only the first four books, part of the
fifth, the sixth, and from the middle of the elev.
enth to the middle of the sixteenth, are extant.
Many editions of his works have been published.
The latest English translation is by Church and
Brodribb (London, 1876-77). *
33
## p. 514 (#530) ############################################
514
TACONNET - TALMA
Taconnet, Toussaint Gaspard (tä-ko-nā').
A French dramatist and actor; born at Paris,
1730; died there, 1774. Among his works are :
(The Labyrinth of Love (1749); (All the
World's Friend' ( 1762); the farce-tragedy (The
Death of the Fatted Ox! (1767); "Stanzas on
the Death of Marie, Queen of France) (1768).
Taillandier, Alphonse Honoré (ti-än-dyā').
A French legist; born at Paris, 1797; died there,
1867. His principal works are: Collection
of Ancient French Laws from the Year 420
to the Revolution of 1789) (23 vols. , 1821-30);
(Reflections on the Penal Laws of France
and England? (1824).
Taillandier, René Gaspard Ernest, usually
styled Saint-René Taillandier. A French his-
torian and biographer; born at Paris, Dec. 16,
1817; died there, Feb. 24, 1879. He was ap-
pointed professor of French poetry in the Sor-
bonne, 1863. Among his works are: (Scotus
Erigena and the Scholastic Philosophy) (1843);
(Studies on the Revolution in Germany' (1853);
(The Countess of Albany) (1862); Maurice
de Saxe) (1865); (Ten Years of the History of
Germany) (1875); (King Leopold and Queen
Victoria) (1878).
Taillepied, Noël (ti-pyā'). A French his-
torical writer ; born in Normandy, 1540; died
at Angers, 1589. His principal works are :
Abridgment of the Philosophy of Aristotle)
(1583); History of the State and Common-
wealth of the Druids) (1585); (Collection of
the Antiquities and Curiosities of the City of
Rouen) (1587); (Treatise on the Apparition of
Ghosts) (1602).
Tailliar, Eugène François Joseph (ti-är').
A French juristic writer; born at Douai, 1803;
died there, July 8, 1878. Among his writings
are : “Essay on the History of the Institutions
of Northern France in the Celtic Era) (1852);
(Usages and Ancient Customs of the County
of Guysnes) (1856); “Essay on the History of
Institutions) (1859).
Taine, Hippolyte Adolphe (tān). A cele-
brated French historian and critic; born at
Vouziers (Ardennes), April 21, 1828; died at
Paris, March 5, 1893. He published : Essay
on La Fontaine's Fables) (1853); Essay on
Livy) (1854); "Journey to the Pyrenees) (1855);
(French Philosophers in the Nineteenth Cen-
tury) (1856); Essays in Criticism and His-
tory) (1857 ); Notes on England) ( 1861 );
(Contemporary English Writers) (1863); (His-
tory of English Literature) (1864); English
Idealism) (1864); (English Positivism) (1864);
(New Essays in Criticism and History) (1865);
(Philosophy of Art) (1865); Philosophy of Art
in Italy) (1866); ( Tour in Italy, Naples, Rome,
Florence, and Venice) (1866); ( Notes on Paris)
(1867); (The Ideal in Art) (1867); Philosophy
of Art in the Low Countries) (1868); Phi.
losophy of Art in Greece) (1870); (On the
Understanding) ( 1870 ); (Universal Suffrage
and the Method of Voting' (1871); 'Beginnings
of Contemporary France,' a series of works
comprising «The Old Régime) (1875), An-
archy) (1878), «The Revolutionary Govern-
ments) (1884), “The Modern Régime) (1890).
The last-named was left not quite complete;
the sixth volume was posthumously published,
after revision by Sorel, in 1894. "Last Essays
in Criticism and History) (1894) is a volume
of miscellany. *
Tait, Archibald Campbell. An English
Churchman and theological writer; born in
Edinburgh, Dec. 22, 1811; died in London,
Dec. 3, 1882. He was educated at Glasgow
and Oxford Universities; was one of the lead-
ing opponents of the Tractarians or Puseyites;
took orders in the Church of England; was
head-master of Rugby School, dean of Car-
lisle, bishop of London, and Archbishop of
Canterbury from 1868 to his death. He was
author of "The Dangers and Safeguards of
Modern Theology) (1861), and "The Word of
God and the Ground of Faith) (1863), besides
addresses and sermons. His life was published
by Davidson and Benham (2 vols. , 1891).
Talbot, Charles Remington. An American
Episcopal clergyman and juvenile-story writer;
born 1851; died 1891. His works include:
Honor Bright); Miltiades Peterkin Paul);
(Royal Louise); (Romulus and Remus); (A
Midshipman at Large); «The Impostor); (A
Romance of the Revolution. '
Talfourd, Sir Thomas Noon. An English
statesman and author; born at Doxey, near
Stafford, Jan. 26, 1795; died at Stafford, March
13, 1854. He published many speeches and
essays, some of which have been collected
under the title (Critical and Miscellaneous Es-
says) (1842). Among his other works are:
(Poems on Various Subjects) (1811); (An
Attempt to Estimate the Poetical Talent of
the Present Age) (1815); (History of Greek
Literature); “History of Greece) and History
of the Roman Republic); Memoirs and Cor.
respondence of Charles Lamb' (1837); (Final
Memorials of Charles Lamb) (1848); four tra-
gedies, the first two of which had a stage suc-
cess, -(Ion (1835), «The Athenian Captive)
(1838), "Glencoe) (1840), and (The Castilian)
(1854); (Recollections of a First Visit to the
Alps) (1842); Vacation Rambles) (1844); and
Supplement to Vacation Rambles) (1846).
Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles Maurice de
(täl-ā-ran'-per-e-gôr'), Prince of Benevento. A
celebrated French diplomat; born at Paris,
Feb. 13, 1754; died at Valençay, May 17,
1838. His Memoirs) were first published in
1891-92 (5 vols. ); his (Correspondence with
Louis XVIII. , during the Congress of Vienna,
was published in 1881; his "Diplomatic Corre-
spondence) in 1889-91 (3 vols. ); and Unpub-
lished Letters of Tallyrand to Napoleon, 1800-
1809, in 1889.
Talma, Joseph François (täl-mä'). A great
French actor and writer; born in Paris, Jan.
15, 1763; died Oct. 19, 1826. He was educated
at Mazarin College, and afterwards went to
a
## p. 515 (#531) ############################################
TALMAGE-TASSO
515
(
London with his father, a dentist; studied in
the hospitals there, and on returning to Paris
was apprenticed to a dentist. He had been on
the stage, however, both in London and Paris,
and made his professional début Nov. 21, 1787,
at the Comédie Française. He founded, with
a few others, the theatre afterwards known as
the Théâtre de la République. He won his
fame as a tragedian, but made many improve-
ments in the naturalness of stage productions.
He wrote: (Mémoires de Le Kain, et Réflex-
ions sur cet Acteur et sur l’Art Théatral)
(1825), which was republished in 1856 under a
slightly different title. His own Mémoires)
were edited by Alexandre Dumas (1856).
Talmage, Thomas De Witt. An American
Presbyterian clergyman, lecturer, and educator;
born at Bound Brook, N. J. , Jan. 7, 1832. He
became pastor of Brooklyn Tabernacle, 1869,
and is now connected with Lincoln Memorial
Church, Washington, D. C. He is the author
of many essays, addresses, and sketches, upon
moral and religious subjects, and several vol-
umes of sermons.
Republican Form of Government in the United
States) (1886); and (Roger Williams, the Pio-
neer of Religious Liberty?
Strauss, David Friedrich. A German writer
and critic of great celebrity ; born at Ludwigs-
burg, Würtemberg, Jan. 27, 1808; died there,
Feb. 8, 1874. His book (The Life of Jesus,
published in 1834-35, made him famous. He
passed a life of great literary productivity,
and was engaged all his life in critical and
theological controversies. *
Street, Alfred Billings. An American poet
of nature; born in Poughkeepsie, N. Y. , Dec.
18, 1811; died in Albany, N. Y. , June 2, 1881.
From 1848 until his death he was State libra-
rian of New York at Albany. He published
among other works: (Fugitive Poems) (1846);
(Woods and Waters) (1860); (Forest Pictures
in the Adirondacks, poems (1865); (Fronte-
nac); Drawings and Tintings.
Strickland, Agnes. An English historical
writer; born at Reydon Hall, Suffolk, about
1808; died there, July 8, 1874. Her first work,
aided by her sister Susannah, was a volume
of Patriotic Songs,' followed by Worcester
Field, a historical poem. She wrote : Queen
Victoria from her Birth to her Bridal) (1840);
(Historic Scenes and Poetic Fancies) (1850);
"Lives of the Bachelor Kings of England
(1861); "Lives of the Seven Bishops) (1866);
(Lives of the Tudor Princesses) (1868). Her
best works are (Lives of the Queens of Eng.
land) (12 vols. , 1840-48), and Lives of the
Queens of Scotland' (8 vols. , 1850-59).
Strindberg, August (strēnd'berg). A Swed-
ish novelist and dramatist; born in Stock-
holm, Jan. 22, 1849. He is the leading apostle
of naturalism in Sweden. Among his works
are : (Mästar Olof,' a drama; (The Red Room,
a social satire ; (The Secret of the Club); (Mr.
Bengt's Wife); (Fröken Julie) (1889); (The
Keys to the Kingdom of Heaven) (1892); and
the novels (Utopias in Real Life) (1885), and
(In the Offing' (1891).
Strong, Latham Cornell. An American
journalist and verse-writer; born in Trov, N. Y. ,
June 12, 1845; died in Tarrytown, N. Y. , Dec.
17, 1879. He was editorially connected with
the Troy Whig, and contributed verses to other
journals and periodicals, besides a series of
"Letters from Europe. His published volumes
include : (Castle Windows) (1876); Poke o'
Moonshine) (1878); Midsummer Dreams)
(1879); and Pots of Gold.
Strong, Nathan. An American Congrega-
tional clergyman and author; born in Cor.
entry, Conn. , Oct. 16, 1748; died in Hartford,
Conn. , Dec. 25, 1816. He was a chaplain in
the Revolutionary army; projected and sus.
tained the Connecticut Evangelical Magazine
(1800-15); founded and conducted the Con-
necticut Missionary Society (1798-1800); and
compiled the (Hartford Collection of Hymns)
(1799). His published works include two vol-
umes of (Sermons) (1798-1800), and a pam.
phlet, “The Doctrine of Eternal Misery Con.
sistent with the Infinite Benevolence of God'
(1796).
Strother, David Hunter. [“Porte Crayon. ”]
An American writer and illustrator; born in
Martinsburg, Va. , Sept. 16, 1816; died in Charles-
ton, W. Va. , March 8, 1888. He was a colonel
of the Union army in the Civil War. His
series of sketches contributed to Harper's Mag.
azine in the years before the War under the
pen-name “Porte Cravon, illustrated by him-
self, were great popular favorites; they were
republished in book form under the titles (The
Blackwater Chronicle) (1853), and Virginia
Illustrated (1857).
Stryker, Melanchthon Woolsey. An Amer-
ican Presbyterian clergyman and educator;
born in New York, 1851. He has been pres-
ident of Hamilton College since 1892. He has
published : Miriam and Other Verses); Ham-
ilton, Lincoln, and Other Addresses); “The
Letter of James the Just); and many hymns.
Strype, John. An English ecclesiastical his-
torian; born at Stepney, Nov. I, 1643; died at
Hackney, Dec. II, 1737. His works include:
(Annals of the Reformation in England” (4
vols. , 1709-31); Lives of Thomas Cranmer,
Sir Thomas Smith, John Aylmer, Sir John
Cheke, Edmund Grindall, Matthew Parker,
and John Whitgift; and Ecclesiastical Memo-
rials) (3 vols. , 1721).
Stuart, Esmé. An English story-writer :
author of (The Good Old Days) (1875); (The
Belfry of St. Jude: A Story) (1880); (White-
chapel: A Story) (1881); Isabeau's Hero: A
Story of the Revolt of the Cevennes) (1882);
Jessie Dearlove: A Story) (1885); (Muriel's
Marriage (1886); The Goldmakers? (1887);
(Daisy's King) (1888); Joan Vellacot) (1888).
Stuart, Mrs. Ruth McEnery. An American
writer of fiction ; born in 1856. Her published
writings include: (A Golden Wedding, and
Other Tales); Carlotta's Intended, and Other
Stories ); (The Story of Babette); (Solomon
Crow's Christmas Pockets); Pockets, and
Other Tales); etc.
Stub, Ambrosius (stöb). A Danish lyric
poet; born on the Island of Funen, May 1705;
died at Ribe, about 1758. His poems were
all (except one) published after his death
(1771).
*
## p. 511 (#527) ############################################
STUBBS-SUMNER
511
He is the original of the hero of C. K. F. Mol-
beck's romantic drama (Ambrosius.
Stubbs, William. An English historical
writer ; born at Knaresborough, June 21, 1825.
He became bishop of Oxford in 1889. His
great work is (The Constitutional History of
England' (3 vols. , 1874, 1875, and 1878). *
Sturgis, Julian Russell. A British story-
writer; born 1848. He is author of John-a-
Dreams) (1878); (An Accomplished Gentleman
(1879); (Little Comedies) (1882); (Dick’s Wan-
derings) (1882); My Friends and (1884);
(Thraldom(1887).
Sturm, Julius (störm ). A German lyric
poet; born at Köstritz in Reuss, July 21, 1816;
died there, May 2, 1896. He wrote: (Two
Roses; or, the Canticle of Love (1854); (De-
vout Songs and Poems) (1858); Israelite
Songs) (3d ed. 1881); Poems of Battle and
Victory) (1870); (Mirror of the Time in Fa-
bles) (1872); (To the Lord my Song (1884);
(Palm and Crown) (1887); In Joy and in Sor-
row) (1896).
Suckling, Sir John. An English poet; born
at Whitton, Middlesex, in 1608; died in Paris
about 1642. A complete edition of his works
was published in 1874. His love poems should
not be neglected by lovers. *
Sudermann, Hermann (sö'der-man). One
of the most distinguished German dramatists
and novelists of the day; born at Matziken,
East Prussia, Sept. 30, 1857. He published:
(In the Twilight' (1885); “Dame Care) (1886);
Brothers and Sisters) (1887); “Honor) (1888);
(The Cat Bridge) (1889); “The Destruction of
Sodom' (1890); (Home); (Battle of the Butter-
flies); "Jolanthe's Wedding (1892); (Once on
a Time) (1893); (Johannes) (1897); etc. *
Sue, Eugène (sü). A famous French ro-
mancer; born in Paris, Dec. 10, 1804; died at
Annecy, July 3, 1857. He published: (Ker-
nock the Pirate) (1830); "History of the French
Navy) (1835-37); (History of the War Navies
of all Nations) (1841); (The Mysteries of Paris)
(1843); “The Wandering Jew) (1845); (Martin
the Foundling' ( 1847); The Seven Deadly
Sins) (1847–49); The Mysteries of the People )
(1849); (The Jouffroy Family) (1854); (The
Secrets of the Confessional (1858); etc. *
Suetonius -- Caius Suetonius Tranquillus
(swe-to'nē-us). A Latin chronicler, gramma-
rian, and critic, who flourished in the early part
of the second century of our era. He is cele-
brated for his "Lives of the Cæsars. His other
works include: (Illustrious Grammarians);
(Distinguished Orators); and (Lives,' only
partly preserved, of Terence, Horace, Lucan,
Juvenal, and Pliny. *
Suidas (swe'das). The reputed author of an
alphabetically arranged work in Greek, giving
an account of persons and places and expla-
nations of words, besides much miscellaneous
information. The book is referred to as a
"Lexicon,' and bears evidence of having gone
through many hands. It is accompanied by a
prefatory statement that the present book is
by Suidas, but its arrangement is the work of
twelve learned men. Nothing is known of
Suidas, although he is usually placed in the
tenth or eleventh century. The "Lexicon' is
valued for its extracts from ancient writers
whose works have in many cases perished.
Sullivan, James William. An American
writer on social questions; born at Carlisle, Pa. ,
March 9, 1848. He is author of: “Working-
People's Rights) (1885); (A Concept of Politi-
cal Justice (1890); Direct Legislation through
the Initiative and Referendum. (1892),- this
book started the Referendum movement in the
United States; (Tenement Tales of New York)
(1894); "So the World Goes, a series of short
stories (1898).
Sullivan, Thomas Russell. An American
novelist and dramatist; born in Boston, Nov.
21, 1849. His novels include (Tom Sylvester,'
(Roses of Shadow, (Day and Night Stories);
and his plays, “The Catspaw) (1881), «Merely
Players (1886), and a dramatization of Steven-
son's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde) (produced
1886). He was joint author with W. W. Cham-
berlin of Hearts Are Trumps, produced 1878,
and Midsummer Madness, produced 1880.
Sully, Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of
(sü-le'); born at Rosny (Seine-et-Oise), Dec.
13, 1560; died at Villebon, Dec. 22, 1641. He
was the close friend, supporter, and finance
minister of Henry of Navarre. His (Memoirs)
(1634), followed by two posthumous volumes
(1662), are very celebrated.
Sully-Prudhomme, René François Armand
(sü - lē'prüd- um'). A French poet; born at
Paris, May 16, 1839. He has written : Stanzas
and Poems) (1865); (The Broken Vase); (The
Stables of Augeas) ; (The Wildernesses); 'Im-
pressions of War' (collected 1872); “Revolt of
the Flowers) (1874); (Reflections on the Art
of Versification' (1892). *
Sulzer, Johann Georg (söl'tser). A Swiss
art critic; born at Winterthur, Oct. 6, 1720;
died at Berlin, Feb. 25, 1779. His principal
work is (Universal Theory of the Fine Arts)
(2 vols. , 1771-74). His Autobiography) was
published 1809.
Sumarokov, Aleksander Petrovich (sö-mär'.
okov). A Russian playwright; born in Mos-
cow, Nov. 23, 1718; died Oct. 12, 1777. His
tragedy Khorev) (1747) first attracted atten-
tion; it was followed by "Sinav and Truvor)
and (Semira, which added to his fame. He
also wrote comedies, odes, sonnets, madrigals,
epigrams, and fables.
Sumner, Charles. A distinguished Ameri.
can statesman ; born in Boston, Jan. 6, 1811;
died in Washington, D. C. , March 11, 1874.
His collected works, including speeches, ora-
tions, etc. , have been published in a 15-vol.
edition (1870-83). *
Sumner, William Graham. An American
educator and author; born in Paterson, N. J. ,
## p. 512 (#528) ############################################
512
SWEDENBORG – SYLVA
>
Oct. 30, 1840. Since 1872 he has been pro.
fessor of political and social science at Yale.
Among his works are : History of American
Currency) (1874); (Andrew Jackson as a Pub-
lic Man) (1882); (Economic Problems) (1884);
(Protectionism,' collected essays in political
and social science (1885); (The Financier and
Finances of the American Revolution (1891);
and (Robert Morris) (1892).
Swedenborg, Emanuel. The great Swedish
religious mystic, philosopher, and author; born
in Stockholm, Jan. 29, 1688; died there, March
29, 1772. For an adequate account of his lit-
erary works, see article in this Library. ' *
Sweet, Alexander Edwin. An American
journalist; born in St. John, N. B. , March 28,
1841. He served in the Confederate army in
the Civil War; was editor of the San Antonio
(Texas) Herald, and of Texas Siſtings from
1881. He has published (Three Dozen Good
Stories from Texas Siftings); and with J. Am.
ory Knox, "On a Mexican Mustang through
Texas, etc. (1883).
Swetchine, Anne Sophie (svech-en'). A
Russian society dame and letter-writer; born
at Moscow, 1782; died at Paris, Sept. 10, 1857.
At St. Petersburg her drawing-room was fre.
quented by scholars and men of science; after
1815 she resided in Paris. She was the friend
and correspondent of many of the Catholic
notables of France, Joseph de Maistre, Lacor-
daire, De Falloux, etc. Her Life and Works)
was published in 2 vols. ; and her Letters) in
several volumes.
Swett, Sophia Miriam.
An American writer
of stories and juvenile tales ; born in Maine
in 186-, and now living at Arlington, Mass.
She has published: (The Lollipops' Vacation);
(Captain Polly); (Flying Hill Farm); (The
Mate of the Mary Ann'; 'Cap'n Thistletop';
and (The Ponkarty Branch Road.
Swift, Jonathan. A great English prose
satirist; born in Dublin, Nov. 30, 1667; died
there, Oct. 19, 1745. He wrote: (Tale of
a Tub) (1704); (Battle of the Books) (1704);
(Meditation upon a Broomstick) (1704); (Ar-
gument to Prove the Inconvenience of Abol-
ishing Christianity) (1708); Project for the
Advancement of Religion (1708); (Senti-
ments of a Church of England Man) (1708);
(Conduct of the Allies) (1711); (Advice to
the October Club) (1712); Remarks on the
Barrier Treaty) (1712); Public Spirit of the
Whigs ) (1714); (Drapier's Letters) (1724); "Gul-
liver's Travels) (1726); (A Modest Proposal
(1729), for utilizing Irish children as articles
of food; etc.
Swinburne, Algernon Charles. A cele
brated English poet; born in London, April 5,
1837. He has published: (The Queen Mother
and Rosamund (1861); (Atalanta in Calydon)
(1864); "Chastelard (186-); (Poems and Bal-
lads) (1866); (A Song of Italy) (1867); “Ode
on the Proclamation of the French Republic)
(1871); "Songs before Sunrise) (1871); Under
the Microscope) (1872); (Bothwell! (1874);
(Erechtheus) ( 1875 ); Poems and Ballads)
(1878), second series; (Songs of the Spring-
tides); (Songs of Two Nations); (Studies in
Song); (A Century of Roundels); Marino
Faliero'; 'Lochrine); “Tristram of Lyonesse);
( The Sisters'; etc. *
Swinton, John. An American journalist
and writer on social and labor questions; born
in Salton. Haddingtonshire, Scotland, Dec. 12,
1830. In 1857 he came to New York, and sub-
sequently was managing editor of the New York
Sun; and from 1883 to 1887 he published a
weekly journal, John Swinton's Paper, devoted
to labor reform. Among his publications are:
(The New Issue : the Chinese-American Ques-
tion'; A Eulogy on Henry J. Raymond”;
John Swinton's Travels); "Oration on John
Brown); and various pamphlets.
Swinton, William. An American journalist,
educator, and historical writer, brother of John;
born in Salton, Scotland, April 23, 1833; dieci
in 1892. During the Civil War he was war cor-
respondent of the New York Times; and after
1874 he devoted his time to the preparation
of educational works. His writings include:
(Rambles among Words); (Twelve Decisive
Battles of the War'; 'Campaigns of the Army
of the Potomac); Word Analysis); and
"Studies in English Literature. '
Swisshelm, Jane Grey. An American jour.
nalist, reformer, and writer; born near Pitts-
burg, Pa. , Sept. 6, 1815; died in Swissvale, Pa. ,
July 22, 1884. She was among the earliest
advocates of woman's rights; an ardent oppo-
nent of slavery, and while editing the St. Cloud
(Minn. ) Visitor, had her office and press de-
stroyed by a mob for advocating abolitionism.
She was among the first to become a nurse in
the Northern army. Besides voluminous contri.
butions to current periodicals, she published :
(Letters to Country Girls) (1853), and an au-
tobiography, “Half of a Century) (1881).
Sybel, Heinrich von (sē'bel). An eminent
German historian ; born in Düsseldorf, 1817; died
1895. The partisan tone of many of his writ-
ings involved him in controversy. He wrote:
History of the First Crusade) (1841); (The
Development of German Sovereignty) (1844);
History of the Revolutionary Period from 1789
to 1795' (1853-58), which has passed through
many editions and was later brought down to
the year 1800; (The German Nation and the
Empire) (1862); (The Foundation of the Ger.
man Empire through William I. (1889-94),
already in its fifth edition.
Sylva, Carmen (kär'man sil'va), pseudonym
of Elizabeth, Queen of Roumania. A German
poet and story-writer; born at Castle Monrepos
near Neuwied, Dec. 29, 1843. In 1869 she was
married to Charles, then Prince, now King, of
Roumania. Among her works (all in German)
are: (Roumanic Poems) (1881); (Tempests);
(Songs from the Dimbovitza Valley) (1889).
Her tragedy (M Manole' (1892) had a
*
## p. 513 (#529) ############################################
SYMMACHUS – TACITUS
513
brilliant success in the Burgh Teatre, Vienna.
In collaboration with Mite Kremnitz, she has
written some novels: Astra); From Two
Worlds); etc. The gem of the fine tragedy
(Master Manole) is the scene in which are por-
trayed a wife's longings for motherhood. *
Symmachus, Quintus Aurelius (sim'a-kus).
A Roman author and orator; born about 350
A. D. ; died about 405 A. D. Ten books of his
(Letters) are extant, and are of much historical
interest. Fragments of his speeches were dis-
covered by Cardinal Mai, and published in
1815. Symmachus was one of the last cham-
pions of paganism, and seems to have been a
pure and noble character.
Symonds, John Addington. A distinguished
English critic and historian of literature ; born
at Bristol, Oct. 5, 1840; died at Rome, April
19, 1893. He wrote: (Introduction to the Study
of Dante ) (1872); (Studies of the Greek Poets)
(1873); (Sketches in Italy and Greece) (1874);
(The Renaissance in Italy) 17 vols. , 1875-86),
his greatest work; (Sketches and Studies in
Italy (1879); (Shakespeare's Predecessors)
(1884); several volumes of verse both original
and translated ; 'Lives) of Sir Philip Sidney,
Michelangelo, Ben Jonson, Shelley, etc. *
Symons, Arthur. A British literary critic;
born in Wales, 1865; author of Days and
Nights) (1889); “Silhouettes) (1892).
Synesius (si-nē'shus). A Greek bishop,
philosopher, and poet; born in Cyrene, Africa,
about 375; died about 415. He studied phi-
losophy in Alexandria under Hypatia. Among
his works which have survived are several
essays, including one (On Dreams); and a
number of orations, among them that delivered
before the Emperor Arcadius, (On Kingship. '
His hymns have often been translated into
modern languages.
Syrus, Publilius. See Publilius Syrus.
Szalay, Laszlo (säl'i). A Hungarian his.
torian; born at Buda, April 18, 1813; died at
Salzburg, July 17, 1864. He succeeded Kossuth
as editor-in-chief of the Pesti Hirlap, in 1844.
Among his works are History of Hungary)
(6 vols. , 1850–63); (Michael Eszterházy) (2 vols. ,
1862–66); and (The Book of Statesmen,' a col-
lection of political biographies.
Sze-ma or Suma Kwang (sā'ma). One of
the most eminent statesmen and writers of
China, and as a historian second only to Sze-ma
Ts'ien; born in 1009; died 1086. He is re-
nowned as the author of "The Comprehens-
ive Mirror of History,' in 294 books, the labor
of nineteen years. It covers a period from the
beginning of the fourth century B. C. to 960
A. D.
Sze-ma or Sŭ-ma Ts'ien. Author of the first
general history of China; born at Lung-Mun,
in what is now the province of Ho-nan, about
163 B. C. He died in disgrace, about 85 B. C.
In 110 B. C. he succeeded his father, Sze-ma
T'an, as grand recorder and astronomer, and
took up the historical work begun by him. It
was finished in 91 B. C. , and was named (Shih-
ki,' or Historical Records. It covers from 2097
to 104 B. C. He is also noted for reforming the
calendar. The chronology settled on by him
still prevails in China.
Szigligeti, Eduard (sēg-le-get'ē); true name
Joseph Szatmáry. A Hungarian dramatist;
born at Nagy Varad (Grosswardein), March 18,
1814; died at Pesth, Jan. 19, 1878. He wrote
about 100 plays between 1834 and 1872. Sev-
eral of his comedies and tragedies were crowned
by the Academy. Among his best dramas
are : (The Deserter); (A Brace of Pistols);
(The Jew); (The Foundling. He wrote also:
( The Drama and its Different Forms) (1874),
(Biographies of Hungarian Actors) (1878).
T
Tabarî, Abu Djasar Mohammed ibn Djerîr
(tä-bä're). A celebrated Mohammedan theo-
logian and historian; born at Amul in Taberis-
tan, 839; died at Bagdad, 921. His two prin-
cipal writings are : (Tefsir (exegesis), by far
the most authoritative exposition of the doc-
trine of the Koran; and his Annals,' in which
he gives, on a theological basis, the history of
the world from the creation to the year 914.
Tabb, John Banister. An American edu-
cator and author; born in Maryland, 1845. He
is professor of English literature at St. Charles
College, Ellicott City, Md. He has written:
(Poems); (Lyrics); (An Octave to Mary.
Tacitus, Publius Cornelius (tas'it-us). A
great Latin historian; born about 54 A. D. He
was an intimate friend of Pliny the Younger.
The dialogue (De Oratoribus) is his earliest
work; the (Agricola,' a biography of his father-
in-law, C. Julius Agricola, is interesting to Eng-
lish speaking readers on account of the fact
that Agricola spent so much of his time in Brit-
ain; the (Germania,' or "On the Manners of
the Germans,' is of great value for its descrip-
tion of early Germany. Of his History)
only the first four and a half books are extant,
giving the history of the years 69-96 A. D. ; of
the (Annals, beginning at the death of Au-
gustus and ending at the death of Nero (14-68
A. D. ), only the first four books, part of the
fifth, the sixth, and from the middle of the elev.
enth to the middle of the sixteenth, are extant.
Many editions of his works have been published.
The latest English translation is by Church and
Brodribb (London, 1876-77). *
33
## p. 514 (#530) ############################################
514
TACONNET - TALMA
Taconnet, Toussaint Gaspard (tä-ko-nā').
A French dramatist and actor; born at Paris,
1730; died there, 1774. Among his works are :
(The Labyrinth of Love (1749); (All the
World's Friend' ( 1762); the farce-tragedy (The
Death of the Fatted Ox! (1767); "Stanzas on
the Death of Marie, Queen of France) (1768).
Taillandier, Alphonse Honoré (ti-än-dyā').
A French legist; born at Paris, 1797; died there,
1867. His principal works are: Collection
of Ancient French Laws from the Year 420
to the Revolution of 1789) (23 vols. , 1821-30);
(Reflections on the Penal Laws of France
and England? (1824).
Taillandier, René Gaspard Ernest, usually
styled Saint-René Taillandier. A French his-
torian and biographer; born at Paris, Dec. 16,
1817; died there, Feb. 24, 1879. He was ap-
pointed professor of French poetry in the Sor-
bonne, 1863. Among his works are: (Scotus
Erigena and the Scholastic Philosophy) (1843);
(Studies on the Revolution in Germany' (1853);
(The Countess of Albany) (1862); Maurice
de Saxe) (1865); (Ten Years of the History of
Germany) (1875); (King Leopold and Queen
Victoria) (1878).
Taillepied, Noël (ti-pyā'). A French his-
torical writer ; born in Normandy, 1540; died
at Angers, 1589. His principal works are :
Abridgment of the Philosophy of Aristotle)
(1583); History of the State and Common-
wealth of the Druids) (1585); (Collection of
the Antiquities and Curiosities of the City of
Rouen) (1587); (Treatise on the Apparition of
Ghosts) (1602).
Tailliar, Eugène François Joseph (ti-är').
A French juristic writer; born at Douai, 1803;
died there, July 8, 1878. Among his writings
are : “Essay on the History of the Institutions
of Northern France in the Celtic Era) (1852);
(Usages and Ancient Customs of the County
of Guysnes) (1856); “Essay on the History of
Institutions) (1859).
Taine, Hippolyte Adolphe (tān). A cele-
brated French historian and critic; born at
Vouziers (Ardennes), April 21, 1828; died at
Paris, March 5, 1893. He published : Essay
on La Fontaine's Fables) (1853); Essay on
Livy) (1854); "Journey to the Pyrenees) (1855);
(French Philosophers in the Nineteenth Cen-
tury) (1856); Essays in Criticism and His-
tory) (1857 ); Notes on England) ( 1861 );
(Contemporary English Writers) (1863); (His-
tory of English Literature) (1864); English
Idealism) (1864); (English Positivism) (1864);
(New Essays in Criticism and History) (1865);
(Philosophy of Art) (1865); Philosophy of Art
in Italy) (1866); ( Tour in Italy, Naples, Rome,
Florence, and Venice) (1866); ( Notes on Paris)
(1867); (The Ideal in Art) (1867); Philosophy
of Art in the Low Countries) (1868); Phi.
losophy of Art in Greece) (1870); (On the
Understanding) ( 1870 ); (Universal Suffrage
and the Method of Voting' (1871); 'Beginnings
of Contemporary France,' a series of works
comprising «The Old Régime) (1875), An-
archy) (1878), «The Revolutionary Govern-
ments) (1884), “The Modern Régime) (1890).
The last-named was left not quite complete;
the sixth volume was posthumously published,
after revision by Sorel, in 1894. "Last Essays
in Criticism and History) (1894) is a volume
of miscellany. *
Tait, Archibald Campbell. An English
Churchman and theological writer; born in
Edinburgh, Dec. 22, 1811; died in London,
Dec. 3, 1882. He was educated at Glasgow
and Oxford Universities; was one of the lead-
ing opponents of the Tractarians or Puseyites;
took orders in the Church of England; was
head-master of Rugby School, dean of Car-
lisle, bishop of London, and Archbishop of
Canterbury from 1868 to his death. He was
author of "The Dangers and Safeguards of
Modern Theology) (1861), and "The Word of
God and the Ground of Faith) (1863), besides
addresses and sermons. His life was published
by Davidson and Benham (2 vols. , 1891).
Talbot, Charles Remington. An American
Episcopal clergyman and juvenile-story writer;
born 1851; died 1891. His works include:
Honor Bright); Miltiades Peterkin Paul);
(Royal Louise); (Romulus and Remus); (A
Midshipman at Large); «The Impostor); (A
Romance of the Revolution. '
Talfourd, Sir Thomas Noon. An English
statesman and author; born at Doxey, near
Stafford, Jan. 26, 1795; died at Stafford, March
13, 1854. He published many speeches and
essays, some of which have been collected
under the title (Critical and Miscellaneous Es-
says) (1842). Among his other works are:
(Poems on Various Subjects) (1811); (An
Attempt to Estimate the Poetical Talent of
the Present Age) (1815); (History of Greek
Literature); “History of Greece) and History
of the Roman Republic); Memoirs and Cor.
respondence of Charles Lamb' (1837); (Final
Memorials of Charles Lamb) (1848); four tra-
gedies, the first two of which had a stage suc-
cess, -(Ion (1835), «The Athenian Captive)
(1838), "Glencoe) (1840), and (The Castilian)
(1854); (Recollections of a First Visit to the
Alps) (1842); Vacation Rambles) (1844); and
Supplement to Vacation Rambles) (1846).
Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles Maurice de
(täl-ā-ran'-per-e-gôr'), Prince of Benevento. A
celebrated French diplomat; born at Paris,
Feb. 13, 1754; died at Valençay, May 17,
1838. His Memoirs) were first published in
1891-92 (5 vols. ); his (Correspondence with
Louis XVIII. , during the Congress of Vienna,
was published in 1881; his "Diplomatic Corre-
spondence) in 1889-91 (3 vols. ); and Unpub-
lished Letters of Tallyrand to Napoleon, 1800-
1809, in 1889.
Talma, Joseph François (täl-mä'). A great
French actor and writer; born in Paris, Jan.
15, 1763; died Oct. 19, 1826. He was educated
at Mazarin College, and afterwards went to
a
## p. 515 (#531) ############################################
TALMAGE-TASSO
515
(
London with his father, a dentist; studied in
the hospitals there, and on returning to Paris
was apprenticed to a dentist. He had been on
the stage, however, both in London and Paris,
and made his professional début Nov. 21, 1787,
at the Comédie Française. He founded, with
a few others, the theatre afterwards known as
the Théâtre de la République. He won his
fame as a tragedian, but made many improve-
ments in the naturalness of stage productions.
He wrote: (Mémoires de Le Kain, et Réflex-
ions sur cet Acteur et sur l’Art Théatral)
(1825), which was republished in 1856 under a
slightly different title. His own Mémoires)
were edited by Alexandre Dumas (1856).
Talmage, Thomas De Witt. An American
Presbyterian clergyman, lecturer, and educator;
born at Bound Brook, N. J. , Jan. 7, 1832. He
became pastor of Brooklyn Tabernacle, 1869,
and is now connected with Lincoln Memorial
Church, Washington, D. C. He is the author
of many essays, addresses, and sketches, upon
moral and religious subjects, and several vol-
umes of sermons.
