No More Learning

Then casting his stern eyes round all the officers of the Etrurians in a threat ening manner, he sometimes challenged them singly, sometimes reproached them all; "the slaves of haughty tyrants, who, re gardless of their own freedom, came to oppress the liberty of others. " They hesitated for a considerable time, looking round one at the other, to commence the fight; shame then put the
28 HORATIUS AT THE BRIDGE.
army in motion, and a shout being raised, they hurl their weapons from all sides on their single adversary; and when they all stuck in the shield held before him, and he with no less obstinacy kept possession of the bridge with firm step, they now endeavored to thrust him down from it by one push, when at once the crash of the falling bridge, at the same time a shout of the Romans raised for joy at having completed their purpose, checked their ardor with sudden panic. Then Codes says, " Holy father Tiberinus, I pray that thou wouldst receive these arms, and this thy soldier, in thy propitious stream. " Armed as he was, he leaped into the Tiber, and amid showers of darts hurled on him, swam across safe to his party, having dared an act which is likely to obtain more fame than credit with posterity.
The state was grateful towards such valor; a statue was erected to him in the comitium, and as much land was given to him as he plowed around in one day. The zeal of private individuals also was conspicuous among the public honors. For, amid the great scarcity, each person contributed something to him according to his supply at home, depriving himself of his own support.
n.
By THOMAS BABINGTON MACAULAY.
[For biographical sketch, see Vol. 2, p. 387. ]
There can be little doubt that among those parts of early Roman history which had a poetical origin was the legend of Horatius Codes. We have several versions of the story, and these versions differ from each other in points of no small im portance. Polybius, there is reason to believe, heard the tale recited over the remains of some consul or praetor descended from the old Horatian patricians; for he introduces it as a specimen of the narratives with which the Romans were in the habit of embellishing their funeral oratory. It is remarkable that, according to him, Horatius defended the bridge alone, and perished in the waters. According to the chronicles which Livy and Dionysius followed, Horatius had two companions, swam safe to shore, and was loaded with honors and rewards.
These discrepancies are easily explained. Our own litera
HORATIUS AT THE BRIDGE. 29
ture, indeed, will furnish an exact parallel to what may have taken place at Rome. It is highly probahle that the memory of the war of Porsena was preserved by compositions much resembling the two ballads which stand first in the " Relics of Ancient English Poetry. " In both those ballads the English, commanded by the Percy, fight with the Scots, commanded by the Douglas. In one of the ballads the Douglas is killed by a nameless English archer, and the Percy by a Scottish spearman : in the other, the Percy slays the Douglas in single combat, and is himself made prisoner. In the former, Sir Hugh Montgomery is shot through the heart by a Northumbrian bowman : in the latter he is taken, and exchanged for the Percy. Yet both the ballads relate to the same event, and that an event which prob ably took place within the memory of persons who were alive when both the ballads were made. One of the minstrels says : —
Old men that knowen the grounde well yenoughe Call it the battell of Otterbuxn :
At Otterburn began this spume
Upon a monnyn day.
Ther was the dougghte Doglas slean : The Perse never went away.
The other poet sums up the event in the following lines : —
Thys fraye bygan at Otterbome Bytwene the nyghte and the day : Ther the Dowglas lost hys lyfe, And the Percy was lede away.
It is by no means unlikely that there were two old Roman lays about the defense of the bridge ; and that, while the story which Livy has transmitted to us was preferred by the multi tude, the other, which ascribed the whole glory to Horatius alone, may have been the favorite with the Horatian house.
The following ballad is supposed to have been made about a hundred and twenty years after the war which it celebrates, and just before the taking of Rome by the Gauls. The author seems to have been an honest citizen, proud of the military glory of his country, sick of the disputes of factions, and much given to pining after good old times which had never really existed. The allusion, however, to the partial manner in which the public lands were allotted could proceed only from a plebeian ; and the allu sion to the fraudulent sale of spoils marks the date of the poem, and shows that the poet shared in the general discontent with
30 HORATIUS AT THE BRIDGE.
which the proceedings of Camillus, after the taking of Veii, were regarded.
Niebuhr's supposition that each of the three defenders of the bridge was the representative of one of the three patrician tribes is both ingenious and probable, and has been adopted in the following poem.
Hobatius.
a lay hade about the year of the city ccclx.
X.
Lars Porsena of Clusium
By the Nine Gods he swore
That the great house of Tarquin Should suffer wrong no more.
By the Nine Gods he swore And named a trysting day,
And bade his messengers ride forth, East and west and south and north,
To summon his array.
East and west and south and north The messengers ride fast,
And tower and town and cottage Have heard the trumpet's blast.
Shame on the false Etruscan Who lingers in his home,
When Porsena of Clusium
Is on the march for Rome.
ni.
The horsemen and the footmen Are pouriug in amain
From many stately market place From many fruitful plain
From many a lonely hamlet, Which, hid by beech and pine,
Like an eagle's nest, hangs on the crest Of purple Apennine
rv.
From lordly Volaterrae,
Where scowls the far-famed hold
;
a a
;
it,
;
HORATIUS AT THE BRIDGE.
Piled by the hands of giants For godlike kings of old;
From seagirt Populonia, Whose sentinels descry
Sardinia's snowy mountain tops Fringing the southern sky ;
T.
From the proud mart of Pisae, Queen of the western waves,
Where ride Massilia's triremes Heavy with fair-haired slaves ;
From where sweet Clanis wanders Through corn and vines and flowers ;
From where Cortona lifts to heaven Her diadem of towers.
vx
Tall are the oaks whose acorns Drop in dark Auser's rill ;
Fat are the stags that champ the boughs Of the Ciminian hill ;
Beyond all streams Clitumnus Is to the herdsman dear ;
Best of all pools the fowler loves The great Volsinian mere.
TO.
But now no stroke of woodman Is heard by Auser's rill ;
No hunter tracks the stag's green path Up the Ciminian hill ;
Unwatched along Clitumnus Grazes the milk-white steer ;
Unharmed the waterfowl may dip In the Volsinian mere.
VIII.
The harvests of Arretium,
This year, old men shall reap, This year, young boys in Umbro
Shall plunge the struggling sheep; And in the vats of Luna,
This year, the must shall foam Round the white feet of laughing girls Whose sires have marched to Rome.
HORATIUS AT THE BRIDGE.
There be thirty chosen prophets, The wisest of the land,
Who alway by Lars Porsena
Both morn and evening stand :
Evening and morn the Thirty Have turned the verses o'er,
Traced from the right on linen white By mighty seers of yore.
x.
And with one voice the Thirty
" Have their glad answer given :
Go forth, go forth, Lars Porsena ; Go forth, beloved of Heaven ;
Go, and return in glory
To Clusium's royal dome ;
And hang round Nurscia's altars The golden shields of Kome. "
And now hath every city Sent up her tale of men ;
The foot are fourscore thousand, The horse are thousands ten.
Before the gates of Sutrium Is met the great array.
A proud man was Lars Porsena Upon the trysting day.
XII.
For all the Etruscan armies Were ranged beneath his eye,
And many a banished Roman, And many a stout ally ;
And with a mighty following To join the muster came
The Tusculan Mamilius, Prince of the Latian name.
XIII.
But by the yellow Tiber Was tumult and affright :
From all the spacious champaign To Rome men took their flight.
HORATIUS AT THE BRIDGE.
A mile around the city,
The throng stopped up the ways ;
A fearful sight it was to see
Through two long nights and days.
XIV.
For aged folks on crutches, And women great with child,
And mothers sobbing over babes That clung to them and smiled,
And sick men borne in litters High on the necks of slaves,
And troops of sunburned husbandmen With reaping hooks and staves,
xv.
And droves of mules and asses Laden with skins of wine,
And endless flocks of goats and sheep, And endless herds of kine,
And endless trains of wagons
That creaked beneath the weight
Of corn sacks and of household goods, Choked every roaring gate.
XVI.
Now, from the rock Tarpeian, Could the wan burghers spy
The line of blazing villages Red in the midnight sky.
The Fathers of the City, They sat all night and day,
For every hour some horseman came With tidings of dismay.
XVII.
To eastward and to westward Have spread the Tuscan bands ; Nor house, nor fence, nor dovecote
In Crustumerium stands. Verbenna down to Ostia
Hath wasted all the plain ; Astur hath stormed Janiculum,
And the stout guards are slain. vol. in. —3
HORATIUS AT THE BRIDGE.
XVIII.
I wis, in all the Senate,
There was no heart so bold,
But sore it ached, and fast it beat, When that ill news was told.
Forthwith uprose the Consul, Uprose the Fathers all ;
In haste they girded up their gowns, And hied them to the wall.
XIX.
They held a council standing Before the River Gate ;
Short time was there, ye well may guess, For musing or debate.
Out spake the Consul roundly :
"The bridge must straight go down;
For, since Janiculum is lost, Naught else can save the town. "
xx.
Just then a scout came flying,
" All wild with haste and fear : To arms ! to arms ! Sir Consul:
Lars Porsena is here. "
On the low hills to westward
The Consul fixed his eye,
And saw the swarthy storm of dust
Rise fast along the sky.
XXI.
And nearer fast and nearer
Doth the red whirlwind come ;
And louder still and still more loud, From underneath that rolling cloud,
Is heard the trumpet's war note proud,
The trampling, and the hum. And plainly and more plainly
Now through the gloom appears, Far to left and far to right,
In broken gleams of dark blue light, The long array of helmets bright,
The long array of spears.
HORATIUS AT THE BRIDGE.
XXII.
And plainly and more plainly, Above that glimmering line, Now might ye see the banners
Of twelve fair cities shine ; But the banner of proud Clusium
Was highest of them all, The terror of the Umbrian,
The terror of the Gaul.
XXIII.
And plainly and more plainly Now might the burghers know,
By port and vest, by horse and crest, Each warlike Lucumo.
There Cilnius of Arretium
On his fleet roan was seen ;
And Astur of the fourfold shield,
Girt with the brand none else may wield, Tolumnius with the belt of gold,
And dark Verbenna from the hold
By reedy Thrasymene.
XXIV.
Fast by the royal standard, O'erlooking all the war,
Lars Porsena of Clusium Sat in his ivory car.
By the right wheel rode Mamilius, Prince of the Latian name ;
And by the left false Sextus,
That wrought the deed of shame.
xxv.
But when the face of Sextus Was seen among the foes,
A yell that rent the firmament From all the town arose.
On the house tops was no woman But spat towards him and hissed,
No child but screamed out curses, And shook its little fist
HORATIUS AT THE BRIDGE.
XXVI.
But the Consul's brow was sad,
And the Consul's speech was low,
And darkly looked he at the wall " And darkly at the foe.
Their van will be upon us Before the bridge goes down;
And if they once may win the bridge, What hope to save the town ? "
XXVII.
Then outspake brave Horatius, " The Captain of the Gate :
To every man upon this earth Death cometh soon or late.
And how can man die better Than facing fearful odds, For the ashes of his fathers,
And the temples of his Gods,
XXVIII.
"And for the tender mother Who dandled him to rest,
And for the wife who nurses His baby at her breast, And for the holy maidens
Who feed the eternal flame, To save them from false Sextus
That wrought the deed of shame ?
XXIX.
" Hew down the bridge, Sir Consul, With all the speed ye may;
I, with two more to help me, Will hold the foe in play.
In yon strait path a thousand May well be stopped by three.
Now who will stand on either hand, And keep the bridge with me ? "
Then outspake Spurius Lartius ; A Kamnian proud was he :
" Lo, I will stand at thy right hand, And keep the bridge with thee. "
HORATIUS AT THE BRIDGE.
And outspake strong Herminius ; Of Titian blood was he:
" I will abide on thy left side,
And keep the bridge with thee. "
XXXI.
" Horatius," quoth the Consul, "As thou say est, so let it be. "
And straight against that great array Forth went the dauntless Three.
For Romans in Rome's quarrel Spared neither land nor gold,
Nor son nor wife, nor limb nor life, In the brave days of old.
XXXII.
Then none was for a party ; Then all were for the state ;
Then the great man helped the poor, And the poor man loved the great :
Then lands were fairly portioned ; Then spoils were fairly sold : The Romans were like brothers
In the brave days of old.
Now Roman is to Roman More hateful than a foe,
And the Tribunes beard the high, And the Fathers grind the low.
As we wax hot in faction, In battle we wax cold :
Wherefore men fight not as they fought In the brave days of old.
xxxrv.
Now while the Three were tightening Their harness on their backs,
The Consul was the foremost man To take in hand an ax :
And Fathers mixed with Commons Seized hatchet, bar, and crow, And smote upon the planks above,
And loosed the props below.
HORATIUS AT THE BRIDGE.
XXIV.
Meanwhile the Tuscan army, Right glorious to behold
Came flashing back the noonday light, Rank behind rank, like surges bright
Of a broad sea of gold.
Four hundred trumpets sounded
A peal of warlike glee,
As that great host, with measured tread, And spears advanced, and ensigns spread, Rolled slowly towards the bridge's head,
Where stood the dauntless Three.
xxxvi.
The Three stood calm and silent, And looked upon the foes,
And a great shout of laughter From all the vanguard rose :
And forth three chiefs came spurring Before that deep array ;
To earth they sprang, their swords they drew, And lifted high their shields, and flew
To win the narrow way ;
XXXVII.
Aunus from green Tifernum, Lord of the Hill of Vines ;
And Seius, whose eight hundred slaves Sicken in Ilva's mines ;
And Picus, long to Clusium Vassal in peace and war,
Who led to fight his Umbrian powers
From that gray crag where, girt with towers, The fortress of Nequinum lowers
O'er the pale waves of Nar.
XXXVIII.
Stout Lartius hurled down Aunus Into the stream beneath :
Herminius struck at Seius, And clove him to the teeth :
At Pious brave Horatius Darted one fiery thrust ;
And the proud Umbrian's gilded arms Clashed in the bloody dust.
HORATIUS AT THE BRIDGE.
XXXIX.
Then Ocnus of Falerii
Rushed on the Roman Three ;
And Lausulus of Urgo, The rover of the sea ;
And Aruns of Volsinium,
Who slew the great wild boar,
The great wild boar that had his den Amidst the reeds of Cosa's fen,
And wasted fields, and slaughtered men,
Along Albinia's shore.
XL.
Herminius smote down Aruns : Lartius laid Ocnus low :
Right to the heart of Lausulus Horatius sent a blow.
"Lie there," he cried, "fell pirate! No more, aghast and pale,
From Ostia's walls the crowd shall mark The track of thy destroying bark.
No more Campania's hinds shall fly
To woods and caverns when they spy
Thy thrice accursed sail. "
XLI.
But now no sound of laughter Was heard among the foes.
A wild and wrathful clamor From all the vanguard rose.
Six spears' length from the entrance Halted that deep array,
And for a space no man came forth To win the narrow way.
XLII.
But hark ! the cry is Astur : And lo ! the ranks divide ;
And the great Lord of Luna Comes with his stately stride.
Upon his ample shoulders
Clangs loud the fourfold shield,
And in his hand he shakes the brand Which none but he can wield.
HORATIUS AT THE BRIDGE.
xxm.
He smiled on those bold Romans A smile serene and high ;
He eyed the flinching Tuscans, And scorn was in his eye.
Quoth he, " The she-wolf's litter Stand savagely at bay :
But will ye dare to follow, If Astur clears the way? "
XXIV.
Then, whirling up his broadsword With both hands to the height,
He rushed against Horatius, And smote with all his might. With shield and blade Horatius
Right deftly turned the blow.
The blow, though turned, came yet too nigh ; It missed his helm, but gashed his thigh : The Tuscans raised a joyful cry
To see the red blood flow.
XLV.
He reeled, and on Herminius
He leaned one breathing space ;
Then, like a wild cat mad with wounds, Sprang right at Astur's face.
Through teeth, and skull, and helmet So fierce a thrust he sped,
The good sword stood a handbreadth out Behind the Tuscan's head.
XL VI.
And the gTeat Lord of Luna Fell at that deadly stroke, As falls on Mount Alvernus
A thunder-smitten oak. Far o'er the crashing forest
The giant arms lie spread ;
And the pale augurs, muttering low,
Gaze on the blasted head.
XLVH.
On Astur's throat Horatius Right firmly pressed his heel,
HORATIUS AT THE BRIDGE.
And thrice and four times tugged amain, Ere he wrenched out the steel.
"And see," he cried, "the welcome, Fair guests, that waits you here !
What noble Lucumo comes next To taste our Roman cheer ? "
XXVIII.
But at his haughty challenge A sullen murmur ran,
Mingled of wrath, and shame, and dread, Along that glittering van.
There lacked not men of prowess, Nor men of lordly race ;
For all Etruria's noblest
Were round the fatal place.
XLIX.
But all Etruria's noblest
Felt their hearts sink to see
On the earth the bloody corpses,
In the path the dauntless Three :
And, from the ghastly entrance Where those bold Romans stood, All shrank, like boys who unaware,
Ranging the woods to start a hare, Gome to the mouth of the dark lair Where, growling low, a fierce old bear
Lies amidst bones and blood.
L.
Was none who would be foremost To lead such dire attack :
But those behind cried "Forward! " And those before cried " Back ! "
And backward now and forward Wavers the deep array ;
And on the tossing sea of steel, To and fro the standards reel ; And the victorious trumpet peal
Dies fitfully away.
LI.
Yet one man for one moment Stood out before the crowd ;
HORATIUS AT THE BRIDGE.
Well known was he to all the Three, " And they gave him greeting loud. Now welcome, welcome, Sextus !
Now welcome to thy home !
Why dost thou stay, and turn away ?
Here lies the road to Borne. " LII.
Thrice looked he at the city ; Thrice looked he at the dead ;
And thrice came on in fury,
And thrice turned back in dread :
And, white with fear and hatred, Scowled at the narrow way
Where, wallowing in a pool of blood, The bravest Tuscans lay.
un.
But meanwhile ax and lever Have manfully been plied ;
And now the bridge hangs tottering " Above the boiling tide. "
Come back, come back, Horatius ! Loud cried the Fathers all.
"Back, Lartius! back, Herminius! Back, ere the ruin fall ! "
LIV.
Back darted Spurius Lartius ; Herminius darted back :
And, as they passed, beneath their feet They felt the timbers crack.
But when they turned their faces, And on the farther shore
Saw brave Horatius stand alone,
They would have crossed once more
LV.
But with a crash like thunder Fell every loosened beam,
And, like a dam, the mighty wreck Lay right athwart the stream :
And a long shout of triumph Rose from the walls of Rome,
As to the highest turret tops
Was splashed the yellow foam.
IIORATIUS AT THE BRIDGE.
LVI.
And, like a horse unbroken When first he feels the rein,
The furious river struggled hard, And tossed his tawny mane,
And burst the curb, and bounded, Rejoicing to be free,
And whirling down, in fierce career, Battlement, and plank, and pier,
Rushed headlong to the sea.
LVII.
Alone stood brave Horatius, But constant still in mind ;
Thrice thirty thousand foes before, And the broad flood behind.
"Down with him ! " cried false Sextus, With a smile on his pale face.
"Now yield thee," cried Lars Porsena, " Now yield thee to our grace. "
LVIII.
Round turned he, as not deigning Those craven ranks to see ;
Naught spake he to Lars Porsena, To Sextus naught spake he }
But he saw on Palatinus
The white porch of his home ;
And he spake to the noble river That rolls by the towers of Rome.
MX.
"Oh, Tiber! father Tiber!
To whom the Romans pray,
A Roman's life, a Roman's arms," Take thou in charge this day !
So he spake, and speaking sheathed
The good sword by his side, And with his harness on his back,
Plunged headlong in the tide.
LX.
No sound of joy or sorrow
Was heard from either bank ;
But friends and foes in dumb surprise,
HORATIUS AT THE BRIDGE.
With parted lips and straining eyes, Stood gazing where he sank ;
And when above the surges They saw his crest appear,
All Rome sent forth a rapturous cry, And even the ranks of Tuscany
Could scarce forbear to cheer.
IiXL
But fiercely ran the current, Swollen high by months of rain :
And fast his blood was flowing ; And he was sore in pain,
And heavy with his armor,
And spent with changing blows : And oft they thought him sinking,
But still again he rose.
LXII.
Never, I ween, did swimmer, In such an evil case,
Struggle through such a raging flood Safe to the landing place :
But his limbs were borne up bravely By the brave heart within,
And our good father Tiber Bore bravely up his chin.
"am
"Curse on him ! quoth false Sextus; "Will not the villain drown ?
But for this stay, ere close of day " We should have sacked the town !
" Heaven help him ! " quoth Lars Porsena, " And bring him safe to shore ;
For such a gallant feat of arms Was never seen before. "
LXIV.
And now he feels the bottom ; Now on dry earth he stands ;
Now round him throng the Fathers To press his gory hands ;
And now, with shouts and clapping, And noise of weeping loud,
IIORATIUS AT THE BRIDGE.
He enters through the Kiver Gate, Borne by the joyous crowd.
LXV.
They gave him of the corn land, That was of public right,
As much as two strong oxen
Could plow from morn till night ;
And they made a molten image, And set it up on high,
And there it stands unto this day To witness if I lie.
lxvi.
It stands in the Comitium Plain for all folk to see ;
Horatius in his harness, Halting upon one knee : And underneath is written,
In letters all of gold,
How valiantly he kept the bridge
In the brave days of old.
LXVII.
And still his name sounds stirring Unto the men of Rome,
As the trumpet blast that cries to them To charge the Volscian home ;
And wives still pray to Juno For boys with hearts as bold
As his who kept the bridge so well In the brave days of old.
IiXVTII.
And in the nights of winter,
When the cold north winds blow, And the long howling of the wolves
Is heard amidst the snow ; When round the lonely cottage Roars loud the tempest's din,
And the good logs of Algidus Boar louder yet within ;
THE POET'S FUNCTION.
LXIX.
When the oldest cask is opened, And the largest lamp is lit ;
When the chestnuts glow in the embers, And the kid turns on the spit ;
When young and old in circle Around the firebrands close ;
When the girls are weaving baskets, And the lads are shaping bows ;
LXX.
When the goodman mends his armor, And trims his helmet's plume ;
When the goodwife's shuttle merrily Goes flashing through the loom ;
With weeping and with laughter Still is the story told,
How well Horatius kept the bridge In the brave days of old.
THE POET'S FUNCTION. x.
By ARTHUR O'SHAUGHNESSY.
We are the music makers,
And we are the dreamers of dreams,
Wandering by lone sea breakers, — And sitting by desolate streams :
World losers and world forsakers, On whom the pale moon gleams ; Yet we are the makers and shakers
Of the world forever, it seems.
With wonderful, deathless ditties We build up the world's great cities,
And out of a fabulous story
We fashion an empire's glory : One man with a dream, at pleasure,
Shall go forth and conquer a crown ; And three with a new song's measure
Can trample a kingdom down.
THE POET'S FUNCTION.
We, in the ages lying
In the buried past of the earth,
Built Nineveh with our sighing, And Babel itself with our mirth ;
And o'erthrow them with prophesying
To the Old of the New World's worth:
For each age is a dream that is dying, Or one that is coming to birth.
it
By ARTHUR HUGH CLOUGH.
Come, poet, come !
A thousand laborers ply their task,
And what it tends to, scarcely ask.
And trembling thinkers on the brink Shiver, and know not what to think.
To tell the purport of their pain,
And what our silly joys contain ;
In lasting lineaments portray
The substance of the shadowy day 5
Our real and inner deeds rehearse,
And make our meaning clear in verse — Come, poet, come ! for but in vain
We do the work or feel the pain,
And gather up the evening gain,
Unless before the end thou come
To take, ere they are lost, their sum.
Come, poet, come !
To give an utterance to the dumb,
And make vain babblers silent, come :
A thousand dupes point here and there, Bewildered by the show and glare j
And wise men half have learned to doubt Whether we are not best without.
Come, Poet ! both but wait to see
Their error proved to them in thee.
Come, poet, come !
In vain I seem to call. And yet Think not the living times forget. Ages of heroes fought and fell That Homer in the end might tell 5 O'er groveling generations past Upstood the Doric fane at last j
48
CORIOLANUS.
And countless hearts on countless years Had wasted thoughts, and hopes, and fears, Rude laughter and unmeaning tears,
Ere England Shakespeare saw, or Rome The pure perfection of her dome.
Others, I doubt not, if not we,
The issue of our toils shall see ;
Young children gather as their own
The harvest that the dead had sown —
The dead forgotten and unknown.
CORIOLANUS.
By PLUTARCH. (Translated by Sir Thomas North. )
[Pltjtahch : A Greek writer of biographies and miscellaneous works ; born about a. d. 60. He came of a wealthy and distinguished family and received a careful philosophical training at Athens under the Peripatetic philosopher Ammonius. After this he made several journeys, and stayed a considerable time in Rome, where he enjoyed friendly intercourse with persons of distinction, and conducted the education of the future Emperor Hadrian. He died about a. d. 120 in his native town, in which he held the office of archon and priest of the Pythian Apollo. His fame as an author is founded upon the celebrated " Parallel Lives," consisting of the biographies of forty-six Greeks and Romans, divided into pairs. Each pair contains the life of a Greek and a Roman, and generally ends with a comparison of the two. Plutarch's other writings, more than sixty short treatises on a great variety of subjects, are grouped under the title of "Morals,"]
Caius Martius, whose life we intend now to write, being left an Orphan by his Father, was brought up under his Mother, a Widow, who taught us by experience that Orphanage bring- eth many discommodities to a Childe, but doth not hinder him to become an honest man, and to excell in vertue above the common sort : as they that are dearly borne, wrongfully do com- plaine, that it is the occasion of their casting away, for that no man in their youth taketh any care of them to see them well brought up, and taught that were meete. This man also is a good proofe to confirme some mens opinions : That a rare and excellent wit untaught, doth bring forth many good and evill things together ; as a fat soyle that lieth unmanured bringeth forth both herbes and weedes. For this Martius naturall wit and great heart did marvellously stirre up his courage to do
Coriolanus
Photogravure from the painting in the Boydell Gallery
CORIOLANUS. 49
and attempt notable acts. But on the other side for lack of education, he was so cholericke and impatient, that he would yeeld to no living creature ; which made him churlish, uncivill, and altogether unfit for any mans conversation. Yet men marvelling much at his constancy, that he was never overcome with pleasure, nor money, and how he would endure easily all manner of paines and travels : thereupon they well liked and commended his stoutness and temperancy. But for all that, they could not be acquainted with him, as one Citizen useth to be with another in the City ; his behavior was so unpleasant to them by reason of a certaine insolent and sterne manner he had, which because he was too Lordly, was disliked. And to say truly, the greatest benefit that Learning bringeth unto men, is this : that it teacheth men that be rude and rough of nature, by compasse and rule of reason, to be civill and courte ous, and to like better the meane state, than the higher. . . .
Now he being growne to great credit and authority in Rome for his valiantnesse, it fortuned there grew sedition in the City, because the Senate did favour the rich against the People, who did complaine of the sore oppression of Usurers, of whom they borrowed money. For those that had little were yet spoiled of that little they had by their Creditors, for lacke of ability to pay the usury: who offered their goods to be sold to them that would give most. And such as had nothing left, their bodies were laid hold on, and they were made their Bondmen, notwith standing all the wounds and cuts they shewed, which they had received in many Battels, fighting for defence of their Countrey and Commonwealth : of the which the last Warre they made was against the Sabynes, wherein they fought upon the prom ise the rich men had made them, that from thenceforth they would intreat them more gently, and also upon the word of Marcus Valerius Chiefe of the Senate, who by Authority of the Councell, and in behalfe of the rich, said they should performe that they had promised. But after that tbey had faithfully served in this last Battell of all, where they overcame their Enemies, seeing they were never a whit the better ; nor more gently intreated, and that the Senate would give no care to them, but made as though they had forgotten their former promise, and suffered them to be made Slaves and Bond-men to their Creditors ; and besides, to be turned out of all that ever they had : they fell then even to flat rebellion and mutiny, and to stir up dangerous tumults within the City.
VOL. III. —4
60 CORIOLANUS.
The Romans Enemies hearing of this rebellion, did straight enter the Territories of Rome with a marvellous great Power, spoiling and burning all as they came. Whereupon the Senate immediately made open Proclamation by sound of Trumpet, That all those that were of lawf ull age to carry Weapon, should come and enter their names into the Muster-masters Booke, to go to the Warres : but no man obeyed their commandment. Whereupon their chiefe Magistrates, and many of the Senate, began to be of divers opinions among themselves. For some thought it was reason, they should somewhat yeeld to the poore Peoples request, and that they should a little qualifie the severity of the Law. Other held hard against that opinion, and that was Martius for one. For he alleged, that the Cred itors losing their Money they had lent, was not the worst thing that was herein : but that the lenity that was favoured, was a beginning of disobedience, and that the proud attempt of Com monalty, was to abolish Law, and to bring all to confusion. Therefore he said, if the Senate were wise, they should betimes prevent and quench this ill favoured and worse meant begin ning. The Senate met many daies in consultation about it: but in the end they concluded nothing.
The poore common People seeing no redresse, gathered themselves one day together, and one encouraging another, they all forsooke the City, and encamped themselves upon a hill, called at that day the holy hill along the River of Tiber, offering no creature any hurt or violence, or making any shew of actuall rebellion, saving that they cried as they went up and downe, that the rich men had driven them out of the City, and that throughout all Italy they might finde aire, water, and ground to bury them in. Moreover they said, to dwell at Rome was nothing else but to be slaine, or hurt with continuall Warres, and fighting for defence of the rich mens Goods. The Senate being afraid of their departure, did send unto them cer tain of the pleasantest old men, and the most acceptable to the People among them. Of those Menenius Agrippa was he, who was sent for chiefe man of the Message from the Senate. He after many good perswasions and gentle requests made to the People, on the behalfe of the Senate, knit up his Oration in the end, with a notable tale in this manner.
That on a time all the Members of mans body did rebell against the belly, complaining of it, that it onely remained in the midst of the body, without doing anything, neither did
CORIOLANUS. 51
beare any labour to the maintenance of the rest : whereas all other parts and Members did labour painfully, and were very carefull to satisfy the appetites and desires of the body. And so the belly, all this notwithstanding, laughed at their folly, and said : It is true, I first receive all meates, that nourish mans body : but afterwards I send it againe to the nourishment of other parts of the same. Even so (quoth he) O you, my Masters, and Citizens of Rome, the reason is alike betweene the Senate and you. For matters being well digested, and their counsels thoroughly examined, touching the benefit of the Common-wealth, the Senators are cause of the common com modity that cometh unto every one of you.
The Perswasions pacified the People, conditionally, that the Senate would grant there should be yearly chosen five Magis trates, which they now call Tribuni plebis, whose Office should be to defend the poore People from violence and oppression. So Junius Brutus, and Sicinius Veletus, were the first Tribunes of the People that were chosen, who had onely beene the causers and procurers of this sedition. Hereupon the City being growne againe to good quiet and unity, the People immediately went to the Warres, shewing that they had a good will to do better than ever they did, and to be very willing to obey the Magistrates in that they would command, concerning the Warres. Martius also, though it liked him nothing to see the greatnesse of the People thus increased, considering it was to the prejudice and imbasing of the Nobility, and also saw that other noble Patricians were troubled as well as himselfe : he did perswade the Patricians, to shew themselves no less for ward and willing to fight for their countrey, then the common People were : and to let them know by their deeds and acts, that they did not so much passe the People in power and riches, as they did exceed them in true Nobility and valiantnesse. . . .
Shortly after this, Martius stoode for the Consulship ; and the common People favored his sute, thinking it would be a shame to them to deny and refuse the chiefest Nobleman of bloud, and most worthy person of Rome, and specially him that had done so great service and good to the Common-wealth. For the custome of Rome was at that time, that such as did sue for any Office, should for certaine dayes before be in the Market place, onely with a poore Gowne on their backs, and without any coate underneath, to pray the Citizens to remember them at the day of election ; which was thus devised, either to move
52 CORIOLANUS.
the People the more, by requesting them in such meane Appar- ell, or else because they might shew them their wounds they had gotten in the Warres in the service of the Common-wealth, as manifest markes and testimonies for their valiantnesse. Now Martius following this custome, shewed many wounds and cuts upon his body, which he had received in seventeene years ser vice at the Warres, and in many sundry Battels, being ever the foremost man that did set out feete to fight. So that there was not a man among the People, but was ashamed of himselfe, to refuse so valiant a man ; and one of them said to another, we must needs choose him Consul, there is no remedy. But when the day of election was come, and that Martius came to the Market-place with great pompe, accompanied with all the Senate and the whole Nobility of the City about him, who sought to make him Consull, with the greatest instance and intreaty they could, or ever attempted for any man or matter : then the love and good will of the common People turned straight to an hate and envie toward him, fearing to put this Office of Soveraigne Authority into his hands, being a man somewhat partiall towards the Nobility, and of great credit and Authority among the Patricians, and as one they might doubt would take away altogether the liberty from the People. Whereupon for these considerations, they refused Martius in the end, and made two other that were Suters, Consuls.
The Senate being marvellously offended with the People, did account the shame of this refusall, rather to redound to them selves then to Martius : but Martius tooke it in far worse part then the Senate, and was out of all patience. For he was a man too full of passion and choler, and too much given over to selfe-will and opinion, as one of a high minde and great courage, that lacked the gravity and affability that is gotten with judge ment of Learning and reason, which onely is to be looked for in a Governor of State : and that remembered not how wilf ul- nesse is the thing of the World, which a Governor of a Com mon-Wealth for pleasing should shunne, being that which Plato called solitarinesse. As in the end, all men that are wilfully given to a selfe-opinion and obstinate minde, and who will never yeeld to others reason, but to their owne, remaine with out company and forsaken of all men. For a man that will live in the world, must needs have patience, which lusty blouds make but a mocke at. So Martius being a stout man of nature, that never yeelded in any respect, as one thinking that to over
CORIOLANUS. 53
come alwaies, and to have the upper hand in all matters, was a token of magnanimity, and of no base and faint courage, which spitteth out anger from the most weake and passioned part of the heart, much like the matter of an imposthume : went home to his house, full fraighted with spite and malice against the People, being accompanied with all the lustieth young Gentle men, whose mindes were nobly bent, as those that came of noble race, and commonly used for to follow and honor him. But then specially they flockt about him, and kept him company to his much harme, for they did but kindle and inflame his choler more and more, being sorry with him for the injury the People offered him, because he was their Captaine and Leader to the
Warres, that taught them all Martial Discipline, and stirred up in them a noble emulation of honor and valiantnesse, and yet without envie, praising them that deserved best.
In the meane season, there came great plenty of Corne to Rome, that had beene bought, part in Italy, and part was sent out of Sicile, as given by Gelon the Tyrant of Syracusa : so that many stoode in great hope, that the dearth of Victuals being holpen, the civill dissention would also cease. The Sen ate sate in Councell upon it immediately, the common People stoode also about the Palace where the Councell was kept, gap ing what resolution would fall out : perswading themselves that the Corne they had bought should be sold good cheape, and that which was given should be divided by the poll, with out paying any penny, and the rather, because certaine of the Senators amongst them did so wish and perswade the same. " But Martius standing upon his feete, did somewhat sharply take up those who went about to gratifie the People therein : and called them People-pleasers, and Traytors to the Nobility. Moreover he said, they nourished against themselves, the naughty feede and cockle of insolvency and sedition, which had been sowed and scattered abroad amongst the People, which they should have cut off, if they had beene wise in their growth : and not (to their owne destruction) have suffered the People, to establish a Magistrate for themselves of so great Power and Authority, as that man had, to whom they had granted it. Who was also to be feared, because he obtained what he would, and did nothing but what he listed, neither passed for any obedience to the Consuls, but lived in all liberty, acknowledging no superior to command him, saving the onely heads and authors of their faction, whom he called his
54 CORIOLANUS.
Magistrates. Therefore, said he, they that gave counsell, and perswaded that the Come should be given out to the common People gratis, as they used to do in the Cities of Greece, where the People had more absolute Power, did but only nourish their disobedience, which would breake out in the end, to the utter ruine and overthrow of the whole State. For they will not think it is done in recompense of their service past, sithence they know well enough they have so oft refused to go to the Warres, when they were commanded : neither for their muti nies when they went with us, whereby they have rebelled and forsaken their countrey : neither for their accusations which their flatterers have preferred unto them, and they have received, and made good against the Senate : but they will rather judge, we give and grant them this, as abasing ourselves and standing in feare of them, and glad to flatter them every way. By this meanes their disobedience will still grow worse and worse : and they will never leave to practice new seditions and uprores. Therefore it was a great folly for us, methinks, to do it : yea, shall I say more ? we should if we were wise, take from them their Tribuneship, which most manifestly is the embasing of the Consulship, and the cause of the division of the City. The state whereof as it standeth, is not now as it was wont to be, but becometh dismembered in two factions, which maintaines alwaies civill dissention and discord betweene us, and will never suffer us againe to be united into one body. "
Martius dilating the matter with many such reasons, wonne all the young men, and almost all the rich men to his opinion : in somuch, as they rang it out, that he was the onely man, and alone in the City, who stood out against the People, and never flat tered them. There were onely a few old men that spake against him, fearing lest some mischiefe might fall out upon it, as indeed there followed no great good afterward. For the Tribunes of the People being present at this consultation of the Senate, when they saw that the opinion of Martius was confirmed with the more voyces, they left the Senate, and went downe to the People, crying out for helpe, and that they would assemble to save their Tribunes. Hereupon the People ranne on head in tumult together, before whom the words that Martius spake in the Senate were openly reported : which the People so stom- acked, that even in that fury they were ready to flie upon the whole Senate. But the Tribunes laid all the fault and the burthen wholly upon Martius, and sent their Serjeants forth
CORIOLANUS.
55
with to arrest him, presently to appeare in person before the People, to answer the words he had spoken in the Senate. Martius stoutly withstood these Officers that came to arrest him. Then the Tribunes in their owne persons, accompanied with the Aediles, went to fetch him by force, and so laid vio lent hands upon him. Howbeit the noble Patricians gathering together about him, made the Tribunes give back, and laid sore upon the Aediles : so for that time, the night parted them, and the tumult appeased. . . .
Martius came and presented himselfe to answer the Accusa tions against him, and the People held their peace, and gave attentive eare, to heare what he would say. But where they thought to have heard very humble and lowly words come from him, he began not onely to use his wonted boldness of speaking
(which of itselfe was very rough and unpleasant, and did more aggravate his accusation, then purge his innocency) but also gave himselfe in these words to thunder, and looke therewithall so grimly, as though he made no reckoning of the matter. This stirred coalls among the People, who were in wonderfull fury at it, and their hate and malice grew so toward him, that they could hold no longer, beare, nor indure his bravery and care- lesse boldnesse. Whereupon Sicinius, the cruellest and stout est of the Tribunes, after he had whispered a little with his companions, did openly pronounce in the face of all the People, Martius as condemned by the Tribunes to die. Then presently he commanded the Aediles to apprehend him, and carry him straight to the Rock Tarpeian, and to cast him headlong downe the same. When the Aediles came to lay hands on Martius to do that they were commanded, divers of the People themselves thought it too cruell and violent a deede. The Noblemen being much troubled to see so much force and rigour used, began to crie aloud : Helpe Martius : so those that laid hands on him being rapulsed, they compassed him in round among themselves, and some of them holding up their hands to the People, besought them not to handle him thus cruelly.
But neither their words nor crying out could ought prevaile, the tumult and hurly burly was so great, untill such time as the Tribunes owne friends and kinsmen weighing with themselves the impossibility to convey Martius to execution, without great slaughter and murder of the Nobility : did perswade and advise not to proceede in so violent and extraordinary a sort, a to put such a man to death, without lawfull processe in Law, but
56 CORIOLANUS.
that they should referre the sentence of his death, to the free voyce of the People. Then Sicinius bethinking himselfe a little, did aske the Patricians for what cause they tooke Martius out of the Officers hands that went to do execution ? The Patri cians asked him againe, why they would of themselves so cruelly and wickedly put to death, so noble and valiant a Roman as Martius was, and that without Law and Justice ? Well, then, said Sicinius, if that be the matter, let there be no quarrell or dissention against the People : for they do grant your demand, that his Cause should be heard according to the Law. Therefore, said he to Martius, we do will and charge you to appeare before the People, the third day of our next sitting and assembly here, to make your purgation for such
Articles as shall be objected against you, that by free voyce the People may give sentence upon you as shall please them. The Noblemen were glad then of the adjournment, and were much pleased they had gotten Martius out of this danger.
After declaration of the Sentence, the People made such joy, as they never rejoiced more for any Battel they had wonne upon their Enemies, they were so brave and lively, and went home so jocondly from the Assembly, for triumph of this sentence. The Senate againe in contrary manner were as sadde and heavie, repenting themselves beyond measure, that they had not rather determined to have done and suffered any thing whatsoever, before the common People should so arro gantly and outragiously have abused their Authority. There needed no difference of Garments I warrant you, nor outward shewes to know a Plebeian from a Patrician, for they were easily discerned by their lookes. For he that was on the Peo ples side, looked cheerfully on the matter : but he that was sadde, and hung downe his head, he was sure of the Noblemens side. Saving Martius alone, who neither in his countenance nor in his gate, did ever shew himselfe abashed, or once let fall his great courage : but he onely of all other Gentlemen that were angry at his fortune, did outwardly shew no manner of passion, nor care at all of himselfe. Not that he did patiently beare and temper his evill happe, in respect of any reason he had, or by his quiet condition : but because he was so carried away with the vehemency of anger, and desire of revenge, that he had no sense nor feeling of the hard state he was in, which the common People judge not to be sorrow, although indeede it be the very same. For when sorrow (as you would say) is set on
CORIOLANTJS. 57
fire, then it is converted into spite and malice, and driveth away from that time all faintnesse of heart and naturall feare. . . . Now that Marthas was even in that taking, it appeared true soone after by his doings. For when he was come home to his house againe, and had taken his leave of his Mother and Wife, finding them weeping and shriking out for sorrow, and had also comforted and perswaded them to be content with his chance :
he went immediately to the Gate of the City, accompanied with a great number of Patricians, that brought him thither, from whence he went on his way with three or foure of his friends onely, taking nothing with him, nor requesting any thing of any man. So he remained a few daies in the Countrey at his houses, turmoyled with sundry sorts and kinds of thoughts, such as the fire of his choler did stir up. In the end seeing he could resolve no way, to take a profitable or honourable course, but onely was pricked forward still to be revenged of the Romans : he thought to raise up some great Warres against them, by their neerest neighbours. Whereupon he thought it his best way, first to stir up the Volsces against them. . . .
In this while, all went still to wracke at Rome. For to come into the field to fight with the Enemy, they could not abide to heare of it, they were one so much against another, and full of seditious words, the Nobility against the People, and the People against the Nobility. Untill they had intelli gence at the length, that the Enemies had laid siege to the City of Lavinium, in the which were all the Temples and Images of their gods their Protectors, and from whence came first their ancient Originall, for that Aeneas at his first arivall into Italy did build that City. Then fell there out a marvellous sudden change of minde among the People, and farre more strange and contrary in the Nobility. For the People thought it good to repeale the condemnation and exile of Martius. The Senate assembled upon it, would in no case yeeld to that : who either did it of a selfe-will to be contrary to the Peoples desire, or because Martius should not returne thorow the grace and favour of the People. Or else, because they were throughly
angry and offended with him, that he would set upon the whole, being offended but by a few, and in his doings would shew himselfe an open Enemy besides unto his Countrey : not withstanding the most part of them tooke the wrong they had done him, in marvellous ill part, and as if the injury had beene done unto themselves.
58 CORIOLANUS.
Report being made of the Senates resolution, the People found themselves in a straight : for they could authorize and confirme nothing by their voyces, unlesse it had beene first propounded and ordained by the Senate. But Martius hearing this stirre about him, was in a greater rage with them then before : insomuch as he raised his Siege incontinently befor the City of Lavinium, and going towards Rome, lodged his Campe within forty Furlong of the City, at the Ditches called Cluiliea.