Then we could
distance
ourselves Irom them or draw near
}0 January 1974 291
?
}0 January 1974 291
?
Foucault-Psychiatric-Power-1973-74
-B.
Bailliere, 1873).
Foucault returns to the question on 19 March 1975, is his lectures Les Anormaux, pp.
296 300; Abnormal, pp.
313 318.
6. See above, note 71 to lecture of 16 January 1974, and Les Anormaux, lectures ol 5 February, p. 110, and 19 March 1975, pp. 297-300; Abnormal, p. 119 and pp. 314 318.
7. See the report ol Moreau de Tours on the question ol prognostic signs ol madness: "De la predisposition hereditaire aux affections cerebrales," and his "Memoire sur les prodromes de la folie" (read to the Academie de medecine, 22 April 1851). In 1868, Morel's intern, Georges Doutrebente, received the Prix Esquirol lor his "Etude genealogique sur les alienes hereditaires" devoted to "moral, physical and intellectual signs which enable the immedi
ate diagnosis ol a morbid hereditary inlluence in individuals predisposed to or affected by mental alienation" Annales medico-psychologiques, 5th series, vol. II, September 1869, p. 197- From 30 March 1885 to 26 July 1886, the Societe medico psychologique devoted ten sessions, spread over more than a year, to the question ol the "intellectual and moral signs of hereditary madness. "
8. On the lormation ol the notion ol abnormality, see the lectures of 22 January 1975 and 19 March 1975 in Les anormaux, pp. 53 56 and pp. 29$ 298; Abnormal, pp. 57 60 and pp. 310 315-
9. Moi, Pierre Riviere; I, Pierre Riviere.
10. On the notion ol "homicidal monomania" see above, the lecture ol 23 January 1974,
note 45, pp. 263 264.
11. "Particulars and explanation ol the occurrence on June 3 in Aunay at the village ol la
Faucterie written by the author ol this deed" Moi, Pierre Riviere, p. 124 and p. 127; /, Pierre
Riviere, p. 101 and p. 104.
12. This refers to the questioning ol A. , 42 years old, admitted to Bicetre on 18 June 1839
suffering from auditory and visual hallucinations, and for erotic and ambitious ideas. See,
F. Leuret, Du traitement moral de lafolie, "Hallucines," Observation 1, pp. 199 200.
13. Reference to the cure of M. Dupre. See ibid. pp. 441 442 and above, lecture of 9 January
1974.
14. See above, lecture 19 December 1973, pp. 161 162.
15. On the visit, seeJ. -P. Falret, De Venseignement clinique desmaladies mentales, pp. 105-109.
16. See above, lecture of 9 January 1974, pp. 186 188.
17. To illustrate the interview by silence, the manuscript refers to Example XLV ol
Griesinger's Traite, p. 392; Mental Pathology and Therapeutics, pp. 334 335: "I would have
said that she was listening ( . . . ) I walked a hundred paces without saying a word, and without appearing to fix my attention on her (. . . ). I stopped again, and regarded her attentively, without seeming to be the least curious (. . . ). We continued looking at each other in this way for nearly hall an hour, when she murmured some words which I did not comprehend. I gave her my notebook, on which she wrote (. . . ). " See also, J. P. Falret, Lecons cliniques de medecine menlale, p. 22: "Instead ol sharpening the madman's cunning in eluding an authority that bothers him, show ( . . . ) neglect; remove Irom his mind any idea
( . . . ) ol a desire to penetrate his thoughts, and then you may be sure, seeing that you are not concerned to control everything in him, he will be without deliance, he will show himself as he is, and you will be able to study him more easily and with greater success. "
18. See above, lecture of 19 December 1973, note 2.
? 19. See above, lecture ol 19 December 1975, note 1.
20. This was Monteggia, the surgeon lor the Milan prisons, who, suspecting a criminal ol
leigning madness, administered lepeated strong doses ol opium, so that he felt so tired "by the action ol the opium, that fearing death, he considered continued pretence pointless. " "Folie soupc,onee d'etre feinte, observee par le professeur Monteggia" Irans. C. C. H. Marc in "Materiaux pour 1'histoire medico legale de I'alienation mentale," Annaks d'hygiene publique et de medecine legate, vol. II, Part 2, 1829, p. 375- See also, C. C. H. Marc, De la folie consideree dans ses rapports avec les questions medico-judkiaires, vol. I, p. 7i98, and A. Laurent, Elude medico-legale sur la simulation de la folie, p . 2 3 9 -
21. Discovered in 18-Vi by Antoine Jerome Balard (1802-1876) (or the treatment of angina chest pains, amyl nitrate lound material lor therapeutic experimentation in epilepsy and hysteria. See A. Dechambre, "Nitrite d'amyle" in Dictionnaire encyclopedique des sciences medicales, 2nd series, vol. XIII (Paris: Masson/Asselin, 1879) pp. 262 269.
22. See above, note 2 to lecture ol 23 January 1977i.
25. See above, note 18 to lecture of 9 January 1977|.
2/\. B. A. Morel recommended the use of etherisation as "the most innocent and speedy way to
reach knowledge ol the truth" "De l'ethensation dans la lohe du point du vue du
diagnosticjue et de la medecine legale," p. 135-
25. J. J. Moreau du Tours, Du haschisch et de Valienation mentale.
26. The rubrics given correspond to the titles ol sections 2 to 8 ol chapter 1, "Phenomenes
psychologiques," ibid. pp. 51-181.
27. Foucault is relerring to the work of Claude Bernard (1813 1878) which, begun in 18-13, led
him to the liver's glycogenic function, the object of his doctoral thesis in natural science, defended 17 March 1855: Recherches sur une nouvelle fonction du foie, considere comme organe producteur de maliere sucree che^Vhomme et les animaux (Paris: J. B. Bailliere, 1855). The his lory of the stages ol his discovery appears in his Introduction a /'etude de la medecine experi- mental (Paris: J. B. Bailliere, 1865) pp. 286 289 and pp. 518 520; English translation, Claude Bernard, Experimental Medicine, trans. Henry Copley Greene (New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers, 1999) pp. 165 167 and pp. 181 185.
28. See above, note 12 to lecture of 5 December 1975.
29. J. J. Moreau de Tours, Du haschisch, p. }6.
50. J. J. Moreau de Tours, Trade pratique de la folie nevropalhique (vulgo hysterique) (Pans:
J. B. Bailliere, 1869) pages iv, xiv, xvn, and xix. 51. J. J. Moreau de Tours, Du haschisch, pp. 55 56.
52. Ibid. p. 56.
55. Ibid. pp. /|1 /|2, and, by the same author, "De l'identite de I'etat de reve et de la lolie," Annales medico-psychologiques, 3rd series, vol. I, July 1855, pp. 361 /|08.
V\. As Foucault recalls in Histoire de lajolie, the idea of an analogy between the mechanisms which produce dreams and madness develops Irom the seventeenth century; see Histoire de lajolie, Part II, ch. 2, "La transcendance du delire," pp. 256 261; Madness and Civilisation, ch. /\, "Passion and Delirium," pp. 101 107. To the texts to which he relers there we can add a letter Irom Spinoza to Pierre Balling in which he evokes a type of dream which, depending on the body and the movement ol its humors, is analogous to what we see in those suffering from delirium, (Letter to Pierre Balling, 20 July 1664, in CEuvres, vol. IV, trans, and notes by C. Appuhn [Paris: Gamier Flammanon, 19661 p. 172), as well as Kant's lamous expression: "The madman is also a waking dreamer/Der Verriickte ist also ein Traumer im Wachen" in Essai sur les maladies de la tele, trans. J. P. Lefevre, in Evolution
psychiatrique (Toulouse: Privat, 1971) p. 222. See also I. Kant, Anthropologie in pragmaiischer Hinsicht afegcfasst von Immanuel Kant (Konigsberg: Friedrich Nicolovius, 1798); French translation, Anthropologie du point de vue pragmatique, trans. Michel Foucault (Paris: Vnn, 196/|); English translation, Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point oj View, trans. Mary J. Gregor (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, W'l) Part I, ? 53, p. 89: "The man who (. . . ) is abandoned to a play of thought in which he sees, conducts and judges himself, [is] not in a world in common with others, but in his own world (as in dreaming). "
35. J. E. D. Esquirol, (1) "Delire" in Dictionnaire des sciences medicales, vol. VIII (1814) p. 252: "Delirium like dreams only works on objects which appear to our senses in a healthy state and while we are awake ( . . . ) .
Then we could distance ourselves Irom them or draw near
}0 January 1974 291
? 292
PSYCHIATRIC POWER
36.
to them; in sleep and delirium we do not enjoy that faculty"; reprinted in Des maladies mentales, vol. I; (2) "Hallucinations" in Dictionnaire des sciences medicales, vol. XX (Pans: C. L. F. Panckoucke, 1817) p. 67: "The person who is delirious, the person who dreams (. . . )
is abandoned to his hallucinations, to his dreams ( . . . ) ; he dreams completely awake"; reprinted in Des maladies mentales, vol. I, p. 292; and (3) in his "Des illusions chez les alienes (Erreurs des sens)," reprinted in Des maladies mentales, vol. I; "Illusions ol the insane" in Mental Maladies, Esquirol writes that those "hallucinating are dreamers wide awake. "
On this psychiatric tradition we can reler to the following: A. Maury, (l) "Nouvelles observations sur les analogies des phenomenes du reve et de I'alienation mentale," paper given to the Societe medico psychologique, 25 October 1852, Annales medico-psychologiques, 2nd series, vol. V, July 1853, pp. /|0/|-421; (2) "De certains faits observes dans le reves et dans 1'etat intermediare entre le sommeil et la veille," in which Maury, placing himself in this tradition, proposes that "the man who falls under the sway ol a dream truly represents man affected by mental alienation" Annales medico-psychologiques, 3rd series, vol. Ill, April 1857, pp. 157-176, passage quoted p. 168; and (3) Le Sommeil et les Reves. Etudes psychologiques sur ces phenomenes et les divers etats qui s'y attachent (Paris: Didier, 1861), especially ch. 5, "Des analogies de I'hallucination et du reve," pp. 80 100, and ch. 6, "Des analogies du reve et de I'alienation mentale" pp. 101 148; S. Freud, Die Traumdeutung (1901) chs. 1and 8, in GW, vols. II III (Frankfurt: S. Fischer Verlag, 1942) pp. 199 and pp. 627-6/12; French translation, [. 'Interpretation des reves, trans. D. Berger (Pans: Presses universitaires de France, 1967) pp. 11 89 and pp. 529 551; English translation, "The Interpretation ol Dreams" in Standard Edition, translation under general editorship ol
James Strachey (1953 1974) vol. 4, pp. 1 95 and vol. 5, pp. 626 628; H. Ey, (1) "Breves remarques histonques sur les rapports des etats psychopathiques avec le reve et les etats intermediaires au sommeil et a la veille," Annales medico-psychologiques, 14th series, vol. II,
June 1934; (2) Etudes psychiatriques, vol. I: His/orique, Melhodologie, Psychopathologie generate, Part 2: "Le 'reve, fait primordial' de la psychopathologie. Historique et position du prob leme" et "Bibliographic" (Paris: Desclee de Brouwer, 1962, 2nd revised and expanded
ed. ), pp. 218 228 and p. 282; (3) "La dissolution de la conscience dans le sommeil et le
reve et ses rapports avec la psychopathologie," Evolution psychiatrique, vol. XXXV, no. 1, 1970, pp. 1 37. See also the pages Foucault devotes to the question in Histoire de lafolie, pp. 256 261; Madness and Civilisation, pp. 101 107.
37. Which is what J. Baillarger finds in the discussion ol the summary ol the work of JJ. Moreau de Tours by Dr. Bousquet: "Du delire au point de vue pathologique et anatomo pathologique," paper read to the Academie imperiale de medecine, 8 May 1855,
Annales medico-psychologiques, 3rd series, vol. I, July 1855, pp. 448 455. Replying to criticisms ol Bousquet, he notes that "what is important to get accepted is not the identity
of the organic state in the two cases, but only the extreme analogy, Irom the psychological point ol view, presented by the sleeping state and the mad state, and the precious things we can learn lrom this comparative study" ibid. p. 465. Moreau de Tours, for his part, refer ring to the "organic conditions" ol sleep, and the "lundamental phenomena of delirium," proposes that "to grasp, study, and understand well a set of phenomena as complex as that
of intellectual disorders, we must. . . group these phenomena according to the analogies,
the more or less numerous aflinities that they present" Du hashish, p. 44.
38. Moreau de Tours, ibid. Part II, ? 1: "Generalites physiologiques," pp. 32 47.
39. An allusion to the privilege that, according to J. Derrida, Descartes accords to the dream
over madness in the "First meditation: Some things that one can put in doubt," Meditations touchant la premiere philosophic (1641), in CEuvres et Lettres, pp. 268-269; English translation, "Meditations on First Philosophy" trans. John Cottingham, in The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, vol. II, pp. 13 14; See Foucault's commentaries in Histoire de lafolie, Part I, ch. 2,
pp. 56-59 (omitted Irom the English translation of Madness and Civilisation except for
one short paragraph, p. 38) and "Mon corps, ce papier, ce feu" in, Dits et Ecrits, vol. 2,
pp. 245 268; English translation, "My Body, This Paper, This Fire" trans. Geoff Bennington, in Essential Works of Foucault, 2, pp. 393 417.
40. JJ. Moreau de Tours, Du haschisch, Part III: "Therapeutique," p. 402: "One of the effects of hashish that I was most struck by ( . . . ) is that sort of maniacal excitation always
? accompanied by a sense ol cheerfulness and happiness ( . . . ) . I saw in this an ellective means for combating the fixed ideas o( melancholies (? ? ? ). Was I mistaken in my conjectures? I am led to think so. "
41. Ibid. p. 405: "Pinel, and with him all doctors ol the insane, saw mental alienation decided by bouts of agitation. " An allusion to the accounts of cures obtained following a "critical attack (acres critique)" that Pinel reports in his Traite mcdico-philosophique, section I, ? xiu: "Reasons which lead considering most bouts of mania as the healthy and favorable reaction to the cure" pp. 37-41; A Treatise on Insanity, pp. 3943. See also the article by Landre Beauvais (Pinel's assistant at Salpetriere) "Crisis" in Dictionnaire des sciences medicales, vol. VII (Paris: C. L. F. Panckoucke, 1813) pp. 370-392.
42. JJ. Moreau de Tours, Du haschisch: "A precise indication emerged that could be lormulated in this way: to preserve his primary acuity in the delirium tending to the chronic state, or to call back this acuity, to revive it when it threatens to become extinguished. The extract ol Indian hemp was, of all the medicaments known, the most eminently suited lor lullilling this indication. "
43. See above, note 21 to lecture of 12 December 1973-
44. P. Foissac, Memoire sur le magnetisme animal, adresse a messieurs les membres de VAcademie roya/e
de medecine (Paris: Didot Jeune, 1825) p. 6: "When they have tallen into a deep sleep, the magnetized display the phenomena of a new lile (. . . ) . The sphere of consciousness grows, and already that faculty appears that is so precious that the first magnetizers will call 'intu
Hive' or 'lucidity' ( . . . ) . With it, the somnambulists ( . . . ) recognize the illness Irom which they suller, the near and distant causes ol these illnesses, their seat, their prognosis and their appropriate treatment (. . . ). By placing a hand successively on the head, chest, and abdomen ol someone unknown, the somnambulists also discover their illnesses, the pains and various alterations that they occasion; in addition they indicate whether cure is possi ble, easy or dilhcult, near at hand or lar oil, and what means must be used to achieve the result. "
45- See above, notes 28 and 33 the lecture ol 23 January 1974.
46. Thus the magnetic cure carried out on 4 May 1784 by Armand Marc Jacques de Chastenet,
marquis ol Puysegur (1751 1825), on Victor Race, a peasant attached to his property at Buzancy (Soissonnais): asleep, the latter answered questions, gave an opinion ol his state, indicated a course of therapy, and gave a prognosis with the date ol his return to health,
which will be confirmed. And on Charles Francois Ame, aged 14, who when put in a magnetic sleep announced the duration and intensity of his future crises. See,
A. M. J. Chastenet de Puysegur, (1) Memoires pour servir a I'histoire et a Vetablissement du magnetisme animal, vol. I, (Pans: 1784) pp. 199 211 and pp. 96 97; (2) Detail des cures operees
a Buzancy, pres de Soissons, par le magnetisme animal, a short anonymous work published by Puysegur (Soissons: 1784); (3) see also the account of the cure ol the young Hebert, pre
ceded by a plea in favor of magnetism: Appel aux savans observateurs du dix-neuvieme siecle de
la decision porlee par leurs predecesseurs contre le magnetisme animal, et fin du traitement du jeune Hebert (Paris: Dentu, 1813). On the history ot magnetic cures one can consult: S. Mialle,
Expose par ordre alphabelique des cures operees en France par le magtietisme animal depuis Mcsmer jusqu'a nos jours (1774-1&26) (Paris: Dentu, 1826). See also, H. F. Ellenberger, "Mesmer and
Puysegur: from magnetism to hypnotism," Psychoanalytic Review, vol. 52, no. 2 (1965).
47. This is taken from the eighth session conducted on 2 November 1820 by the Baron Jules Dupotet de Sennevoy in the service of Dr. Husson, head doctor at the Hotel Dieu, on
Catherine Samson, aged 18: see, Expose des experiences publiques sur le magnetisme animalfaites
a I'Hotel-Dieu de Paris, pendant le cours des mois d'octobre, novembre et decembre 1820 ( P a n s : Bechet Jeune, 3rd edition, 1826) p. 24.
48. In 1816, Etienne Jean Georget entered Esquirol's department at Salpetriere. On 8 February 1820 he defended his thesis, "Dissertation sur les causes de la folie," then published the work on which his reputation is based: De la folie. Considerations sur cette maladie. In 1821, with Leon Rostan, he turned two patients into experimental subjects, Petronille and Manoury, the widow Brouillard, called Braguette (see above, note 43).
49. "Petronille . . . asks Georget to throw her in the water while she is having her period" C. Burdin and F. Dubois (known as Dubois d'Amiens), Histoire academique du magnetisme animal (Paris: J. -B. Bailliere, 1841) p. 262.
}0 January 1974 293
? 294 PSYCHIATRIC POWER
50. Ibid. pp. 262 263: "Petromlle's instructions had not been carried out meticulously; Pelronille had said that she had to be plunged in the Ourcq canal, since it was in this canal that she had (alien and contracted her illness: similia similibus; such had to be the end ol the story. "
51. James Braid (1795 i 8 6 0 ) , Scottish surgeon, converted to magnetism as a result ol demonstrations o( "mesmerism" at Manchester in November 1841 by Charles Lalontame,
a disciple ol the marquis de Puysegur, and popularized his practice under the term "hypnotism. " See,J. Braid, Neurhypnology, or the Rationale of Nervous Sleep Considered in rela-
tion with Animal Magnetism. Illustrated by Numerous Cases of its Successful Application in the
Relief and Cure of Diseases (London: John Churchill, 1843); French translation, with a
preface by E. Brown Sequard, Neurhypnologic, ou Traile du sommeil nerveux considere dans ses rapports avec le magnelisme animal, el relalanl de nombreux succes dans ses applications au iraitemenl des maladies, trans. G. Simon (Paris: A. Delahaye, 1883).
52. See below, note 55-
53. During the Restoration, the increasing potential ol magnetism was seen as a threat
by institutional medicine.
6. See above, note 71 to lecture of 16 January 1974, and Les Anormaux, lectures ol 5 February, p. 110, and 19 March 1975, pp. 297-300; Abnormal, p. 119 and pp. 314 318.
7. See the report ol Moreau de Tours on the question ol prognostic signs ol madness: "De la predisposition hereditaire aux affections cerebrales," and his "Memoire sur les prodromes de la folie" (read to the Academie de medecine, 22 April 1851). In 1868, Morel's intern, Georges Doutrebente, received the Prix Esquirol lor his "Etude genealogique sur les alienes hereditaires" devoted to "moral, physical and intellectual signs which enable the immedi
ate diagnosis ol a morbid hereditary inlluence in individuals predisposed to or affected by mental alienation" Annales medico-psychologiques, 5th series, vol. II, September 1869, p. 197- From 30 March 1885 to 26 July 1886, the Societe medico psychologique devoted ten sessions, spread over more than a year, to the question ol the "intellectual and moral signs of hereditary madness. "
8. On the lormation ol the notion ol abnormality, see the lectures of 22 January 1975 and 19 March 1975 in Les anormaux, pp. 53 56 and pp. 29$ 298; Abnormal, pp. 57 60 and pp. 310 315-
9. Moi, Pierre Riviere; I, Pierre Riviere.
10. On the notion ol "homicidal monomania" see above, the lecture ol 23 January 1974,
note 45, pp. 263 264.
11. "Particulars and explanation ol the occurrence on June 3 in Aunay at the village ol la
Faucterie written by the author ol this deed" Moi, Pierre Riviere, p. 124 and p. 127; /, Pierre
Riviere, p. 101 and p. 104.
12. This refers to the questioning ol A. , 42 years old, admitted to Bicetre on 18 June 1839
suffering from auditory and visual hallucinations, and for erotic and ambitious ideas. See,
F. Leuret, Du traitement moral de lafolie, "Hallucines," Observation 1, pp. 199 200.
13. Reference to the cure of M. Dupre. See ibid. pp. 441 442 and above, lecture of 9 January
1974.
14. See above, lecture 19 December 1973, pp. 161 162.
15. On the visit, seeJ. -P. Falret, De Venseignement clinique desmaladies mentales, pp. 105-109.
16. See above, lecture of 9 January 1974, pp. 186 188.
17. To illustrate the interview by silence, the manuscript refers to Example XLV ol
Griesinger's Traite, p. 392; Mental Pathology and Therapeutics, pp. 334 335: "I would have
said that she was listening ( . . . ) I walked a hundred paces without saying a word, and without appearing to fix my attention on her (. . . ). I stopped again, and regarded her attentively, without seeming to be the least curious (. . . ). We continued looking at each other in this way for nearly hall an hour, when she murmured some words which I did not comprehend. I gave her my notebook, on which she wrote (. . . ). " See also, J. P. Falret, Lecons cliniques de medecine menlale, p. 22: "Instead ol sharpening the madman's cunning in eluding an authority that bothers him, show ( . . . ) neglect; remove Irom his mind any idea
( . . . ) ol a desire to penetrate his thoughts, and then you may be sure, seeing that you are not concerned to control everything in him, he will be without deliance, he will show himself as he is, and you will be able to study him more easily and with greater success. "
18. See above, lecture of 19 December 1973, note 2.
? 19. See above, lecture ol 19 December 1975, note 1.
20. This was Monteggia, the surgeon lor the Milan prisons, who, suspecting a criminal ol
leigning madness, administered lepeated strong doses ol opium, so that he felt so tired "by the action ol the opium, that fearing death, he considered continued pretence pointless. " "Folie soupc,onee d'etre feinte, observee par le professeur Monteggia" Irans. C. C. H. Marc in "Materiaux pour 1'histoire medico legale de I'alienation mentale," Annaks d'hygiene publique et de medecine legate, vol. II, Part 2, 1829, p. 375- See also, C. C. H. Marc, De la folie consideree dans ses rapports avec les questions medico-judkiaires, vol. I, p. 7i98, and A. Laurent, Elude medico-legale sur la simulation de la folie, p . 2 3 9 -
21. Discovered in 18-Vi by Antoine Jerome Balard (1802-1876) (or the treatment of angina chest pains, amyl nitrate lound material lor therapeutic experimentation in epilepsy and hysteria. See A. Dechambre, "Nitrite d'amyle" in Dictionnaire encyclopedique des sciences medicales, 2nd series, vol. XIII (Paris: Masson/Asselin, 1879) pp. 262 269.
22. See above, note 2 to lecture ol 23 January 1977i.
25. See above, note 18 to lecture of 9 January 1977|.
2/\. B. A. Morel recommended the use of etherisation as "the most innocent and speedy way to
reach knowledge ol the truth" "De l'ethensation dans la lohe du point du vue du
diagnosticjue et de la medecine legale," p. 135-
25. J. J. Moreau du Tours, Du haschisch et de Valienation mentale.
26. The rubrics given correspond to the titles ol sections 2 to 8 ol chapter 1, "Phenomenes
psychologiques," ibid. pp. 51-181.
27. Foucault is relerring to the work of Claude Bernard (1813 1878) which, begun in 18-13, led
him to the liver's glycogenic function, the object of his doctoral thesis in natural science, defended 17 March 1855: Recherches sur une nouvelle fonction du foie, considere comme organe producteur de maliere sucree che^Vhomme et les animaux (Paris: J. B. Bailliere, 1855). The his lory of the stages ol his discovery appears in his Introduction a /'etude de la medecine experi- mental (Paris: J. B. Bailliere, 1865) pp. 286 289 and pp. 518 520; English translation, Claude Bernard, Experimental Medicine, trans. Henry Copley Greene (New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers, 1999) pp. 165 167 and pp. 181 185.
28. See above, note 12 to lecture of 5 December 1975.
29. J. J. Moreau de Tours, Du haschisch, p. }6.
50. J. J. Moreau de Tours, Trade pratique de la folie nevropalhique (vulgo hysterique) (Pans:
J. B. Bailliere, 1869) pages iv, xiv, xvn, and xix. 51. J. J. Moreau de Tours, Du haschisch, pp. 55 56.
52. Ibid. p. 56.
55. Ibid. pp. /|1 /|2, and, by the same author, "De l'identite de I'etat de reve et de la lolie," Annales medico-psychologiques, 3rd series, vol. I, July 1855, pp. 361 /|08.
V\. As Foucault recalls in Histoire de lajolie, the idea of an analogy between the mechanisms which produce dreams and madness develops Irom the seventeenth century; see Histoire de lajolie, Part II, ch. 2, "La transcendance du delire," pp. 256 261; Madness and Civilisation, ch. /\, "Passion and Delirium," pp. 101 107. To the texts to which he relers there we can add a letter Irom Spinoza to Pierre Balling in which he evokes a type of dream which, depending on the body and the movement ol its humors, is analogous to what we see in those suffering from delirium, (Letter to Pierre Balling, 20 July 1664, in CEuvres, vol. IV, trans, and notes by C. Appuhn [Paris: Gamier Flammanon, 19661 p. 172), as well as Kant's lamous expression: "The madman is also a waking dreamer/Der Verriickte ist also ein Traumer im Wachen" in Essai sur les maladies de la tele, trans. J. P. Lefevre, in Evolution
psychiatrique (Toulouse: Privat, 1971) p. 222. See also I. Kant, Anthropologie in pragmaiischer Hinsicht afegcfasst von Immanuel Kant (Konigsberg: Friedrich Nicolovius, 1798); French translation, Anthropologie du point de vue pragmatique, trans. Michel Foucault (Paris: Vnn, 196/|); English translation, Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point oj View, trans. Mary J. Gregor (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, W'l) Part I, ? 53, p. 89: "The man who (. . . ) is abandoned to a play of thought in which he sees, conducts and judges himself, [is] not in a world in common with others, but in his own world (as in dreaming). "
35. J. E. D. Esquirol, (1) "Delire" in Dictionnaire des sciences medicales, vol. VIII (1814) p. 252: "Delirium like dreams only works on objects which appear to our senses in a healthy state and while we are awake ( . . . ) .
Then we could distance ourselves Irom them or draw near
}0 January 1974 291
? 292
PSYCHIATRIC POWER
36.
to them; in sleep and delirium we do not enjoy that faculty"; reprinted in Des maladies mentales, vol. I; (2) "Hallucinations" in Dictionnaire des sciences medicales, vol. XX (Pans: C. L. F. Panckoucke, 1817) p. 67: "The person who is delirious, the person who dreams (. . . )
is abandoned to his hallucinations, to his dreams ( . . . ) ; he dreams completely awake"; reprinted in Des maladies mentales, vol. I, p. 292; and (3) in his "Des illusions chez les alienes (Erreurs des sens)," reprinted in Des maladies mentales, vol. I; "Illusions ol the insane" in Mental Maladies, Esquirol writes that those "hallucinating are dreamers wide awake. "
On this psychiatric tradition we can reler to the following: A. Maury, (l) "Nouvelles observations sur les analogies des phenomenes du reve et de I'alienation mentale," paper given to the Societe medico psychologique, 25 October 1852, Annales medico-psychologiques, 2nd series, vol. V, July 1853, pp. /|0/|-421; (2) "De certains faits observes dans le reves et dans 1'etat intermediare entre le sommeil et la veille," in which Maury, placing himself in this tradition, proposes that "the man who falls under the sway ol a dream truly represents man affected by mental alienation" Annales medico-psychologiques, 3rd series, vol. Ill, April 1857, pp. 157-176, passage quoted p. 168; and (3) Le Sommeil et les Reves. Etudes psychologiques sur ces phenomenes et les divers etats qui s'y attachent (Paris: Didier, 1861), especially ch. 5, "Des analogies de I'hallucination et du reve," pp. 80 100, and ch. 6, "Des analogies du reve et de I'alienation mentale" pp. 101 148; S. Freud, Die Traumdeutung (1901) chs. 1and 8, in GW, vols. II III (Frankfurt: S. Fischer Verlag, 1942) pp. 199 and pp. 627-6/12; French translation, [. 'Interpretation des reves, trans. D. Berger (Pans: Presses universitaires de France, 1967) pp. 11 89 and pp. 529 551; English translation, "The Interpretation ol Dreams" in Standard Edition, translation under general editorship ol
James Strachey (1953 1974) vol. 4, pp. 1 95 and vol. 5, pp. 626 628; H. Ey, (1) "Breves remarques histonques sur les rapports des etats psychopathiques avec le reve et les etats intermediaires au sommeil et a la veille," Annales medico-psychologiques, 14th series, vol. II,
June 1934; (2) Etudes psychiatriques, vol. I: His/orique, Melhodologie, Psychopathologie generate, Part 2: "Le 'reve, fait primordial' de la psychopathologie. Historique et position du prob leme" et "Bibliographic" (Paris: Desclee de Brouwer, 1962, 2nd revised and expanded
ed. ), pp. 218 228 and p. 282; (3) "La dissolution de la conscience dans le sommeil et le
reve et ses rapports avec la psychopathologie," Evolution psychiatrique, vol. XXXV, no. 1, 1970, pp. 1 37. See also the pages Foucault devotes to the question in Histoire de lafolie, pp. 256 261; Madness and Civilisation, pp. 101 107.
37. Which is what J. Baillarger finds in the discussion ol the summary ol the work of JJ. Moreau de Tours by Dr. Bousquet: "Du delire au point de vue pathologique et anatomo pathologique," paper read to the Academie imperiale de medecine, 8 May 1855,
Annales medico-psychologiques, 3rd series, vol. I, July 1855, pp. 448 455. Replying to criticisms ol Bousquet, he notes that "what is important to get accepted is not the identity
of the organic state in the two cases, but only the extreme analogy, Irom the psychological point ol view, presented by the sleeping state and the mad state, and the precious things we can learn lrom this comparative study" ibid. p. 465. Moreau de Tours, for his part, refer ring to the "organic conditions" ol sleep, and the "lundamental phenomena of delirium," proposes that "to grasp, study, and understand well a set of phenomena as complex as that
of intellectual disorders, we must. . . group these phenomena according to the analogies,
the more or less numerous aflinities that they present" Du hashish, p. 44.
38. Moreau de Tours, ibid. Part II, ? 1: "Generalites physiologiques," pp. 32 47.
39. An allusion to the privilege that, according to J. Derrida, Descartes accords to the dream
over madness in the "First meditation: Some things that one can put in doubt," Meditations touchant la premiere philosophic (1641), in CEuvres et Lettres, pp. 268-269; English translation, "Meditations on First Philosophy" trans. John Cottingham, in The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, vol. II, pp. 13 14; See Foucault's commentaries in Histoire de lafolie, Part I, ch. 2,
pp. 56-59 (omitted Irom the English translation of Madness and Civilisation except for
one short paragraph, p. 38) and "Mon corps, ce papier, ce feu" in, Dits et Ecrits, vol. 2,
pp. 245 268; English translation, "My Body, This Paper, This Fire" trans. Geoff Bennington, in Essential Works of Foucault, 2, pp. 393 417.
40. JJ. Moreau de Tours, Du haschisch, Part III: "Therapeutique," p. 402: "One of the effects of hashish that I was most struck by ( . . . ) is that sort of maniacal excitation always
? accompanied by a sense ol cheerfulness and happiness ( . . . ) . I saw in this an ellective means for combating the fixed ideas o( melancholies (? ? ? ). Was I mistaken in my conjectures? I am led to think so. "
41. Ibid. p. 405: "Pinel, and with him all doctors ol the insane, saw mental alienation decided by bouts of agitation. " An allusion to the accounts of cures obtained following a "critical attack (acres critique)" that Pinel reports in his Traite mcdico-philosophique, section I, ? xiu: "Reasons which lead considering most bouts of mania as the healthy and favorable reaction to the cure" pp. 37-41; A Treatise on Insanity, pp. 3943. See also the article by Landre Beauvais (Pinel's assistant at Salpetriere) "Crisis" in Dictionnaire des sciences medicales, vol. VII (Paris: C. L. F. Panckoucke, 1813) pp. 370-392.
42. JJ. Moreau de Tours, Du haschisch: "A precise indication emerged that could be lormulated in this way: to preserve his primary acuity in the delirium tending to the chronic state, or to call back this acuity, to revive it when it threatens to become extinguished. The extract ol Indian hemp was, of all the medicaments known, the most eminently suited lor lullilling this indication. "
43. See above, note 21 to lecture of 12 December 1973-
44. P. Foissac, Memoire sur le magnetisme animal, adresse a messieurs les membres de VAcademie roya/e
de medecine (Paris: Didot Jeune, 1825) p. 6: "When they have tallen into a deep sleep, the magnetized display the phenomena of a new lile (. . . ) . The sphere of consciousness grows, and already that faculty appears that is so precious that the first magnetizers will call 'intu
Hive' or 'lucidity' ( . . . ) . With it, the somnambulists ( . . . ) recognize the illness Irom which they suller, the near and distant causes ol these illnesses, their seat, their prognosis and their appropriate treatment (. . . ). By placing a hand successively on the head, chest, and abdomen ol someone unknown, the somnambulists also discover their illnesses, the pains and various alterations that they occasion; in addition they indicate whether cure is possi ble, easy or dilhcult, near at hand or lar oil, and what means must be used to achieve the result. "
45- See above, notes 28 and 33 the lecture ol 23 January 1974.
46. Thus the magnetic cure carried out on 4 May 1784 by Armand Marc Jacques de Chastenet,
marquis ol Puysegur (1751 1825), on Victor Race, a peasant attached to his property at Buzancy (Soissonnais): asleep, the latter answered questions, gave an opinion ol his state, indicated a course of therapy, and gave a prognosis with the date ol his return to health,
which will be confirmed. And on Charles Francois Ame, aged 14, who when put in a magnetic sleep announced the duration and intensity of his future crises. See,
A. M. J. Chastenet de Puysegur, (1) Memoires pour servir a I'histoire et a Vetablissement du magnetisme animal, vol. I, (Pans: 1784) pp. 199 211 and pp. 96 97; (2) Detail des cures operees
a Buzancy, pres de Soissons, par le magnetisme animal, a short anonymous work published by Puysegur (Soissons: 1784); (3) see also the account of the cure ol the young Hebert, pre
ceded by a plea in favor of magnetism: Appel aux savans observateurs du dix-neuvieme siecle de
la decision porlee par leurs predecesseurs contre le magnetisme animal, et fin du traitement du jeune Hebert (Paris: Dentu, 1813). On the history ot magnetic cures one can consult: S. Mialle,
Expose par ordre alphabelique des cures operees en France par le magtietisme animal depuis Mcsmer jusqu'a nos jours (1774-1&26) (Paris: Dentu, 1826). See also, H. F. Ellenberger, "Mesmer and
Puysegur: from magnetism to hypnotism," Psychoanalytic Review, vol. 52, no. 2 (1965).
47. This is taken from the eighth session conducted on 2 November 1820 by the Baron Jules Dupotet de Sennevoy in the service of Dr. Husson, head doctor at the Hotel Dieu, on
Catherine Samson, aged 18: see, Expose des experiences publiques sur le magnetisme animalfaites
a I'Hotel-Dieu de Paris, pendant le cours des mois d'octobre, novembre et decembre 1820 ( P a n s : Bechet Jeune, 3rd edition, 1826) p. 24.
48. In 1816, Etienne Jean Georget entered Esquirol's department at Salpetriere. On 8 February 1820 he defended his thesis, "Dissertation sur les causes de la folie," then published the work on which his reputation is based: De la folie. Considerations sur cette maladie. In 1821, with Leon Rostan, he turned two patients into experimental subjects, Petronille and Manoury, the widow Brouillard, called Braguette (see above, note 43).
49. "Petronille . . . asks Georget to throw her in the water while she is having her period" C. Burdin and F. Dubois (known as Dubois d'Amiens), Histoire academique du magnetisme animal (Paris: J. -B. Bailliere, 1841) p. 262.
}0 January 1974 293
? 294 PSYCHIATRIC POWER
50. Ibid. pp. 262 263: "Petromlle's instructions had not been carried out meticulously; Pelronille had said that she had to be plunged in the Ourcq canal, since it was in this canal that she had (alien and contracted her illness: similia similibus; such had to be the end ol the story. "
51. James Braid (1795 i 8 6 0 ) , Scottish surgeon, converted to magnetism as a result ol demonstrations o( "mesmerism" at Manchester in November 1841 by Charles Lalontame,
a disciple ol the marquis de Puysegur, and popularized his practice under the term "hypnotism. " See,J. Braid, Neurhypnology, or the Rationale of Nervous Sleep Considered in rela-
tion with Animal Magnetism. Illustrated by Numerous Cases of its Successful Application in the
Relief and Cure of Diseases (London: John Churchill, 1843); French translation, with a
preface by E. Brown Sequard, Neurhypnologic, ou Traile du sommeil nerveux considere dans ses rapports avec le magnelisme animal, el relalanl de nombreux succes dans ses applications au iraitemenl des maladies, trans. G. Simon (Paris: A. Delahaye, 1883).
52. See below, note 55-
53. During the Restoration, the increasing potential ol magnetism was seen as a threat
by institutional medicine.
