345), and
Hoffmann
(Hist.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
8vo.
, 1836.
theology:
XXI. Synonimorum, s. Soliloquiorum Libri II.
XIV. Liber Prüoemiorum, or Pröocmia in Li- Not, as the former title night lead us to expect, a
bros Veteris ac Novi Testamenti, a succinct outline grammatical disquisition, but a series of sacred me-
of the contents of each of the books which form ditations and moral precepts. At the commence-
the canon of Scripture.
ment we find the lamentations of an imaginary
XV. Commentaria in Vetus Testamentum, or, individual, the representative as it were of awa-
Quaestiones et Mysticorum Expositiones Sucrumen- kened sinners, who deplores his lost state anid the
torum in Vetus Testamentum. An exposition of vice and misery of this wicked world, and is upon
the mystical, typical, and allegorical signification of the point of abandoning himself to despair, when
the principal events recorded in the Pentateuch, Ratio, or Reason, comes forward to comfort him,
Joshua, Judges, Ruth, Kings, Chronicles, Esdra, and in the dialogue which follows proves that he
and the Maccabees, selected from the writings of may still hope for pardon, teaches him how he may
various fathers, of whom Origen, Victorinus, Am- best avoid the snares of evil, and how he can most
brosius, Hieronymus, Cassianus, Augustinus, Ful- fittingly repent of sin so as at length to become pure
gentius, and Gregory are specially named in the and holy, and to be able to look forward with con-
preface, the object of Isidorus being to render the fidence to eternal happiness in heaven. The collo-
researches of these wise and learned men accessible quial form is gradually abandoned, and the moral
to a greater number of readers by presenting them precepts are arranged regularly under different
in a compressed and familiar form. Published se- heads, as De Castitate, De Oratione, De Parsinio-
parately, Haganoae (Haguenau), 4to. 1529. nia, De Ilumilitate, and the like. The term syno-
XVI. Allegoriae quaedam Sacrae Scripturae. nima seems to be derived from the circumstance
Short allegorical interpretations of many passages that the same ideas are repeated again and again
in the Old and New Testaments. The spirit of under different shapes and in different words.
this piece is the same as that of the preceding, but | Published separately, Antv. 4to. , 1488.
the results are enunciated much more briefly. XXII. De Contemptu Mundi Libellus. A sort
XVII. Expositio in Canticum Canticorum Salo- of continuation of the foregoing, since here also we
monis. The same principles are here applied to have a dialogue between an imaginary personage
prove that Solomon's Song is a shadowing forth of and Ratio, in which the latter descants upon a suc-
the union of Christ with his church.
æssion of religious and moral themes. Published
In the ten following works we have a mixture of separately, Venet. 8vo. , 1523.
dogmatical, speculative, sentimental, and practical XXIII. De Conflictu Vitiorum et Virtutum, erto-
theology, combined so intimately that not one of neously ascribed by some to Leo I. , by others to
them can be said to belong to any single depart. Augustin, by others to Ambrose. It bears a strong
ment exclusively.
resemblance in its contents to the foregoing.
XVIII. Sententiarum, s. De summo Bono Libri XXIV. Exhorlatio ad Poenitentiam cum Conso
III. A voluminous collection of short essays and latione ad Animam de Salute desperantem, in
dogmatic rules on a great multiplicity of themes which the mercy of God is placed in opposition to
connected with speculative, practical, and ritual the overwhelming dread of future punishment. It
theology, forming a sort of Manual of Divinity, is a mere repetition of certain portions of the Syno-
suited to the wants and taste of that epoch, and nima.
possessing the same encyclopaedic character in this XXV. Norma Vivendi, a collection of apor
particular branch of knowledge which the Origines phthegms culled from the four works last mentioned.
exhibit in relation to a wider field. The whole is XXVI. Oratio de Flendis semper Peccatis ad
little more than a compilation from Augustin and Correctionem Vitae.
Gregory. Published separately, Lovan. 4to. 1486, XXVII. Oratio contra Insidias Diaboli.
Lips. 4to. 1493, Paris, 4to. 1519, 12mo. 1538, It only remains to notice, in the last place,-
Taurin. 4to. 1593, with the notes of Garcia de XXVIII. Epistolae. A considerable number of
Loaisa.
letters, referring chiefly to questions of doctrine or
XIX. De Nativitate Domini, Passione et Resur- discipline. Thus there is one addressed to Ludi-
rectione, Regno atque Judicio, addressed to his fred, bishop of Cordova, Quodnam Episcop et cete-
sister, St. Florentia, in sixty-one chapters, with an rorum sit Officium in Ecclesia ; another to Massa-
Epilogue embodying a mass of prophetic passages nus, bishop of Merida, Qui sunt reparandi past
from the Old Testament which indicate the career Lapsum vel qui non ; a fragment, belonging perhaps
and divinity of our Lord.
to the last, Quare sit institutum post septem Annos
XX. De Vocatione Gentium, addressed also to in pristinum Statum Poenitentes redire, and several
St. Florentia, in twenty-six chapters, with a reca-others, the authenticity of which is very question-
pitulation pointing out how the prophets had clearly able.
foretold the abrogation of the ceremonial law and It will be seen fron, the above list, and much
1
SS 3
## p. 630 (#646) ############################################
630
ISIDORUS.
ISIS.
a
8. 30.
3
more clearly from a perusal of the different pro- , '10 18upov indbrus, for the scholium on that passage
ductions themselves, that Isidorus not only abridged relates to cod. 3. tit. 41. In Schol. Basil. vol. vi.
others, but not unfrequently epitomised himself
, p. 219, Isidorus cites a Constitution of Leo. This
and presented the same matter repeatedly with citation has by some been supposed to point to a
slight modification. The style throughout pre Novel of Leo the Philosopher, and accordingly the
sents a sad picture of the decay of the Latin lan- date of Isidorus has been thrown forward; but
guage, and even in the Origines, where he appears Reiz has justly observed (ad Theoph. p. 1237) that
io make great exertions to copy closely the phra- Isidorus is referring to a Constitution of Leo the
scology of pure models, we meet with a constant Thracian of A. D. 459, inserted in cod. 8. tit. 54.
recurrence of miserable barbarisms,
The Editio Princeps of the collected works was From Schol. Basil. vol. ii. p. 558, and Schol.
printed by Michael Sonnius, under the inspection Basil. vol. iii. p. 53, Isidorus is proved to have
of Margarinus de la Bigne, Paris, fol. 1580, which written a commentary on the Digest ; and several
was followed by the more accurate and complete extracts from this commentary are appended to the
edition which issued from the royal press at Basilica. (Schol. Basil. vol. ii. p. 555, 556, 558,
Madrid, fol. , 2 vols. , 1599, resting chiefly on the &c. ed. Fabrot. , vol. ii. p. 384, 396, 398, 399, 483,
MS. of Alvarus Gomez, and enriched with the ed. Heimbach. ) No credit is to be given to Nic.
notes of J. B. Percz. , and of the editor, J. Grial. Comnenus Papadopoli, who (Praenot. Mystag. p.
Besides these, editions appeared at Paris, fol. , 1601, 403) speaks of an Isidorus antecessor and logo-
by Jac. du Breul, at Cologne, fol. , 1617, which is theta dromi, and mentions his Scholia on ihe
a reprint of the preceding, and a second Madrid Novells of Alexius Comnenus. (Heimbach, de
edition in 1778 ; but by far the most complete and | Basil. Orig. p. 40. )
[J. T. G. )
most useful of all is that of F. Arevali, Rom. , ISIDO'RUS, artists. 1. A sculptor, of uncer-
7 vols. 4to. , 1797-1803.
tain time and country, known by his statue of
(See the Praenotatio Librorum Isidori, by Hercules at Parium, on the Propontis. (Plin.
Braulio, prefixed to the edition of Grial ; Ildefon- | H. N. xxxiv. 8. s. 19. $ 16. ) This is according to
sus, De Script. Eccles. c. 9 ; Sigebertus Gembla- the common text of Pliny, which is, however, al-
censis, De Script. Eccles. c. 55 ; Jo. Trithemius, De most certainly corrupt. See HEGESIAS, p. 368, b.
Script. Eccles. c. 232 ; Isidorus Pacensis, in Some years ago the base of a statue, inscribed
Chron. )
(W. R. ) with the name of Isidorus, was dug up in the fo-
ISIDO'RUS, one of the professors of law to rum at Cumae. (Raoul-Rochette, Lettre à M.
whom the constitutio Omnem, de Conceptione Di- Schorn, p. 79. )
gestorum was addressed by Justinian in A. D. 533. 2, 3. Of Miletus, the elder and younger, were
It is generally supposed that Isidorus was a pro- eminent architects in the reign of Justinian. The
fessor at Berytus, not Constantinople, but there is elder of them was associated with Anthemius of
no express authority for this belief. (Ritter, ad Tralles, in the rebuilding of the great church of St.
Heineccii Hist. Jur. Rom. § 336. ) By Suarez Sophia, at Constantinople, before A. D. 537. The
(Notit. Basil. $ 41), Fabricius (Bibl. Gr. vol. xii. younger Isidorus rebuilt the dome of St. Sophia,
p.
345), and Hoffmann (Hist. Jur. ii. 2, p. 556) after it had been destroyed by an earthquake, A. D.
Isidorus is stated to have been one of the jurists 554, and made some additions to the interior of the
employed by Justinian in compiling the Digest, but church. (Procop. i. 1 ; Agathias, v. 9; Malalas,
there is no warrant for this assertion in Const. p. 81; Müller, Archäol. d. Kunst, § 194, n. 4;
Tanta, $ 9, where the names of the commissioners Kugler, Kunstgeschichte, p. 360, &c. ) [P. S. ]
appointed by Justinian for that purpose are enu- ISI'GONUS ('loiyovos), a Greek writer, who,
merated.
according to Stephanus Byzantinus (s. v. Nikaia),
In the “ Collectio Constitutionum Graecarum," was a native of Nicaea, and, according to Cyrillus
edited by Ant. Augustinus (8vo. Ilerdae, 1567, (adv. Julian. 3) of Cittium, though it is not im-
fol. 6, A. ) is an extract from Matthaeus Blastares, probable that in the latter passage ó KITTIFÚS may
which, as it differs considerably from the text of be only a false reading for ó Nikaeús. The time
Blastares given by Beveridge (Synodicon, vol. ii. in at which he lived is uncertain, though Gellius (ix.
Praef. Syntagmatos), we here transcribe :
4) calls him an ancient writer of no small authority.
Etépavos yáp tis eis alátos rd siyeuta é En Tzetzes (ad Lycoph. 1021) calls him an historian,
γήσατω (sic) Κύριλλος κατ' επιτομήν. Δωρόθεος | but the only work he is known to have written
μέση τάξει έχρήσατο. Θαλέλαιος αντικένσορ. (sic) bore the title'Απιστα, whence he is regarded as
τους Κώδικας εις πλάτος έκδέδωκε. Θεόδωρος | one of the class of writers called παραδοξογράφοι,
Ερμουπολίτης συντετμημένως, έτι δε συντομώτερον (Tzetz. Cal. vi. 144. ) The fact that Pliny (H. .
'Ανατόλιος. 'ooè 'lolowpos OTEVÓTepov Mèv Toù vii. 2) and Sotion used the work seems to show
Θαλελαίου, πλατύτερον δε των λοιπών δύο. that Isigonus lived previous to the beginning of
(Reiz. ad Theophilum, p. 1246. $ 16 ; Zachariae, the Christian era. The work of Isigonus is lost,
Hist. Jur. Gr. Rom. Delin. Corrigenda ad p. 27, and the few fragments of it which have come down
lin. 21. )
to us are collected in Westermann's Ilapadocoypac
The work of Isidorus here mentioned was pro- poi, pp. 162, 163.
[L. S. )
bably a Greek abridgment of the Code, with com- ISIGONUS, a Greek statuary, was one of the
mentary. Fragments of it are to be found in Schol. artists who represented the battles of Attalus and
Basil. vol. vi. p. 211, 212, 213, 230—234, 251- Eumenes against the Gauls, about B. C. 239. (Plin.
253. The abridgment seems to have been ad-H. N. xxxiv. 8. s. 19. $ 24. ) [P. S. )
mitted into the text of the Basilica, while the com- ISIS (*lous), one of the principal Egyptian diri-
mentary is appended by way of scholium. (Mor- nities. The ideas entertained about her and her
treuei), Histoire du Droit Byzantin, vol. i. p. 142. ) worship underwent the greatest changes and modi-
This is probably the work referred to by the scho-fications in antiquity. She is described as the wife
liast on Basil. vol. v. p. 356, under the name “ Toll of Osiris and the mother of Horus. As Osiris, the
## p. 631 (#647) ############################################
JSIS.
631
ISMENE.
1
god of the Nile, taught the people the use of the decrees do not appear to have quite succeeded in
plough, so Isis invented the cultivation of wheat and destroying the worship of Isis, for in B. c. 47 a new
barley, which were carried about in the processions decree was issued to destroy the temple of Isis and
at her festival. (Diod. i. 14, 27, v. 69, &c. ) She Serapis. By a mistake, the adjoining temple of
was the goddess of the earth, which the Egyptians Bellona was likewise pulled down, and in it were
called their mother (Diod. i. 12 ; Serv. ad Aen. found pots filled with human flesh. (Dion Cass.
viii. 696 ; Isid. Orig. viii. 11), whence she and xlii. 26. ) As it had thus become evident that the
Osiris were the only divinities that were worshipped people were extremely partial to the worship of
by all the Egyptians. (Herod. ii. 42. ) Being those foreign divinities, the triunrire in B. C. 43
married to Osiris, Isis is the land fertilised by the courted the popular favour by building a new
Nile. (Plut. de Is. et Osir. 32. ) This simple and temple of Isis and Serapis in the third region, and
primitive notion of the Egyptians was modified at sanctioning their worship. (Dion Cass. xlvii. 15. )
an early period through the influence of the East, It would appear that after this attempts were made
with which Egypt came into contact, and at a later to erect sanctuaries of Isis in the city itself, for
time through the influence of the Greeks. Thus Augustus forbade her worship in the city, while
Osiris and Isis came gradually to be considered as outside of it there seem to have been several tem-
divinities of the sun and the moon; and while ples, which were subjected to government inspec-
some of the Greeks fabled that the worship of Isis tion. (Dion Cass. liii. 2; comp. liv. 6. ) The
had been introduced into Egypt by Ogyges and his interference of the government was afterwards re-
wife Thebe (Schol. ad Aristid. Symb. iii. 128), the peatedly required (Tac. Ann. ii. 85; Suet. Tib.
Egyptian priests described the principal religious 36 ; Joseph. Ant. Jul. xvii. 3. $ 4; Hegesipp. ii.
institutions of Greece as derived from Egypt ; and 4); but from the time of Vespasian the worship of
after the time of Herodotus, this belief became Isis and Serapis became firmly established, and re-
firmly established in Greece. Hence Isis was mained in a flourishing condition until the general
identified with Demeter, and Osiris with Dionysus, introduction of Christianity. The most important
and the sufferings of Isis were accordingly modified temple of Isis at Rome stood in the Campus
to harmonise with the mythus of the unfortunate Martius, whence she was called Isis Campensis.
Demeter. Diodorus, Plutarch, and others, treat (Juven. vi. 329; Appul. Mel. xi. p. 259. ) An
the stories about Isis according to the principles of Isium Metellinum is mentioned by Trebellius
Euhemerus, and represent her, as well as Osiris, as Pollio (Trig. Tyr. 25); and other temples and
rulers of Egypt: but in these, as well as the mys- chapels of Isis occur in many Latin inscriptions.
tical accounts of other writers, the original charac- The priests and servants of the goddess wore linen
ter of Isis may yet be discerned. We cannot garments (306val), whence she herself is called
enter here into an examination of the development linigera. (Ov. Ep. ex Pont. i. 1, 51, Amor. ii. 2,
which the worship of Isis underwent in Egypt in 25; comp. Tac. Hist. iii. 74 ; Martial, xii. 29, 19;
the course of centuries, but must confine ourselves Juven. vi. 533. ) Those initiated in her mysteries
to some remarks respecting her worship in Greece, wore in the public processions masks representing
at Rome, and other European parts of the ancient the heads of dogs. (Appian, B. C. iv. 47 ; Suet.
world. Her worship in all parts of Greece is amply Domit. 1. ) As a specimen of the manner in which
attested by express statements of ancient writers the festival of Isis was celebrated in Greece, the
and numerous inscriptions. Under the names of reader may be referred to that of Tithorea, which
Pelagia (the ruler of the sea) and Aegyptia, she is described by Pausanias (x. 32), and the naval
had two sanctuaries on the road to Acrocorinthus sacrifice offered to her at Corinth, as described by
(Paus. ii. 4. § 7), and others at Megara (i.
theology:
XXI. Synonimorum, s. Soliloquiorum Libri II.
XIV. Liber Prüoemiorum, or Pröocmia in Li- Not, as the former title night lead us to expect, a
bros Veteris ac Novi Testamenti, a succinct outline grammatical disquisition, but a series of sacred me-
of the contents of each of the books which form ditations and moral precepts. At the commence-
the canon of Scripture.
ment we find the lamentations of an imaginary
XV. Commentaria in Vetus Testamentum, or, individual, the representative as it were of awa-
Quaestiones et Mysticorum Expositiones Sucrumen- kened sinners, who deplores his lost state anid the
torum in Vetus Testamentum. An exposition of vice and misery of this wicked world, and is upon
the mystical, typical, and allegorical signification of the point of abandoning himself to despair, when
the principal events recorded in the Pentateuch, Ratio, or Reason, comes forward to comfort him,
Joshua, Judges, Ruth, Kings, Chronicles, Esdra, and in the dialogue which follows proves that he
and the Maccabees, selected from the writings of may still hope for pardon, teaches him how he may
various fathers, of whom Origen, Victorinus, Am- best avoid the snares of evil, and how he can most
brosius, Hieronymus, Cassianus, Augustinus, Ful- fittingly repent of sin so as at length to become pure
gentius, and Gregory are specially named in the and holy, and to be able to look forward with con-
preface, the object of Isidorus being to render the fidence to eternal happiness in heaven. The collo-
researches of these wise and learned men accessible quial form is gradually abandoned, and the moral
to a greater number of readers by presenting them precepts are arranged regularly under different
in a compressed and familiar form. Published se- heads, as De Castitate, De Oratione, De Parsinio-
parately, Haganoae (Haguenau), 4to. 1529. nia, De Ilumilitate, and the like. The term syno-
XVI. Allegoriae quaedam Sacrae Scripturae. nima seems to be derived from the circumstance
Short allegorical interpretations of many passages that the same ideas are repeated again and again
in the Old and New Testaments. The spirit of under different shapes and in different words.
this piece is the same as that of the preceding, but | Published separately, Antv. 4to. , 1488.
the results are enunciated much more briefly. XXII. De Contemptu Mundi Libellus. A sort
XVII. Expositio in Canticum Canticorum Salo- of continuation of the foregoing, since here also we
monis. The same principles are here applied to have a dialogue between an imaginary personage
prove that Solomon's Song is a shadowing forth of and Ratio, in which the latter descants upon a suc-
the union of Christ with his church.
æssion of religious and moral themes. Published
In the ten following works we have a mixture of separately, Venet. 8vo. , 1523.
dogmatical, speculative, sentimental, and practical XXIII. De Conflictu Vitiorum et Virtutum, erto-
theology, combined so intimately that not one of neously ascribed by some to Leo I. , by others to
them can be said to belong to any single depart. Augustin, by others to Ambrose. It bears a strong
ment exclusively.
resemblance in its contents to the foregoing.
XVIII. Sententiarum, s. De summo Bono Libri XXIV. Exhorlatio ad Poenitentiam cum Conso
III. A voluminous collection of short essays and latione ad Animam de Salute desperantem, in
dogmatic rules on a great multiplicity of themes which the mercy of God is placed in opposition to
connected with speculative, practical, and ritual the overwhelming dread of future punishment. It
theology, forming a sort of Manual of Divinity, is a mere repetition of certain portions of the Syno-
suited to the wants and taste of that epoch, and nima.
possessing the same encyclopaedic character in this XXV. Norma Vivendi, a collection of apor
particular branch of knowledge which the Origines phthegms culled from the four works last mentioned.
exhibit in relation to a wider field. The whole is XXVI. Oratio de Flendis semper Peccatis ad
little more than a compilation from Augustin and Correctionem Vitae.
Gregory. Published separately, Lovan. 4to. 1486, XXVII. Oratio contra Insidias Diaboli.
Lips. 4to. 1493, Paris, 4to. 1519, 12mo. 1538, It only remains to notice, in the last place,-
Taurin. 4to. 1593, with the notes of Garcia de XXVIII. Epistolae. A considerable number of
Loaisa.
letters, referring chiefly to questions of doctrine or
XIX. De Nativitate Domini, Passione et Resur- discipline. Thus there is one addressed to Ludi-
rectione, Regno atque Judicio, addressed to his fred, bishop of Cordova, Quodnam Episcop et cete-
sister, St. Florentia, in sixty-one chapters, with an rorum sit Officium in Ecclesia ; another to Massa-
Epilogue embodying a mass of prophetic passages nus, bishop of Merida, Qui sunt reparandi past
from the Old Testament which indicate the career Lapsum vel qui non ; a fragment, belonging perhaps
and divinity of our Lord.
to the last, Quare sit institutum post septem Annos
XX. De Vocatione Gentium, addressed also to in pristinum Statum Poenitentes redire, and several
St. Florentia, in twenty-six chapters, with a reca-others, the authenticity of which is very question-
pitulation pointing out how the prophets had clearly able.
foretold the abrogation of the ceremonial law and It will be seen fron, the above list, and much
1
SS 3
## p. 630 (#646) ############################################
630
ISIDORUS.
ISIS.
a
8. 30.
3
more clearly from a perusal of the different pro- , '10 18upov indbrus, for the scholium on that passage
ductions themselves, that Isidorus not only abridged relates to cod. 3. tit. 41. In Schol. Basil. vol. vi.
others, but not unfrequently epitomised himself
, p. 219, Isidorus cites a Constitution of Leo. This
and presented the same matter repeatedly with citation has by some been supposed to point to a
slight modification. The style throughout pre Novel of Leo the Philosopher, and accordingly the
sents a sad picture of the decay of the Latin lan- date of Isidorus has been thrown forward; but
guage, and even in the Origines, where he appears Reiz has justly observed (ad Theoph. p. 1237) that
io make great exertions to copy closely the phra- Isidorus is referring to a Constitution of Leo the
scology of pure models, we meet with a constant Thracian of A. D. 459, inserted in cod. 8. tit. 54.
recurrence of miserable barbarisms,
The Editio Princeps of the collected works was From Schol. Basil. vol. ii. p. 558, and Schol.
printed by Michael Sonnius, under the inspection Basil. vol. iii. p. 53, Isidorus is proved to have
of Margarinus de la Bigne, Paris, fol. 1580, which written a commentary on the Digest ; and several
was followed by the more accurate and complete extracts from this commentary are appended to the
edition which issued from the royal press at Basilica. (Schol. Basil. vol. ii. p. 555, 556, 558,
Madrid, fol. , 2 vols. , 1599, resting chiefly on the &c. ed. Fabrot. , vol. ii. p. 384, 396, 398, 399, 483,
MS. of Alvarus Gomez, and enriched with the ed. Heimbach. ) No credit is to be given to Nic.
notes of J. B. Percz. , and of the editor, J. Grial. Comnenus Papadopoli, who (Praenot. Mystag. p.
Besides these, editions appeared at Paris, fol. , 1601, 403) speaks of an Isidorus antecessor and logo-
by Jac. du Breul, at Cologne, fol. , 1617, which is theta dromi, and mentions his Scholia on ihe
a reprint of the preceding, and a second Madrid Novells of Alexius Comnenus. (Heimbach, de
edition in 1778 ; but by far the most complete and | Basil. Orig. p. 40. )
[J. T. G. )
most useful of all is that of F. Arevali, Rom. , ISIDO'RUS, artists. 1. A sculptor, of uncer-
7 vols. 4to. , 1797-1803.
tain time and country, known by his statue of
(See the Praenotatio Librorum Isidori, by Hercules at Parium, on the Propontis. (Plin.
Braulio, prefixed to the edition of Grial ; Ildefon- | H. N. xxxiv. 8. s. 19. $ 16. ) This is according to
sus, De Script. Eccles. c. 9 ; Sigebertus Gembla- the common text of Pliny, which is, however, al-
censis, De Script. Eccles. c. 55 ; Jo. Trithemius, De most certainly corrupt. See HEGESIAS, p. 368, b.
Script. Eccles. c. 232 ; Isidorus Pacensis, in Some years ago the base of a statue, inscribed
Chron. )
(W. R. ) with the name of Isidorus, was dug up in the fo-
ISIDO'RUS, one of the professors of law to rum at Cumae. (Raoul-Rochette, Lettre à M.
whom the constitutio Omnem, de Conceptione Di- Schorn, p. 79. )
gestorum was addressed by Justinian in A. D. 533. 2, 3. Of Miletus, the elder and younger, were
It is generally supposed that Isidorus was a pro- eminent architects in the reign of Justinian. The
fessor at Berytus, not Constantinople, but there is elder of them was associated with Anthemius of
no express authority for this belief. (Ritter, ad Tralles, in the rebuilding of the great church of St.
Heineccii Hist. Jur. Rom. § 336. ) By Suarez Sophia, at Constantinople, before A. D. 537. The
(Notit. Basil. $ 41), Fabricius (Bibl. Gr. vol. xii. younger Isidorus rebuilt the dome of St. Sophia,
p.
345), and Hoffmann (Hist. Jur. ii. 2, p. 556) after it had been destroyed by an earthquake, A. D.
Isidorus is stated to have been one of the jurists 554, and made some additions to the interior of the
employed by Justinian in compiling the Digest, but church. (Procop. i. 1 ; Agathias, v. 9; Malalas,
there is no warrant for this assertion in Const. p. 81; Müller, Archäol. d. Kunst, § 194, n. 4;
Tanta, $ 9, where the names of the commissioners Kugler, Kunstgeschichte, p. 360, &c. ) [P. S. ]
appointed by Justinian for that purpose are enu- ISI'GONUS ('loiyovos), a Greek writer, who,
merated.
according to Stephanus Byzantinus (s. v. Nikaia),
In the “ Collectio Constitutionum Graecarum," was a native of Nicaea, and, according to Cyrillus
edited by Ant. Augustinus (8vo. Ilerdae, 1567, (adv. Julian. 3) of Cittium, though it is not im-
fol. 6, A. ) is an extract from Matthaeus Blastares, probable that in the latter passage ó KITTIFÚS may
which, as it differs considerably from the text of be only a false reading for ó Nikaeús. The time
Blastares given by Beveridge (Synodicon, vol. ii. in at which he lived is uncertain, though Gellius (ix.
Praef. Syntagmatos), we here transcribe :
4) calls him an ancient writer of no small authority.
Etépavos yáp tis eis alátos rd siyeuta é En Tzetzes (ad Lycoph. 1021) calls him an historian,
γήσατω (sic) Κύριλλος κατ' επιτομήν. Δωρόθεος | but the only work he is known to have written
μέση τάξει έχρήσατο. Θαλέλαιος αντικένσορ. (sic) bore the title'Απιστα, whence he is regarded as
τους Κώδικας εις πλάτος έκδέδωκε. Θεόδωρος | one of the class of writers called παραδοξογράφοι,
Ερμουπολίτης συντετμημένως, έτι δε συντομώτερον (Tzetz. Cal. vi. 144. ) The fact that Pliny (H. .
'Ανατόλιος. 'ooè 'lolowpos OTEVÓTepov Mèv Toù vii. 2) and Sotion used the work seems to show
Θαλελαίου, πλατύτερον δε των λοιπών δύο. that Isigonus lived previous to the beginning of
(Reiz. ad Theophilum, p. 1246. $ 16 ; Zachariae, the Christian era. The work of Isigonus is lost,
Hist. Jur. Gr. Rom. Delin. Corrigenda ad p. 27, and the few fragments of it which have come down
lin. 21. )
to us are collected in Westermann's Ilapadocoypac
The work of Isidorus here mentioned was pro- poi, pp. 162, 163.
[L. S. )
bably a Greek abridgment of the Code, with com- ISIGONUS, a Greek statuary, was one of the
mentary. Fragments of it are to be found in Schol. artists who represented the battles of Attalus and
Basil. vol. vi. p. 211, 212, 213, 230—234, 251- Eumenes against the Gauls, about B. C. 239. (Plin.
253. The abridgment seems to have been ad-H. N. xxxiv. 8. s. 19. $ 24. ) [P. S. )
mitted into the text of the Basilica, while the com- ISIS (*lous), one of the principal Egyptian diri-
mentary is appended by way of scholium. (Mor- nities. The ideas entertained about her and her
treuei), Histoire du Droit Byzantin, vol. i. p. 142. ) worship underwent the greatest changes and modi-
This is probably the work referred to by the scho-fications in antiquity. She is described as the wife
liast on Basil. vol. v. p. 356, under the name “ Toll of Osiris and the mother of Horus. As Osiris, the
## p. 631 (#647) ############################################
JSIS.
631
ISMENE.
1
god of the Nile, taught the people the use of the decrees do not appear to have quite succeeded in
plough, so Isis invented the cultivation of wheat and destroying the worship of Isis, for in B. c. 47 a new
barley, which were carried about in the processions decree was issued to destroy the temple of Isis and
at her festival. (Diod. i. 14, 27, v. 69, &c. ) She Serapis. By a mistake, the adjoining temple of
was the goddess of the earth, which the Egyptians Bellona was likewise pulled down, and in it were
called their mother (Diod. i. 12 ; Serv. ad Aen. found pots filled with human flesh. (Dion Cass.
viii. 696 ; Isid. Orig. viii. 11), whence she and xlii. 26. ) As it had thus become evident that the
Osiris were the only divinities that were worshipped people were extremely partial to the worship of
by all the Egyptians. (Herod. ii. 42. ) Being those foreign divinities, the triunrire in B. C. 43
married to Osiris, Isis is the land fertilised by the courted the popular favour by building a new
Nile. (Plut. de Is. et Osir. 32. ) This simple and temple of Isis and Serapis in the third region, and
primitive notion of the Egyptians was modified at sanctioning their worship. (Dion Cass. xlvii. 15. )
an early period through the influence of the East, It would appear that after this attempts were made
with which Egypt came into contact, and at a later to erect sanctuaries of Isis in the city itself, for
time through the influence of the Greeks. Thus Augustus forbade her worship in the city, while
Osiris and Isis came gradually to be considered as outside of it there seem to have been several tem-
divinities of the sun and the moon; and while ples, which were subjected to government inspec-
some of the Greeks fabled that the worship of Isis tion. (Dion Cass. liii. 2; comp. liv. 6. ) The
had been introduced into Egypt by Ogyges and his interference of the government was afterwards re-
wife Thebe (Schol. ad Aristid. Symb. iii. 128), the peatedly required (Tac. Ann. ii. 85; Suet. Tib.
Egyptian priests described the principal religious 36 ; Joseph. Ant. Jul. xvii. 3. $ 4; Hegesipp. ii.
institutions of Greece as derived from Egypt ; and 4); but from the time of Vespasian the worship of
after the time of Herodotus, this belief became Isis and Serapis became firmly established, and re-
firmly established in Greece. Hence Isis was mained in a flourishing condition until the general
identified with Demeter, and Osiris with Dionysus, introduction of Christianity. The most important
and the sufferings of Isis were accordingly modified temple of Isis at Rome stood in the Campus
to harmonise with the mythus of the unfortunate Martius, whence she was called Isis Campensis.
Demeter. Diodorus, Plutarch, and others, treat (Juven. vi. 329; Appul. Mel. xi. p. 259. ) An
the stories about Isis according to the principles of Isium Metellinum is mentioned by Trebellius
Euhemerus, and represent her, as well as Osiris, as Pollio (Trig. Tyr. 25); and other temples and
rulers of Egypt: but in these, as well as the mys- chapels of Isis occur in many Latin inscriptions.
tical accounts of other writers, the original charac- The priests and servants of the goddess wore linen
ter of Isis may yet be discerned. We cannot garments (306val), whence she herself is called
enter here into an examination of the development linigera. (Ov. Ep. ex Pont. i. 1, 51, Amor. ii. 2,
which the worship of Isis underwent in Egypt in 25; comp. Tac. Hist. iii. 74 ; Martial, xii. 29, 19;
the course of centuries, but must confine ourselves Juven. vi. 533. ) Those initiated in her mysteries
to some remarks respecting her worship in Greece, wore in the public processions masks representing
at Rome, and other European parts of the ancient the heads of dogs. (Appian, B. C. iv. 47 ; Suet.
world. Her worship in all parts of Greece is amply Domit. 1. ) As a specimen of the manner in which
attested by express statements of ancient writers the festival of Isis was celebrated in Greece, the
and numerous inscriptions. Under the names of reader may be referred to that of Tithorea, which
Pelagia (the ruler of the sea) and Aegyptia, she is described by Pausanias (x. 32), and the naval
had two sanctuaries on the road to Acrocorinthus sacrifice offered to her at Corinth, as described by
(Paus. ii. 4. § 7), and others at Megara (i.
