His first
studies were under the direction of the sophist Gorgias,
who instructed him in the art of rhetoric.
studies were under the direction of the sophist Gorgias,
who instructed him in the art of rhetoric.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
Excited, however, by Hannibal, to
? ? whom he had given an asylum, he took no notice of
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? ANTIOCHtTS.
He caul monarch was Tryphon, who had him put to
doth it the end of about two vears, and caused him-
idf to be proclaimed in his stead. (Justin,36, 1. )--
HI! . Summed Sidcte* (StoVrjyc), "the hunter," son
of Demetmii Soter, ascended the throne 139 B. C.
ffcdiorefrom Syria the usurper Tryphon, made war
00 lie Jews, besieged Jerusalem, and compelled it to
par a tribute. He then marched against Phraates,
kinj of Parthia, who_ menaced his kingdom, gained
lirtc Tictories over him, and obtained possession of
Babjkm. The folio-wing year he was vanquished in
tarn bj the Parthian king, and lost his life in the con-
ffitt. He wa>> a prince of" many virtues, but he tar-
nished all by his habits of intemperance. --IX. The
eighth of the name, surnatned Grypus (rpvrrof) from
his opaline note, was son of Demetrius Nicanor and
Cleopatra. He was raised to the throne B. C. 123, to
the prejudice of his brothers, by the intrigues of his
mother, who hoped to reign in his name. When he
<<s declared king, the throne of Syria was occupied
bjAleianderZebinas. He marched against this im-
pottor. defeated, and put him to death. He then mar-
tied Tryphena, daughter of Ptolemy Euergetes II. ,
(tech ensured peaceable relations between Syria and
Esyjvt. After having for some time yielded to the au-
thority of his mother, he resolved at last to reign in his
own name, a step which nearly cost him his life. His
Bother prepared a poisoned draught for her son, but,
king inspected by him, was compelled to drink it
herself. A Woody war soon after broke out between
this prince and Antiochus the Cyzicenian, his brother,
in which the latter compelled Grypus to cede to him
C-ilo-yria- They thus reigned conjointly for some
time. ' Grypus was at last assassinated by one of his
? objects, B. C. 96. (Justin, 39, 1. Joseph. ,,Ant.
JsA. )--\. Snroamed Cyzicenus, from his having been
brought np in the city of Cyzicus, was the ninth of
the name. He was son of Antiochus Sidetes, and suc-
ceeded his brother Grypus, after having reigned over
Czlosyria, which he'had previously compelled his
brother to yield to him. He was a dissolute and indo-
lent prince, and possessed of considerable mechanical
tairnt His nephew Seleucus, son of Grypus, de-
timmed him, B. C. 95. --XI. The tenth of the name,
ironically snrnamed Pius, because he married Selena,
the wife of his father and of his uncle. He was the
son of Antiochus IX. , and he expelled Seleucus, the
BOO of Grypus, from Sy ri; t; but he could not prevent
two other sons of Grypus, namely, Philip and Dcrne-
trinm. from seizing on a part of Syria. He perished
toon after by their hands. (Appian. -- Joseph. , Ant.
J*d. . 13, 21. )--After his death, the kingdom of Syria
was torn to pieces by the factions of the royal family
or usurpers, who, under a good or false title, under the
name of Antiochus or his relations, established them-
? eiTes fat a little time either as sovereigns of Syria, or
Damascus, or other dependant provinces. At last An-
? tocias, Eumamed Atiaiicus, the son of Antiochus the
north, was restored to his paternal throne by the influ-
tncr of Lucullus, the Roman general, on the expulsion
jf Tigranes, king of Armenia, from the Syrian domin-
ions; but four years after, Pompey deposed him, and
absolved that he who hid himself while a usurper
<<ai upon his throne, ought not to be a king. From
tiba* time, B. C. 65, Syria became a Roman province,
aod the race of Antiochus was extinguished. --There
? ere also other individuals of the same name, among
? fama (he most deserving of mention arc the following:
? ? 1 A native of Syracuse, descended from an ancient
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? ANTIPATER.
ANT
Antipater, I. son of Iolaus, a Macedonian, was
first an officer under Philip, and was afterward raised
to the rank of a general under Alexander the Great.
When the latter invaded Asia, Antipater was appoint-
ed governor of Macedonia; and in this station he serv-
ed his prince with the greatest fidelity. He reduced
the Spartans, who had formed a confederacy against
the Macedonians; and, having thus secured the tran-
quillity of Greece, he marched into Asia, with a pow-
erful reinforcement for Alexander. After that mon-
arch's death, the government of Macedonia and of the
other European provinces was allotted to Antipater.
He was soon involved in a severe contest with the
Grecian states; was defeated by the Athenians, who
came against him with an army of 30,000 men and a
fleet of 200 ships, and was closely besieged in Lamia,
a town of Thcssaly. But Leostlicnes, the Athenian
commander, having been mortally wounded under the
walls of the city, and Antipater having received as-
sistance from Craterus, his son-in-law, the fortune of
the war was completely changed. The Athenians
were routed at Cranon, and compelled to submit at
discretion. They were allowed to retain their rights
and privileges, but were obliged to deliver up the ora-
tors Demosthenes and Hypcrides, who had instigated
the war, and to receive a Macedonian. narrison into the
Munychia. Antipater was equally successful in re-
ducing the other states of Greece, who were making
a noble struggle for their freedom ; but he settled their
respective governments with much moderation. In
conjunction with Craterus, he was the first who at-
tempted to control the growing power of Perdiccas;
and after the death of that commander he was invest-
ed with all his authority. He exercised this jurisdic-
tion over the other governors with unusual fidelity,
integrity, and impartiality, and died in the 80th year
of his age, B. C. 319. At his death, he left his son
Cassander in a subordinate station; appointed Poly-
sperchon his own immediate successor; and recom-
mended him to the other generals as the fittest person
to preside in their councils. Antipater received a
learned education, and was the friend and disciple of
Aristotle. He appears to have possessed very emi-
nent abilities, and was peculiarly distinguished for his
vigilance and fidelity in every trust. It was a saying
of Philip, father of Alexander, " I have slept soundly,
for Antipater has been awake. " (Justin, 11, 12, 13,
etc. --Diod. , 17, 18, &c. )--II. The Idunuean, was the
father of Herod the Great, and was the second son of
Antipas, governor of Idumcea. He embraced the party
of Hyrcanus against Aristobulus, and took a very ac-
tive part in the contest between the two brothers re-
specting the office of high-priest in Judsa. Aristob-
ulus at first, however, succeeded; but when Pom-
pcy had deposed him and restored Hyrcanus to the
pontifical dignity, Antipater soon became the chief
director of affairs in Judsa, ingratiated himself with
the Romans, and used every effort to aggrandize his
own family. He gave very effectual aid to Cssar
in the Alexandrean war, and the latter, in return, made
him a Roman citizen and procurator of Judsa. In
this latter capacity he exerted himself to restore the
ancient Jewish form of government, but was cut off
by a conspiracy, the brother of the high-priest having
been bribed to give him a cup of poisoned wine. Jo-
sephus makes him to have been distinguished for piety,
justice, and love of country. (Joseph. , Ant. Jud. , 14,
? ? 3-)--HI. A son of Cassander, ascended the throne of
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? ANTIPHON.
AxTiraii. 1 (oppTouM'), a town and harbour, accord-
mg to Ptolemy, on the Sinus Arabicue, in ^Egyptus
Inferior Others, however, place it in . . Ethiopia, to
Ihe nonh of Saba. C-Bi-seA. und Moll. , Worterb. , &c. ,
t. t. )
ANTIPHILCS, I. a painter born in Egypt, and men-
tioned by Quintilian (12, 1O) as possessing the great-
est readiness in his profession, and compared by many
to the most eminent artists, Apelles, Protogenes, and
lysippua. He is twice alluded to in Pliny, with an
enumeration of his most remarkable productions (35,
10 and 11). One of his pictures represented a boy
Mowing the fire, with the effect of the light on the
boy's countenance and the surrounding objects stri-
kingly delineated. The subject of another and very
famous piece was a satyr, arrayed in a panther's skin.
He flourished during the age<<*of Alexander the Great
and Ptolemy I. of Egypt. This makes him a con-
temporary of Apelles, whom, according to Lucian, he
endeavoured to rival. {Stilig, Diet. Art. , >>. s. )---II.
An architect, whose age and country are uncertain.
ID connexion with Pothteus and Megacles, he con-
stracted, at Olympia, for the Carthaginians, a reposi-
lory for their presents. (jPaiwan. , 6, 19. --SMtg, Diet.
Art, i. u. )
A*T! PHON, I. a tragic poet, who lived at the court
ef DionyBius the elder, and was eventually put to death
by the tyrant. Aristotle cites his Mcltagcr, Androm-
eckt, and Jason. -- II. A native of Attica, bom at
Rhamnus about 4T9 B. C. (Compare Spaan, dc An-
;? ;-? ? :>>. . Lugd. Bat. , 1765, 4to, and Ruknken, Dis-
tert. df Antiph. --Oral. Gr. , ed. Reiske, vol. 7, p. 795 )
He was the son of the orator Sophilus, who was also
his preceptor in the rhetorical art. He was a pupil
also of Gorgias. According to the ancient writers,
he wag himself the inventor of rhetoric. Their mean-
ing, however, in making this assertion, is simply as
fellows: Before his time, the Sicilian school had
taught and practised the art of speaking; but Anti-
phon was the first who knew how to apply this art to
judiciary eloquence, and to matters that were treated
before the assemblies of the people. Thus, Hermo-
|enes (it Form. Or. , 2, p. 498) says, that he was the
inventor Toti TVTTOV troTiinicov. Antiphon exercised
his art with great success, and gave instructions also
in a school of rhetoric which he opened, and in which
Thacydules formed himself. If reliance is to be placed
aa the <<tatement of Photius, Antiphon put up over
the entrance of his abode the following inscription:
"Here consolation is given to the afflicted. " He
composed, for many, speeches to be delivered by ac-
cused persons, which the latter got by heart; and also
harangues for demagogues. This practice, which he
was the first to follow, exposed him to the satire of
the poets of the day. He himself only spoke once in
puWir, and this was for the purpose of defending him-
self against a charge of treason. Antiphon, during
the Peloponnesian war, frequently commanded bodies
of Athenian troops; he equipped, also, at his own ex-
pense, sixty triremes. He had, moreover, the prin-
cipal share in the revolution which established at
Athens the government of the four hundred, of which
be was a member. During the short duration of this
oligarchy, Antiphon was sent to Sparta for the pur-
pose of negotiating a piece. The ill-success of this
embassy overthrew the government at home, and
Antipbon was accused of treason and condemned to
death. According to another account, given by Pho-
? ? tnis (BMiolh. , 2, p. 486, ed. Better), which, however,
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? ANTISTHENES.
ANT
Thraeian mother. In his youth he was engaged in
military exploits, and acquired fame by the valour
which he displayed in the battle of Tanagra.
His first
studies were under the direction of the sophist Gorgias,
who instructed him in the art of rhetoric. Soon grow-
ing dissatisfied with the futile labours of this school,
he sought for more substantial wisdom from Socrates.
Captivated by the doctrine and the manner of his new
master, he prevailed upon many young men, who had
been his fellow-students under Gorgias, to accompany
him. So great was his ardour for moral wisdom, that,
though he lived at the Pira;us, he came daily to Athens
to attend upon Socrates. Despising the pursuits of
avarice, vanity, and ambition, Socrates sought the re-
ward of virtue in virtue itself, and declined no labour
or suffering which virtue required. This noble con-
sistency of mind was the part of the character of Soc-
rates which Antisthenes chiefly admired; and he re-
solved to make it the object of his diligent imitation.
While he was a disciple of Socrates, he discovered
his propensity towards severity of manners by the
meanness of his dress. He frequently appeared in a
threadbare and ragged cloak. Socrates, who had great
penetration in discovering the characters of men, re-
marking that Anthistencs took pains to expose, rather
than to conceal, the tattered state of his dress, said to
him, "Why so ostentatious^ Through your rags I
see your vanity. " While Plato and other disciples of
Socrates were, after his death, forming schools in
Athens, Antisthenes chose for his school a public place
of exercise without the walls of the city, called the
Cynosarges, whence some writers derive the name of
the sect of which he was the founder. Others suppose
that his followers were called Cynics from the habits
of the school, which, to the more refined Athenians,
appeared those of dogs rather than of men. Here he
inculcated, both by precept and example, a rigorous dis-
cipline. In order to accommodate his own manners
to his doctrine, he wore no other garment than a coarse
cloak, suffered his beard to grow, and carried a wallet
and staff like a wandering beggar. Undoubtedly this
was nothing more than an expression of opposition to
the gradually increasing luxury of the age; his wish
and object being to bring men back to their original
simplicity in life and manners. Thus he set himself
directly against the tendency and civilization of his
age, as is clear from many of his sayings, which are
tinctured at once with bitterness arid wit. And al-
though this was scarcely more than a negative resist-
ance, yet, as he obstinately placed himself in opposition
to the circumstances in which he lived, and to the ad-
vancing progress of science, his position must naturally
have reacted upon the feelings of his contemporaries
towards himself. We consequently find that his school
met with little encouragement, and this so annoyed
him that he drove away the few scholars he had.
Diogenes of Sinope, who resembled him in character,
is said to have been the only one that remained with
him to his death. The doctrine of Antisthenes was
mainly confined to morals; but, even in this portion
of philosophy, it is exceedingly meager and deficient,
scarcely furnishing anything beyond a general defence
of the olden simplicity and moral energy, against the
luxurious indulgence and effeminacy of later times.
Instead, however, of being duly tempered by the So-
cratic moderation, Antisthenes appears to have been
carried to excess in his virtuous zeal against the luxury
? ? of the age; unless we suppose, what may perhaps be
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? ANT
toy. and was here enabled to form his plans of ven-
pincc in conjunction -with the Volscian chief Tullus
AnMios. It was here, too, that, after his failure, he
tnel iiis death from the hands of his discontented al-
li<<. Antium was taken for the first time by the con-
ral T. Quintius Capitolinus, A. U. C. 286, and the year
following it received a Roman colony. This circum-
ifcince, however, did not prevent the Antiates from re-
rolting frequently, and joining in the Volscian and
Laiinwars (Lie. , 6, 6. Dion. Hal. , 10, 21), till they
were finally conquered in a battle near the river As-
lura, with many Latin confederates. In consequence
of this defeat, Antium fell into the hands of the victors,
when most of its ships were destroyed, and the rest re-
moved to Rome by Camillas. The beaks of the former
were reserved to ornament the elevated seat in the Fo-
rum of that city, from which orators addressed the peo-
ple, and which, from that circumstance, was thenceforth
designated by the term rostra. (Lie. , 8, 14. --flor. ,
1, 11--Plin. , 34, 5. ) Antium now received a fresh
supply of colonists, to whom the rights of Roman cit-
izens were granted. From that period it seems to
have enjoyed a state of quiet till the civil wars of Ma-
rius and Sylla, when it was nearly destroyed by the
(brmer. But it rose again from its ruins during the
empire, and attained to a high degree of prosperity
md spiendour; since Strabo reports, that in his time
it was the favourite resort of the emperors and their
court (Strai. , 232), and we know it was here that Au-
gustus received from the senate the title of Father of
his Country. (Suet. , Aug. , 50. ) Antium became suc-
cessively the residence of Tiberius and Caligula; it was
also the birthplace of Nero {Suet. , Ner. , 6), who, having
recolonized it, built a port there, and bestowed upon it
various other marks of his favour. Hadrian is also said
to have been particularly fond of this town. (Philostrat. ,
Vi( ApoU. Tyan , 8, 8. ) There were two temples of
eelebriw at Antium; one sacred to Fortune, the other
to . Esc'ulapius. (fforat. , Oil. , 1, 35, 1. -- Martial,
Ep , 5, 1. -- Vol. Max. , 1, 8. ) The famous Apollo
Btlvidere, the fighting gladiator, as it is termed, and
many other statues discovered at Antium, attest also
its former magnificence. The site of the ancient city
U sufficiently marked by the name of Porto d'Anzo
attached to its ruins. But the city must have reached
as far as the modern town of Nettuno, which derives
its name probably from some ancient temple dedicated
to Neptune. (Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 86,
? eqq. )
A^ToxiA LEX, I. was enacted by Marc Antony, when
consul, A. U. C. 708. It abrogated the lex Alia, and
renewed the lex Cornelia, by taking away from the
people the privilege of choosing priests, and restoring
it to the college of priests, to which it originally be-
longed. (Cic. , Phil. , 1,9. )--II. Another by the same,
A. L. C. 703. It ordained that a new decuria of judg-
es should be added to the two former, and that they
should be chosen from the centurions. --III. Another
by the came. It allowed an appeal to the people, to
those who were condemned de majeslate, or of per-
fidious measures against the state. Cicero calls this
the destruction of all laws. --TV. Another by the same,
during his triumvirate. It made it a capital offence to
propose, ever after, the election of a dictator, and for
any person to accept of the office. (Appian, de Bell,
Cir. , 3. )
Asroxfi, I. the name of two celebrated Roman
fimilies, (he one patrician, the other plebeian. They
? ? both pretended to be descendants of Hercules. --II. A
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? ANTONINUS.
ANTONINUS.
him great influence, even beyond the bounds of the
Roman empire; and neighbouring monafche sponta-
neously made him the arbiter of their differences.
His private life was frugal and modest, and in his
mode of living and conversing he adopted that air of
equality and of popular manners which, in men of
high station, is at once so rare and attractive. Too
much indulgence to an unworthy wife (Faustina) is
the only weakness attributed to him, unless we include
a small share of ridicule thrown upon his minute ex-
actness by those who are ignorant of its value in com-
plicated business. He died A. D. 161, aged seventy-
three, having previously married Marcus Aurelius to
his daughter Faustina, and associated him with him-
self in the cares of government. His ashes were de-
posited in the tomb of Hadrian, and his death was la-
mented throughout the empire as a public calamity.
The sculptured pillar erected by Marcus Aurelius and
the senate to his memory, under the name of the An-
tonine column, is still one of the principal ornaments
of Home. (Gorton's Biogr. Diet. , vol. 4, p. 87, seqq. )
--II. Marcus Annius Aurelius, was born at Rome
A. D. 121. Upon the death of Ceionius Commodus,
the* Emperor Hadrian turned his attention towards
Marcus Aurelius; but he being then too young for an
early assumption of the cares of empire, Hadrian
adopted Antoninus Pius, on condition that he in his
turn should adopt Marcus Aurelius. His father dying
early, the care of his education devolved on his pater-
nal grandfather, Annius Verus, who caused him to re-
ceive a general education; but philosophy so early be-
came the object of his ambition, that he assumed the
philosophic mantle when only twelve years old. The
species of philosophy to which he attached himself
was the stoic, as being most connected with morals
and the conduct of life; and such was the natural
sweetness of his temper, that he exhibited none of the
pride which sometimes attended the artificial eleva-
tion of the stoic character. This was the more re-
markable, as all the honour and power that Antoninus
could bestow upon him became his own at an early
period, since he was practically associated with him
in the administration of the empire for many years.
On his formal accession to the sovereignty, his first
act was of a kind which at once proved his great dis-
interestedness, for he immediately took Lucius Verus
as his colleague, who had indeed been associated with
him by adoption, but who, owing to his defects and
vices, had been excluded by Antoninus from the suc-
cession, which, at his instigation, the senate had con-
fined to Marcus Aurelius alone. Notwithstanding
their dissimilarity of character, the two emperors reign-
ed conjointly without any disagreement. Verus took
the nominal guidance of the war against the Parthians,
which was successfully carried on by the lieutenants
under him, and, during the campaign, married Lucilla,
the daughter of his colleague. The reign of Marcus
Aurelius was more eventful than that of Antoninus.
Before the termination of the Parthian war, the Mar-
comanni and other German tribes began those disturb-
ances which more or less annoyed him for the rest of
his life. Against these foes, after the termination of
hostilities with Parthia, the two emperors marched;
but what was effected during three years' war and ne-
gotiation, until the death of Verus, is little known.
The sudden decease of that unsuitable colleague, by an
apoplexy, restored to Marcus Aurelius the sole domin-
? ? ion; and for the next five years he carried on the Pan-
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? ANT
listoo great consideration for his son is deemed one
of the most striking; for although he was unremit-
trajinhis endeavours to reclaim him, they were ac-
(ompanied by much erroneous indulgence, and espe-
cially by an early and ill-judged elevation to titles and
honours, which uniformly operate injuriously upon a
ba>> anJ dissolute character. The best edition of the
Meditations of Antoninus is that of Gataker, Cantab. ,
1653, 4to. (Gorton'* Biog-r. Diet. , vol. 1, p. 88. ) --
HI. Baswsnus CaracaHa. Vid. Caracalla. --IV. Two
works hare come down to us, styled Itincraria Anto-
luu, which may be compared to our modern books of
roatei. They give merely the distances between
placet, unaccompanied by any geographical remarks.
One gives the routes by land, the other those by sea.
The? have been supposed by gome to be the produc-
tions of the Kin peror Marcus Aurelius, while others
usip them to a geographical writer named Antoni-
nus, whose age is unknown. Both these opinions are
evidently incorrect. It is more than probable, that the
works in question were originally compiled in the cab-
inet of some one of the Roman emperors, perhaps that
of Augustus, and were enlarged by various additions
mile daring successive reigns, according as new
routes or stations were established. Some critics,
however, dissatisfied ? with this mode of solving the
question, have sought for an ancient writer, occupied
with pursuits of an analogous nature, to whom the au-
thorship of these -works might be assigned. They
Sad t>>o; and their suffrages, consequently, are divi-
ded between them. The first of these is Julius Hono-
ring, a contemporary of Julius Ccesar's, of whose pro-
ductions we have a few leaves remaining, entitled,
"EutrptsL, qua ad Cosmographiam pertinent. " The
other writer is a certain jEthicus, sumamed Ister, a
Christian of the fourth century, to whom is attributed
>> work, called "Casmographia," which still exists.
M i inert declares himself unconditionally in favour of
? thtciu. (Introd. ad Tab. Peut. , p. 8, stqq. ) Wes-
sriini is undecided. The best edition of the Itinera-
ries is that of Weaseling, Am>>t. , 1735, 4to. (SchiiU,
Hut. Lit. Bom. , vol. 3, p. 258, seqq. ) -- V. Liberalis,
a mythological writer, supposed to have lived in the
ije of the Antonines, and to have been a freedman of
one of them. He has left us a work entitled Mfra-
imaifcuacuv Euvayuyv, *' A Collection of Metamor-
phoses," in forty-one chapters; a production of con-
siderable interest, from the fragments of ancient poets
contained in it. An idea of the nature of the work
miy perhaps be formed from the following titles of
tome of the chapters: f'tcstflla, the Mcleagrides,
Cragnfew, Lamia, the Emathidet, and many others
drawn from the Heteracumcna of Nicander; Hierax,
. Esifftus. Antkitf, A'edan, &c. , from the Ornithoffo-
BW of Bans; Clini. t from Simmias; Battus from the
Etxez of Hesiod; Metiocha and Afenippa from Corin-
na, Ac. There exists but a single MS. of Antoninus
Lirwralis, which, after various migrations, has returned
to the library of Heidelberg.
? ? whom he had given an asylum, he took no notice of
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? ANTIOCHtTS.
He caul monarch was Tryphon, who had him put to
doth it the end of about two vears, and caused him-
idf to be proclaimed in his stead. (Justin,36, 1. )--
HI! . Summed Sidcte* (StoVrjyc), "the hunter," son
of Demetmii Soter, ascended the throne 139 B. C.
ffcdiorefrom Syria the usurper Tryphon, made war
00 lie Jews, besieged Jerusalem, and compelled it to
par a tribute. He then marched against Phraates,
kinj of Parthia, who_ menaced his kingdom, gained
lirtc Tictories over him, and obtained possession of
Babjkm. The folio-wing year he was vanquished in
tarn bj the Parthian king, and lost his life in the con-
ffitt. He wa>> a prince of" many virtues, but he tar-
nished all by his habits of intemperance. --IX. The
eighth of the name, surnatned Grypus (rpvrrof) from
his opaline note, was son of Demetrius Nicanor and
Cleopatra. He was raised to the throne B. C. 123, to
the prejudice of his brothers, by the intrigues of his
mother, who hoped to reign in his name. When he
<<s declared king, the throne of Syria was occupied
bjAleianderZebinas. He marched against this im-
pottor. defeated, and put him to death. He then mar-
tied Tryphena, daughter of Ptolemy Euergetes II. ,
(tech ensured peaceable relations between Syria and
Esyjvt. After having for some time yielded to the au-
thority of his mother, he resolved at last to reign in his
own name, a step which nearly cost him his life. His
Bother prepared a poisoned draught for her son, but,
king inspected by him, was compelled to drink it
herself. A Woody war soon after broke out between
this prince and Antiochus the Cyzicenian, his brother,
in which the latter compelled Grypus to cede to him
C-ilo-yria- They thus reigned conjointly for some
time. ' Grypus was at last assassinated by one of his
? objects, B. C. 96. (Justin, 39, 1. Joseph. ,,Ant.
JsA. )--\. Snroamed Cyzicenus, from his having been
brought np in the city of Cyzicus, was the ninth of
the name. He was son of Antiochus Sidetes, and suc-
ceeded his brother Grypus, after having reigned over
Czlosyria, which he'had previously compelled his
brother to yield to him. He was a dissolute and indo-
lent prince, and possessed of considerable mechanical
tairnt His nephew Seleucus, son of Grypus, de-
timmed him, B. C. 95. --XI. The tenth of the name,
ironically snrnamed Pius, because he married Selena,
the wife of his father and of his uncle. He was the
son of Antiochus IX. , and he expelled Seleucus, the
BOO of Grypus, from Sy ri; t; but he could not prevent
two other sons of Grypus, namely, Philip and Dcrne-
trinm. from seizing on a part of Syria. He perished
toon after by their hands. (Appian. -- Joseph. , Ant.
J*d. . 13, 21. )--After his death, the kingdom of Syria
was torn to pieces by the factions of the royal family
or usurpers, who, under a good or false title, under the
name of Antiochus or his relations, established them-
? eiTes fat a little time either as sovereigns of Syria, or
Damascus, or other dependant provinces. At last An-
? tocias, Eumamed Atiaiicus, the son of Antiochus the
north, was restored to his paternal throne by the influ-
tncr of Lucullus, the Roman general, on the expulsion
jf Tigranes, king of Armenia, from the Syrian domin-
ions; but four years after, Pompey deposed him, and
absolved that he who hid himself while a usurper
<<ai upon his throne, ought not to be a king. From
tiba* time, B. C. 65, Syria became a Roman province,
aod the race of Antiochus was extinguished. --There
? ere also other individuals of the same name, among
? fama (he most deserving of mention arc the following:
? ? 1 A native of Syracuse, descended from an ancient
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? ANTIPATER.
ANT
Antipater, I. son of Iolaus, a Macedonian, was
first an officer under Philip, and was afterward raised
to the rank of a general under Alexander the Great.
When the latter invaded Asia, Antipater was appoint-
ed governor of Macedonia; and in this station he serv-
ed his prince with the greatest fidelity. He reduced
the Spartans, who had formed a confederacy against
the Macedonians; and, having thus secured the tran-
quillity of Greece, he marched into Asia, with a pow-
erful reinforcement for Alexander. After that mon-
arch's death, the government of Macedonia and of the
other European provinces was allotted to Antipater.
He was soon involved in a severe contest with the
Grecian states; was defeated by the Athenians, who
came against him with an army of 30,000 men and a
fleet of 200 ships, and was closely besieged in Lamia,
a town of Thcssaly. But Leostlicnes, the Athenian
commander, having been mortally wounded under the
walls of the city, and Antipater having received as-
sistance from Craterus, his son-in-law, the fortune of
the war was completely changed. The Athenians
were routed at Cranon, and compelled to submit at
discretion. They were allowed to retain their rights
and privileges, but were obliged to deliver up the ora-
tors Demosthenes and Hypcrides, who had instigated
the war, and to receive a Macedonian. narrison into the
Munychia. Antipater was equally successful in re-
ducing the other states of Greece, who were making
a noble struggle for their freedom ; but he settled their
respective governments with much moderation. In
conjunction with Craterus, he was the first who at-
tempted to control the growing power of Perdiccas;
and after the death of that commander he was invest-
ed with all his authority. He exercised this jurisdic-
tion over the other governors with unusual fidelity,
integrity, and impartiality, and died in the 80th year
of his age, B. C. 319. At his death, he left his son
Cassander in a subordinate station; appointed Poly-
sperchon his own immediate successor; and recom-
mended him to the other generals as the fittest person
to preside in their councils. Antipater received a
learned education, and was the friend and disciple of
Aristotle. He appears to have possessed very emi-
nent abilities, and was peculiarly distinguished for his
vigilance and fidelity in every trust. It was a saying
of Philip, father of Alexander, " I have slept soundly,
for Antipater has been awake. " (Justin, 11, 12, 13,
etc. --Diod. , 17, 18, &c. )--II. The Idunuean, was the
father of Herod the Great, and was the second son of
Antipas, governor of Idumcea. He embraced the party
of Hyrcanus against Aristobulus, and took a very ac-
tive part in the contest between the two brothers re-
specting the office of high-priest in Judsa. Aristob-
ulus at first, however, succeeded; but when Pom-
pcy had deposed him and restored Hyrcanus to the
pontifical dignity, Antipater soon became the chief
director of affairs in Judsa, ingratiated himself with
the Romans, and used every effort to aggrandize his
own family. He gave very effectual aid to Cssar
in the Alexandrean war, and the latter, in return, made
him a Roman citizen and procurator of Judsa. In
this latter capacity he exerted himself to restore the
ancient Jewish form of government, but was cut off
by a conspiracy, the brother of the high-priest having
been bribed to give him a cup of poisoned wine. Jo-
sephus makes him to have been distinguished for piety,
justice, and love of country. (Joseph. , Ant. Jud. , 14,
? ? 3-)--HI. A son of Cassander, ascended the throne of
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? ANTIPHON.
AxTiraii. 1 (oppTouM'), a town and harbour, accord-
mg to Ptolemy, on the Sinus Arabicue, in ^Egyptus
Inferior Others, however, place it in . . Ethiopia, to
Ihe nonh of Saba. C-Bi-seA. und Moll. , Worterb. , &c. ,
t. t. )
ANTIPHILCS, I. a painter born in Egypt, and men-
tioned by Quintilian (12, 1O) as possessing the great-
est readiness in his profession, and compared by many
to the most eminent artists, Apelles, Protogenes, and
lysippua. He is twice alluded to in Pliny, with an
enumeration of his most remarkable productions (35,
10 and 11). One of his pictures represented a boy
Mowing the fire, with the effect of the light on the
boy's countenance and the surrounding objects stri-
kingly delineated. The subject of another and very
famous piece was a satyr, arrayed in a panther's skin.
He flourished during the age<<*of Alexander the Great
and Ptolemy I. of Egypt. This makes him a con-
temporary of Apelles, whom, according to Lucian, he
endeavoured to rival. {Stilig, Diet. Art. , >>. s. )---II.
An architect, whose age and country are uncertain.
ID connexion with Pothteus and Megacles, he con-
stracted, at Olympia, for the Carthaginians, a reposi-
lory for their presents. (jPaiwan. , 6, 19. --SMtg, Diet.
Art, i. u. )
A*T! PHON, I. a tragic poet, who lived at the court
ef DionyBius the elder, and was eventually put to death
by the tyrant. Aristotle cites his Mcltagcr, Androm-
eckt, and Jason. -- II. A native of Attica, bom at
Rhamnus about 4T9 B. C. (Compare Spaan, dc An-
;? ;-? ? :>>. . Lugd. Bat. , 1765, 4to, and Ruknken, Dis-
tert. df Antiph. --Oral. Gr. , ed. Reiske, vol. 7, p. 795 )
He was the son of the orator Sophilus, who was also
his preceptor in the rhetorical art. He was a pupil
also of Gorgias. According to the ancient writers,
he wag himself the inventor of rhetoric. Their mean-
ing, however, in making this assertion, is simply as
fellows: Before his time, the Sicilian school had
taught and practised the art of speaking; but Anti-
phon was the first who knew how to apply this art to
judiciary eloquence, and to matters that were treated
before the assemblies of the people. Thus, Hermo-
|enes (it Form. Or. , 2, p. 498) says, that he was the
inventor Toti TVTTOV troTiinicov. Antiphon exercised
his art with great success, and gave instructions also
in a school of rhetoric which he opened, and in which
Thacydules formed himself. If reliance is to be placed
aa the <<tatement of Photius, Antiphon put up over
the entrance of his abode the following inscription:
"Here consolation is given to the afflicted. " He
composed, for many, speeches to be delivered by ac-
cused persons, which the latter got by heart; and also
harangues for demagogues. This practice, which he
was the first to follow, exposed him to the satire of
the poets of the day. He himself only spoke once in
puWir, and this was for the purpose of defending him-
self against a charge of treason. Antiphon, during
the Peloponnesian war, frequently commanded bodies
of Athenian troops; he equipped, also, at his own ex-
pense, sixty triremes. He had, moreover, the prin-
cipal share in the revolution which established at
Athens the government of the four hundred, of which
be was a member. During the short duration of this
oligarchy, Antiphon was sent to Sparta for the pur-
pose of negotiating a piece. The ill-success of this
embassy overthrew the government at home, and
Antipbon was accused of treason and condemned to
death. According to another account, given by Pho-
? ? tnis (BMiolh. , 2, p. 486, ed. Better), which, however,
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? ANTISTHENES.
ANT
Thraeian mother. In his youth he was engaged in
military exploits, and acquired fame by the valour
which he displayed in the battle of Tanagra.
His first
studies were under the direction of the sophist Gorgias,
who instructed him in the art of rhetoric. Soon grow-
ing dissatisfied with the futile labours of this school,
he sought for more substantial wisdom from Socrates.
Captivated by the doctrine and the manner of his new
master, he prevailed upon many young men, who had
been his fellow-students under Gorgias, to accompany
him. So great was his ardour for moral wisdom, that,
though he lived at the Pira;us, he came daily to Athens
to attend upon Socrates. Despising the pursuits of
avarice, vanity, and ambition, Socrates sought the re-
ward of virtue in virtue itself, and declined no labour
or suffering which virtue required. This noble con-
sistency of mind was the part of the character of Soc-
rates which Antisthenes chiefly admired; and he re-
solved to make it the object of his diligent imitation.
While he was a disciple of Socrates, he discovered
his propensity towards severity of manners by the
meanness of his dress. He frequently appeared in a
threadbare and ragged cloak. Socrates, who had great
penetration in discovering the characters of men, re-
marking that Anthistencs took pains to expose, rather
than to conceal, the tattered state of his dress, said to
him, "Why so ostentatious^ Through your rags I
see your vanity. " While Plato and other disciples of
Socrates were, after his death, forming schools in
Athens, Antisthenes chose for his school a public place
of exercise without the walls of the city, called the
Cynosarges, whence some writers derive the name of
the sect of which he was the founder. Others suppose
that his followers were called Cynics from the habits
of the school, which, to the more refined Athenians,
appeared those of dogs rather than of men. Here he
inculcated, both by precept and example, a rigorous dis-
cipline. In order to accommodate his own manners
to his doctrine, he wore no other garment than a coarse
cloak, suffered his beard to grow, and carried a wallet
and staff like a wandering beggar. Undoubtedly this
was nothing more than an expression of opposition to
the gradually increasing luxury of the age; his wish
and object being to bring men back to their original
simplicity in life and manners. Thus he set himself
directly against the tendency and civilization of his
age, as is clear from many of his sayings, which are
tinctured at once with bitterness arid wit. And al-
though this was scarcely more than a negative resist-
ance, yet, as he obstinately placed himself in opposition
to the circumstances in which he lived, and to the ad-
vancing progress of science, his position must naturally
have reacted upon the feelings of his contemporaries
towards himself. We consequently find that his school
met with little encouragement, and this so annoyed
him that he drove away the few scholars he had.
Diogenes of Sinope, who resembled him in character,
is said to have been the only one that remained with
him to his death. The doctrine of Antisthenes was
mainly confined to morals; but, even in this portion
of philosophy, it is exceedingly meager and deficient,
scarcely furnishing anything beyond a general defence
of the olden simplicity and moral energy, against the
luxurious indulgence and effeminacy of later times.
Instead, however, of being duly tempered by the So-
cratic moderation, Antisthenes appears to have been
carried to excess in his virtuous zeal against the luxury
? ? of the age; unless we suppose, what may perhaps be
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? ANT
toy. and was here enabled to form his plans of ven-
pincc in conjunction -with the Volscian chief Tullus
AnMios. It was here, too, that, after his failure, he
tnel iiis death from the hands of his discontented al-
li<<. Antium was taken for the first time by the con-
ral T. Quintius Capitolinus, A. U. C. 286, and the year
following it received a Roman colony. This circum-
ifcince, however, did not prevent the Antiates from re-
rolting frequently, and joining in the Volscian and
Laiinwars (Lie. , 6, 6. Dion. Hal. , 10, 21), till they
were finally conquered in a battle near the river As-
lura, with many Latin confederates. In consequence
of this defeat, Antium fell into the hands of the victors,
when most of its ships were destroyed, and the rest re-
moved to Rome by Camillas. The beaks of the former
were reserved to ornament the elevated seat in the Fo-
rum of that city, from which orators addressed the peo-
ple, and which, from that circumstance, was thenceforth
designated by the term rostra. (Lie. , 8, 14. --flor. ,
1, 11--Plin. , 34, 5. ) Antium now received a fresh
supply of colonists, to whom the rights of Roman cit-
izens were granted. From that period it seems to
have enjoyed a state of quiet till the civil wars of Ma-
rius and Sylla, when it was nearly destroyed by the
(brmer. But it rose again from its ruins during the
empire, and attained to a high degree of prosperity
md spiendour; since Strabo reports, that in his time
it was the favourite resort of the emperors and their
court (Strai. , 232), and we know it was here that Au-
gustus received from the senate the title of Father of
his Country. (Suet. , Aug. , 50. ) Antium became suc-
cessively the residence of Tiberius and Caligula; it was
also the birthplace of Nero {Suet. , Ner. , 6), who, having
recolonized it, built a port there, and bestowed upon it
various other marks of his favour. Hadrian is also said
to have been particularly fond of this town. (Philostrat. ,
Vi( ApoU. Tyan , 8, 8. ) There were two temples of
eelebriw at Antium; one sacred to Fortune, the other
to . Esc'ulapius. (fforat. , Oil. , 1, 35, 1. -- Martial,
Ep , 5, 1. -- Vol. Max. , 1, 8. ) The famous Apollo
Btlvidere, the fighting gladiator, as it is termed, and
many other statues discovered at Antium, attest also
its former magnificence. The site of the ancient city
U sufficiently marked by the name of Porto d'Anzo
attached to its ruins. But the city must have reached
as far as the modern town of Nettuno, which derives
its name probably from some ancient temple dedicated
to Neptune. (Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 86,
? eqq. )
A^ToxiA LEX, I. was enacted by Marc Antony, when
consul, A. U. C. 708. It abrogated the lex Alia, and
renewed the lex Cornelia, by taking away from the
people the privilege of choosing priests, and restoring
it to the college of priests, to which it originally be-
longed. (Cic. , Phil. , 1,9. )--II. Another by the same,
A. L. C. 703. It ordained that a new decuria of judg-
es should be added to the two former, and that they
should be chosen from the centurions. --III. Another
by the came. It allowed an appeal to the people, to
those who were condemned de majeslate, or of per-
fidious measures against the state. Cicero calls this
the destruction of all laws. --TV. Another by the same,
during his triumvirate. It made it a capital offence to
propose, ever after, the election of a dictator, and for
any person to accept of the office. (Appian, de Bell,
Cir. , 3. )
Asroxfi, I. the name of two celebrated Roman
fimilies, (he one patrician, the other plebeian. They
? ? both pretended to be descendants of Hercules. --II. A
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? ANTONINUS.
ANTONINUS.
him great influence, even beyond the bounds of the
Roman empire; and neighbouring monafche sponta-
neously made him the arbiter of their differences.
His private life was frugal and modest, and in his
mode of living and conversing he adopted that air of
equality and of popular manners which, in men of
high station, is at once so rare and attractive. Too
much indulgence to an unworthy wife (Faustina) is
the only weakness attributed to him, unless we include
a small share of ridicule thrown upon his minute ex-
actness by those who are ignorant of its value in com-
plicated business. He died A. D. 161, aged seventy-
three, having previously married Marcus Aurelius to
his daughter Faustina, and associated him with him-
self in the cares of government. His ashes were de-
posited in the tomb of Hadrian, and his death was la-
mented throughout the empire as a public calamity.
The sculptured pillar erected by Marcus Aurelius and
the senate to his memory, under the name of the An-
tonine column, is still one of the principal ornaments
of Home. (Gorton's Biogr. Diet. , vol. 4, p. 87, seqq. )
--II. Marcus Annius Aurelius, was born at Rome
A. D. 121. Upon the death of Ceionius Commodus,
the* Emperor Hadrian turned his attention towards
Marcus Aurelius; but he being then too young for an
early assumption of the cares of empire, Hadrian
adopted Antoninus Pius, on condition that he in his
turn should adopt Marcus Aurelius. His father dying
early, the care of his education devolved on his pater-
nal grandfather, Annius Verus, who caused him to re-
ceive a general education; but philosophy so early be-
came the object of his ambition, that he assumed the
philosophic mantle when only twelve years old. The
species of philosophy to which he attached himself
was the stoic, as being most connected with morals
and the conduct of life; and such was the natural
sweetness of his temper, that he exhibited none of the
pride which sometimes attended the artificial eleva-
tion of the stoic character. This was the more re-
markable, as all the honour and power that Antoninus
could bestow upon him became his own at an early
period, since he was practically associated with him
in the administration of the empire for many years.
On his formal accession to the sovereignty, his first
act was of a kind which at once proved his great dis-
interestedness, for he immediately took Lucius Verus
as his colleague, who had indeed been associated with
him by adoption, but who, owing to his defects and
vices, had been excluded by Antoninus from the suc-
cession, which, at his instigation, the senate had con-
fined to Marcus Aurelius alone. Notwithstanding
their dissimilarity of character, the two emperors reign-
ed conjointly without any disagreement. Verus took
the nominal guidance of the war against the Parthians,
which was successfully carried on by the lieutenants
under him, and, during the campaign, married Lucilla,
the daughter of his colleague. The reign of Marcus
Aurelius was more eventful than that of Antoninus.
Before the termination of the Parthian war, the Mar-
comanni and other German tribes began those disturb-
ances which more or less annoyed him for the rest of
his life. Against these foes, after the termination of
hostilities with Parthia, the two emperors marched;
but what was effected during three years' war and ne-
gotiation, until the death of Verus, is little known.
The sudden decease of that unsuitable colleague, by an
apoplexy, restored to Marcus Aurelius the sole domin-
? ? ion; and for the next five years he carried on the Pan-
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? ANT
listoo great consideration for his son is deemed one
of the most striking; for although he was unremit-
trajinhis endeavours to reclaim him, they were ac-
(ompanied by much erroneous indulgence, and espe-
cially by an early and ill-judged elevation to titles and
honours, which uniformly operate injuriously upon a
ba>> anJ dissolute character. The best edition of the
Meditations of Antoninus is that of Gataker, Cantab. ,
1653, 4to. (Gorton'* Biog-r. Diet. , vol. 1, p. 88. ) --
HI. Baswsnus CaracaHa. Vid. Caracalla. --IV. Two
works hare come down to us, styled Itincraria Anto-
luu, which may be compared to our modern books of
roatei. They give merely the distances between
placet, unaccompanied by any geographical remarks.
One gives the routes by land, the other those by sea.
The? have been supposed by gome to be the produc-
tions of the Kin peror Marcus Aurelius, while others
usip them to a geographical writer named Antoni-
nus, whose age is unknown. Both these opinions are
evidently incorrect. It is more than probable, that the
works in question were originally compiled in the cab-
inet of some one of the Roman emperors, perhaps that
of Augustus, and were enlarged by various additions
mile daring successive reigns, according as new
routes or stations were established. Some critics,
however, dissatisfied ? with this mode of solving the
question, have sought for an ancient writer, occupied
with pursuits of an analogous nature, to whom the au-
thorship of these -works might be assigned. They
Sad t>>o; and their suffrages, consequently, are divi-
ded between them. The first of these is Julius Hono-
ring, a contemporary of Julius Ccesar's, of whose pro-
ductions we have a few leaves remaining, entitled,
"EutrptsL, qua ad Cosmographiam pertinent. " The
other writer is a certain jEthicus, sumamed Ister, a
Christian of the fourth century, to whom is attributed
>> work, called "Casmographia," which still exists.
M i inert declares himself unconditionally in favour of
? thtciu. (Introd. ad Tab. Peut. , p. 8, stqq. ) Wes-
sriini is undecided. The best edition of the Itinera-
ries is that of Weaseling, Am>>t. , 1735, 4to. (SchiiU,
Hut. Lit. Bom. , vol. 3, p. 258, seqq. ) -- V. Liberalis,
a mythological writer, supposed to have lived in the
ije of the Antonines, and to have been a freedman of
one of them. He has left us a work entitled Mfra-
imaifcuacuv Euvayuyv, *' A Collection of Metamor-
phoses," in forty-one chapters; a production of con-
siderable interest, from the fragments of ancient poets
contained in it. An idea of the nature of the work
miy perhaps be formed from the following titles of
tome of the chapters: f'tcstflla, the Mcleagrides,
Cragnfew, Lamia, the Emathidet, and many others
drawn from the Heteracumcna of Nicander; Hierax,
. Esifftus. Antkitf, A'edan, &c. , from the Ornithoffo-
BW of Bans; Clini. t from Simmias; Battus from the
Etxez of Hesiod; Metiocha and Afenippa from Corin-
na, Ac. There exists but a single MS. of Antoninus
Lirwralis, which, after various migrations, has returned
to the library of Heidelberg.
