that is, keeper and
expounder
of the sacred books.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
remon flourished may be fixed about B.
C.
380.
74, 86. )
Nothing is known of his life. It may be assumed
2. A historian, so miscalled, of whom Polybius, that he lived at Athens, and the fragments of his
speaking of his account of the proceedings at Rome poetry which remain afford abundant proofs, that
when the news arrived of the capture of Saguntum he was trained in the loose morality which marked
in B. C. 219, says that his writings contained, not Athenian society at that period, and that his taste
history, but gossip fit for barbers' shops, Koupeanñs was formed after the model of that debased and
kal tavohuov radiâs. (Polyb. iii. 20. ) We find | florid poetry which Euripides first introduced by
no record either of the place of his birth or of the his innovations on the drama of Aeschylus and
exact period at which he flourished. A writer of Sophocles, and which was carried to its height by
this name is mentioned by Athenaeus also (i. p. the dithyrambic poets of the age. Accordingly,
32, d. ), but whether he is the same person as the the fragments and even some of the titles of Chae
preceding cannot be determined. [E. E. ) remon's plays shew, that he seldom aimed at the
## p. 678 (#698) ############################################
678
CHAEREMON.
CHAEREPHON.
heroic and moral grandeur of the old tragedy. He of Dionysius of Alexandria, who succreded him,
excelled in description, not merely of objects and and who flourished from the time of Nero to that
scenes properly belonging to his subject, but de of Trajan. (Suid. s. r. Alovúolos ’Ane{avdpeus. )
scription introduced solely to afford pleasure, and This fixes his date to the first half of the first cen-
that generally of a sensual kind. He especially tury after Christ; and this is confirmed by the
luxuriates in the description of flowers and of fe mention of him in connexion with Cornutus.
male beauty. His descriptions belong to the class (Suid. s. v. 'Spıyevns ; Euseb. Ilist. Ecc. vi. 19. )
which Aristotle characterizes as apyd mépn and as He accompanied Aelius Gallus in his expedition
μήτε ηθικά μήτε διανοητικά. The approach to up Egypt (GALLUS), and made great professions
comedy, by the introduction of scenes from common of his astronomical knowledge, but incurred much
life, and that even in a burlesque manner, of which ridicule on account of his ignorance (Strab. xvii.
we have a striking example in the Alcestis of Eu- p. 806): but the suspicion of Fabricius, that this
ripides, seems to have been carried still further by account refers to a different person, is perhaps not
Chaeremon; and it is probably for this reason that altogether groundless. (Bibl. Graec. iii. p. 546. )
he is mentioned as a comic poet by Suidas, Eudocia, He was afterwards called to Rome, and became
and the Scholiast on Arist. Rhet. iii. p. 69, b. (For the preceptor of Nero, in conjunction with Alex-
a further discussion of this point, see Meineke and ander of Aegac. (Suid. s. v. 'An étavāpos Aiyaios. )
Bartsch, as quoted below. ) The question has been 1. His chief work was a history of Egypt,
raised, whether Chaeremon's tragedies were in- which embraced both its sacred and profane his-
tended for the stage. They certainly appear to tory. An interesting fragment respecting the
have been far more descriptive and lyric than dra- Egyptian priests is preserved by Porphyry (de
matic; and Aristotle mentions Chaeremon among Abstinent. iv. 6) and Jerome (c. Jorinianum, ii. ).
the poets whom he calls avayvwotiko. (Rhet. iii
. He also wrote, 2. On Hieroglyphics (iepoga upine,
12. $ 2. ) But there appears to be no reason for Suid. s. v. 'lepoyAupina and Xaspriuar). 3. On
believing that at this period dramas were written Comets (Tepl wountwv, Origen. c. Cels. i. 59: per-
without the intention of bringing them on the stage, haps in Seneca, Quaest. Nat. vii. 5, we should
though it often happened, in fact, that they were read Chaeremon for Charimander ; but this is not
not represented; nor does the passage of Aristotle certain, for Charimander is mentioned by Pappus,
refer to anything more than the comparative fitness lib. vii. p. 247). 4. A grammatical work, repi
of some dramas for acting and of others for reading. oudéouwv, which is quoted by Apollonius. (Bek-
It is by no means improbable that the plays of ker, Anecdot. Graec. ii
. 28, p. 515. 15. )
Chaeremon were never actually represented. There As an historian, Chaeremon is charged by Jo-
is no mention of his name in the 1800kalla. . The sephus with wilful falsehood (c. Apion. cc. 32, 33).
following are the plays of Chaeremon of which This charge seems to be not unfounded, for, be-
fragments are preserved : 'Anpecíbora, 'AXIMdeus sides the proofs of it alleged by Josephus, we are
EPOITOKTÓvos or Depoitos (a title which seems to informed by Tzetzes (Chil. v. 6), tbai Chaeremon
imply a satyric drama, if not one approaching still stated that the phoenix lived 7000 years !
nearer to a comedy), Διόνυσος, Θυέστης, Ιώ, Of his philosophical views we only know that
Μινύαι, Οδυσσεύς Τραυματίας, Οινεύς, and Κέν- he was a Stoic, and that he was the leader of that
ταυρος.
It is very doubtful whether the last was party which explained the Egyptian religious sys-
a tragedy at all, and indeed what sort of poem ittem as a mere allegory of the worship of nature,
was. Aristotle (Poet. i. 12, or 9, ed. Ritter) calls it as displayed in the visible world (opwuevoi koo UOL)
μικτής ραψωδίαν εξ απάντων των μέτρων (comp. in opposition to the views of IAMBLICHUs. His
xxiv. ll, or 6), and Athenaeus (xiii. p. 608, e) says of works were studied by Origen. (Suid. s. r. 'npi-
it onrep Spāua folúuetpóv ? oti. The fragments of révns; Euseb. Hist. Ecc. vi. 19. ) Martial (xi.
Chaeremon have been collected, with a dissertation 56) wrote an epigram upon him. (Ionsius, de
on the poet, by H. Bartsch, 4to. Mogunt. 1843. Script. Hist. Philos. p. 208 ; Brucker, Hist. Crit.
There are three epigrams ascribed to Chaeremon Phil. ii. p. 543, &c. ; Kruger, Hist. Philos. Art.
in the Greek Anthology (Brunck, Anal. ii. 55; p. 407 ; Vossius, de Hist. Graec. pp. 209, 210,
Jacobs, ii. 56), two of which refer to the contest of ed. Westermann. )
[P. S. )
the Spartans and Argives for Thyrea. (Herod. i. CHA'RMADAS, the philosopher. (CHARMIDES,
82. ) The mention of Chaeremon in the Corona No. 2. ]
of Meleager also shews that he was an ancient CHAERE'PHANES, artist. (NICOPHANES. ]
poet. There seems, therefore, no reason to doubt CHAE'REPHON (Xaipedwv), of the Athenian
that he was the same as the tragic poet. The demus of Sphettus, a disciple and friend of Socrates,
third epigram refers to an unknown orator Eubulus, is said by Xenophon to have attended his instruc-
the son of Athenagoras.
tions for the sake of the moral advantage to be de-
(Welcker, Die Griech. Trag. &c. iii. pp. 1082— rived from them, and to have•exemplified in his
1095; Meineke, Hist. Crit. Com. Graec. pp. 517- | practice his master's precepts. From the several
521; Ritter, Annot. in Arist. Poet. p. 87; Hee notices of him in Xenophon and Plato, he appears
ren, De Chaeremone Trag. Vet. Graec. ; Jacobs, to have been a man of very warm feelings, pecu-
Additamenta Animadv. in Athen. p. 325, &c. ; liarly suceptible of excitement, with a spirit of
Bartsch, De Chaeremone Poeta Tragico. )
high and generous emulation, and of great energy
2. Of Alexandria, a Stoic philosopher and in everything that he undertook. He it was that
grammarian, and an historical writer, was the inquired of the Delphic oracle who was the wisest
chief librarian of the Alexandrian library, or at of men, and received the famous answer:
least of that part of it which was kept in the Σοφός Σοφοκλής: σοφώτερος δ' Ευριπίδης
temple of Serapis. He is called iepoypau pateús, ανδρών δε πάντων Σωκράτης σοφώτατος.
that is, keeper and expounder of the sacred books. The frequent notices of him in Aristophanes shew
(Tzetz. in Hom. I. p. 123. 11, 28, p. 146. 16; that he was highly distinguished in the school of
Euseb. Praep. Evang. v. 10. ) He was the teacher Socrates; while from the nicknames, such as
a
## p. 679 (#699) ############################################
CHAERON.
679
CHALCIDIUS.
U. cc. )
VUKTepls and nutivos, by which he was known, / who, shortly before the birth of Alexander the
and the Aristophanic allusions to his weakness and Great, B. c. 356, was sent by Philip to consult the
his sallow complexion (Vesp. 1413, yuvail éouws Delphic oracle about the enake which he had seen
saviv; comp. Nul. 496), it appears that he in- with Olympias in her chamber. (Plut. Alex. 3. )
jured his health by intense application to study. It was perhaps this same Chaeron who, in the
He attached himself to the popular party in politics, speech (nepTWV pòs 'Anés. p. 214) attributed by
was driven into banishment by the Thirty tyrants, some to Demosthenes, is mentioned as having been
and returned to Athens on the restoration of demo made tyrant of Pellene by Alexander (comp. Fa-
cracy in B. c. 403. (Plat. Apol. p. 21, a. ) From bric. Bibl. Graec. b. ii. ch. 26), and of whom we
the passage just referred to it appears, that he was read in Athenaeus (xi. p. 509) as having been a
dead when the trial of Socrates took place in B. c. pupil both of Plato and Xenocrates. lle is said
399. (Xen. Mem. i. 2. $ 48, ii. 3; Plat. Charm. to have conducted himself very tyranically at Pel-
p. 153, Gorg. pp. 447, 448 ; Stallb. ad Plat. A pol. lene, banishing the chief men of the state, and
p. 21, a ; Athen. v. p. 218; Aristoph. Nub. 105, giving their property and wives to their slaves.
145, 157, 821, 1448, Ar. 1296, 1564; Schol. ad Athenaeus, in a cool and off-hand way of his own,
[E. E. ] speaks of his cruelty and oppression as the natural
CHAERIPPUS, a Greek, a friend of Cicero effect of Plato's principles in the “ Republic” and
and his brother Quintus, frequently mentioned in the “ Laws. "
[E. E. )
the letters of the former. (Ad Q. Fr. i. l. § 4, CHA’LCIDEUS (Xaakideus), the Spartan com-
ad Fam. xii. 22, 30, ad Att. iv. 7, v. 4. )
mander, with whom, in the spring and summer of
CHAERIS(Xaipıs). 1. A flute-player and har- B. C. 412, the year after the defeat at Syracuse,
per at Athens, who seems to have been more fond Alcibiades threw the Ionian subject allies of Athens
of hearing himself play than other people were of into revolt. He had been appointed commander
hearing him. He is ridiculed by Aristophanes. (evidently not high-admiral) during the previous
(Ach. 16, 831, Pax, 916, Av. 858. ) From the winter in the place of Melanchridas, the high-
Scholiast on the two passages last referred to we admiral on occasion of the ill omen of an earth-
learn, that he was attacked also by Pherecrates in quake; and on the news of the blockade of their
the "Aypio. (Plat. Protag. p. 327) and, -for there ships at Peiraeeus, the Spartans, but for the per-
seems no reason to suppose this a different person, suasions of Alcibiades, would have kept him at
-by Cratinus in the Németis.
home altogether. Crossing the Aegaean with only
2. A very ancient poet of Corcyra, mentioned five ships, they effected the revoli first of Chios,
by Demetrius of Phalerus (up. Tzetz. Prolegom, ad Erythrae, and Clazomenae ; then, with the Chian
Lycophr. ; see Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vi. p. 361. ) fleet, of 'Teos; and finally, of Miletus, upon which
3. A grammarian (father of APOLLONIUS, No. ensued the first treaty with Tissaphernes. From
10), who is quoted several times in the Scholia on this time Chalcideus seems to have remained at
Homer, Pindar, and Aristophanes. He was pro- Miletus, watched by an Athenian force at Lade.
bably contemporary with Diodorus of Tarsus. Meanwhile, the Athenians were beginning to exert
(Fabric. Bibl. Gruec. i. p. 508, ii. pp. 84, 396, iv. I themselves actively, and from the small number of
pp. 275, 380, vi. p. 361. )
[E. E. ] Chalcideus' ships, they were able to confine him to
CHAERON (Xaipwv), a son of Apollo and Miletus, and cut off his communication with the
Thero, the daughter of Phydas, is the mythical disaffected towns; and before he could be joined
founder of Chaeroneia in Boeotia. (Paus. ix. 40. by the high-admiral Astyochus (who was engaged
$ 3; Steph. Byz. s. r. Xaspávera ; Plut. Sulla, at Chios and Lesbos on his first arrival in lonia),
17. )
[L. S. ) Chalcideus was killed in a skirmish with the Athe-
CHAERON (Xalpwr), or, according to another nian troops at Lade in the summer of the same
reading, CHARON, a Lacedaemonian, who ap- year (412 B. c. ) in which he had left Greece.
pears to have belonged to the party of Nabis; for (Thuc. viii. 6, 8, 11, 17, 24. ) [A. H. C. )
we find him at Rome in B. C. 183 as the represen- CHALCI'DIUS, styled in MSS. Vir Claris-
tative of those who had been banished or con simus, a designation altogether indefinite, but very
demned to death by the Achaeans when they took frequently applied to grammarians, was a Platonic
Sparta in B. C. 188, and restored the exiled philosopher, who lived probably during the sixth
enemies of the tyrant. On this occasion the ob-century of the Christian aera, although many place
ject of Chaeron's mission was obtained. (Polyb. him as early as the fourth. He wrote an “ In-
xxiv. 4; Liv. xxxix. 48 ; comp. Plut. Philop. 17. ) terpretatio Latina partis prioris Timaei Platonici,”
He was again one of the ambassadors sent to to which is appended a voluminous and learned
Roine in B. c. 181, to inform the senate of the commentary inscribed to a certain Osius or Hosius,
recent admission of Lacedaemon for the second whom Barth and others have asserted, upon no
time into the Achaean league and of the terms of sure grounds, to be Osius bishop of Cordova, who
the union. (See p. 569, a. ; Polyb. xxv. 2; Liv. xl. took a prominent part in the proceedings of the
2, 20. ) Polybius represents him as a clever young great council of Nicaea, held in A. D. 325. The
man, but a profligate demagogue; and accordingly writer of these annotations refers occasionally with
we find him in the ensuing year wielding a sort respect to the Mosaic dispensation, and speaks, as
of brief tyranny at Sparta, squandering the public a believer might, of the star which heralded the
money, and dividing lands, unjustly seized, among nativity of our Lord, but expresses himself
the lowest of the people. Apollonides and other throughout with so much ambiguity or so much
commissioners were appointed to check these pro- caution, that he has been claimed by men of all
ceedings and examine the public accounts; but creeds. Some have not scrupled to maintain, that
Chaeron had Apollonides assassinated, for which he was a deacon or archdeacon of the church at
he was brought to trial by the Achaeans and cast Carthage; Fulgentius Planciades dedicates his
into prison. (Polyb. xxv. 8. ) (E. E. )
Allegoria librorum Virgilii” and “ De
CHAERON (Xalpwr), a man of Megalopolis, prisco Sermone” to a Chalcidius, who may be the
m
tracts
## p. 680 (#700) ############################################
a
660 CIIALCOCONDYLES.
CHALCOCONDYLES.
person whom we are now discussing, and calls him of the Turks and of the later period of the Byzan-
6. Levitarum Sanctissimus ;" but in reality it is tine empire, which begins with the year 1298,
impossible to discover from internal evidence whe- and goes down to the conquest of Corinth and the
ther the author of the translation froin I'lato was invasion of the Peloponnesus by the Turks in 1463,
Christian, Jew, or Hlenthen, or, as Moshein has thus including the capture of Constantinople by
very plausibly conjectured, a sort of nondescript the Turks in 1453. Chaicocondyles, a slitesman
combination of all three. He certainly gives no of great experience and of extensive learning, is a
hint that the individual to whom the book is ad trustworthy historian, whose style is interesting
dressed was a dignified ecclesiastic or even and attractive, and whose work is one of the most
member of the church. This translation was first important sources for the history of the decline and
printed under the inspection of Augustinus Jus fall of the Greek empire. His work, however,
tinianus, bishop of Nebio in Corsica, by Badius which is divided into ten books, is not very
Ascensius, Paris, fol.
74, 86. )
Nothing is known of his life. It may be assumed
2. A historian, so miscalled, of whom Polybius, that he lived at Athens, and the fragments of his
speaking of his account of the proceedings at Rome poetry which remain afford abundant proofs, that
when the news arrived of the capture of Saguntum he was trained in the loose morality which marked
in B. C. 219, says that his writings contained, not Athenian society at that period, and that his taste
history, but gossip fit for barbers' shops, Koupeanñs was formed after the model of that debased and
kal tavohuov radiâs. (Polyb. iii. 20. ) We find | florid poetry which Euripides first introduced by
no record either of the place of his birth or of the his innovations on the drama of Aeschylus and
exact period at which he flourished. A writer of Sophocles, and which was carried to its height by
this name is mentioned by Athenaeus also (i. p. the dithyrambic poets of the age. Accordingly,
32, d. ), but whether he is the same person as the the fragments and even some of the titles of Chae
preceding cannot be determined. [E. E. ) remon's plays shew, that he seldom aimed at the
## p. 678 (#698) ############################################
678
CHAEREMON.
CHAEREPHON.
heroic and moral grandeur of the old tragedy. He of Dionysius of Alexandria, who succreded him,
excelled in description, not merely of objects and and who flourished from the time of Nero to that
scenes properly belonging to his subject, but de of Trajan. (Suid. s. r. Alovúolos ’Ane{avdpeus. )
scription introduced solely to afford pleasure, and This fixes his date to the first half of the first cen-
that generally of a sensual kind. He especially tury after Christ; and this is confirmed by the
luxuriates in the description of flowers and of fe mention of him in connexion with Cornutus.
male beauty. His descriptions belong to the class (Suid. s. v. 'Spıyevns ; Euseb. Ilist. Ecc. vi. 19. )
which Aristotle characterizes as apyd mépn and as He accompanied Aelius Gallus in his expedition
μήτε ηθικά μήτε διανοητικά. The approach to up Egypt (GALLUS), and made great professions
comedy, by the introduction of scenes from common of his astronomical knowledge, but incurred much
life, and that even in a burlesque manner, of which ridicule on account of his ignorance (Strab. xvii.
we have a striking example in the Alcestis of Eu- p. 806): but the suspicion of Fabricius, that this
ripides, seems to have been carried still further by account refers to a different person, is perhaps not
Chaeremon; and it is probably for this reason that altogether groundless. (Bibl. Graec. iii. p. 546. )
he is mentioned as a comic poet by Suidas, Eudocia, He was afterwards called to Rome, and became
and the Scholiast on Arist. Rhet. iii. p. 69, b. (For the preceptor of Nero, in conjunction with Alex-
a further discussion of this point, see Meineke and ander of Aegac. (Suid. s. v. 'An étavāpos Aiyaios. )
Bartsch, as quoted below. ) The question has been 1. His chief work was a history of Egypt,
raised, whether Chaeremon's tragedies were in- which embraced both its sacred and profane his-
tended for the stage. They certainly appear to tory. An interesting fragment respecting the
have been far more descriptive and lyric than dra- Egyptian priests is preserved by Porphyry (de
matic; and Aristotle mentions Chaeremon among Abstinent. iv. 6) and Jerome (c. Jorinianum, ii. ).
the poets whom he calls avayvwotiko. (Rhet. iii
. He also wrote, 2. On Hieroglyphics (iepoga upine,
12. $ 2. ) But there appears to be no reason for Suid. s. v. 'lepoyAupina and Xaspriuar). 3. On
believing that at this period dramas were written Comets (Tepl wountwv, Origen. c. Cels. i. 59: per-
without the intention of bringing them on the stage, haps in Seneca, Quaest. Nat. vii. 5, we should
though it often happened, in fact, that they were read Chaeremon for Charimander ; but this is not
not represented; nor does the passage of Aristotle certain, for Charimander is mentioned by Pappus,
refer to anything more than the comparative fitness lib. vii. p. 247). 4. A grammatical work, repi
of some dramas for acting and of others for reading. oudéouwv, which is quoted by Apollonius. (Bek-
It is by no means improbable that the plays of ker, Anecdot. Graec. ii
. 28, p. 515. 15. )
Chaeremon were never actually represented. There As an historian, Chaeremon is charged by Jo-
is no mention of his name in the 1800kalla. . The sephus with wilful falsehood (c. Apion. cc. 32, 33).
following are the plays of Chaeremon of which This charge seems to be not unfounded, for, be-
fragments are preserved : 'Anpecíbora, 'AXIMdeus sides the proofs of it alleged by Josephus, we are
EPOITOKTÓvos or Depoitos (a title which seems to informed by Tzetzes (Chil. v. 6), tbai Chaeremon
imply a satyric drama, if not one approaching still stated that the phoenix lived 7000 years !
nearer to a comedy), Διόνυσος, Θυέστης, Ιώ, Of his philosophical views we only know that
Μινύαι, Οδυσσεύς Τραυματίας, Οινεύς, and Κέν- he was a Stoic, and that he was the leader of that
ταυρος.
It is very doubtful whether the last was party which explained the Egyptian religious sys-
a tragedy at all, and indeed what sort of poem ittem as a mere allegory of the worship of nature,
was. Aristotle (Poet. i. 12, or 9, ed. Ritter) calls it as displayed in the visible world (opwuevoi koo UOL)
μικτής ραψωδίαν εξ απάντων των μέτρων (comp. in opposition to the views of IAMBLICHUs. His
xxiv. ll, or 6), and Athenaeus (xiii. p. 608, e) says of works were studied by Origen. (Suid. s. r. 'npi-
it onrep Spāua folúuetpóv ? oti. The fragments of révns; Euseb. Hist. Ecc. vi. 19. ) Martial (xi.
Chaeremon have been collected, with a dissertation 56) wrote an epigram upon him. (Ionsius, de
on the poet, by H. Bartsch, 4to. Mogunt. 1843. Script. Hist. Philos. p. 208 ; Brucker, Hist. Crit.
There are three epigrams ascribed to Chaeremon Phil. ii. p. 543, &c. ; Kruger, Hist. Philos. Art.
in the Greek Anthology (Brunck, Anal. ii. 55; p. 407 ; Vossius, de Hist. Graec. pp. 209, 210,
Jacobs, ii. 56), two of which refer to the contest of ed. Westermann. )
[P. S. )
the Spartans and Argives for Thyrea. (Herod. i. CHA'RMADAS, the philosopher. (CHARMIDES,
82. ) The mention of Chaeremon in the Corona No. 2. ]
of Meleager also shews that he was an ancient CHAERE'PHANES, artist. (NICOPHANES. ]
poet. There seems, therefore, no reason to doubt CHAE'REPHON (Xaipedwv), of the Athenian
that he was the same as the tragic poet. The demus of Sphettus, a disciple and friend of Socrates,
third epigram refers to an unknown orator Eubulus, is said by Xenophon to have attended his instruc-
the son of Athenagoras.
tions for the sake of the moral advantage to be de-
(Welcker, Die Griech. Trag. &c. iii. pp. 1082— rived from them, and to have•exemplified in his
1095; Meineke, Hist. Crit. Com. Graec. pp. 517- | practice his master's precepts. From the several
521; Ritter, Annot. in Arist. Poet. p. 87; Hee notices of him in Xenophon and Plato, he appears
ren, De Chaeremone Trag. Vet. Graec. ; Jacobs, to have been a man of very warm feelings, pecu-
Additamenta Animadv. in Athen. p. 325, &c. ; liarly suceptible of excitement, with a spirit of
Bartsch, De Chaeremone Poeta Tragico. )
high and generous emulation, and of great energy
2. Of Alexandria, a Stoic philosopher and in everything that he undertook. He it was that
grammarian, and an historical writer, was the inquired of the Delphic oracle who was the wisest
chief librarian of the Alexandrian library, or at of men, and received the famous answer:
least of that part of it which was kept in the Σοφός Σοφοκλής: σοφώτερος δ' Ευριπίδης
temple of Serapis. He is called iepoypau pateús, ανδρών δε πάντων Σωκράτης σοφώτατος.
that is, keeper and expounder of the sacred books. The frequent notices of him in Aristophanes shew
(Tzetz. in Hom. I. p. 123. 11, 28, p. 146. 16; that he was highly distinguished in the school of
Euseb. Praep. Evang. v. 10. ) He was the teacher Socrates; while from the nicknames, such as
a
## p. 679 (#699) ############################################
CHAERON.
679
CHALCIDIUS.
U. cc. )
VUKTepls and nutivos, by which he was known, / who, shortly before the birth of Alexander the
and the Aristophanic allusions to his weakness and Great, B. c. 356, was sent by Philip to consult the
his sallow complexion (Vesp. 1413, yuvail éouws Delphic oracle about the enake which he had seen
saviv; comp. Nul. 496), it appears that he in- with Olympias in her chamber. (Plut. Alex. 3. )
jured his health by intense application to study. It was perhaps this same Chaeron who, in the
He attached himself to the popular party in politics, speech (nepTWV pòs 'Anés. p. 214) attributed by
was driven into banishment by the Thirty tyrants, some to Demosthenes, is mentioned as having been
and returned to Athens on the restoration of demo made tyrant of Pellene by Alexander (comp. Fa-
cracy in B. c. 403. (Plat. Apol. p. 21, a. ) From bric. Bibl. Graec. b. ii. ch. 26), and of whom we
the passage just referred to it appears, that he was read in Athenaeus (xi. p. 509) as having been a
dead when the trial of Socrates took place in B. c. pupil both of Plato and Xenocrates. lle is said
399. (Xen. Mem. i. 2. $ 48, ii. 3; Plat. Charm. to have conducted himself very tyranically at Pel-
p. 153, Gorg. pp. 447, 448 ; Stallb. ad Plat. A pol. lene, banishing the chief men of the state, and
p. 21, a ; Athen. v. p. 218; Aristoph. Nub. 105, giving their property and wives to their slaves.
145, 157, 821, 1448, Ar. 1296, 1564; Schol. ad Athenaeus, in a cool and off-hand way of his own,
[E. E. ] speaks of his cruelty and oppression as the natural
CHAERIPPUS, a Greek, a friend of Cicero effect of Plato's principles in the “ Republic” and
and his brother Quintus, frequently mentioned in the “ Laws. "
[E. E. )
the letters of the former. (Ad Q. Fr. i. l. § 4, CHA’LCIDEUS (Xaakideus), the Spartan com-
ad Fam. xii. 22, 30, ad Att. iv. 7, v. 4. )
mander, with whom, in the spring and summer of
CHAERIS(Xaipıs). 1. A flute-player and har- B. C. 412, the year after the defeat at Syracuse,
per at Athens, who seems to have been more fond Alcibiades threw the Ionian subject allies of Athens
of hearing himself play than other people were of into revolt. He had been appointed commander
hearing him. He is ridiculed by Aristophanes. (evidently not high-admiral) during the previous
(Ach. 16, 831, Pax, 916, Av. 858. ) From the winter in the place of Melanchridas, the high-
Scholiast on the two passages last referred to we admiral on occasion of the ill omen of an earth-
learn, that he was attacked also by Pherecrates in quake; and on the news of the blockade of their
the "Aypio. (Plat. Protag. p. 327) and, -for there ships at Peiraeeus, the Spartans, but for the per-
seems no reason to suppose this a different person, suasions of Alcibiades, would have kept him at
-by Cratinus in the Németis.
home altogether. Crossing the Aegaean with only
2. A very ancient poet of Corcyra, mentioned five ships, they effected the revoli first of Chios,
by Demetrius of Phalerus (up. Tzetz. Prolegom, ad Erythrae, and Clazomenae ; then, with the Chian
Lycophr. ; see Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vi. p. 361. ) fleet, of 'Teos; and finally, of Miletus, upon which
3. A grammarian (father of APOLLONIUS, No. ensued the first treaty with Tissaphernes. From
10), who is quoted several times in the Scholia on this time Chalcideus seems to have remained at
Homer, Pindar, and Aristophanes. He was pro- Miletus, watched by an Athenian force at Lade.
bably contemporary with Diodorus of Tarsus. Meanwhile, the Athenians were beginning to exert
(Fabric. Bibl. Gruec. i. p. 508, ii. pp. 84, 396, iv. I themselves actively, and from the small number of
pp. 275, 380, vi. p. 361. )
[E. E. ] Chalcideus' ships, they were able to confine him to
CHAERON (Xaipwv), a son of Apollo and Miletus, and cut off his communication with the
Thero, the daughter of Phydas, is the mythical disaffected towns; and before he could be joined
founder of Chaeroneia in Boeotia. (Paus. ix. 40. by the high-admiral Astyochus (who was engaged
$ 3; Steph. Byz. s. r. Xaspávera ; Plut. Sulla, at Chios and Lesbos on his first arrival in lonia),
17. )
[L. S. ) Chalcideus was killed in a skirmish with the Athe-
CHAERON (Xalpwr), or, according to another nian troops at Lade in the summer of the same
reading, CHARON, a Lacedaemonian, who ap- year (412 B. c. ) in which he had left Greece.
pears to have belonged to the party of Nabis; for (Thuc. viii. 6, 8, 11, 17, 24. ) [A. H. C. )
we find him at Rome in B. C. 183 as the represen- CHALCI'DIUS, styled in MSS. Vir Claris-
tative of those who had been banished or con simus, a designation altogether indefinite, but very
demned to death by the Achaeans when they took frequently applied to grammarians, was a Platonic
Sparta in B. C. 188, and restored the exiled philosopher, who lived probably during the sixth
enemies of the tyrant. On this occasion the ob-century of the Christian aera, although many place
ject of Chaeron's mission was obtained. (Polyb. him as early as the fourth. He wrote an “ In-
xxiv. 4; Liv. xxxix. 48 ; comp. Plut. Philop. 17. ) terpretatio Latina partis prioris Timaei Platonici,”
He was again one of the ambassadors sent to to which is appended a voluminous and learned
Roine in B. c. 181, to inform the senate of the commentary inscribed to a certain Osius or Hosius,
recent admission of Lacedaemon for the second whom Barth and others have asserted, upon no
time into the Achaean league and of the terms of sure grounds, to be Osius bishop of Cordova, who
the union. (See p. 569, a. ; Polyb. xxv. 2; Liv. xl. took a prominent part in the proceedings of the
2, 20. ) Polybius represents him as a clever young great council of Nicaea, held in A. D. 325. The
man, but a profligate demagogue; and accordingly writer of these annotations refers occasionally with
we find him in the ensuing year wielding a sort respect to the Mosaic dispensation, and speaks, as
of brief tyranny at Sparta, squandering the public a believer might, of the star which heralded the
money, and dividing lands, unjustly seized, among nativity of our Lord, but expresses himself
the lowest of the people. Apollonides and other throughout with so much ambiguity or so much
commissioners were appointed to check these pro- caution, that he has been claimed by men of all
ceedings and examine the public accounts; but creeds. Some have not scrupled to maintain, that
Chaeron had Apollonides assassinated, for which he was a deacon or archdeacon of the church at
he was brought to trial by the Achaeans and cast Carthage; Fulgentius Planciades dedicates his
into prison. (Polyb. xxv. 8. ) (E. E. )
Allegoria librorum Virgilii” and “ De
CHAERON (Xalpwr), a man of Megalopolis, prisco Sermone” to a Chalcidius, who may be the
m
tracts
## p. 680 (#700) ############################################
a
660 CIIALCOCONDYLES.
CHALCOCONDYLES.
person whom we are now discussing, and calls him of the Turks and of the later period of the Byzan-
6. Levitarum Sanctissimus ;" but in reality it is tine empire, which begins with the year 1298,
impossible to discover from internal evidence whe- and goes down to the conquest of Corinth and the
ther the author of the translation froin I'lato was invasion of the Peloponnesus by the Turks in 1463,
Christian, Jew, or Hlenthen, or, as Moshein has thus including the capture of Constantinople by
very plausibly conjectured, a sort of nondescript the Turks in 1453. Chaicocondyles, a slitesman
combination of all three. He certainly gives no of great experience and of extensive learning, is a
hint that the individual to whom the book is ad trustworthy historian, whose style is interesting
dressed was a dignified ecclesiastic or even and attractive, and whose work is one of the most
member of the church. This translation was first important sources for the history of the decline and
printed under the inspection of Augustinus Jus fall of the Greek empire. His work, however,
tinianus, bishop of Nebio in Corsica, by Badius which is divided into ten books, is not very
Ascensius, Paris, fol.
