Prose
panegyrics
had been in use from
the second century of our era.
the second century of our era.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
10, pt.
2, p.
310, seqq.
)
CisalpTna Gallia. Vid. Gallia.
Cispadana Gallia. Vid. Gallia.
Cissa. Vid. Susiana.
Cisskis, a patronymic given to Hecuba as daughter
of Cisseus.
Cisskus, I. a king of Thrace, father to Hecuba.
(Virg. , Mn. , 7, 320. ) -- II. A son of Melampus, killed
by . Eneas. {Id. , 10, 317. )
Cissia, a country of Asia, having Media to the north,
Babylonia to the west, the Persian Gulf to the south,
and Persia to the southeast. Its capital was Susa.
In Cissia was Ardoricca, where Darius settled those
of the Eretrians whom his naval commanders had
brought to him as prisoners in obedience to his com-
mand. (Vid. Ardericca and Eretria. ) Susiana is fre-
quently confounded with Cissia. The former was
merely a part of the latter, and was properly the terri-
tory adjacent to the city of Susa. (Lurcher, Hist.
d'Herod. --Table Geographiquc, vol. 8, p. 133. )
Cissus, a town of Macedonia, in the vicinity of Thes-
salonica, which contributed, as Strabo asserts (Epit.
7, p. 330), to the aggrandizement of that city. The
modern name is said to be Cismi. (French Strabo,
vol. 3, p. 126. ) Xenophon also speaks of a Mount
Cissus, which was probably in this direction. (Cyncg. ,
c. 11, 1. )
Cith. <<8on, I. a king of Platrea in Boeotia, remarka-
ble for his wisdom. By his advice, Jupiter pretended
to be contracting a second marriage, when Juno had
quarrelled with and left him. The scheme succeeded,
and the goddess became reconciled to her spouse.
(Pausan. , 9, 3. ) This monarch is said to have given
name to the well-known mountain-range in Boeotia.
(Pausan. ,9, 1. )--II. An elevated ridge of mountains,
dividing Bceotia first from Megaris, and afterward from
Attica, and finally uniting with Mount Parnes and
other summits which belong to the northeastern side of
that province. (Strabo, 405. ) It was dedicated, as
Pausanias affirms (9, 2), to Jupiter Cithffironius, and
was celebrated in antiquity as having been the scene
of many events recorded by poets and other writers.
Such were the metamorphosis of Actmon, the death of
Pentheus, and the exposure of CEdipus. Here also
Bacchus was said to hold his revels and celebrate his
mystic orgies, accompanied by his usual train of satyrs
and frantic Bacchantes. (Eurip. , Baccha, 1391. --
Soph. , (Ed. Tyr. , 1451. -- Id. ibid, 1391. -- Eurip. ,
Phan. ,809. ) We know from Thucydides (2, 75),
that this mountain was once supplied with forest tim-
ber, as the Peloponnesians are said to have derived
from thence the supply they required for carrying on
the siege of Plata-a. But Dodwell says, "it is now
shrouded by deep gloom and dreary desolation," and
elsewhere he remarks, " it is barren, or covered only
with dark stunted shrubs; towards the summit, how-
ever, it is crowned with forests of fir, from which it de-
rives its modern name of Elalca, the modern Greek
term for the fir-tree being, like the ancient, tAurr/. "
'Travels, vol. 1, p. 281. -- Cramer's Ancient Greece,
? ? vol. 2, p. 218, seqq. )
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? CLA
Claudia Gens, a celebrated patrician house at
Rome, from which came many distinguished men in
the days of the republic. According to Suetonius
\Vit. Tib. , I), this family could boast of 28 consuls, 6
dictators, 7 censors, 7 triumphs, and 2 ovations. The
emperors Tiberius and Claudius were of this same line.
The Claudian family claimed descent from Appius
Claudius. There was also a plebeian branch of the
Claudii, named the Claudii Marcelli. (Consult Glan-
dorp, Onomast. , p. 222, setjq. )
Claudia, I. a vestal virgin, suspected of having vio-
lated her vow. She proved her innocence by drawing
off from a shoal in the Tiber, with the aid of her girdle
merely, a vessel which had been stranded there, and
on board of which was the statue of Cybole, that had
been brought to Italy from Asia Minor. (Ovid, Fast. ,
4. 305, segq. --Sucton. , Vit. Tib. , c. 2. -- Lib. , 29, 14. )
--II. A sister of Claudius Pulcher, fined by the people
on account of an offensive remark made by her. It
seems, that, as her vehicle (earpentum) was retarded in
its progress through the streets of Rome by the press-
ure of the crowd, she exclaimed, in a moment of
haughty irritation, strikingly characteristic of the Clau-
dian race, "I wish my brother Pulcher were alive
again, and would lose another fleet, that there might
be leas crowding, and confusion at Rome! " (Sueton. ,
Vit. Ttb. , c. 2. )--III. A vestal virgin, daughter of Ap-
pius Claudius Audax. When the tribunes of the com-
mons endeavoured to pull her father from his chariot,
in the midst of a triumph (A. U. C. 610), she ascended
the triumphal car, took her place by her father's side,
and rode with him to the Capitol, thus securing him by
her sacred character from any farther molestation.
(Vol. Max. , 5, 4, 6. -- Cic. , pro Cod. , 14. ) In Sue-
tonius ( Vit. Tib. , c. 2), Appius is called her brother
{fralrem), but this is evidently an error of the copyists
for patrem. (Pigh. , Ann. , vol. 2, p. 473. ) -- IV. Au-
gusta, a daughter of Nero and Poppsa. Her birth ex-
cited great joy in her profligate father, but she died
at the end of four months. Divine honours were de-
creed unto the royal infant, and a temple and priestess.
(Tacit. . Ann. , 15, 23. --Sueton. , Vit. Ner. , c. 35. )--V.
(Via) a Roman road, which branched ofTfrom the Via
Flaminia, at the Pons Mulvius, near Rome, and, pro-
ceeding through the more inland parts of Etruria, joined
the Via Aurelia at Lucca. It appears to have fallen
into disuse, when the central parts of Etruria, which it
crossed, became unfrequented. (Cramer's Anc. Italy,
vol. 1, p. 245. }--VI. Antonia, a daughter of the Em-
peror Claudius, married Cn. Pompey, whom Mcssalina
caused to be put to death. Her second husband, Syl-
la Kaustus, by whom* she had a son, was killed by
Nero, and she shared his fate when she refused to
marry his murderer. (Sueton. , Vit. Claud. , c. 27. --
Id. , Vit. Ner. , 35. )
Claudia Lex, I. proposed by Claudius the consul,
at the request of the allies, A. U. C. 573, that the allies
and those of the Latin name should leave Rome, and
return to their own cities. According to this law,
the consul made an edict; and a decree of the senate
was added, that, for the future, no person should
be manumitted, unless both master and slave swore
that the latter was not manumitted for the sake of
changing his city. For the allies used to give their
children as slaves to any Roman citizen, on condition
of their being manumitted. (Lie. , 41, 8, sea. --Ctc. ,
pro Balb. , 23 )--II. Another, by the consul Marcellus.
A. U. C. 703, that no one should be allowed to stand
? ? candidate for an office while absent: thus taking from
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? CLAUDIAN.
CLA
acquainted, and may be regarded in the light of an
innovation.
Prose panegyrics had been in use from
the second century of our era. These eulogiums in
Verse, composed by the poet, are as follows: 1st. A
Panegyric on the consulship of Probinus and Olybrius,
which took place hi 395: 3d. Panegyrics on the third,
fourth, and sixth consulships of Honorius, which took
place in the years 396, 398, and 404: 3d. A Pane-
gyric in honour of Mallius Theodoras, A. D. 399:
4th A Eulogium on Stilicho, in three parts: 5th. A
Eulogium on Serena. In reading these productions
we are at a loss which to wonder at most, the base
flattery of the poet, or the effrontery of those who re-
ceived his gross adulation without a blush. --In epic
poetry Claudian has left us a piece in three cantos or
books, entitled "De Raptu Proserpina;" and the
commencement of a second production, entitled " Gt-
gantomaekia," the war of the Giants. As regards
the first of these works, critics have considered the
third book inferior in polish to the other two, and show-
ing less of a finishing hand. The plan of the poem,
moreover, is a defective one. Instead of hurrying us
at once into the very midst of the action, as an epic
bard should do, he recounts his fable from its very
commencement, as an historian would relate an event.
All the actors, too, being deities, and, consequently,
elevated above the level of human nature, can only in-
spire a feeble interest. This defect Claudian seeks to
remedy by a style always elevated, by striking imagery
and brilliant descriptions : but this tone pervading the
whole work, and the uniformity of the characters, nave
spread over it a monotony which becomes fatiguing in
the extreme. Notwithstanding all this, however, Clau-
dian is, perhaps, next to Statius, the Latin epic poet
that has come nearest to Virgil, especially in some of
his descriptions and comparisons, and his merit will no
doubt appear in a much more favourable light if we take
into consideration the period when he lived. --Two
other works of Claudian may be ranked in the class of
epic poems. One is entitled " De Bella Gildonico;"
the other, "De Bella Getico, tine Pollentiaco. " Gil-
don, son of a king of Mauritania, had made himself in-
dependent in Africa during the reign of Theodosius
the Great. The loss of this province, one of the gran-
aries of the empire, was severely felt. Under Hono-
rius, however, Africa was reconquered, and it is this
exploit that Claudian celebrates in a poem, of which
we have only the first canto, containing the cause and
the preparations of the war. The poem "DC Bella
Getico" turns on the war with the Visigoths, called
also the war of Pollentia, which occurred A. D. 402,
when Honorius was consul for the fifth time with his
brother Arcadius, emperor of the East. Alaric, king
of this Germanic race, having entered Italy by the way
of Pannonia, was defeated by Stilicho near Pollentia,
among the Cottian Alps. This war is the subject of a
poem by Claudian, in six hundred and forty-seven ver-
ses. Cassiodorus, it is true, and likewise Jornandes,
say directly the contrary in relation to this affair; but
in admitting the fact of the overthrow, as stated by
Claudian, we do not pretend to prejudge a question of
history. --Claudian is the author also of some poems,
which one would be tempted to rank in the class of
satires, if the manner in which he treats his subject
was not rather of an epic, or, if we may BO speak, of
a rhetorical character, and if these pieces were not
composed with the same view as his panegyrics,
? ? namely, that of pleasing Stilicho. The productions to
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? CLAUDIUS.
t<<ded to the Roman empire op the death of Caligula.
He was the second son of Drusus and Antonia, and,
consequently, grand-nephew to Augustus. When the
assassination of Caligula, was made known, the first
impuUe of the court party and of the foreign guards
wu to massacre all -who had participated in the raur-
ier. Several persona of distinction, who imprudently
eiposed themselves, became, in consequence, the vic-
tims of their fury. This violence subsided, however,
upon their discovering Claudius, who had concealed
himself in an obscure corner of the palace, and, being
dragged from his hiding-place, threw himself at their
bet in the utmost terror, and besought them to spare
bis life. The soldiers in the palace immediately sa-
luted him emperor, and Claudius, in return, set the
first example of paying the army for the imperial dig-
nity by a largess from the public treasury. It is dif-
ficult to assign any other motive for the choice which
the army made of Claudius than that which they them-
telves professed, " His relationship to the whole fami-
ly of the Csjsars. " Claudius, who was now fifty
years old, had never done anything to gain popularity,
Of to display those qualities which secure the attach-
men: of the soldiery. He had been a rickety child,
and the development of his faculties was retarded by
his bodily infirmities; and although he outgrew his
complaints, and became distinguished as a polite schol-
ar and an eloquent writer (Tacit. , Ann. , 13, 3. --M>>r-
fcw-. Vit. Claud. , c. 41), his spirits never recovered
from the effects of disease and of severe treatment,
and he retained much of the timidity and indolence of
hi* childhood. (Sue/on. , Vit. Claud. , c. 3. ) During
the reign of Tiberius he gave himself up to gross sen-
? uality, and consoled himself under this degradation
by the security whirli it brought with it. Under Ca-
ligula also he found his safety consist in maintaining
his reputation for incapacity, and he suffered himself
to become the butt of court parasites, and the subject
of their practical jokes. (Sueton. , Vit. Claud, c. 7. )
The excitement of novelty, on his first accession to
the throne, produced efforts of sagacity and prudence.
of which none who had previously known him believed
him capable; and during the whole of his reign, too,
*e find judicious and useful enactments occasionally .
made, which -would seem to show that he was not in
reality "so silly an emperor" as historians have gen-
erally represented him to be. It is most probable,
therefore, that the fatuity which characterizes some
part* of his conduct was the result, not of natural im-
becility, but of the early and unlimited indulgence of
the grossest sensuality. Claudius embellished Rome
with many magnificent works; he made Mauritania a
Roman province-, his armies fought successfully against
the Germans; and he himself triumphed magnificently
for victories over the Britons, and obtained, together
with his infant son, the surname of Britannicus. But
in other respects he was wholly governed by worthless
favourites, and especially by his empress, the profligate
and abandoned Messalina, whose cruelty and rapacity
were as unbounded as her licentiousness. At her in-
stigation, it was but too common for the emperor to
put to death, on false charges of conspiracy, some of
the wealthiest of the nobles, and to confiscate their es-
tates, with the money arising from which ahe openly
pampered her numerous paramours. When the ca-
reer of this guilty woman was terminated, Claudius
was governed for a time by his frecdman Narcissus,
and Pallas, another manumitted slave, until he took to
? ? wife bis own ritece, Agrippina, daughter of Germani-
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? CLE
and at last he became bo complete a master of the
Stoic philosophy as to be perfectly well qualified to
succeed Zeno. His fellow-disciples often ridiculed
him for his dulness by calling him an ass; but his
answer was, that if he were an ass he was the better
able to bear the weight of Zeno's doctrine. He wrote
much, but none of his writings remain except a most
beautiful hymn to Jupiter, preserved in the Anthology.
After his death, the Roman senate erected a statue
in honour of him at Assus. It is said that he starved
himself in his 90th year, B. C. 240. (Enfield's His-
tory of Philosophy, vol. 1, p. 354, stqq. )-- II. A Co-
rinthian painter, whom some make to have been the
inventor of drawing in outline. (P/in. ,35,3. ) Athe-
nagoras mentions him among the first that practised
this branch of the art. (Sillig, Diet. Art. , s. v. )
Clearchus, I. a tyrant of Heraclea Pontica, who
was killed by Chion and Lconidas, Plato's pupils, du-
ring the celebration of the festival of Bacchus, after
the enjoyment of the sovereign power for twelve
years, 353 B. C. (Consult Memnon, Fragm. , c. 1,
and Hoffmann's Prolegomena in Chionis Epist. --
Compare also remarks under the article Chion. )--
II. A Lacedaemonian, one of the Greek command-
ers in the army of Cyrus the younger, and held by
that prince in the highest estimation of all the Greek
leaders that were with him. A sketch of his charac-
ter and history is given by Xenophon (Anab. , 2, 6),
in which many things appear to be softened down.
He had been governor previously of Byzantium, under
the orders of the Spartan Ephori, and had conducted
himself so tyrannically that the government at home
sent an armed force against him. Clearchus, antici-
pating the arrival of these troops, left Byzantium and
seized upon Selyrabria, and when the Spartan forces
came he engaged in battle with them, but was de-
feated. After this he fled to Cyrus. He was entrap-
ped along with the other Greek leaders, after the bat-
tle of Cunaxa, by the satrap Tissaphernes, and put to
death in common with them. (Xen. , Anab. , 3, 5, 31,
seqq. --Id. ib. , 2, 6, 1, seqq. --Diod. Sic. , 14, 12. )
Clemens, I. (commonly called Romanus, for distinc-
tion' sake from Clemens of Alexandrea), one of the
early Christians, the friend and fellow-traveller of St.
Paul, and afterward bishop of Rome, to which station
he was chosen A. D. 67, or, according to some, A. D.
91. He was the author of an epistle to the church of
Corinth, printed in the "Patres Apostolici" of Le
Clerc, Amst. , 1698. Of this work, the only manu-
script of which now extant is in the British Museum,
Archbishop Wake printed a translation in 1705. The
best edition of the original is Jacobson's, 2 vols. 8vo,
Ozon. , 1838. Clemens is supposed to have died at
Rome about the close of the first century. --II. An
eminent father of the church, who flourished between
A. D. 192 and 217, and is commonly called Alexan-
drinus, to distinguish him from Clemens of Rome.
He is supposed by some to have been a native of
Athens, and by others of Alexandrea, but of his real
origin very little is known. He early devoted himself
to study in the schools of the latter city, and had many
preceptors. (Strom. , 1, p. 274. --Euseb. , Hist. Eccl. ,
5, 2. ) His Hebrew preceptor, whom he calls "the
Sicilian bee," was unquestionably Pantsnus, a Jew
by birth, but of Sicilian extraction, who united Gre-
cian with sacred learning, and was attached to the
Stoic philosophy. (Vales, ad Euseb. , 5, 10. ) Cle-
mens so far adopted the ideas of this preceptor as to
? ? espouse the moral doctrine of the Stoics. In other
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? CLE
tain>>j to the age of seventy years, and died about the
55Ji OiyinpiaJ. By some he is ranked among the
wise men of Greece. His favourite maxim was 'Apia-
? ny fUTftov, "moderation is but" i. e. , preserve a due
mean in all things. {. LHog. Laert. in Vit. )
CLEOHDROTUS, I. a king of Sparta, who succeeded
his brother Agesipolis I. He was defeated by Epam-
:n iis. l i- in the battle of Leuctra, and lost his life on
lilt occasion. (Xen. , Hist. Gr. , 6, 4, 13. )--II. A
son-in-law of Leonidas II. , king of Sparta, who usurp-
eJ the kingdom after the expulsion of that monarch,
but was soon after expelled in turn and sent into ban-
ishment. (Pint. , Vit. Ag. tt CUom. )
CLEOMKDES. a Greek writer, supposed to have been
the author of the work -which has reached us, entitled
? ? Cyclic Theory of Meteors," i. e. , Circular Theory
of the Stars. He is thought to have lived some years
before the Christian era. (Dclamkrc, in Biogr. Univ. ,
Tol. 9, p. 54. )
CLEOXENKS I. , king of Sparta, ascended the throne
B.
CisalpTna Gallia. Vid. Gallia.
Cispadana Gallia. Vid. Gallia.
Cissa. Vid. Susiana.
Cisskis, a patronymic given to Hecuba as daughter
of Cisseus.
Cisskus, I. a king of Thrace, father to Hecuba.
(Virg. , Mn. , 7, 320. ) -- II. A son of Melampus, killed
by . Eneas. {Id. , 10, 317. )
Cissia, a country of Asia, having Media to the north,
Babylonia to the west, the Persian Gulf to the south,
and Persia to the southeast. Its capital was Susa.
In Cissia was Ardoricca, where Darius settled those
of the Eretrians whom his naval commanders had
brought to him as prisoners in obedience to his com-
mand. (Vid. Ardericca and Eretria. ) Susiana is fre-
quently confounded with Cissia. The former was
merely a part of the latter, and was properly the terri-
tory adjacent to the city of Susa. (Lurcher, Hist.
d'Herod. --Table Geographiquc, vol. 8, p. 133. )
Cissus, a town of Macedonia, in the vicinity of Thes-
salonica, which contributed, as Strabo asserts (Epit.
7, p. 330), to the aggrandizement of that city. The
modern name is said to be Cismi. (French Strabo,
vol. 3, p. 126. ) Xenophon also speaks of a Mount
Cissus, which was probably in this direction. (Cyncg. ,
c. 11, 1. )
Cith. <<8on, I. a king of Platrea in Boeotia, remarka-
ble for his wisdom. By his advice, Jupiter pretended
to be contracting a second marriage, when Juno had
quarrelled with and left him. The scheme succeeded,
and the goddess became reconciled to her spouse.
(Pausan. , 9, 3. ) This monarch is said to have given
name to the well-known mountain-range in Boeotia.
(Pausan. ,9, 1. )--II. An elevated ridge of mountains,
dividing Bceotia first from Megaris, and afterward from
Attica, and finally uniting with Mount Parnes and
other summits which belong to the northeastern side of
that province. (Strabo, 405. ) It was dedicated, as
Pausanias affirms (9, 2), to Jupiter Cithffironius, and
was celebrated in antiquity as having been the scene
of many events recorded by poets and other writers.
Such were the metamorphosis of Actmon, the death of
Pentheus, and the exposure of CEdipus. Here also
Bacchus was said to hold his revels and celebrate his
mystic orgies, accompanied by his usual train of satyrs
and frantic Bacchantes. (Eurip. , Baccha, 1391. --
Soph. , (Ed. Tyr. , 1451. -- Id. ibid, 1391. -- Eurip. ,
Phan. ,809. ) We know from Thucydides (2, 75),
that this mountain was once supplied with forest tim-
ber, as the Peloponnesians are said to have derived
from thence the supply they required for carrying on
the siege of Plata-a. But Dodwell says, "it is now
shrouded by deep gloom and dreary desolation," and
elsewhere he remarks, " it is barren, or covered only
with dark stunted shrubs; towards the summit, how-
ever, it is crowned with forests of fir, from which it de-
rives its modern name of Elalca, the modern Greek
term for the fir-tree being, like the ancient, tAurr/. "
'Travels, vol. 1, p. 281. -- Cramer's Ancient Greece,
? ? vol. 2, p. 218, seqq. )
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? CLA
Claudia Gens, a celebrated patrician house at
Rome, from which came many distinguished men in
the days of the republic. According to Suetonius
\Vit. Tib. , I), this family could boast of 28 consuls, 6
dictators, 7 censors, 7 triumphs, and 2 ovations. The
emperors Tiberius and Claudius were of this same line.
The Claudian family claimed descent from Appius
Claudius. There was also a plebeian branch of the
Claudii, named the Claudii Marcelli. (Consult Glan-
dorp, Onomast. , p. 222, setjq. )
Claudia, I. a vestal virgin, suspected of having vio-
lated her vow. She proved her innocence by drawing
off from a shoal in the Tiber, with the aid of her girdle
merely, a vessel which had been stranded there, and
on board of which was the statue of Cybole, that had
been brought to Italy from Asia Minor. (Ovid, Fast. ,
4. 305, segq. --Sucton. , Vit. Tib. , c. 2. -- Lib. , 29, 14. )
--II. A sister of Claudius Pulcher, fined by the people
on account of an offensive remark made by her. It
seems, that, as her vehicle (earpentum) was retarded in
its progress through the streets of Rome by the press-
ure of the crowd, she exclaimed, in a moment of
haughty irritation, strikingly characteristic of the Clau-
dian race, "I wish my brother Pulcher were alive
again, and would lose another fleet, that there might
be leas crowding, and confusion at Rome! " (Sueton. ,
Vit. Ttb. , c. 2. )--III. A vestal virgin, daughter of Ap-
pius Claudius Audax. When the tribunes of the com-
mons endeavoured to pull her father from his chariot,
in the midst of a triumph (A. U. C. 610), she ascended
the triumphal car, took her place by her father's side,
and rode with him to the Capitol, thus securing him by
her sacred character from any farther molestation.
(Vol. Max. , 5, 4, 6. -- Cic. , pro Cod. , 14. ) In Sue-
tonius ( Vit. Tib. , c. 2), Appius is called her brother
{fralrem), but this is evidently an error of the copyists
for patrem. (Pigh. , Ann. , vol. 2, p. 473. ) -- IV. Au-
gusta, a daughter of Nero and Poppsa. Her birth ex-
cited great joy in her profligate father, but she died
at the end of four months. Divine honours were de-
creed unto the royal infant, and a temple and priestess.
(Tacit. . Ann. , 15, 23. --Sueton. , Vit. Ner. , c. 35. )--V.
(Via) a Roman road, which branched ofTfrom the Via
Flaminia, at the Pons Mulvius, near Rome, and, pro-
ceeding through the more inland parts of Etruria, joined
the Via Aurelia at Lucca. It appears to have fallen
into disuse, when the central parts of Etruria, which it
crossed, became unfrequented. (Cramer's Anc. Italy,
vol. 1, p. 245. }--VI. Antonia, a daughter of the Em-
peror Claudius, married Cn. Pompey, whom Mcssalina
caused to be put to death. Her second husband, Syl-
la Kaustus, by whom* she had a son, was killed by
Nero, and she shared his fate when she refused to
marry his murderer. (Sueton. , Vit. Claud. , c. 27. --
Id. , Vit. Ner. , 35. )
Claudia Lex, I. proposed by Claudius the consul,
at the request of the allies, A. U. C. 573, that the allies
and those of the Latin name should leave Rome, and
return to their own cities. According to this law,
the consul made an edict; and a decree of the senate
was added, that, for the future, no person should
be manumitted, unless both master and slave swore
that the latter was not manumitted for the sake of
changing his city. For the allies used to give their
children as slaves to any Roman citizen, on condition
of their being manumitted. (Lie. , 41, 8, sea. --Ctc. ,
pro Balb. , 23 )--II. Another, by the consul Marcellus.
A. U. C. 703, that no one should be allowed to stand
? ? candidate for an office while absent: thus taking from
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? CLAUDIAN.
CLA
acquainted, and may be regarded in the light of an
innovation.
Prose panegyrics had been in use from
the second century of our era. These eulogiums in
Verse, composed by the poet, are as follows: 1st. A
Panegyric on the consulship of Probinus and Olybrius,
which took place hi 395: 3d. Panegyrics on the third,
fourth, and sixth consulships of Honorius, which took
place in the years 396, 398, and 404: 3d. A Pane-
gyric in honour of Mallius Theodoras, A. D. 399:
4th A Eulogium on Stilicho, in three parts: 5th. A
Eulogium on Serena. In reading these productions
we are at a loss which to wonder at most, the base
flattery of the poet, or the effrontery of those who re-
ceived his gross adulation without a blush. --In epic
poetry Claudian has left us a piece in three cantos or
books, entitled "De Raptu Proserpina;" and the
commencement of a second production, entitled " Gt-
gantomaekia," the war of the Giants. As regards
the first of these works, critics have considered the
third book inferior in polish to the other two, and show-
ing less of a finishing hand. The plan of the poem,
moreover, is a defective one. Instead of hurrying us
at once into the very midst of the action, as an epic
bard should do, he recounts his fable from its very
commencement, as an historian would relate an event.
All the actors, too, being deities, and, consequently,
elevated above the level of human nature, can only in-
spire a feeble interest. This defect Claudian seeks to
remedy by a style always elevated, by striking imagery
and brilliant descriptions : but this tone pervading the
whole work, and the uniformity of the characters, nave
spread over it a monotony which becomes fatiguing in
the extreme. Notwithstanding all this, however, Clau-
dian is, perhaps, next to Statius, the Latin epic poet
that has come nearest to Virgil, especially in some of
his descriptions and comparisons, and his merit will no
doubt appear in a much more favourable light if we take
into consideration the period when he lived. --Two
other works of Claudian may be ranked in the class of
epic poems. One is entitled " De Bella Gildonico;"
the other, "De Bella Getico, tine Pollentiaco. " Gil-
don, son of a king of Mauritania, had made himself in-
dependent in Africa during the reign of Theodosius
the Great. The loss of this province, one of the gran-
aries of the empire, was severely felt. Under Hono-
rius, however, Africa was reconquered, and it is this
exploit that Claudian celebrates in a poem, of which
we have only the first canto, containing the cause and
the preparations of the war. The poem "DC Bella
Getico" turns on the war with the Visigoths, called
also the war of Pollentia, which occurred A. D. 402,
when Honorius was consul for the fifth time with his
brother Arcadius, emperor of the East. Alaric, king
of this Germanic race, having entered Italy by the way
of Pannonia, was defeated by Stilicho near Pollentia,
among the Cottian Alps. This war is the subject of a
poem by Claudian, in six hundred and forty-seven ver-
ses. Cassiodorus, it is true, and likewise Jornandes,
say directly the contrary in relation to this affair; but
in admitting the fact of the overthrow, as stated by
Claudian, we do not pretend to prejudge a question of
history. --Claudian is the author also of some poems,
which one would be tempted to rank in the class of
satires, if the manner in which he treats his subject
was not rather of an epic, or, if we may BO speak, of
a rhetorical character, and if these pieces were not
composed with the same view as his panegyrics,
? ? namely, that of pleasing Stilicho. The productions to
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? CLAUDIUS.
t<<ded to the Roman empire op the death of Caligula.
He was the second son of Drusus and Antonia, and,
consequently, grand-nephew to Augustus. When the
assassination of Caligula, was made known, the first
impuUe of the court party and of the foreign guards
wu to massacre all -who had participated in the raur-
ier. Several persona of distinction, who imprudently
eiposed themselves, became, in consequence, the vic-
tims of their fury. This violence subsided, however,
upon their discovering Claudius, who had concealed
himself in an obscure corner of the palace, and, being
dragged from his hiding-place, threw himself at their
bet in the utmost terror, and besought them to spare
bis life. The soldiers in the palace immediately sa-
luted him emperor, and Claudius, in return, set the
first example of paying the army for the imperial dig-
nity by a largess from the public treasury. It is dif-
ficult to assign any other motive for the choice which
the army made of Claudius than that which they them-
telves professed, " His relationship to the whole fami-
ly of the Csjsars. " Claudius, who was now fifty
years old, had never done anything to gain popularity,
Of to display those qualities which secure the attach-
men: of the soldiery. He had been a rickety child,
and the development of his faculties was retarded by
his bodily infirmities; and although he outgrew his
complaints, and became distinguished as a polite schol-
ar and an eloquent writer (Tacit. , Ann. , 13, 3. --M>>r-
fcw-. Vit. Claud. , c. 41), his spirits never recovered
from the effects of disease and of severe treatment,
and he retained much of the timidity and indolence of
hi* childhood. (Sue/on. , Vit. Claud. , c. 3. ) During
the reign of Tiberius he gave himself up to gross sen-
? uality, and consoled himself under this degradation
by the security whirli it brought with it. Under Ca-
ligula also he found his safety consist in maintaining
his reputation for incapacity, and he suffered himself
to become the butt of court parasites, and the subject
of their practical jokes. (Sueton. , Vit. Claud, c. 7. )
The excitement of novelty, on his first accession to
the throne, produced efforts of sagacity and prudence.
of which none who had previously known him believed
him capable; and during the whole of his reign, too,
*e find judicious and useful enactments occasionally .
made, which -would seem to show that he was not in
reality "so silly an emperor" as historians have gen-
erally represented him to be. It is most probable,
therefore, that the fatuity which characterizes some
part* of his conduct was the result, not of natural im-
becility, but of the early and unlimited indulgence of
the grossest sensuality. Claudius embellished Rome
with many magnificent works; he made Mauritania a
Roman province-, his armies fought successfully against
the Germans; and he himself triumphed magnificently
for victories over the Britons, and obtained, together
with his infant son, the surname of Britannicus. But
in other respects he was wholly governed by worthless
favourites, and especially by his empress, the profligate
and abandoned Messalina, whose cruelty and rapacity
were as unbounded as her licentiousness. At her in-
stigation, it was but too common for the emperor to
put to death, on false charges of conspiracy, some of
the wealthiest of the nobles, and to confiscate their es-
tates, with the money arising from which ahe openly
pampered her numerous paramours. When the ca-
reer of this guilty woman was terminated, Claudius
was governed for a time by his frecdman Narcissus,
and Pallas, another manumitted slave, until he took to
? ? wife bis own ritece, Agrippina, daughter of Germani-
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? CLE
and at last he became bo complete a master of the
Stoic philosophy as to be perfectly well qualified to
succeed Zeno. His fellow-disciples often ridiculed
him for his dulness by calling him an ass; but his
answer was, that if he were an ass he was the better
able to bear the weight of Zeno's doctrine. He wrote
much, but none of his writings remain except a most
beautiful hymn to Jupiter, preserved in the Anthology.
After his death, the Roman senate erected a statue
in honour of him at Assus. It is said that he starved
himself in his 90th year, B. C. 240. (Enfield's His-
tory of Philosophy, vol. 1, p. 354, stqq. )-- II. A Co-
rinthian painter, whom some make to have been the
inventor of drawing in outline. (P/in. ,35,3. ) Athe-
nagoras mentions him among the first that practised
this branch of the art. (Sillig, Diet. Art. , s. v. )
Clearchus, I. a tyrant of Heraclea Pontica, who
was killed by Chion and Lconidas, Plato's pupils, du-
ring the celebration of the festival of Bacchus, after
the enjoyment of the sovereign power for twelve
years, 353 B. C. (Consult Memnon, Fragm. , c. 1,
and Hoffmann's Prolegomena in Chionis Epist. --
Compare also remarks under the article Chion. )--
II. A Lacedaemonian, one of the Greek command-
ers in the army of Cyrus the younger, and held by
that prince in the highest estimation of all the Greek
leaders that were with him. A sketch of his charac-
ter and history is given by Xenophon (Anab. , 2, 6),
in which many things appear to be softened down.
He had been governor previously of Byzantium, under
the orders of the Spartan Ephori, and had conducted
himself so tyrannically that the government at home
sent an armed force against him. Clearchus, antici-
pating the arrival of these troops, left Byzantium and
seized upon Selyrabria, and when the Spartan forces
came he engaged in battle with them, but was de-
feated. After this he fled to Cyrus. He was entrap-
ped along with the other Greek leaders, after the bat-
tle of Cunaxa, by the satrap Tissaphernes, and put to
death in common with them. (Xen. , Anab. , 3, 5, 31,
seqq. --Id. ib. , 2, 6, 1, seqq. --Diod. Sic. , 14, 12. )
Clemens, I. (commonly called Romanus, for distinc-
tion' sake from Clemens of Alexandrea), one of the
early Christians, the friend and fellow-traveller of St.
Paul, and afterward bishop of Rome, to which station
he was chosen A. D. 67, or, according to some, A. D.
91. He was the author of an epistle to the church of
Corinth, printed in the "Patres Apostolici" of Le
Clerc, Amst. , 1698. Of this work, the only manu-
script of which now extant is in the British Museum,
Archbishop Wake printed a translation in 1705. The
best edition of the original is Jacobson's, 2 vols. 8vo,
Ozon. , 1838. Clemens is supposed to have died at
Rome about the close of the first century. --II. An
eminent father of the church, who flourished between
A. D. 192 and 217, and is commonly called Alexan-
drinus, to distinguish him from Clemens of Rome.
He is supposed by some to have been a native of
Athens, and by others of Alexandrea, but of his real
origin very little is known. He early devoted himself
to study in the schools of the latter city, and had many
preceptors. (Strom. , 1, p. 274. --Euseb. , Hist. Eccl. ,
5, 2. ) His Hebrew preceptor, whom he calls "the
Sicilian bee," was unquestionably Pantsnus, a Jew
by birth, but of Sicilian extraction, who united Gre-
cian with sacred learning, and was attached to the
Stoic philosophy. (Vales, ad Euseb. , 5, 10. ) Cle-
mens so far adopted the ideas of this preceptor as to
? ? espouse the moral doctrine of the Stoics. In other
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? CLE
tain>>j to the age of seventy years, and died about the
55Ji OiyinpiaJ. By some he is ranked among the
wise men of Greece. His favourite maxim was 'Apia-
? ny fUTftov, "moderation is but" i. e. , preserve a due
mean in all things. {. LHog. Laert. in Vit. )
CLEOHDROTUS, I. a king of Sparta, who succeeded
his brother Agesipolis I. He was defeated by Epam-
:n iis. l i- in the battle of Leuctra, and lost his life on
lilt occasion. (Xen. , Hist. Gr. , 6, 4, 13. )--II. A
son-in-law of Leonidas II. , king of Sparta, who usurp-
eJ the kingdom after the expulsion of that monarch,
but was soon after expelled in turn and sent into ban-
ishment. (Pint. , Vit. Ag. tt CUom. )
CLEOMKDES. a Greek writer, supposed to have been
the author of the work -which has reached us, entitled
? ? Cyclic Theory of Meteors," i. e. , Circular Theory
of the Stars. He is thought to have lived some years
before the Christian era. (Dclamkrc, in Biogr. Univ. ,
Tol. 9, p. 54. )
CLEOXENKS I. , king of Sparta, ascended the throne
B.
