” He attained great influ-
ence on the literature of Germany, chiefly by
his theoretical and critical writings; of which
his Aristarchus; or, on Contempt for the Ger-
man Language) (1617) is the most important.
ence on the literature of Germany, chiefly by
his theoretical and critical writings; of which
his Aristarchus; or, on Contempt for the Ger-
man Language) (1617) is the most important.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
6, 1834.
Of his plays the most nota.
ble are the comedies (Who Is the Author ? )
(1859); Neither So Much nor So Little) (1865);
(El Laz de Leña, a drama in five acts on the
subject of Don Carlos. Among his remarkably
popular lyric and patriotic poems are: “The
Last Lament of Lord Byron' (23d ed. 1884);
(Battle Cries) (5th ed. 1885); (Vertigo) (25th
ed. 1886); (An Idyl and an Elegy) (18th ed.
1886).
Nye, Edgar Wilson. An American journal-
ist, lecturer, and humorist; born at Shirley, Me. ,
Aug. 25, 1850; died near Asheville, N. C. , Feb.
22, 1896. He settled in Wyoming Territory as
a young man, studied law, and was admitted
to the bar lin 1876. Afterwards he removed
to New York city, and became famous as a
humorous lecturer and writer under the pseu-
donym of «Bill Nye. ) Among his works are :
(Bill Nye and the Boomerang) (1881); (Forty
Liars) (1883); Remarks) (1886); (Fun, Wit,
and Humor) (1889), with J. W. Riley; 'Comic
History of the United States) (1894); "Comic
History of England” (1896).
He
## p. 407 (#423) ############################################
OBER - OHNET
407
O
Ober, Frederick Albion. An American Cahirciveen, County Kerry, Aug. 6, 1775; died
ornithologist, traveler, and author; born in in Genoa, Italy, May 15, 1847. His Life and
Beverly, Mass. , Feb. 13, 1849. He has traveled Speeches) (1846) appeared under the editorial
extensively in Florida, the West Indies, and supervision of his son; and there is also an edi.
Mexico; and is the author of a large number tion of the Correspondence of Daniel O'Con-
of books of travel and descriptive works, prin- nell' by Fitzpatrick. His Life) has been writ-
cipally for young readers. Among the best ten by W. Fagan (1847); M. F. Cusack (1872);
known are: (Camps in the Caribbees) (1880); J. O'Rourke and O'Keefe (1875); J. A. Hamil-
(The Silver City' (1883); “Young Folks' His- ton (1888). See also O'Neill Daunt's Personal
tory of Mexico' (1883); (Montezuma's Gold Recollections.
Mines) (1887); (In the Wake of Columbus)
O'Connor, William Douglas. An Ameri-
(1893); “Knockabout Club Series.
can author; born in Boston, Jan. 2, 1833; died
Oberholtzer, Mrs. Sara Louisa (Vickers). in 1889. He was on the editorial staff of the
An American poet; born in Chester County, Saturday Evening Post, Philadelphia, from 1854
Pa. , May 20, 1841. Her works include: (Violet to 1860, and afterwards held several government
Lee and Other Poems) (1872); (Come for positions at Washington, D. C. His chief works
Arbutus) (1882); «Hope's Heart Bells, a story are : (The Ghost) (1856); Harrington' (1860),
of Quaker life (1884); Daisies of Verse) a novel; “Hamlet's Note-Book) (1886).
(1886); and (Souvenirs of Occasions. )
O'Conor, John Francis Xavier. An Ameri-
O'Brien, Fitz-James. An Irish-American can Catholic clergyman and author; born in
poet and story-writer; born in Limerick, 1828 ; New York in 1852. He is a member of the
died April 6, 1862. His writings comprise Society of Jesus, and a professor in Boston
(The Diamond Lens and Other Stories, and College. His works include: “Something Real);
many poems. His collected works appeared (Lyric and Dramatic Poetry); Reading and
in 1881. *
the Mind.
Occam or Ockham, William. A scholastic Oehlenschläger or Öhlenschläger, Adam
philosopher; born at Occam, Surrey, England; Gottlob (él'en-shlāg''er). A leading Danish
died in Munich, Bavaria, in 1347, at an ad- poet; born near Copenhagen, Nov. 14, 1779;
vanced age. Throughout his life he strenu- died Jan. 20, 1850. His works comprise :
ously contested the right of the pope to political (Poems) (1803); (First Song of the Edda);
power and secular possessions. His skill in (A Journey to Langeland); (The Life of Christ
logic gave him the name "Doctor Invincibi.
Annually Repeated in Nature); 'Earl Hakon);
lis. His chief works are: (Tractatus Logi- (Thor's Journey to Jötunheim); (Palnatoke);
ces); Quodlibeta Septem'; (Super Quatuor (Axel and Valborg); (The Little Shepherd
Libros Sententiarum); Expositio Aurea super Boy'; and several tragedies, including (Socra-
Totam Artem Veterum. Besides these there tes) and "Hamlet. *
are commentaries and polemics.
Oettinger or Öttinger, Eduard Marie (ét'-
Occleve or Hoccleve, Thomas. An early ing-er). A German journalist and novelist;
English poet and lawyer; supposed to have
born in Breslau in 1808; died 1872. He edited
been born about 1370. He wrote (The Story several satirical journals; and published a
of Jonathan) and other poems. His poetry, number of novels, among which is (Onkel
according to Hallam, abounds with pedantry, Zebra' (7 vols. , 1843). He also wrote a work
and is destitute of all grace and spirit. ” entitled “Rossini (1847), which is said to be a
Ochoa y Acuna, Antonio (ō-cho'a ē ä-kö'nä). romance rather than a biography; and "Biblio-
A Mexican poet; born in Huichapam, April graphie Biographique Universelle) (2 vols. , 1850–
27, 1783; died in Queretaro, Aug. 4, 1833. His
54), the most complete work on that subject.
first satirical work appeared in 1806. In 1811
Ohnet, Georges (ō-nā'). A French novelist
he was admitted to the Arcadia Mexicana, a
and dramatist ; born in Paris, April 3, 1848.
society of poets; the same year he wrote (Don
Among his dramatic works are “Regina Sarpi)
Alphonso,' a tragedy. Love by Proxy,' a com-
(1875) and (Martha) (1877). His novels have
edy, was presented in 1831. His works, under appeared as serials in Figaro, L'Illustration,
the name of Poems of a Mexican,' have been
and the Revue des Deux Mondes, before being
issued in this country (1820).
He was
published in book form ; some of them have
priest, and wrote under the name of “Pastor
been adapted to the stage, notably (The Forge
Antimio. ” He is greatly admired by his coun. Master. Among his stories are: (Black and
trymen.
Red); Doctor Rameau) (1888); Pierre's Soul)
O'Connell, Daniel. The great Irish orator (1890); "Les Dames de Croix-Mort) (1886);
and statesman; was born at Carhen House, (La Comtesse Sarah); "Last Love' (1890).
a
## p. 408 (#424) ############################################
O'KEEFE- OLSSON
408"
O'Keefe, John. An Irish dramatist; born in
Dublin, June 24, 1747; died at Southampton,
Feb. 4, 1833. He was designed for an artist;
but becoming stage-struck, left Dublin for Lon.
don, where, failing to procure a theatrical en-
gagement, he devoted himself entirely to dra-
matic composition. He produced nearly fifty
comedies, comic operas, and farces, which were
extremely popular. Among the principal ones
were : (The Castle of Andalusia); Wild Oats);
(The Poor Soldier); (The Young Quaker';
and "Peeping Tom. '
oldham, John. An English poet and sat-
irist; born in Shipton, Gloucestershire, in August
1653; died 1683. He was educated at the
school of Tedbury, and then at Oxford. He
had many patrons, the last being the Earl of
Kingston, in whose house he died. His works
have been published in three volumes.
Oldmixon, John. An English political writer;
born in Bridgewater, Somersetshire, 1673; died
1742. His principal works were : (A History
of England (2 vols. ); "Life of Arthur Mayn-
waring); and (Life of Queen Anne. He was
distinguished for his hatred of the Stuart fam-
ily.
oldys, William. An English biographer
and antiquary; born July 14, 1696 ; died April
15, 1761. In 1737 he succeeded to the care of
Lord Oxford's (the Harleian) library, the cata-
logue of which was partly drawn up by him.
He wrote : "Life of Sir Walter Raleigh);
(The British Librarian); (The Universal Spec-
tator); 22 lives in the Biographia Britannica. '
His most valuable and curious work is an an-
notated copy, now in the British Museum, of
Langbaine's (Account of the Early Dramatick
Poets. Mr. James Yeowell published in 1862
(A Memoir of Oldys, together with his Diary,
Choice Notes from his Adversaria, and an Ac-
count of the London Libraries. )
Oliphant, Laurence. An English writer
and traveler, who was more remarkable than
his books. He was born in Cape Town, South
Africa, in 1829; died at Twickenham, England,
Dec. 23, 1888. Of good family and position,
he roamed over the earth, deeply interested in
the mystic philosophy of the East; and while
sometimes holding official positions, was essen-
tially a dreamer who cared most for the things
of the spirit, and gave up brilliant prospects
and the pleasures dearest to humanity in order
to elevate his soul. He published a dozen
books, including three novels; several works of
a politico-military nature, such as (A Narrative
of the Earl of Elgin's Mission to China and
Japan) (1860); and various journalistic and
philosophic books, like Episodes in a Life
of Adventure) (1887) and (Scientific Religion
(1888).
Oliphant, Margaret Oliphant Wilson. A
Scotch novelist; born 1828; died 1897. Her
numerous works include: "Zaidee) (1856);
(Chronicles of Carlingford); (The Story of
Valentine and his Brother); (Sir Tom); In
Trust); (A House Divided against Itself);
(The Cuckoo in the Nest'; English Liter-
ature at the End of the Eighteenth and Begin-
ning of the Nineteenth Century); Victorian
Age of English Literature); (Makers of Flor-
ence, Venice, and Rome. *
Olivier, Juste Daniel (ā-lēv-yā'). A Swiss
poet; born in Eysius, Canton of Vaud, Oct. 18,
1807; died in Geneva, Jan. 7, 1876. In 1830 he
published his first volume of poems, Poèmes
Suisses. This was followed by (The Future
(1831); 'Songs from Afar) (1833); and many
others. He also wrote many works in prose. He
spent most of the last years of his life in Paris.
Ollivier, Émile. A French statesman and
political writer; born at Marseilles, July 2, 1825.
He was elected to the French Academy (1870)
as successor to Lamartine. His main works
are : (Democracy and Liberty) (1867); "Church
and State in the Council of the Vatican) (2
vols. , 1879); (Thiers in the Academy and in
History) (1880); (1789 and 1889' (1890).
Olmedo, José Joaquin (ol-mā'do). A South-
American poet; born in Guayaquil in 1781 ;
died there, Jan. 19, 1847. His verses have been
highly praised. One of his best poems is a
(Song to Bolivar) (1826). His Collected
Works) (Valparaiso, 1848; Paris, 1853; and
Mexico, 1862) have been widely circulated.
Olmsted, Frederick Law. The renowned
American architect and designer of public
parks; born in Hartford, Conn. , April 26, 1822.
He designed Central Park in New York, and
the park systems of Boston, Chicago, Buf-
falo, and other cities. His publications in-
clude: (Walks and Talks of an American
Farmer in England (1852); (A Journey in the
Seaboard Slave States) (1856); A Journey in
Texas) (1857); (A Journey in the Back Coun-
try) (1861). These books may be regarded as
diversions,-though some of them are of per-
manent interest and instructiveness, -as his
engineering work has been constant, and is of
the highest beauty, value, and repute.
Olney, Jesse. An American geographer;
born in Union, Conn. , Oct. 12, 1798; died in
Stratford, Conn. , July 31, 1872. In 1828 he first
published (A Geography and Atlas,' which be-
came a standard work for thirty years, and
caused a revolution in the methods of teaching
geography. He published a series of text-books
(1831-52), including a series of Readers,' a
(Common School Arithmetic, a (History of
the United States); and a volume of poems,
(Psalms of Life.
Olsson, Olof (ol'sen). A Swedish Lutheran
clergyman and educator; born in Björtorp,
March 31, 1841. He came to this country in
1868, and was professor and president of Augus-
tana College, Rock Island, Ill. He edited two
Swedish journals, and has published: (At the
Cross); (Greetings from Afar, travels in Eng-
land and Germany (1880); and (The Christian
Hope) (1887). His books have been translated
into Swedish and Norwegian.
## p. 409 (#425) ############################################
O'MAHONY - OROZCO Y BERRA
409
O'Mahony, Francis. ["Father Prout. ”]
A noted Irish journalist and poet; born at
Cork, about 1804; died in Paris, 1866. Or-
dained a Roman Catholic priest, he resigned
his calling about 1834, and became an author.
He published: (Reliques of Father Prout)
(1836), contributed originally to Fraser's Mag-
azine (a final volume appeared in 1876, edited
by Blanchard Jerrold); (Facts and Figures from
Italy? (1847), published originally as letters to
the Daily News. He died in a monastery, to
which he retired in 1864. ((Works, 1880. ) *
Omar Khayyam. See Khayyam.
Oña, Pedro de (õn'yä). A Chilian poet ;
born in Confines, Araucania, about 1560; died
in Lima about 1620. His great work (Arauco
Domado) (Conquered Chili: 1596) consisted
of nineteen cantos. It is said to be one of
the finest of epic poems. A second edition
appeared in 1605, and one in 1849. He also
wrote a poem (The Lima Earthquake of the
Year 1609'; several sonnets; and a heroic
poem, Ignacio de Cantabria) (1639).
Ondegardo, Polo (on-dā-gär'do). A Spanish
bistorian; born in Spain, about 1500; died in
Peru, about 1570. From manuscripts written by
him and preserved in the archives of Simancas
and the Escorial, Prescott obtained information
which he used in his "History of the Conquest
of Peru.
Opie, Amelia. An English writer, wife of
John Opie the painter; born in Norwich, Nov.
12, 1769; died there, Dec. 2, 1853. Among her
numerous tales, once highly popular, may be
mentioned: (Father and Daughter); Murder
Will Out); (The Ruffian Boy); (Temper); (St.
Valentine's Day); (Illustrations of Lying. In
1825 she joined the Society of Friends, and
after this only published Detractions Dis-
played) and Lays for the Dead. ''
Opitz, Martin (o'pits). A German poet ;
born in Bunzlau, Silesia, Dec. 23, 1597; died
of the plague in Dantzic, Aug. 20, 1639. For
more than a century he was called the father
of German poetry.
” He attained great influ-
ence on the literature of Germany, chiefly by
his theoretical and critical writings; of which
his Aristarchus; or, on Contempt for the Ger-
man Language) (1617) is the most important.
Oppert, Julius. A celebrated French Assyri-
ologist and Orientalist ; born at Hamburg, July
9, 1825, of Jewish parents. An expert on the
decipherment of cuneiform inscriptions, he has
published: (Assyrian Studies) (1859–64); "San-
skrit Grammar) (1859); History of the Em-
pires of Chaldea and Assyria from the Monu-
ments) (1866); “The People and Language of
the Medes) (1879).
Oppian or Oppianus (op'ē-an). A Greek
poet; born at Anazarbus in Cilicia ; Aourished
under Marcus Aurelius. He composed a di-
dactic poem, On Fishing,' in five books. The
versification is smooth, the style ornate. His
works have been edited by J. G. Schneider
(Leipzig, 1813), and F. S. Lehrs (Paris, 1846).
Optic, Oliver, pseudonym of William T.
Adams. A popular American writer of stories
for boys; born in Massachusetts, 1822; died
1897. He was for many years a teacher in the
Boston public schools. wrote (Army and
Navy) series ; ( Young America Abroad series;
(Lake Shore) series ; etc.
O'Reilly, John Boyle. An Irish-American
poet and prose-writer, for a long time editor
of the Pilot, Boston; born near Drogheda, Ire-
land, June 28, 1844; died at Hull, Mass. , Aug.
10, 1890. His works comprise : "Songs of the
Southern Seas) (1873); (Moondyne) (1878); and
many fugitive poems and stories.
He was
part author of The King's Men (1884). *
O'Reilly, Miles. See Halpine.
O’Rell, Max. See Blouët, Paul.
Orgaz, Francisco (or-gäth'). A Cuban poet;
born in Havana in 1815; died in Madrid in
1873. He published a volume of poems, Pre-
ludes for the Harp (1841), which placed him
among the best lyric poets of Spanish Amer-
ica. A collection of poems, Poems of the
Tropics) (1850), preserved the uses and cus-
toms of the Cuban aborigines. He also wrote
several dramas.
Origen (or'i-jen), surnamed “Adamantinos »
from his indefatigable study; one of the most
learned and spirited of the Christian fathers;
born at Alexandria in 185(? ) A. D. ; died in
Tyre, in 254 (? ). Of his many writings only a
few have come down to us. Of his De Prin-
cipiis) (Оf the Principles), there exists only
a free and even interpolated translation by
Rufinus. His celebrated treatise on martyrdom
is entire. His works were among the earliest
printed of the patristic writings.
Orosius, Paulus (ā-rõ'si-us). A Latin histo-
rian and theologian ; born in Spain, probably
at Tarragona, at the beginning of the fifth
century A. D. He wrote a History directed
against Pagans) (in seven books), from the
beginning of the world to the author's time,
especially to disprove the assertions of pagan
historians that the calamities of Rome, such as
the invasions of the barbarians, were due to
Christianity.
Orozco y Berra, Fernando (ā-roth'kō ē
bảr'ä). A Mexican poet; born in San Felipe
del Obraje, June 3, 1822; died in Mexico, in
1851. His novel (The Thirty Years' War) ap-
peared in 1850. He wrote: (The Coming
Fashion, (Three Patriots, (Three Aspirants,
three-act comedies in verse ; and “Friendship,'
a five-act comedy in prose. After his death a
collection of his works was published (1886).
Orozco y Berra, Manuel. A Mexican his-
torian; born in the City of Mexico, June 8,
1816; died there, Jan. 27, 1881. Among his
published works are: History of Geography
in Mexico) (1876 and 1880); and Ancient
History of Mexico,' his most famous work
(1880-81), in four parts,- (Civilization, (Prim-
itive Man, (Ancient History,' and (The Con-
quest.
(
## p. 410 (#426) ############################################
410
ORTON-OTFRIED
:
Orton, James. An American clergyman,
naturalist, and traveler; born at Seneca Falls,
N. Y. , April 21, 1830; died on Lake Titicaca,
Peru, Sept. 25, 1877. In 1867, 1873, and 1876,
he conducted exploring expeditions to South
America. His works are: (The Andes and
the Amazon (1870); (Underground Treasures)
(1872); Liberal Education of Women (1873);
"Comparative Zoology) (1875).
Orton, Jason Rockwood. An American poet
and miscellaneous writer; born in Hamilton,
N. Y. , in 1806; died in Brooklyn, N. Y. , Feb. 13,
1867. He was educated as a physician, but
abandoned the practice of medicine in 1850,
and devoted himself to literature. Besides con-
tributions to periodicals, he published : Poet-
ical Sketches) (1829); Arnold, and Other
Poems) (1854); (Camp-Fires of the Red Men'
(1855); (Confidential Experiences of a Spirit-
ualist) (1858).
Osborn, Laughton. An American artist and
littérateur; born in New York city in 1809;
died there, Dec. 12, 1878. He graduated at
Columbia College in 1827. His works include:
(Sixty Years of Life) (1831); Vision of Ru-
beta) (1838); “Arthur Carryl (1841); “Travels
by Sea and Land (1868).
Osborne, (Samuel) Duffield. An American
novelist; born on Long Island, N. Y. , in 1858.
His works are: (The Spell of Ashtaroth )
(1888); (The Robe of Nessus) (1890), a his-
torical novel.
Oscanyan, Hatchik (os-kan'yan). An Ar-
meno-Turkish author, resident in New York ;
born in Constantinople, April 23, 1818, of Ar-
menian parents. He was educated in the
United States, established an Armenian paper
in Constantinople in 1841, and was afterwards
in the official employ of the Turkish govern-
ment. He wrote in Armenian : Acaby,' a satir-
ical romance (1849); (Veronica' (1851); and a
child's book, Bedig. He published in New
York (The Sultan and his People) (1857), a
remarkably popular work.
Osgood, Mrs. Frances Sargent (Locke). An
American poet; born in Boston, June 18, 1811;
died at Hingham, Mass. , May 12, 1850. Besides
contributions to magazines she published :
(Wreath of Wild Flowers) (1839); Poetry of
Flowers) (1841); “Poems) (1849).
Osgood, Samuel. An American clergyman
and author; born in Charlestown, Mass. , Aug.
30, 1812; died in New York city, April 14, 1880.
He was the pastor of a Unitarian church in
New York city from 1849 to 1869, when he
resigned and joined the Episcopal Church.
Besides translations from the German, his nu-
merous works include: "Studies in Christian
Biography) ( 1851 ); Mile-Stones in our Life
Journey) (1855); “Student Life) (1860).
O'Shaughnessy, Arthur William Edgar. A
British poet; born in 1844; died in 1881. In
1864 he entered the British Museum, and in
1873 married Eleanor, sister of Philip Bourke
Marston. He was a follower of Morris and
Swinburne and of the French romantic school.
He published between 1870 and 1881: (An Epic
of Women'; 'Lays of France,' a free para-
phrase of the lais of Marie de France; Music
and Moonlight); and (Songs of a Worker. '
Ossian. * See the article (Ossian) in the
(Library.
Ossoli, Marchioness d' (os-so’lē) – Sarah
Margaret Fuller, best known as “Margaret
Fuller. " An American writer on literature,
art, and society ; born at Cambridgeport, Mass. ,
1810; died at sea, 1850. For some years she
was employed as a teacher in girls' schools;
for two years edited the Dial (1840-42). Her
collected essays on Women in the Nineteenth
Century) were published in 1843. She con-
tributed regularly to the New York Tribune
papers on literature and art, which were col-
lected in a volume published in 1846. At Rome
in the same year she married the Marquis
d'Ossoli. The pair were on the way to New
York when their ship was wrecked and both
were lost. Besides the volumes already named,
she published other collections of her essays
under the titles : Art, Literature, and Drama);
At Home and Abroad); Life Without and
Life Within. *
Ostrovsky, Alexander Nikolajevich (os-
trov'skē). A Russian dramatist; born in Mos-
cow, April 12, 1823; died June 14, 1886. One of
his best comedies, “We Get On with our Own
Kind, published in 1849, established his repu-
tation. His works followed each other in
rapid succession. Among the best are : (The
Poor Bride) (1852); Poverty is Not a Fault)
(1853); (A Profitable Place) (1857); (The
Storm (1859); and A Warm Heart) (1869).
He was the author of several translations,
especially a remarkable one of “The Taming
of the Shrew. His complete works were pub-
lished in St. Petersburg (1887, 10 vols. ).
Oswald, Felix Leopold. An American nat-
uralist and miscellaneous writer; born at Na-
mur, Belgium, in 1845. He graduated at Liège
in 1864, and became a physician; but later
abandoned the practice of medicine, and de-
voted himself to the study of natural history,
He resides in Tennessee. His works include:
(Summer-Land Sketches) (1880); Physical
Education (1882); (The Secret of the East;
or, The Origin of the Christian Religion
(1883); Days and Nights in the Tropics
(1887).
Otero, Rafael (ō-tā'ro). A Cuban dramatist;
born in Havana in 1827 ; died there in 1876.
Among his comedies are: (A Betrothed of a
Day); (The Coburger); (My Son the French-
man); and (The Dead Commands It,' which
were presented in the theatres of Havana and
Matanzas. His novel (La Perla de la Diaria!
was published in 1866, and 'Cantos Sociales)
in 1868.
Otfried (ot'frēd). A Frankish poet; born
near Weissenburg in Alsace; studied at Fulda
under Hrabanus Maurus (822-884), and also
under Salomon I. , bishop of Constance (839-
>
a
## p. 411 (#427) ############################################
OTIS- OWEN
411
:
871); then went back to the Benedictine Mon-
astery in Weissenburg, where he wrote his
famous 'Evangilienbuch,' a paraphrase in verse
of the Gospels, dedicated about 865 to (King)
Louis the German, and to Archbishop Luit-
bert of Mentz. It is one of the most valuable
documents of the Old High German period.
Otis, Harrison Gray. An eminent Ameri-
can statesman and orator, son of James; born
in Boston, Oct. 8, 1765; died there, Oct. 28,
1848. He was Member of Congress 1797-1801,
and U. S. Senator 1817–22. He was prominent
in the Massachusetts Legislature; took an act-
ive part in the Hartford Convention of 1814;
and was mayor of Boston in 1829. His pub-
lished works include: "Letters in Defense of
the Hartford Convention (1824), and (Ora-
tions and Addresses.
Otis, James. A celebrated American states-
man and orator; born at West Barnstable,
Mass. , Feb. 5, 1725; died at Andover, Mass. , May
23, 1783. At an early age he attracted attention
by his eloquence in behalf of the colonists
against British oppression, and his determined
opposition to the writs of assistance » in 1761.
Through his efforts the Stamp Act Congress
was assembled in 1765. He was the author of
a number of political essays and orations, among
which are : «Vindication of the Conduct of the
House of Representatives) (1762); Rights of
the British Colonies Asserted' (1765); Consid-
eration on Behalf of the Colonists) (1765).
Otis, James. See Kaler.
Otway, Thomas. An English dramatist;
born at Trotton, Sussex, 1652 ; died 1685. He
was educated at Winchester, and at Christ
Church, Oxford ; served as cornet in the Low
Countries; was an unsuccessful actor, and finally
wrote for the stage. Of his many plays, one
tragedy, (Venice Preserved, is among the best
remembered of the Restoration drama, and
keeps his name familiar in literary allusion.
(The Orphan) ranks next in critical esteem.
Ouida (wē'dä), pseudonym of Louise de la
Ramée ; an English novelist of French extrac-
tion; born at Bury St. Edmunds, 1840. She has
published: (Held in Bondage) (1863); (Strath-
more) (1865); "Chandos) (1866); "Cecil Castle-
maine's Gage); Idalia); (Under Two Flags)
(1867); (Tricotrin) (1868); Puck) (1870); 'Folle
Farine) (1871); A Dog of Flanders); (A
Leaf in the Storm) (1872); Pascarell (1873);
Bebée; or, Two Little Wooden Shoes ) (1874);
(Signa) (1875); (In a Winter City) (1876);
(Ariadne (1877); (Friendship’ (1878); " Moths)
(1880); (Pipistrello) (1880); (A Village Com-
mune) (1881); (In Maremma); (Bimbi) (1882);
"Wanda); Frescoes) (1883); Princess Na-
praxine) (1884); "Othmar); (A House Party);
(Guilderoy); “Syrlin); (A Rainy June); “Don
Gesualdo) (1890); Moufflou); (The Nürnberg
Stove); (The Tower of Taddeo); (The Silver
Christ); (The New Priesthood (1893); “Views
and Opinions) (1895); etc. *
Overskov, Thomas (õ'ver-skov). A Danish
dramatist; born in Copenhagen, Oct. II, 1798;
died in 1873. His first comedy (1826) was a
complete failure, but later his dramas were suc-
cessfully performed; one of them, Ostergade
og Vestergade, in the style of Sheridan, being
his best work, and another, Capriciosa,' still
keeping its place in the repertory of the Royal
Theatre. His most important contribution to
literature is a (History of the Danish Theatre)
(7 vols. , Copenhagen, 1854-76).
Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso) (ov'id). The
Roman poet; born at Sulmo, March 20, 43
B. C. ; died at Tomi, 17 A. D. He wrote: (Meta-
morphoses); (Fasti? (The Calendar); (Epis-
tles); Amours); (Art of Love); Heroids);
and other works. *
Oviedo y Valdez, Gonzalo Fernandez de (ov-
yā'do ē väl’dāth). A Spanish historian; born
in Madrid in 1478; died in Valladolid in 1557.
In 1545 he was appointed historian of the
Spanish Indies. The first part of his great
work appeared as (General and Natural His-
tory of the West Indies, in 1535; the revision
of the entire work was completed in 1548. It
was once deemed one of the profoundest works
on the natural history of America.
Owen, Goronwy. A Welsh poet; born in
Anglesea, North Wales, Jan. 13, 1722; died in
St. Andrews parish, Brunswick County, Va. ,
between 1770 and 1780. He became rector of
Uppington, Shropshire, in 1745; and while there
wrote his celebrated poem “The Day of Judg.
ment. He came to the United States in 1775;
accepted a position at William and Mary Col-
lege, and married for his second wife Mrs.
Clayton, a sister of the president of the college.
He is described as the last of the great poets
of Wales. His bardic title was Black Go-
ronwy of Anglesea. ” His poems for a long
time circulated in manuscript; but in 1780 his
collected works were published, succeeding edi.
tions being printed in 1819 and 1860. In 1831
his countrymen erected a tablet to his memory
in the cathedral church of Bangor.
Owen, Robert. Social reformer and author;
born in Newton, Montgomeryshire, Wales,
March 14, 1771; died there, Nov. 19, 1858. He
early turned his attention to social questions,
publishing in 1812 New Views of Society ;
or, Essays upon the Formation of the Human
Character, and Book of the New Moral World. "
He attempted to found communist societies in
England, also in New Harmony, Ind.
ble are the comedies (Who Is the Author ? )
(1859); Neither So Much nor So Little) (1865);
(El Laz de Leña, a drama in five acts on the
subject of Don Carlos. Among his remarkably
popular lyric and patriotic poems are: “The
Last Lament of Lord Byron' (23d ed. 1884);
(Battle Cries) (5th ed. 1885); (Vertigo) (25th
ed. 1886); (An Idyl and an Elegy) (18th ed.
1886).
Nye, Edgar Wilson. An American journal-
ist, lecturer, and humorist; born at Shirley, Me. ,
Aug. 25, 1850; died near Asheville, N. C. , Feb.
22, 1896. He settled in Wyoming Territory as
a young man, studied law, and was admitted
to the bar lin 1876. Afterwards he removed
to New York city, and became famous as a
humorous lecturer and writer under the pseu-
donym of «Bill Nye. ) Among his works are :
(Bill Nye and the Boomerang) (1881); (Forty
Liars) (1883); Remarks) (1886); (Fun, Wit,
and Humor) (1889), with J. W. Riley; 'Comic
History of the United States) (1894); "Comic
History of England” (1896).
He
## p. 407 (#423) ############################################
OBER - OHNET
407
O
Ober, Frederick Albion. An American Cahirciveen, County Kerry, Aug. 6, 1775; died
ornithologist, traveler, and author; born in in Genoa, Italy, May 15, 1847. His Life and
Beverly, Mass. , Feb. 13, 1849. He has traveled Speeches) (1846) appeared under the editorial
extensively in Florida, the West Indies, and supervision of his son; and there is also an edi.
Mexico; and is the author of a large number tion of the Correspondence of Daniel O'Con-
of books of travel and descriptive works, prin- nell' by Fitzpatrick. His Life) has been writ-
cipally for young readers. Among the best ten by W. Fagan (1847); M. F. Cusack (1872);
known are: (Camps in the Caribbees) (1880); J. O'Rourke and O'Keefe (1875); J. A. Hamil-
(The Silver City' (1883); “Young Folks' His- ton (1888). See also O'Neill Daunt's Personal
tory of Mexico' (1883); (Montezuma's Gold Recollections.
Mines) (1887); (In the Wake of Columbus)
O'Connor, William Douglas. An Ameri-
(1893); “Knockabout Club Series.
can author; born in Boston, Jan. 2, 1833; died
Oberholtzer, Mrs. Sara Louisa (Vickers). in 1889. He was on the editorial staff of the
An American poet; born in Chester County, Saturday Evening Post, Philadelphia, from 1854
Pa. , May 20, 1841. Her works include: (Violet to 1860, and afterwards held several government
Lee and Other Poems) (1872); (Come for positions at Washington, D. C. His chief works
Arbutus) (1882); «Hope's Heart Bells, a story are : (The Ghost) (1856); Harrington' (1860),
of Quaker life (1884); Daisies of Verse) a novel; “Hamlet's Note-Book) (1886).
(1886); and (Souvenirs of Occasions. )
O'Conor, John Francis Xavier. An Ameri-
O'Brien, Fitz-James. An Irish-American can Catholic clergyman and author; born in
poet and story-writer; born in Limerick, 1828 ; New York in 1852. He is a member of the
died April 6, 1862. His writings comprise Society of Jesus, and a professor in Boston
(The Diamond Lens and Other Stories, and College. His works include: “Something Real);
many poems. His collected works appeared (Lyric and Dramatic Poetry); Reading and
in 1881. *
the Mind.
Occam or Ockham, William. A scholastic Oehlenschläger or Öhlenschläger, Adam
philosopher; born at Occam, Surrey, England; Gottlob (él'en-shlāg''er). A leading Danish
died in Munich, Bavaria, in 1347, at an ad- poet; born near Copenhagen, Nov. 14, 1779;
vanced age. Throughout his life he strenu- died Jan. 20, 1850. His works comprise :
ously contested the right of the pope to political (Poems) (1803); (First Song of the Edda);
power and secular possessions. His skill in (A Journey to Langeland); (The Life of Christ
logic gave him the name "Doctor Invincibi.
Annually Repeated in Nature); 'Earl Hakon);
lis. His chief works are: (Tractatus Logi- (Thor's Journey to Jötunheim); (Palnatoke);
ces); Quodlibeta Septem'; (Super Quatuor (Axel and Valborg); (The Little Shepherd
Libros Sententiarum); Expositio Aurea super Boy'; and several tragedies, including (Socra-
Totam Artem Veterum. Besides these there tes) and "Hamlet. *
are commentaries and polemics.
Oettinger or Öttinger, Eduard Marie (ét'-
Occleve or Hoccleve, Thomas. An early ing-er). A German journalist and novelist;
English poet and lawyer; supposed to have
born in Breslau in 1808; died 1872. He edited
been born about 1370. He wrote (The Story several satirical journals; and published a
of Jonathan) and other poems. His poetry, number of novels, among which is (Onkel
according to Hallam, abounds with pedantry, Zebra' (7 vols. , 1843). He also wrote a work
and is destitute of all grace and spirit. ” entitled “Rossini (1847), which is said to be a
Ochoa y Acuna, Antonio (ō-cho'a ē ä-kö'nä). romance rather than a biography; and "Biblio-
A Mexican poet; born in Huichapam, April graphie Biographique Universelle) (2 vols. , 1850–
27, 1783; died in Queretaro, Aug. 4, 1833. His
54), the most complete work on that subject.
first satirical work appeared in 1806. In 1811
Ohnet, Georges (ō-nā'). A French novelist
he was admitted to the Arcadia Mexicana, a
and dramatist ; born in Paris, April 3, 1848.
society of poets; the same year he wrote (Don
Among his dramatic works are “Regina Sarpi)
Alphonso,' a tragedy. Love by Proxy,' a com-
(1875) and (Martha) (1877). His novels have
edy, was presented in 1831. His works, under appeared as serials in Figaro, L'Illustration,
the name of Poems of a Mexican,' have been
and the Revue des Deux Mondes, before being
issued in this country (1820).
He was
published in book form ; some of them have
priest, and wrote under the name of “Pastor
been adapted to the stage, notably (The Forge
Antimio. ” He is greatly admired by his coun. Master. Among his stories are: (Black and
trymen.
Red); Doctor Rameau) (1888); Pierre's Soul)
O'Connell, Daniel. The great Irish orator (1890); "Les Dames de Croix-Mort) (1886);
and statesman; was born at Carhen House, (La Comtesse Sarah); "Last Love' (1890).
a
## p. 408 (#424) ############################################
O'KEEFE- OLSSON
408"
O'Keefe, John. An Irish dramatist; born in
Dublin, June 24, 1747; died at Southampton,
Feb. 4, 1833. He was designed for an artist;
but becoming stage-struck, left Dublin for Lon.
don, where, failing to procure a theatrical en-
gagement, he devoted himself entirely to dra-
matic composition. He produced nearly fifty
comedies, comic operas, and farces, which were
extremely popular. Among the principal ones
were : (The Castle of Andalusia); Wild Oats);
(The Poor Soldier); (The Young Quaker';
and "Peeping Tom. '
oldham, John. An English poet and sat-
irist; born in Shipton, Gloucestershire, in August
1653; died 1683. He was educated at the
school of Tedbury, and then at Oxford. He
had many patrons, the last being the Earl of
Kingston, in whose house he died. His works
have been published in three volumes.
Oldmixon, John. An English political writer;
born in Bridgewater, Somersetshire, 1673; died
1742. His principal works were : (A History
of England (2 vols. ); "Life of Arthur Mayn-
waring); and (Life of Queen Anne. He was
distinguished for his hatred of the Stuart fam-
ily.
oldys, William. An English biographer
and antiquary; born July 14, 1696 ; died April
15, 1761. In 1737 he succeeded to the care of
Lord Oxford's (the Harleian) library, the cata-
logue of which was partly drawn up by him.
He wrote : "Life of Sir Walter Raleigh);
(The British Librarian); (The Universal Spec-
tator); 22 lives in the Biographia Britannica. '
His most valuable and curious work is an an-
notated copy, now in the British Museum, of
Langbaine's (Account of the Early Dramatick
Poets. Mr. James Yeowell published in 1862
(A Memoir of Oldys, together with his Diary,
Choice Notes from his Adversaria, and an Ac-
count of the London Libraries. )
Oliphant, Laurence. An English writer
and traveler, who was more remarkable than
his books. He was born in Cape Town, South
Africa, in 1829; died at Twickenham, England,
Dec. 23, 1888. Of good family and position,
he roamed over the earth, deeply interested in
the mystic philosophy of the East; and while
sometimes holding official positions, was essen-
tially a dreamer who cared most for the things
of the spirit, and gave up brilliant prospects
and the pleasures dearest to humanity in order
to elevate his soul. He published a dozen
books, including three novels; several works of
a politico-military nature, such as (A Narrative
of the Earl of Elgin's Mission to China and
Japan) (1860); and various journalistic and
philosophic books, like Episodes in a Life
of Adventure) (1887) and (Scientific Religion
(1888).
Oliphant, Margaret Oliphant Wilson. A
Scotch novelist; born 1828; died 1897. Her
numerous works include: "Zaidee) (1856);
(Chronicles of Carlingford); (The Story of
Valentine and his Brother); (Sir Tom); In
Trust); (A House Divided against Itself);
(The Cuckoo in the Nest'; English Liter-
ature at the End of the Eighteenth and Begin-
ning of the Nineteenth Century); Victorian
Age of English Literature); (Makers of Flor-
ence, Venice, and Rome. *
Olivier, Juste Daniel (ā-lēv-yā'). A Swiss
poet; born in Eysius, Canton of Vaud, Oct. 18,
1807; died in Geneva, Jan. 7, 1876. In 1830 he
published his first volume of poems, Poèmes
Suisses. This was followed by (The Future
(1831); 'Songs from Afar) (1833); and many
others. He also wrote many works in prose. He
spent most of the last years of his life in Paris.
Ollivier, Émile. A French statesman and
political writer; born at Marseilles, July 2, 1825.
He was elected to the French Academy (1870)
as successor to Lamartine. His main works
are : (Democracy and Liberty) (1867); "Church
and State in the Council of the Vatican) (2
vols. , 1879); (Thiers in the Academy and in
History) (1880); (1789 and 1889' (1890).
Olmedo, José Joaquin (ol-mā'do). A South-
American poet; born in Guayaquil in 1781 ;
died there, Jan. 19, 1847. His verses have been
highly praised. One of his best poems is a
(Song to Bolivar) (1826). His Collected
Works) (Valparaiso, 1848; Paris, 1853; and
Mexico, 1862) have been widely circulated.
Olmsted, Frederick Law. The renowned
American architect and designer of public
parks; born in Hartford, Conn. , April 26, 1822.
He designed Central Park in New York, and
the park systems of Boston, Chicago, Buf-
falo, and other cities. His publications in-
clude: (Walks and Talks of an American
Farmer in England (1852); (A Journey in the
Seaboard Slave States) (1856); A Journey in
Texas) (1857); (A Journey in the Back Coun-
try) (1861). These books may be regarded as
diversions,-though some of them are of per-
manent interest and instructiveness, -as his
engineering work has been constant, and is of
the highest beauty, value, and repute.
Olney, Jesse. An American geographer;
born in Union, Conn. , Oct. 12, 1798; died in
Stratford, Conn. , July 31, 1872. In 1828 he first
published (A Geography and Atlas,' which be-
came a standard work for thirty years, and
caused a revolution in the methods of teaching
geography. He published a series of text-books
(1831-52), including a series of Readers,' a
(Common School Arithmetic, a (History of
the United States); and a volume of poems,
(Psalms of Life.
Olsson, Olof (ol'sen). A Swedish Lutheran
clergyman and educator; born in Björtorp,
March 31, 1841. He came to this country in
1868, and was professor and president of Augus-
tana College, Rock Island, Ill. He edited two
Swedish journals, and has published: (At the
Cross); (Greetings from Afar, travels in Eng-
land and Germany (1880); and (The Christian
Hope) (1887). His books have been translated
into Swedish and Norwegian.
## p. 409 (#425) ############################################
O'MAHONY - OROZCO Y BERRA
409
O'Mahony, Francis. ["Father Prout. ”]
A noted Irish journalist and poet; born at
Cork, about 1804; died in Paris, 1866. Or-
dained a Roman Catholic priest, he resigned
his calling about 1834, and became an author.
He published: (Reliques of Father Prout)
(1836), contributed originally to Fraser's Mag-
azine (a final volume appeared in 1876, edited
by Blanchard Jerrold); (Facts and Figures from
Italy? (1847), published originally as letters to
the Daily News. He died in a monastery, to
which he retired in 1864. ((Works, 1880. ) *
Omar Khayyam. See Khayyam.
Oña, Pedro de (õn'yä). A Chilian poet ;
born in Confines, Araucania, about 1560; died
in Lima about 1620. His great work (Arauco
Domado) (Conquered Chili: 1596) consisted
of nineteen cantos. It is said to be one of
the finest of epic poems. A second edition
appeared in 1605, and one in 1849. He also
wrote a poem (The Lima Earthquake of the
Year 1609'; several sonnets; and a heroic
poem, Ignacio de Cantabria) (1639).
Ondegardo, Polo (on-dā-gär'do). A Spanish
bistorian; born in Spain, about 1500; died in
Peru, about 1570. From manuscripts written by
him and preserved in the archives of Simancas
and the Escorial, Prescott obtained information
which he used in his "History of the Conquest
of Peru.
Opie, Amelia. An English writer, wife of
John Opie the painter; born in Norwich, Nov.
12, 1769; died there, Dec. 2, 1853. Among her
numerous tales, once highly popular, may be
mentioned: (Father and Daughter); Murder
Will Out); (The Ruffian Boy); (Temper); (St.
Valentine's Day); (Illustrations of Lying. In
1825 she joined the Society of Friends, and
after this only published Detractions Dis-
played) and Lays for the Dead. ''
Opitz, Martin (o'pits). A German poet ;
born in Bunzlau, Silesia, Dec. 23, 1597; died
of the plague in Dantzic, Aug. 20, 1639. For
more than a century he was called the father
of German poetry.
” He attained great influ-
ence on the literature of Germany, chiefly by
his theoretical and critical writings; of which
his Aristarchus; or, on Contempt for the Ger-
man Language) (1617) is the most important.
Oppert, Julius. A celebrated French Assyri-
ologist and Orientalist ; born at Hamburg, July
9, 1825, of Jewish parents. An expert on the
decipherment of cuneiform inscriptions, he has
published: (Assyrian Studies) (1859–64); "San-
skrit Grammar) (1859); History of the Em-
pires of Chaldea and Assyria from the Monu-
ments) (1866); “The People and Language of
the Medes) (1879).
Oppian or Oppianus (op'ē-an). A Greek
poet; born at Anazarbus in Cilicia ; Aourished
under Marcus Aurelius. He composed a di-
dactic poem, On Fishing,' in five books. The
versification is smooth, the style ornate. His
works have been edited by J. G. Schneider
(Leipzig, 1813), and F. S. Lehrs (Paris, 1846).
Optic, Oliver, pseudonym of William T.
Adams. A popular American writer of stories
for boys; born in Massachusetts, 1822; died
1897. He was for many years a teacher in the
Boston public schools. wrote (Army and
Navy) series ; ( Young America Abroad series;
(Lake Shore) series ; etc.
O'Reilly, John Boyle. An Irish-American
poet and prose-writer, for a long time editor
of the Pilot, Boston; born near Drogheda, Ire-
land, June 28, 1844; died at Hull, Mass. , Aug.
10, 1890. His works comprise : "Songs of the
Southern Seas) (1873); (Moondyne) (1878); and
many fugitive poems and stories.
He was
part author of The King's Men (1884). *
O'Reilly, Miles. See Halpine.
O’Rell, Max. See Blouët, Paul.
Orgaz, Francisco (or-gäth'). A Cuban poet;
born in Havana in 1815; died in Madrid in
1873. He published a volume of poems, Pre-
ludes for the Harp (1841), which placed him
among the best lyric poets of Spanish Amer-
ica. A collection of poems, Poems of the
Tropics) (1850), preserved the uses and cus-
toms of the Cuban aborigines. He also wrote
several dramas.
Origen (or'i-jen), surnamed “Adamantinos »
from his indefatigable study; one of the most
learned and spirited of the Christian fathers;
born at Alexandria in 185(? ) A. D. ; died in
Tyre, in 254 (? ). Of his many writings only a
few have come down to us. Of his De Prin-
cipiis) (Оf the Principles), there exists only
a free and even interpolated translation by
Rufinus. His celebrated treatise on martyrdom
is entire. His works were among the earliest
printed of the patristic writings.
Orosius, Paulus (ā-rõ'si-us). A Latin histo-
rian and theologian ; born in Spain, probably
at Tarragona, at the beginning of the fifth
century A. D. He wrote a History directed
against Pagans) (in seven books), from the
beginning of the world to the author's time,
especially to disprove the assertions of pagan
historians that the calamities of Rome, such as
the invasions of the barbarians, were due to
Christianity.
Orozco y Berra, Fernando (ā-roth'kō ē
bảr'ä). A Mexican poet; born in San Felipe
del Obraje, June 3, 1822; died in Mexico, in
1851. His novel (The Thirty Years' War) ap-
peared in 1850. He wrote: (The Coming
Fashion, (Three Patriots, (Three Aspirants,
three-act comedies in verse ; and “Friendship,'
a five-act comedy in prose. After his death a
collection of his works was published (1886).
Orozco y Berra, Manuel. A Mexican his-
torian; born in the City of Mexico, June 8,
1816; died there, Jan. 27, 1881. Among his
published works are: History of Geography
in Mexico) (1876 and 1880); and Ancient
History of Mexico,' his most famous work
(1880-81), in four parts,- (Civilization, (Prim-
itive Man, (Ancient History,' and (The Con-
quest.
(
## p. 410 (#426) ############################################
410
ORTON-OTFRIED
:
Orton, James. An American clergyman,
naturalist, and traveler; born at Seneca Falls,
N. Y. , April 21, 1830; died on Lake Titicaca,
Peru, Sept. 25, 1877. In 1867, 1873, and 1876,
he conducted exploring expeditions to South
America. His works are: (The Andes and
the Amazon (1870); (Underground Treasures)
(1872); Liberal Education of Women (1873);
"Comparative Zoology) (1875).
Orton, Jason Rockwood. An American poet
and miscellaneous writer; born in Hamilton,
N. Y. , in 1806; died in Brooklyn, N. Y. , Feb. 13,
1867. He was educated as a physician, but
abandoned the practice of medicine in 1850,
and devoted himself to literature. Besides con-
tributions to periodicals, he published : Poet-
ical Sketches) (1829); Arnold, and Other
Poems) (1854); (Camp-Fires of the Red Men'
(1855); (Confidential Experiences of a Spirit-
ualist) (1858).
Osborn, Laughton. An American artist and
littérateur; born in New York city in 1809;
died there, Dec. 12, 1878. He graduated at
Columbia College in 1827. His works include:
(Sixty Years of Life) (1831); Vision of Ru-
beta) (1838); “Arthur Carryl (1841); “Travels
by Sea and Land (1868).
Osborne, (Samuel) Duffield. An American
novelist; born on Long Island, N. Y. , in 1858.
His works are: (The Spell of Ashtaroth )
(1888); (The Robe of Nessus) (1890), a his-
torical novel.
Oscanyan, Hatchik (os-kan'yan). An Ar-
meno-Turkish author, resident in New York ;
born in Constantinople, April 23, 1818, of Ar-
menian parents. He was educated in the
United States, established an Armenian paper
in Constantinople in 1841, and was afterwards
in the official employ of the Turkish govern-
ment. He wrote in Armenian : Acaby,' a satir-
ical romance (1849); (Veronica' (1851); and a
child's book, Bedig. He published in New
York (The Sultan and his People) (1857), a
remarkably popular work.
Osgood, Mrs. Frances Sargent (Locke). An
American poet; born in Boston, June 18, 1811;
died at Hingham, Mass. , May 12, 1850. Besides
contributions to magazines she published :
(Wreath of Wild Flowers) (1839); Poetry of
Flowers) (1841); “Poems) (1849).
Osgood, Samuel. An American clergyman
and author; born in Charlestown, Mass. , Aug.
30, 1812; died in New York city, April 14, 1880.
He was the pastor of a Unitarian church in
New York city from 1849 to 1869, when he
resigned and joined the Episcopal Church.
Besides translations from the German, his nu-
merous works include: "Studies in Christian
Biography) ( 1851 ); Mile-Stones in our Life
Journey) (1855); “Student Life) (1860).
O'Shaughnessy, Arthur William Edgar. A
British poet; born in 1844; died in 1881. In
1864 he entered the British Museum, and in
1873 married Eleanor, sister of Philip Bourke
Marston. He was a follower of Morris and
Swinburne and of the French romantic school.
He published between 1870 and 1881: (An Epic
of Women'; 'Lays of France,' a free para-
phrase of the lais of Marie de France; Music
and Moonlight); and (Songs of a Worker. '
Ossian. * See the article (Ossian) in the
(Library.
Ossoli, Marchioness d' (os-so’lē) – Sarah
Margaret Fuller, best known as “Margaret
Fuller. " An American writer on literature,
art, and society ; born at Cambridgeport, Mass. ,
1810; died at sea, 1850. For some years she
was employed as a teacher in girls' schools;
for two years edited the Dial (1840-42). Her
collected essays on Women in the Nineteenth
Century) were published in 1843. She con-
tributed regularly to the New York Tribune
papers on literature and art, which were col-
lected in a volume published in 1846. At Rome
in the same year she married the Marquis
d'Ossoli. The pair were on the way to New
York when their ship was wrecked and both
were lost. Besides the volumes already named,
she published other collections of her essays
under the titles : Art, Literature, and Drama);
At Home and Abroad); Life Without and
Life Within. *
Ostrovsky, Alexander Nikolajevich (os-
trov'skē). A Russian dramatist; born in Mos-
cow, April 12, 1823; died June 14, 1886. One of
his best comedies, “We Get On with our Own
Kind, published in 1849, established his repu-
tation. His works followed each other in
rapid succession. Among the best are : (The
Poor Bride) (1852); Poverty is Not a Fault)
(1853); (A Profitable Place) (1857); (The
Storm (1859); and A Warm Heart) (1869).
He was the author of several translations,
especially a remarkable one of “The Taming
of the Shrew. His complete works were pub-
lished in St. Petersburg (1887, 10 vols. ).
Oswald, Felix Leopold. An American nat-
uralist and miscellaneous writer; born at Na-
mur, Belgium, in 1845. He graduated at Liège
in 1864, and became a physician; but later
abandoned the practice of medicine, and de-
voted himself to the study of natural history,
He resides in Tennessee. His works include:
(Summer-Land Sketches) (1880); Physical
Education (1882); (The Secret of the East;
or, The Origin of the Christian Religion
(1883); Days and Nights in the Tropics
(1887).
Otero, Rafael (ō-tā'ro). A Cuban dramatist;
born in Havana in 1827 ; died there in 1876.
Among his comedies are: (A Betrothed of a
Day); (The Coburger); (My Son the French-
man); and (The Dead Commands It,' which
were presented in the theatres of Havana and
Matanzas. His novel (La Perla de la Diaria!
was published in 1866, and 'Cantos Sociales)
in 1868.
Otfried (ot'frēd). A Frankish poet; born
near Weissenburg in Alsace; studied at Fulda
under Hrabanus Maurus (822-884), and also
under Salomon I. , bishop of Constance (839-
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871); then went back to the Benedictine Mon-
astery in Weissenburg, where he wrote his
famous 'Evangilienbuch,' a paraphrase in verse
of the Gospels, dedicated about 865 to (King)
Louis the German, and to Archbishop Luit-
bert of Mentz. It is one of the most valuable
documents of the Old High German period.
Otis, Harrison Gray. An eminent Ameri-
can statesman and orator, son of James; born
in Boston, Oct. 8, 1765; died there, Oct. 28,
1848. He was Member of Congress 1797-1801,
and U. S. Senator 1817–22. He was prominent
in the Massachusetts Legislature; took an act-
ive part in the Hartford Convention of 1814;
and was mayor of Boston in 1829. His pub-
lished works include: "Letters in Defense of
the Hartford Convention (1824), and (Ora-
tions and Addresses.
Otis, James. A celebrated American states-
man and orator; born at West Barnstable,
Mass. , Feb. 5, 1725; died at Andover, Mass. , May
23, 1783. At an early age he attracted attention
by his eloquence in behalf of the colonists
against British oppression, and his determined
opposition to the writs of assistance » in 1761.
Through his efforts the Stamp Act Congress
was assembled in 1765. He was the author of
a number of political essays and orations, among
which are : «Vindication of the Conduct of the
House of Representatives) (1762); Rights of
the British Colonies Asserted' (1765); Consid-
eration on Behalf of the Colonists) (1765).
Otis, James. See Kaler.
Otway, Thomas. An English dramatist;
born at Trotton, Sussex, 1652 ; died 1685. He
was educated at Winchester, and at Christ
Church, Oxford ; served as cornet in the Low
Countries; was an unsuccessful actor, and finally
wrote for the stage. Of his many plays, one
tragedy, (Venice Preserved, is among the best
remembered of the Restoration drama, and
keeps his name familiar in literary allusion.
(The Orphan) ranks next in critical esteem.
Ouida (wē'dä), pseudonym of Louise de la
Ramée ; an English novelist of French extrac-
tion; born at Bury St. Edmunds, 1840. She has
published: (Held in Bondage) (1863); (Strath-
more) (1865); "Chandos) (1866); "Cecil Castle-
maine's Gage); Idalia); (Under Two Flags)
(1867); (Tricotrin) (1868); Puck) (1870); 'Folle
Farine) (1871); A Dog of Flanders); (A
Leaf in the Storm) (1872); Pascarell (1873);
Bebée; or, Two Little Wooden Shoes ) (1874);
(Signa) (1875); (In a Winter City) (1876);
(Ariadne (1877); (Friendship’ (1878); " Moths)
(1880); (Pipistrello) (1880); (A Village Com-
mune) (1881); (In Maremma); (Bimbi) (1882);
"Wanda); Frescoes) (1883); Princess Na-
praxine) (1884); "Othmar); (A House Party);
(Guilderoy); “Syrlin); (A Rainy June); “Don
Gesualdo) (1890); Moufflou); (The Nürnberg
Stove); (The Tower of Taddeo); (The Silver
Christ); (The New Priesthood (1893); “Views
and Opinions) (1895); etc. *
Overskov, Thomas (õ'ver-skov). A Danish
dramatist; born in Copenhagen, Oct. II, 1798;
died in 1873. His first comedy (1826) was a
complete failure, but later his dramas were suc-
cessfully performed; one of them, Ostergade
og Vestergade, in the style of Sheridan, being
his best work, and another, Capriciosa,' still
keeping its place in the repertory of the Royal
Theatre. His most important contribution to
literature is a (History of the Danish Theatre)
(7 vols. , Copenhagen, 1854-76).
Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso) (ov'id). The
Roman poet; born at Sulmo, March 20, 43
B. C. ; died at Tomi, 17 A. D. He wrote: (Meta-
morphoses); (Fasti? (The Calendar); (Epis-
tles); Amours); (Art of Love); Heroids);
and other works. *
Oviedo y Valdez, Gonzalo Fernandez de (ov-
yā'do ē väl’dāth). A Spanish historian; born
in Madrid in 1478; died in Valladolid in 1557.
In 1545 he was appointed historian of the
Spanish Indies. The first part of his great
work appeared as (General and Natural His-
tory of the West Indies, in 1535; the revision
of the entire work was completed in 1548. It
was once deemed one of the profoundest works
on the natural history of America.
Owen, Goronwy. A Welsh poet; born in
Anglesea, North Wales, Jan. 13, 1722; died in
St. Andrews parish, Brunswick County, Va. ,
between 1770 and 1780. He became rector of
Uppington, Shropshire, in 1745; and while there
wrote his celebrated poem “The Day of Judg.
ment. He came to the United States in 1775;
accepted a position at William and Mary Col-
lege, and married for his second wife Mrs.
Clayton, a sister of the president of the college.
He is described as the last of the great poets
of Wales. His bardic title was Black Go-
ronwy of Anglesea. ” His poems for a long
time circulated in manuscript; but in 1780 his
collected works were published, succeeding edi.
tions being printed in 1819 and 1860. In 1831
his countrymen erected a tablet to his memory
in the cathedral church of Bangor.
Owen, Robert. Social reformer and author;
born in Newton, Montgomeryshire, Wales,
March 14, 1771; died there, Nov. 19, 1858. He
early turned his attention to social questions,
publishing in 1812 New Views of Society ;
or, Essays upon the Formation of the Human
Character, and Book of the New Moral World. "
He attempted to found communist societies in
England, also in New Harmony, Ind.
