98c) says in faa that human beings at the beginning of the cosmic age do not possess these organs, that they all have the same form; later, when they eat of the juice of the earth, the two organs arise, and the
difference
of male and female appear; in the absence of gross food, the two organs will be missing.
Abhidharmakosabhasyam-Vol-1-Vasubandhu-Poussin-Pruden-1991
383bl6, where it is said that Dharmatrata does not admit that the dharmdyatana is rupa (see iv.
4a-b).
94. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 379al2, presents twenty opinions on the meaning of the term dyatana. The definition of the Koia is reproduced in the Mahdvyutpatti, p. 552.
95. Vibhdsd, TD p. 367c21, has eleven etymologies. We have here the first one.
96. Dhatu signifies "mine" in the expression suvarnagotra, Asanga, Sutrdlamkdra, iii. 9 and note of
the translates
97. The Vaibhasikas believe that the skandhas, the dyatanas and the dhdtus really exist; the Sautrantikas hold that the dhdtus are real, the skandhas and the dyatanas only "nominally" so; Vasubandhu holds the skandhas to be "nominal," whereas the dyatanas and the dhdtus are real.
98. The doctrine of the pudgala is discussed in a supplement, Chapter DC, of the Koia, translated by Stcherbatsky, Academie de Petrograd, 1920.
99. Sarhghabhadra: "This objection does not hold Skandha does not signify 'mass,' but 'that which is susceptible of being collected together in a mass*. . . " (TD 29, p. 343c25).
100. In the way that, in the world, skandha signifies shoulder, ndmarupa are the two shoulders which bear the saddyatana (iii. 21).
101. That part which is rupa, that part which is sensation . . .
102. Paramartha: "I shall return to you three skandhas" Tibetan: dbul bar bya ba'iphun po gsum
dag tu dbul bar bya'o.
103. Utsutra: Mahdbhdsya, i. p. 12; Kielhorn, JRAS, 1908, p. 501.
104. The Abhidharmikas are not always clearly distinguished from the Vaibhasikas. See
Introduction.
105. Compare Prakaranapdda, Chapter VI (TD 26, p. 731cl9): The caksurdhdtu is embraced within one dhatu, one ayatana, and one skandha-, it is known (jfieya) by seven jUdnas (see Kola, vii) with the exception of paracittajfidna, nirodhajfidna, and mdrgajfldna: it is discerned by one vijfidna\ it exists in Kamadhatu and Rupadhatu; it is affected by the anuiayas to be abandoned through Meditation (see Koia, v. ).
Dbdtukathdpakarana (PTS ed 1892) p. 6: cakkhudhdtu ekena khandhena ekendyatanena ekdya dhdtuya samgahitd
106. According to Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 366c26.
107. Teaching of the skandhas to persons of sharp faculties (prajtfendriya). Example: yad bhikso na tvarh sa te dharmah prahdtavyah /ajndtam bhagavan / katham asya bhikso samksiptenok- tdrtham djdndsi /ruparh bhadanta ndharh sa me dharmah prahdtavyah/
The three types of hearers--udghatitajna, aviparicitajfia, and padarhparama--correspond to the three types of faculties (PuggalapaHfiatti, p. 41; Sutrdlamkdra, trans, p. 145).
Footnotes 141
? 142 Chapter One
108. Dharmaskandha, TD 26, p. 501a7; Vibhasd, TD 27, p. 385a29. 109. Six vivddamulas in Digha, iii. 246, etc
110. Vibhasd, TD 27, p. 385bl5.
111. According to Vibhasd, TD 27, p. 384H-6.
112. The Vibhasd, TD 27, p. 399c4-7, enumerates eleven reason which justify the terms riipdyatana and dharmdyatana.
113. This is the opinion of Dharmatrata (see his Samyukta Abhidharmahrdaya, TD 28, p. 873a28-b2). i. 17.
114. (1) According to the Sautrantikas, the word of the Buddha {buddhavacana) is vdgvijnapti (iv. 3d); according to another school (nikaydntartya) it is ndman. The Vydkhyd quotes, on this point, the jndnaprasthdna (See Cosmologie bouddhique, p. vii, note).
(2) In another canon, the Sutra says that there are eighty-four thousand dharmaskandhas.
The Sutra has Ananda saying, "I have learned from the Buddha more than eighty-four thousand dharmaskandhas: sdtirekdni me'sJtir dharmaskandhasahasrdni bhagavato'ntikdt sammukham udgfhitdni (See Burnouf, Introduction, p. 34; Sumangalavildsini, p. 24; Theragdthd, 1024; Prajndpdramitd in the Akutobhaya of NagSrjuna, i. 8; Avaddnafataka, ii. 155).
115. Vibhasd, TD 27, p. 385cl8: the Dharmaskandhaidstra contains six thousand goathas. See Takakusu's analysis, JPTS, 1905, p. 112.
116. Eighty thousand dharmaskandhas have perished; a single dharmaskandha has been preserved (Vydkhyd).
111. This is the explanation of Buddhaghosa, Sumangalavildsini, i. 24.
118. The Vydkhyd quotes a Sutra, a more developed form of Digha, iii. 241 and Anguttara, iii. 21.
Vimuktydyatana = vimukter dyadvaram.
119. These are opposed to the sixty-two drstis {Vibhasd, TD 27, p. 376c6 and foil. ). The Bahudhdtuka (Madhyama, TD 1, p. 723cl3 , Dharmaskandha, Chapter XX) is closely related to Majjhima, iii. 6l (41 dhdtus). Compare Asanga, Sutrdlamkdra, iii. 2.
120. This refers to the Sutra which explains the constituent elements of a person: saddhdtur ayam bhikso purusah. Vasubandhu quotes it (i. 35) under the name of Garbhdvakrdntisutra (Vinayasamyuktakavastu,Sec. 11,TD24,p. 253a21;andintheRatnakuta,Chap. 14,TD 11,p. 326b). In the Majjhima, this Sutra is called the Dhdtuvibhangasutta (iii. 239); it constitutes one of the sources of the Pitdputrasamdgama extracts of which are preserved in the Siksadsamuccaya, p. 244, Bodhicarydvatara, ix. 88, Madhyamakdvatdra, p. 269.
See note 62, and note 143 and Prakaranapada quoted in the note ad ii. 23c-d.
On the six dhdtus, Anguttara, i. 176, Vibhanga, p. 82-85, Abhidharmahrdaya, viii. 7.
121. Dharmaskandha, Chapter XX, Vibhasd, TD 27, p. 388a29. Same definition in Vibhanga, p. 84: katamd ajjhattikd dkdsadhdtuPyam ajjhattam paccattam dkdso dkdsagatam agham aghagatam vivaro vivaragatam . . . kannacchiddam ndsacchiddam . . .
122. P'u-kuang says (TD41, p. 32c28): "One says that dkdsadhdtu is light and darkness in order to show that it is a type of color (varna) and a real thing. The author does not believe that dkdsadhdtu is a real thing, and this is why he adds the word kHa" For Vasubandhu and the Sautrantikas, dkd? adhdtu is solely the absence of a resistent body (sapratighadravydbhdvamdtra). See ii. 55c-d
Vibhasd, TD 27, p. 388M9: What difference is there between dkdsa and dkafadhatu? The first
I
? is non-material (arupin), invisible (anidariana), non-resistent (apratigha), pure (anasrava), unconditioned (asamskrta); the second is material. . .
123. One edition of the Vydkhyd reads dgba: dgharh kila citastham rUpam iti citastham samghdtastham /atyartham hanti hanyate cety dgham / . . . atyarthasabdasya dkdrddesah krto hantes ca ghddesah. But the Burnouf MSS reads agham . . . akdrddesab; we have, ad iii. 72, agba
= citastharupa; Mabdvyutpatti, 245. 162.
124. See above p. 70 and following.
125. The dharmadhdtu is apart from cause: it includes avijnapti which is material and non- susceptible to being struck.
126. See Karanaprajnaptisdstra, analyzed in Cosmologie bouddhique, p. 339.
127. Compare Samyutta, iv. 201: puthujjano cakkhusmim hanh^i mandpdmandpehi rupehi.
128. This means that the consciousness which arises having blue for its object (visaya) and the eye for its support (dsraya), can be hindered from arising through the interposition of a foreign body between the eye and the blue object: the eye and the blue are thus sapratigha. But neither the manodhdtu, which functions as the organ of the mental consciousness (manovijndna), nor the dharmadhdtu, which is the object proper of the mental consciousness (for example sensation), are not sapratigha: nothing can hinder, by making an "obstacle" or a "screen" (avarana), the mental consciousness from arising from the mental organ (manodhdtu) with respect to the dharmadhdtu.
129. See ii. 9a; Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 263cl2, p. 740b8.
130. The Mahisasakas believe that the first four consciousnesses are always neutral; the
consciousness of touch and the mental consciousness are of the three types.
131. The dharmas which do not belong to any sphere of existence, which are transcendent to
existence (adhdtupatita, adhdtvdpta, apariydpanna) are unconditioned things. 132. The examination of this problem is taken up again ii. 12.
Compare Kathdvatthu, viii. 7.
133. Compare Digba, i. 34, 186.
134. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 746a4: "Do the male and female organs exist in Rupadhatu? Neither of the sexual organs exist there. First opinion: it is because one desires to abandon these organs that one cultivates the dhyanas and is reborn in Rupadhatu. If beings in Rupadhatu were to possess these organs, they would not desire to be reborn in this sphere. Second opinion: these organs are created by gross food (iii. 39); the Sutra (iii.
98c) says in faa that human beings at the beginning of the cosmic age do not possess these organs, that they all have the same form; later, when they eat of the juice of the earth, the two organs arise, and the difference of male and female appear; in the absence of gross food, the two organs will be missing. Third opinion: the two organs have a use in Kamadhatu, but they do not have a use in Rupadhatu: thus they are missing in Rupadhatu . . .
On the gods of Kamadhatu, see iii. 70.
135. The Mahasamghikas and the Sautrantikas maintain that the body of the Buddha is pure (anasrava) (see iv. 4a-b, discussion of avijnapti) (Compare Kathdvatthu, iv. 3, xiv. 4). Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 229al7, p. 391c27: "Certain masters, the Mahasamghikas, maintain that the body of the Buddha is pure. They say, 'Scripture says that the Tathagata remains above the world, that he is not mundane, that he is not defiled; thus we know that the body of the Buddha is pure. ' In order
to refute this opinion, we show that the body of the Buddha is impure. To say that it is pure is to contradict the Sutra. "
The body of the Buddha is not pure (anasrava), because it can be the occasion of the
Footnotes 143
? 144 Chapter One
defilement of another. Vibhasa, TD 27, p. 871cll: The body of the Buddha is the result of ignorance and thirst; it is thus not pure. The Sutra says that ten complete dyatanas (organ of sight. . . ,visibles . . . ), and two partial ayatanas (manadyatana dhannas) are impure . . . If the body of the Buddha were pure, women would not have affection for him; he would not produce, among others, any desire, hatred, confusion, or pride . . .
Compare Vydkhyd, p. 14; above p. 58.
136. Same question in Vibhaga, 97,435. Vitarka and vicdra are defined ii. 28, 33.
137. These are called avikalapaka by reason of the text: caksurvi/ndnasamanginilarh vijdndti no tu nilam iti (See above note 75).
138. Kila: this is an opinion of the Vaibhasikas without support in the Sutras.
The opinion of Vasubandhu is explained later, ii. 33. For him as for the Sautrantikas, vitarka
and vicdra are citta, manovijndna.
139. Vibhasa, TD 27, p. 219b7: svabhdvavikalpa is vitarka-vicdra; anusmaranavikalpa is the memory associated with mental consciousness; nirupandvikalpa is non-absorbed prajnd of the sphere of the mental consciousness. In Kamadhatu, the five consciousnesses have only the first
type of vikalpa: they, include memory, but not anusmaranavikalpa, for they are not capable of recognition; they include prajnd, but not nirupandvikalpa, for they are not capable of examination.
Nyaydnusdra (TD 29, p. 350bll): The nature of svabhdvavikalpa is vitarka.
140. Sarhghabhadra: Prajnd and memory are associated with the five sense consciousnesses, but
their functions are reduced therein (TD 29, p. 350bl7).
141. Prajnd which is mental (mdnast), that is to say manasi bhavd, proceeds either from the hearing of Scripture or from reflection (irutacintdmayt), or is innate (upapattipratilambhikd)', is dispersed (vyagrd), that is, non-concentrated prajrid, having different objects (agra), or "dis- crowned" (vigatapradhdnd) by the fact that it successively grasps after different object.
Why give the name of abhinirupandvikalpa to this prajnd?
Because it applies to a certain object in respect to its name (ndmdpeksayd) and examines (abhinirupand): "this is rupa, vedand, anitya, duhkha," etc However, concentrated (samdhitd)
prajrid, proceeding from absorption (bhdvandmayt), is applied to an object without taking into consideration its name. Thus it is not abhinirupandvikalpa.
All mental memory (smrti), that is to say, the mental memory, is or is not concentrated. For, according to the School, the mental memory uniquely has for its object the thing previously experienced and does not take into consideration its name, according to the definition: "What is memory? Expression of the mind (cetaso'bhildpah). " The mode of existence of memory connected to the five consciousnesses is not an expression {abhilapa) of a thing previously experienced. It is thus not anusmaranavikalpa (Vydkhyd). See ii. 24.
142. On the meaning of dlambana, i. 29b. Compare Vibhanga, p. 95.
143. The Abhidhamma (Vibhanga, p. 96, Dhammasanganni, 653, 1211, 1534) understands upddinna in the same sense. The modern commentators of the Abhidhamma translate upddinna as "issue of grasping;" they do not see the upddd = updddyarUpa, bhautika, and so create a great confusion.
Moreover the Vibhanga does not classify the dhdtus as does the Abhidharma. (See also Suttavibhanga, p. 113; Mahdvyutpatti, 101. 56; Divydvadana, p. 54; Bodhicarydvatdra, viii. 97,101). And there is some fluctuation even in Sanskrit sources. For example, Majjhima iii. 240, reproduced
in the Pitdputrasamdgama (see above p. 54, a 1), gives the hair . . . excrements as ajjhattam paccattam kakkhalam upddinnam. Now hair is not upddinna. A description of corporeal matter
? (ddhydtmikd, see Majjhima, iii. 90) has been confused with a description of organic matter (updtta)
Updtta matter, plus the manas, is called dsraya (see ii. 5). This is the subtle bodies of the non-Buddhists.
144. Bhuta, mahdbhuta; updddya rupa, bhautika; see i. 22, 23-24, ii. 12, 50a, 65. bhautika = bhuta bhava = derived from the bhutas.
145. Compare Vibhanga, p. 96.
146. Vibhasa, TD 27, p. 66lcl4. There are two masters in this school, Buddhadeva and Dharmatrata. Buddhadeva says: "Rupa is solely the primary elements; the mental states (caitta) are solely mind (citta)" He says that updddyarupa, secondary matter, is a species of the primary elements (mahdbhutavis'esa), and that the mental states are a species of mind . . . " (Compare Kathdvatthu, vii. 3). Vibhasa, TD 27, p. 383c24. The Sutra says: "Rupa is the four primary elements and that which derives from the four primary elements. " Which opinion does the Sutra intend to refute? It intends to refute the opinion of Buddhadeva. The Buddha sees that, in the future, there will be a master, Buddhadeva, who will say: "There is no derived, distinct rupa apart from the primary elements. " In order to refute this opinion, the Buddha says: "Rupa is the four primary elements . . . " Vibhasa, TD 27, p. 730b26: "All conditioned things are either mahdbhuta or citta; there is no updddyarupa apart from the mahdbhittas\ and there is no caitta (mental states) apart from the citta (the mind).
On the mind and mental states, see below p. 101 and ii. 23c
Buddhadeva is perhaps the master named on the lion inscription of Mathura.
147. Thus (1) the organs are not primary matter, not being "solid," etc. ; (2) tangible things include primary matter, since a solid is perceived by touch; and (3) secondary matter perceived by the other organs is not perceived by touch.
148. See ii. 5. The first four dhdtus (earth . . . wind) are "radical substances," because the organs arise from these dhdtus; the vijndnadhatu or manodhdtu is a "root," because it gives rise to manahsparsayatana. Or rather the first four dhdtus are roots because they give rise to secondary matter; the vijfidnadhdtu is a root because it gives rise to mental states {caitta, caitasika).
149. Thus the first five "supports of contact," the five organs of sense consciousness, are "secondary matter:" otherwise, they would be included in the definition: "A person is made up of the six dhdtus. "
150. According to the Abhidhamma (Dhammasarigani, 647), derived rupa is not tangible. Samghabhadra (TD 29, p. 352cl) refutes this opinion which he attributes to the Sthavira. On this subject see the Introduction for a discussion of the authenticity of the Sutras.
151. Vibhasa, TD 27, p. 391c6.
151. Vibhasa, TD 27, p. 689c5 and foil
153. This is the etymology vipacyata iti vipdkah; the vipdka is what has become ripe. 154. This is the etymology vipdka = vipakti.
155. It appears that this is the opinion of Dharmatrata 145 (TD 28, number 1552).
156. Let us consider one moment or state of existence of this subtle matter which is the organ of sight. One part of this matter is retribution of a former action; another part proceeds from food: all this matter is the outflowing result of a previous moment or state in the existence of the eye. But this previous moment or state is not, in and of itself, capable of generating the present moment: in faa, at death, the organ of sight ceases producing itself through outflowing. Thus by
Footnotes 145
? 146 Chapter One
definition the organ of sight is not an outflowing. But consider, on the contrary, the flesh that constitutes the body: it persists after death; it is thus an outflowing, the result, in each of the moments of its existence, of the previous moment.
The Kathavatthu, xii,4, xvi. 8, does not hold that matter is retribution.
157. Nine reason are enumerated in Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 612c. Vasubandhu quotes the third
158. The Vatslputriyas and the Vibhajyavadins maintain that sound is retribution.
159. Compare Digha, iii. 173, quoted by the Mahasamghikas in the Kathdvatthu, xii. 3: saddo vipdko.
160. See Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 823a20, p. 449al6, and Dharmatrata, TD 29, p. 396c20. These passages are discussed by Fa-pao in his Shu, TD 41, p. 502al8 and following.
161. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 714a7 and foil. The difference between internal {ddhydtmika) dharmas and external {bdhya) dharmas is threefold: 1. difference from the point of view of the series (samtdna): the dharmas that are to be found in the person himself {svdtmabhdva) are internal; those that are to be found within another, and also those which are not integral to living beings (asattvdkhya, i. l0b), are external; 2. difference from the point of view of the dyatanas: the dyatanas which are the support (dsraya) of the mind and mental states are internal; those which are objects (dlambana) are external; 3. difference from the point of view of living beings: the dharmas integral to living beings are internal; the others are external.
162. See Uddnavarga, xxiii; Madhyamakavrtti, p. 354; Dhammapada, 160.
163. Prakarana, TD 26, p. 699a3-28.
164. Vibhdsd {TD 27, p. 368a21): The organ that has seen, now sees or shall see rupa, and its tatsabhaga (that is to say the organ which resembles this organ) is the caksurdhdtu. The organ which has seen is past caksurdhdtu; the organ which now sees is present caksurdhdtu; and the organ that shall see is future caksurdhdtu. As for tatsabhaga, the masters of this land say that it is of four types: the past, present, and future tatsabhaga eye is the caksurdhdtu which has perished, is now perishing, or shall perish without having seen the rupa; one should add, as a fourth, the caksurdhdtu which absolutely will not arise.
Foreign (bahirdesaka) masters say that it is of five types: past, present, future, as above.
94. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 379al2, presents twenty opinions on the meaning of the term dyatana. The definition of the Koia is reproduced in the Mahdvyutpatti, p. 552.
95. Vibhdsd, TD p. 367c21, has eleven etymologies. We have here the first one.
96. Dhatu signifies "mine" in the expression suvarnagotra, Asanga, Sutrdlamkdra, iii. 9 and note of
the translates
97. The Vaibhasikas believe that the skandhas, the dyatanas and the dhdtus really exist; the Sautrantikas hold that the dhdtus are real, the skandhas and the dyatanas only "nominally" so; Vasubandhu holds the skandhas to be "nominal," whereas the dyatanas and the dhdtus are real.
98. The doctrine of the pudgala is discussed in a supplement, Chapter DC, of the Koia, translated by Stcherbatsky, Academie de Petrograd, 1920.
99. Sarhghabhadra: "This objection does not hold Skandha does not signify 'mass,' but 'that which is susceptible of being collected together in a mass*. . . " (TD 29, p. 343c25).
100. In the way that, in the world, skandha signifies shoulder, ndmarupa are the two shoulders which bear the saddyatana (iii. 21).
101. That part which is rupa, that part which is sensation . . .
102. Paramartha: "I shall return to you three skandhas" Tibetan: dbul bar bya ba'iphun po gsum
dag tu dbul bar bya'o.
103. Utsutra: Mahdbhdsya, i. p. 12; Kielhorn, JRAS, 1908, p. 501.
104. The Abhidharmikas are not always clearly distinguished from the Vaibhasikas. See
Introduction.
105. Compare Prakaranapdda, Chapter VI (TD 26, p. 731cl9): The caksurdhdtu is embraced within one dhatu, one ayatana, and one skandha-, it is known (jfieya) by seven jUdnas (see Kola, vii) with the exception of paracittajfidna, nirodhajfidna, and mdrgajfldna: it is discerned by one vijfidna\ it exists in Kamadhatu and Rupadhatu; it is affected by the anuiayas to be abandoned through Meditation (see Koia, v. ).
Dbdtukathdpakarana (PTS ed 1892) p. 6: cakkhudhdtu ekena khandhena ekendyatanena ekdya dhdtuya samgahitd
106. According to Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 366c26.
107. Teaching of the skandhas to persons of sharp faculties (prajtfendriya). Example: yad bhikso na tvarh sa te dharmah prahdtavyah /ajndtam bhagavan / katham asya bhikso samksiptenok- tdrtham djdndsi /ruparh bhadanta ndharh sa me dharmah prahdtavyah/
The three types of hearers--udghatitajna, aviparicitajfia, and padarhparama--correspond to the three types of faculties (PuggalapaHfiatti, p. 41; Sutrdlamkdra, trans, p. 145).
Footnotes 141
? 142 Chapter One
108. Dharmaskandha, TD 26, p. 501a7; Vibhasd, TD 27, p. 385a29. 109. Six vivddamulas in Digha, iii. 246, etc
110. Vibhasd, TD 27, p. 385bl5.
111. According to Vibhasd, TD 27, p. 384H-6.
112. The Vibhasd, TD 27, p. 399c4-7, enumerates eleven reason which justify the terms riipdyatana and dharmdyatana.
113. This is the opinion of Dharmatrata (see his Samyukta Abhidharmahrdaya, TD 28, p. 873a28-b2). i. 17.
114. (1) According to the Sautrantikas, the word of the Buddha {buddhavacana) is vdgvijnapti (iv. 3d); according to another school (nikaydntartya) it is ndman. The Vydkhyd quotes, on this point, the jndnaprasthdna (See Cosmologie bouddhique, p. vii, note).
(2) In another canon, the Sutra says that there are eighty-four thousand dharmaskandhas.
The Sutra has Ananda saying, "I have learned from the Buddha more than eighty-four thousand dharmaskandhas: sdtirekdni me'sJtir dharmaskandhasahasrdni bhagavato'ntikdt sammukham udgfhitdni (See Burnouf, Introduction, p. 34; Sumangalavildsini, p. 24; Theragdthd, 1024; Prajndpdramitd in the Akutobhaya of NagSrjuna, i. 8; Avaddnafataka, ii. 155).
115. Vibhasd, TD 27, p. 385cl8: the Dharmaskandhaidstra contains six thousand goathas. See Takakusu's analysis, JPTS, 1905, p. 112.
116. Eighty thousand dharmaskandhas have perished; a single dharmaskandha has been preserved (Vydkhyd).
111. This is the explanation of Buddhaghosa, Sumangalavildsini, i. 24.
118. The Vydkhyd quotes a Sutra, a more developed form of Digha, iii. 241 and Anguttara, iii. 21.
Vimuktydyatana = vimukter dyadvaram.
119. These are opposed to the sixty-two drstis {Vibhasd, TD 27, p. 376c6 and foil. ). The Bahudhdtuka (Madhyama, TD 1, p. 723cl3 , Dharmaskandha, Chapter XX) is closely related to Majjhima, iii. 6l (41 dhdtus). Compare Asanga, Sutrdlamkdra, iii. 2.
120. This refers to the Sutra which explains the constituent elements of a person: saddhdtur ayam bhikso purusah. Vasubandhu quotes it (i. 35) under the name of Garbhdvakrdntisutra (Vinayasamyuktakavastu,Sec. 11,TD24,p. 253a21;andintheRatnakuta,Chap. 14,TD 11,p. 326b). In the Majjhima, this Sutra is called the Dhdtuvibhangasutta (iii. 239); it constitutes one of the sources of the Pitdputrasamdgama extracts of which are preserved in the Siksadsamuccaya, p. 244, Bodhicarydvatara, ix. 88, Madhyamakdvatdra, p. 269.
See note 62, and note 143 and Prakaranapada quoted in the note ad ii. 23c-d.
On the six dhdtus, Anguttara, i. 176, Vibhanga, p. 82-85, Abhidharmahrdaya, viii. 7.
121. Dharmaskandha, Chapter XX, Vibhasd, TD 27, p. 388a29. Same definition in Vibhanga, p. 84: katamd ajjhattikd dkdsadhdtuPyam ajjhattam paccattam dkdso dkdsagatam agham aghagatam vivaro vivaragatam . . . kannacchiddam ndsacchiddam . . .
122. P'u-kuang says (TD41, p. 32c28): "One says that dkdsadhdtu is light and darkness in order to show that it is a type of color (varna) and a real thing. The author does not believe that dkdsadhdtu is a real thing, and this is why he adds the word kHa" For Vasubandhu and the Sautrantikas, dkd? adhdtu is solely the absence of a resistent body (sapratighadravydbhdvamdtra). See ii. 55c-d
Vibhasd, TD 27, p. 388M9: What difference is there between dkdsa and dkafadhatu? The first
I
? is non-material (arupin), invisible (anidariana), non-resistent (apratigha), pure (anasrava), unconditioned (asamskrta); the second is material. . .
123. One edition of the Vydkhyd reads dgba: dgharh kila citastham rUpam iti citastham samghdtastham /atyartham hanti hanyate cety dgham / . . . atyarthasabdasya dkdrddesah krto hantes ca ghddesah. But the Burnouf MSS reads agham . . . akdrddesab; we have, ad iii. 72, agba
= citastharupa; Mabdvyutpatti, 245. 162.
124. See above p. 70 and following.
125. The dharmadhdtu is apart from cause: it includes avijnapti which is material and non- susceptible to being struck.
126. See Karanaprajnaptisdstra, analyzed in Cosmologie bouddhique, p. 339.
127. Compare Samyutta, iv. 201: puthujjano cakkhusmim hanh^i mandpdmandpehi rupehi.
128. This means that the consciousness which arises having blue for its object (visaya) and the eye for its support (dsraya), can be hindered from arising through the interposition of a foreign body between the eye and the blue object: the eye and the blue are thus sapratigha. But neither the manodhdtu, which functions as the organ of the mental consciousness (manovijndna), nor the dharmadhdtu, which is the object proper of the mental consciousness (for example sensation), are not sapratigha: nothing can hinder, by making an "obstacle" or a "screen" (avarana), the mental consciousness from arising from the mental organ (manodhdtu) with respect to the dharmadhdtu.
129. See ii. 9a; Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 263cl2, p. 740b8.
130. The Mahisasakas believe that the first four consciousnesses are always neutral; the
consciousness of touch and the mental consciousness are of the three types.
131. The dharmas which do not belong to any sphere of existence, which are transcendent to
existence (adhdtupatita, adhdtvdpta, apariydpanna) are unconditioned things. 132. The examination of this problem is taken up again ii. 12.
Compare Kathdvatthu, viii. 7.
133. Compare Digba, i. 34, 186.
134. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 746a4: "Do the male and female organs exist in Rupadhatu? Neither of the sexual organs exist there. First opinion: it is because one desires to abandon these organs that one cultivates the dhyanas and is reborn in Rupadhatu. If beings in Rupadhatu were to possess these organs, they would not desire to be reborn in this sphere. Second opinion: these organs are created by gross food (iii. 39); the Sutra (iii.
98c) says in faa that human beings at the beginning of the cosmic age do not possess these organs, that they all have the same form; later, when they eat of the juice of the earth, the two organs arise, and the difference of male and female appear; in the absence of gross food, the two organs will be missing. Third opinion: the two organs have a use in Kamadhatu, but they do not have a use in Rupadhatu: thus they are missing in Rupadhatu . . .
On the gods of Kamadhatu, see iii. 70.
135. The Mahasamghikas and the Sautrantikas maintain that the body of the Buddha is pure (anasrava) (see iv. 4a-b, discussion of avijnapti) (Compare Kathdvatthu, iv. 3, xiv. 4). Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 229al7, p. 391c27: "Certain masters, the Mahasamghikas, maintain that the body of the Buddha is pure. They say, 'Scripture says that the Tathagata remains above the world, that he is not mundane, that he is not defiled; thus we know that the body of the Buddha is pure. ' In order
to refute this opinion, we show that the body of the Buddha is impure. To say that it is pure is to contradict the Sutra. "
The body of the Buddha is not pure (anasrava), because it can be the occasion of the
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defilement of another. Vibhasa, TD 27, p. 871cll: The body of the Buddha is the result of ignorance and thirst; it is thus not pure. The Sutra says that ten complete dyatanas (organ of sight. . . ,visibles . . . ), and two partial ayatanas (manadyatana dhannas) are impure . . . If the body of the Buddha were pure, women would not have affection for him; he would not produce, among others, any desire, hatred, confusion, or pride . . .
Compare Vydkhyd, p. 14; above p. 58.
136. Same question in Vibhaga, 97,435. Vitarka and vicdra are defined ii. 28, 33.
137. These are called avikalapaka by reason of the text: caksurvi/ndnasamanginilarh vijdndti no tu nilam iti (See above note 75).
138. Kila: this is an opinion of the Vaibhasikas without support in the Sutras.
The opinion of Vasubandhu is explained later, ii. 33. For him as for the Sautrantikas, vitarka
and vicdra are citta, manovijndna.
139. Vibhasa, TD 27, p. 219b7: svabhdvavikalpa is vitarka-vicdra; anusmaranavikalpa is the memory associated with mental consciousness; nirupandvikalpa is non-absorbed prajnd of the sphere of the mental consciousness. In Kamadhatu, the five consciousnesses have only the first
type of vikalpa: they, include memory, but not anusmaranavikalpa, for they are not capable of recognition; they include prajnd, but not nirupandvikalpa, for they are not capable of examination.
Nyaydnusdra (TD 29, p. 350bll): The nature of svabhdvavikalpa is vitarka.
140. Sarhghabhadra: Prajnd and memory are associated with the five sense consciousnesses, but
their functions are reduced therein (TD 29, p. 350bl7).
141. Prajnd which is mental (mdnast), that is to say manasi bhavd, proceeds either from the hearing of Scripture or from reflection (irutacintdmayt), or is innate (upapattipratilambhikd)', is dispersed (vyagrd), that is, non-concentrated prajrid, having different objects (agra), or "dis- crowned" (vigatapradhdnd) by the fact that it successively grasps after different object.
Why give the name of abhinirupandvikalpa to this prajnd?
Because it applies to a certain object in respect to its name (ndmdpeksayd) and examines (abhinirupand): "this is rupa, vedand, anitya, duhkha," etc However, concentrated (samdhitd)
prajrid, proceeding from absorption (bhdvandmayt), is applied to an object without taking into consideration its name. Thus it is not abhinirupandvikalpa.
All mental memory (smrti), that is to say, the mental memory, is or is not concentrated. For, according to the School, the mental memory uniquely has for its object the thing previously experienced and does not take into consideration its name, according to the definition: "What is memory? Expression of the mind (cetaso'bhildpah). " The mode of existence of memory connected to the five consciousnesses is not an expression {abhilapa) of a thing previously experienced. It is thus not anusmaranavikalpa (Vydkhyd). See ii. 24.
142. On the meaning of dlambana, i. 29b. Compare Vibhanga, p. 95.
143. The Abhidhamma (Vibhanga, p. 96, Dhammasanganni, 653, 1211, 1534) understands upddinna in the same sense. The modern commentators of the Abhidhamma translate upddinna as "issue of grasping;" they do not see the upddd = updddyarUpa, bhautika, and so create a great confusion.
Moreover the Vibhanga does not classify the dhdtus as does the Abhidharma. (See also Suttavibhanga, p. 113; Mahdvyutpatti, 101. 56; Divydvadana, p. 54; Bodhicarydvatdra, viii. 97,101). And there is some fluctuation even in Sanskrit sources. For example, Majjhima iii. 240, reproduced
in the Pitdputrasamdgama (see above p. 54, a 1), gives the hair . . . excrements as ajjhattam paccattam kakkhalam upddinnam. Now hair is not upddinna. A description of corporeal matter
? (ddhydtmikd, see Majjhima, iii. 90) has been confused with a description of organic matter (updtta)
Updtta matter, plus the manas, is called dsraya (see ii. 5). This is the subtle bodies of the non-Buddhists.
144. Bhuta, mahdbhuta; updddya rupa, bhautika; see i. 22, 23-24, ii. 12, 50a, 65. bhautika = bhuta bhava = derived from the bhutas.
145. Compare Vibhanga, p. 96.
146. Vibhasa, TD 27, p. 66lcl4. There are two masters in this school, Buddhadeva and Dharmatrata. Buddhadeva says: "Rupa is solely the primary elements; the mental states (caitta) are solely mind (citta)" He says that updddyarupa, secondary matter, is a species of the primary elements (mahdbhutavis'esa), and that the mental states are a species of mind . . . " (Compare Kathdvatthu, vii. 3). Vibhasa, TD 27, p. 383c24. The Sutra says: "Rupa is the four primary elements and that which derives from the four primary elements. " Which opinion does the Sutra intend to refute? It intends to refute the opinion of Buddhadeva. The Buddha sees that, in the future, there will be a master, Buddhadeva, who will say: "There is no derived, distinct rupa apart from the primary elements. " In order to refute this opinion, the Buddha says: "Rupa is the four primary elements . . . " Vibhasa, TD 27, p. 730b26: "All conditioned things are either mahdbhuta or citta; there is no updddyarupa apart from the mahdbhittas\ and there is no caitta (mental states) apart from the citta (the mind).
On the mind and mental states, see below p. 101 and ii. 23c
Buddhadeva is perhaps the master named on the lion inscription of Mathura.
147. Thus (1) the organs are not primary matter, not being "solid," etc. ; (2) tangible things include primary matter, since a solid is perceived by touch; and (3) secondary matter perceived by the other organs is not perceived by touch.
148. See ii. 5. The first four dhdtus (earth . . . wind) are "radical substances," because the organs arise from these dhdtus; the vijndnadhatu or manodhdtu is a "root," because it gives rise to manahsparsayatana. Or rather the first four dhdtus are roots because they give rise to secondary matter; the vijfidnadhdtu is a root because it gives rise to mental states {caitta, caitasika).
149. Thus the first five "supports of contact," the five organs of sense consciousness, are "secondary matter:" otherwise, they would be included in the definition: "A person is made up of the six dhdtus. "
150. According to the Abhidhamma (Dhammasarigani, 647), derived rupa is not tangible. Samghabhadra (TD 29, p. 352cl) refutes this opinion which he attributes to the Sthavira. On this subject see the Introduction for a discussion of the authenticity of the Sutras.
151. Vibhasa, TD 27, p. 391c6.
151. Vibhasa, TD 27, p. 689c5 and foil
153. This is the etymology vipacyata iti vipdkah; the vipdka is what has become ripe. 154. This is the etymology vipdka = vipakti.
155. It appears that this is the opinion of Dharmatrata 145 (TD 28, number 1552).
156. Let us consider one moment or state of existence of this subtle matter which is the organ of sight. One part of this matter is retribution of a former action; another part proceeds from food: all this matter is the outflowing result of a previous moment or state in the existence of the eye. But this previous moment or state is not, in and of itself, capable of generating the present moment: in faa, at death, the organ of sight ceases producing itself through outflowing. Thus by
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definition the organ of sight is not an outflowing. But consider, on the contrary, the flesh that constitutes the body: it persists after death; it is thus an outflowing, the result, in each of the moments of its existence, of the previous moment.
The Kathavatthu, xii,4, xvi. 8, does not hold that matter is retribution.
157. Nine reason are enumerated in Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 612c. Vasubandhu quotes the third
158. The Vatslputriyas and the Vibhajyavadins maintain that sound is retribution.
159. Compare Digha, iii. 173, quoted by the Mahasamghikas in the Kathdvatthu, xii. 3: saddo vipdko.
160. See Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 823a20, p. 449al6, and Dharmatrata, TD 29, p. 396c20. These passages are discussed by Fa-pao in his Shu, TD 41, p. 502al8 and following.
161. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 714a7 and foil. The difference between internal {ddhydtmika) dharmas and external {bdhya) dharmas is threefold: 1. difference from the point of view of the series (samtdna): the dharmas that are to be found in the person himself {svdtmabhdva) are internal; those that are to be found within another, and also those which are not integral to living beings (asattvdkhya, i. l0b), are external; 2. difference from the point of view of the dyatanas: the dyatanas which are the support (dsraya) of the mind and mental states are internal; those which are objects (dlambana) are external; 3. difference from the point of view of living beings: the dharmas integral to living beings are internal; the others are external.
162. See Uddnavarga, xxiii; Madhyamakavrtti, p. 354; Dhammapada, 160.
163. Prakarana, TD 26, p. 699a3-28.
164. Vibhdsd {TD 27, p. 368a21): The organ that has seen, now sees or shall see rupa, and its tatsabhaga (that is to say the organ which resembles this organ) is the caksurdhdtu. The organ which has seen is past caksurdhdtu; the organ which now sees is present caksurdhdtu; and the organ that shall see is future caksurdhdtu. As for tatsabhaga, the masters of this land say that it is of four types: the past, present, and future tatsabhaga eye is the caksurdhdtu which has perished, is now perishing, or shall perish without having seen the rupa; one should add, as a fourth, the caksurdhdtu which absolutely will not arise.
Foreign (bahirdesaka) masters say that it is of five types: past, present, future, as above.
