Ho was wholly unconcerned about the
opinion of the generation in which he lived.
opinion of the generation in which he lived.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
In the sequel, they arranged a meeting at
the tomb of Ninus, under a while mulberry-tree.
Thisbe, enveloped in a veil, arrived first at the appoint-
ed place; but, terrified at the appearance of a lioness,
she fled precipitately, and in her flight dropped her
veil, which, lying in the animal's path, was rent by it,
and smeared with the blood that stained the jaws of
tne lioness from the recent destruction of some cattle.
Pyramus, coming soon after to the appointed place, be-
held the torn and bloody veil, and, concluding that
Thisbo had been destroyed by some savage beast,
slew himself in despair. Thisbe, returning after a
short interval to the spot where she had encountered
the lioness, beheld the bleeding form of Pyramus, and
threw herself upon the fatal sword, still warm, as it
was, with the blood of her lover. According to the
poets, the mulberry that overhung the fatal scene
changed the hue of its fruit from snow-white to a
blood-red colour. (Oral, Mel. , 4, 55, seqq. )--II. A
town of Boeotia, northwest of Ascra, and near the
confines of Phocis. It was famed for its* abounding
in wild pigeons. (Horn , II, 2, 502. --Strabo, 411. )
Xenophon writes the name in the plural, Thisbse.
[Hist. Gr. , 6, 4, 3. ) The modern Kakosia marks its
site. Sir W. Gell remarks, that the place is remark-
able for the immense number of rock-pigeons still
found here. This circumstance, he observes, is the
mere striking, as neither the birds, nor rocks so full of
petforations, in which they build their nests, are found
in liny other part of the country. (Itin. , p. 115. )
Thoas, I. a king of the Tauric Chersonese when
Orestes and Pyladcs, in concert with Iphigenia, car-
ried off from that country the statue of the Tauric
Diana. (Vid. Orestes and Iphigenia. )--II. King of
Lcmnos, and father of Hypsipylc. (Vid. Hypaipyle. )
Thorax, I. a mountain near Magnesia ad Mean-
drum, in Lydia, on which the poet Daphidas was cru-
cified for having written some satirical lines against
Attalus, king of Pergamus. Hence the proverb, d>v-
Tmttov top xiupann, " Take care of Thorax. " (Strab. ,
647. --Cic. ,de Fat*, c. 3. --Erasmus, Chil. 2, cent. 4,
n. 52. )
Thornax, a mountain of Laconia, north of Sparta,
and forming part of the range called Menclaium. It
is now Thornika. On this mountain was a temple of
Apollo, with a statue of the god, to which a quantity
of gold was presented by Croesus (Herod. , 1,69); but
the Lacedaemonians made use of it afterward to adorn
the more revered image of the Amyclean Apollo.
(Pausan. , 3, 10. -- C-amer's Ancient Greece, vol. 3,
p. 219. )
Thoth, an Egypr. av ? <iiiy, corresponding in some
degree to the Grecian Hermes and the Latin Mercu-
rius. (Vid. remarks under 'he article Mercurius. )
Thraces, the inhabitants if Thrace. (Vid. Thra-
? ? cia. )
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? THRACIA.
THR
ficitmtly clear that these Pierians or Thracians, dwell-
ing about Helicon and Parnassus, in the vicinity of
Auica, arc chiefly signified when a Thracian origin is
ascribed to the mythic bards of Attica. (Mutter, Hist.
Gr. Lit. , p. 26, icqq )--II. A large tract of country
between the Strymon and the Euxine from west to
east, and between the chain of Mount Ilaimus and the
chores of the dCgcau and Propontis from north to
south Such, at least, are the limits assigned to it by
Herodotus and Thucydides, though great changes took
place in ages posterior to these historians. That the
Thracians, however, were at one period much more
widely disseminated than the confines here assigned
them would lead us to infer, is evident from the facts
recorded in the earliest annals of Grecian history rela-
tive to their migrations to the southern provinces of
that country. We have the authority of Thucydides
for their establishment in Phocis (2, 49). Strabo (p.
101, 410) certifies their occupation of Bceotia. And
numerous writers attest their settlement in Eleusis of
Attica, under Eumolpus, whose early wars with Erech-
theus are related by Thucydides (2, IS), Pausanias
1. 38), and others. But these, in all probability, are
the Thracians alluded to under No. I. Nor were
their colonies confined to the European continent
alone; for, allured by the richness and beauty of the
Asiatic soil and clime, they crossed in numerous bod-
ies the narrow strait which parted them from Asia Mi-
nor, and occupied the shores of Bithynia, and the fer-
tile plains of Mysia and Phrygia. (Herod. , 7, 73. --
Strabo, 303. ) On the other hand, a great revolution
seems to have been subsequently effected in Thrace
by a vast migration of the Teucri Ad Mysi, who, as
Herodotus asserts, conquered the whole of Thrace,
and penetrated as far as the Adriatic to the west, and
to the river Peneus towards the south, before the Tro-
jan war. --Whence and at what period the name of
Thracians was first applied to the numerous hordes
which inhabited this portion of the European continent,
is left open to conjecture. Bochart and others have
supposed that it was derived from Tiraz, the son of
Japhcth; certain it is, wc find the name already ex-
isting in the time of Homer, who represents the Thra-
cians as joining the forces of Priam in the siege of
Troy, under the conduct of Rhesus, their chief (//. , 10,
435), said to be the sou of the river Strymon. (Eurip ,
Rkes. Arg. )--Herodotus affirms that the Thracians
were, next to the Indians, the most numerous and pow-
erful people in the world; and that, if all the tribes had
been united under one monarch or under the same gov-
ernment, they would have been invincible; but from
their subdivision into petty clans, distinct from each
other, they were rendered insignificant. (Herod, 5,
3. ) They are said by the same historian to have
been first subjugated by Sesostris (2, 103), and, after
the lapse of many centuries, they were reduced under
the subjection of the Persian monarchy, by Megaba-
zus, general of Darius. (Herod. , 5, 2. ) But, on the
failure of the several expeditions undertaken by that
sovereign and his son Xerxes against the Greeks, the
Thracians apparently recovered their independence,
and a new empire was formed in that extensive coun-
try, under the dominion of Sitalces, king of the Odry-
sae, one of the most numerous and warlike of their
tribes. Thucydides, who has entered into considera-
ble detail on this subject, observes, that of all the em-
pires situated between he Ionian Gulf a. id the Eux-
? ? ine, this was the most considerable both in revenue
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? THR
TH (I
oeing condomncd to death. He died A. D. 66, in the
1-lth year of Nero's reign. Tacitus says that Nero
endeavoured to oztirpato virtue itself by the destruc-
tion of I'a'tus and Soranus. ( Jut. , 5, 36. --Martial,
I, 19. --Tac. , Ann. , 15, 16/
Thrasybulus, an Athenian general, one of the
commanders in the naval battle of Arginusee. He
subsequently headed the party from Phyla which
overthrew the government of the thirty tyrants. Thras-
ybulus was afterward sent with an Athenian Sect to
the coast of Asia, where he gained some considerable
advantages. Having, after this, proceeded to the col-
lection of tribute from the towns, and having, in the
course of this, come to the city of Aspendus, the in-
habitants of this place were so exasperated by some
irregularity of his soldiers, that they attacked his camp
at night, and he was killed in his tent. Thrasybulus
was a man of tried honesty and patriotism, and bad
shown uncommon ability in some very trying situa-
tions. The only cloud that rests upon his memory is
an appearance of having concurred with Theramenes
in the accusation of their six colleagues at Arginusss,
if not actively, at least by withholding the testimony
that might have saved them: but the evidence which
we have is not sufficient to warrant us in decidedly
Sxing so dark a stain on a character otherwise so
pure. (Corn. Nep. , Vit. Thrasyb--Diod. Sic, 13, 98.
--Id, 13, 101. --Id. , 14, 33j. 94, 99. )
Thrasyllus, one of the Athenian commanders at
the battle of Argiuuss, condemned to death with his
colleagues for omitting to collect and bury the dead
after the action. (Vid. Arginusas. )
Thrasymenus Lai-US. Vid. Trasymenus I. acus.
Thriambus, one of the surnames of Bacchus.
Thrinakia, an island mentioned in the Odyssey, on
which the flocks and herds of the Sun-god fed, under
the care of his daughters Phaethusa and Lampetia,
and to which Ulysses came immediately after escaping
Sylla and Charybdis. On reaching this sacred island,
lis companions, in defiance of the warning of Ulysses,
slaughtered some of the oxen while he slept. The
? ero, on awaking, was filled with horror and despair at
what they had done; and the displeasure of the gods
xas manifested by prodigies; for the hides crept along
'. he ground, and the flesh lowed on the spits. They fed
for six days on the sacred cattle; on the seventh the
norm which had driven them to Thrinakia fell, and they
left the island: but, as soon as they had lost sight of land,
a terrible west wind, accompanied by thunder, light-
ning, and pitchy darkness, came on. Jupiter struck the
-hip with a thunderbolt: it went to pieces, and all the
sacrilegious crew were drowned. --The resemblance
between Thrinakia and Trinaciia, a name of Sicily,
haa induced both ancients and moderns to acquiesce
in the opinion of the two islands being identical.
Against this opinion it has been observed, that Thri-
nakia was a desert isle (vqeme ipr/fin. -- Od. , 12, 351),
that is, an uninhabited isle; and that, during the whole
time that Ulysses and his men were in it, they did not
meet with any one, and could procure no food but
birds and fish; that it is called "the excellent isle of
the God" [Odyss. , 12, 261), whose peculiar property
. t therefore must have been; that, according to the anal-
ogy of the Odyssey, it must have been a small island,
for such were JEmt, Ogygia, and all we meet; not
jno of which circumstances agrees with Sicily. It
leems, therefore, the more probable supposition, that
? ? he poet regarded Thrinakia as an islet, about the
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? THUCYDIDES.
siherwise it would make his marri>>g< with the Thra-
cian lady of Scaptesylc (by which he obtained rich
properly in mines, dec) an improbably late one.
Whether he was employed in military service in the
first Bevcn years of the war is uncertain; it is prob-
able, however, that he was. In the eighlh year of the
war and ihe forty-seventh of his age, BO. 434, he waa
appointed to the command of the Athenian fleet off the
coast of Thrace, which included the direction of affairs
in the various Athenian colonics there. He occupied
with his fleet a station at Thasus, and, bcn'o suddenly
summoned to the defence of Amphip. ilis, ho hastened
thither; hut, owing to unavoidable circumsiKiirea, was
loo late by only half a day. He, howern, succeeded
in saving Eion, though, had he not arrived ut i! \e time
he did, the place would have been occupied by ftiasi-
das the very next morning. It is plain, that to save
Amphipohs was a physical impossibility, and great ac-
tivity was used in saving Eion. He therefore merit-
ed praise rather than censure. And yet the Athenian
people, out of humour with the turn which things were
taking in Thrace, condemned him to banishment;
though, with a magnanimity scarcely paralleled, he
makes no mention of it in his history of that period,
and only touches upon it incidentally afterward, in or-
der to show his advantages for arriving at the truth,
and then without a word of complaint. Discharged
from all duties, and freed from all public avocations,
he was left without any attachments but to simple
truth, and proceeded to qualify himself for commemo-
rating sxploils in which he could have no share. On
his banishment he retired to Scaptesylc, the property
of his wife, and thus dedicated his leisure to the for-
mation of his great work, and (as Marcellinus, the an-
cient biographer, says) employed his wealth liberally in
procuring the best information of the events of the
--ar, both from Athena and Lacedemon. How he
passed the period of his exile may, then, be very well
imagined; nor is it necessary to till up that space, as
Dodwell docs, with such events as " the death of Per-
diccas, king of Macedon; the accession of Archelaus,
his successor; the end of the if/. tKia oTpaTevai/io( of
Thucydides;" for his military life had virtually been
defunct eighteen years before. As to the period of his
exile, it was, as he himself tells us (5, 26), twenty
years; and his return is, by some, fixed at 403 B. C. ,
at the time when an amnesty was passed for all offen-
ces against the slate; by others, to the year before,
when Athens was taken by Lyaander, and the exiles
mostly returned. The former opinion has been shown
by Krueger to be alone the correct one; '* for," argues
be, " since Thucydides saya that he was banished for
twenty years in the eighth year of the war, which also,
he affirms, lasted twenty-one years, it follows that his
recall must have been in the year after Athens was ta-
ken. " To which it may be added, that the high-mind-
ed historian would have disdained to avail himself of
such an unauthorized way of returning to his country
as that eagerly snatched at by the bulk of the exiles, but
would wait until the public amnesty should give him
? full right to do so. Perhaps, however, the real truth
of the matter is what Pausanias relates, who mentions
among the antiquities a statue to the memory of one
(Euobius, for being the mover of a separate decree of
the assembly for the recall of Thucydides (1,23). It
is probable that, besides the general amnesty by which
the former exiles were permitted to return, a particu-
lar decree was made for Thucydides -, and, considering
? ? the gross injustice of his banishment, this waa no more
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? THUCYDIDES
THO
Krij/ut ec iet. a pollution for everlasting. He was
'sr from the necessity of servile writers, either to fear
or to flatter. In fine, if the truth of a history did ever
appear by the manner of relating, it doth so in this his-
tory. "--Smith also has a discourse on the qualifications
of Thucydides as an historian which merits perusal.
He therein shows him to have had all the qualifica-
tions that can bo thought necessary; namely, " to he
abstracted from every kind of connexion with persons
or things that are the subject matter; to be of no coun-
try, no party; clear of all passion, independent in ev-
ery light; entirely unconcerned who is pleased or dis-
pleased with what he writes; tho servant only of rea-
son and truth.
Ho was wholly unconcerned about the
opinion of the generation in which he lived. Ho wrote
for posterity. He appealed to the future world for
the value of the present he had made them. The
judgment of succeeding ages has approved the com-
pliment he thus made to their understandings. So
long as there are truly great princes, able statesmen,
sound politicians--politicians that do not rend asun-
der politics from good order and the general happiness,
he will meet with candid and grateful acknowledg-
ments of his merits. "--Thucydides has been sometimes
censured for the introduction of harangues into his his-
tory, and this has been made an argument, by some,
against his general veracity as an historian. The truth
is, however, that the writer never meant them to be re-
garded by the reader as having been actually pronoun-
ced by the speakers in question: they serve merely
as vehicles for conveying his own sentiments on pass-
ing events, for painting more distinctly the characters
of those whom he brings forward in the course of his
narrative, and for relating circumstances to which he
could not well refer in the main body of his history.
The harangues of Thucydides impart frequently lo
his work a Kind of dramatic character, and agreeably
interrupt the monotony occasioned by his peculiar ar-
rangement of events. Demosthenes was so ardent an
admirer of them, that he is said to have copied them
over ten times, in order to appropriate to himself the
style of this great writer. The finest is the funeral
oration of Pericles, in honour of those who had fallen
in the service of their country. --Another charge made
against Thucydides is the division of his work into
years, and even into seasons, for he divides each year
into two seasons, summer and winter. This arrange-
ment, which Dionysius of Halicarnassus has severely
blamed, imparts to the work a kind of monotonous
character; and yet, on the other hand, it must be con-
fessed, that if this plan be in some respects a defective
one, it is less so for the history of a single war, which
naturally divides itself into campaigns, than it would
be for a work intended to embrace the history of a
people, or of some extended period of time. --Thucyd-
ides wrote in the Attic dialect: after him no histori-
an ventured to employ any other, and his work is re-
garded as the canon, or perfection of Atticism. His
style, however, is not without its faults: his concise-
ness sometimes degenerates into obscurity, particularly
in his harangues; nor does he seem to be always very
solicitous about the elegance of his diction, but more
ambitious to communicate information than to please
the ear. Against these and similar charges, of care-
less collocation, embarrassed periods, and solecistic
phraseology, which Dionysius, in particular, is most
active in adducing, the historian has been very suc-
? ? cessfully defended by one of his recent editors. Poppo.
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? - r Hy
i
ry, the attacks of the Lucani, from whom tlit' sus-
tained a severe defeat, and, at a still later period, the
enmity of the Tarentines, so reduced the power and
prosperity of the Thurians, that they were compelled
to seek the aid of Rome, which was thus involved in
a war with Tareritum. About eighty-eight years af-
terward, Thurii, being nearly deserted, received a Ro-
man cjlony, and took the name of Copia. (Strob. ,
263. --Lit. , 35, 9. ) Cssar, however, calls it Thurii,
and designates it a municipal town. (Bell. Cit. , 3,
S2. ) The remains of ancient Thurii must be placed
between the site of ancient Sybaris and Terra . Vova.
(Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 359. )
THURINUS, a name given to Augustus when he was
young, either because some of his progenitors were
natives of Thurii, or because his father Octavius had
been successful in some military operations near Thu-
rii a short time after the birth of Augustus. (Ki
ton. , Ki/. Aug. , 7. --Consult Oudendorp, ad loc. )
THYAMIS, I. a river of Epirus, anciently dividing
Thresprolia from the district of Cestrine. (Thucyd. ,
1, 46. ) The historian Phylarchus, as Athenzeus re-
ports (3, 3), affirmed thai the Egyptian bean was never
known to grow out of Egypt except in a marsh close
to tin. - river, and then only for a short period. --It ap-
pears from Cicero that %tticus had an estate on the
banks of the Thyamis. (Ad. Alt, 7, 7. -- Compare
Pausan ,1,11. ) The modern name of this stream is
the Calama. (Cramer't Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 108)
--II. A promotory of Epirus, near the river of the
same name, now Cape Nissi.
TIIYATIRA (ra Qvarfipa), a city of l. ydm. near the
northern confines, situate on the small river Lycus,
not far from its source. According to Pliny (5, 29),
its original name was Pelopia; and Strabo (625) makes
it to have been founded by a colony of Macedonians
It was enlarged by Seleucus Nicator, and was select-
ed as a place of arms by Andronicus, who declared
himself heir to the kingdom of Pergamus after the
death of Attains. Thyatira, according to Strabo, be-
longed originally to Mysia; from the time of Pliny,
however, we find it ascribed to Lydia. Its ruins are
now called Ak-Hisar, or the white castle. This was
one of the churches mentioned in the Revelations. --
For an interesting account of the church in Thyatira,
consult Milncr's History of the Seven Churches of
Aria, p. 277, seqq , Land. , 1832.
THYKSTF. S. a son of Pelops and Hippodamia, and
grandson of Tantalus; for the legend relating to whom,
consult the article Atreus.
THVMBRA. a plain in Troas, through which a small
river, called Thymbrius, flows in its course to the
Scamander. According to some, the river Thymbrius
is now the Kamat'-sou. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol.
1, p. 102. ) Apollo had a temple here, whence he
was surnamcd Thymbratut. (II. , 10, 430. -- Virff. ,
JEn. , 3, 85. --Eunp. , Rhes. , 224. ) It was in tins
temple ihat Achilles is said 10 have been mortally
wounded by Paris. (Euslath. ad II. , 10, 433. --
Sere, ail JEn, I. e. )
THYMBK. SUS, a surname of Apollo. (Vid. Thym-
hra)
THYMCETES, I. a king of Athens, son of Oxinthas,
the last of the descendants of Theseus who reigned
at Athens. He was deposed because he refused to
meet Xanthus, the Bo? oiian monarch, in single com-
bat. Melanthus the Mcssenian accepted the challenge,
? ? slew Xanthus, and was rewarded with the kingdom of
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? TID
TIBERIUS.
'lyrrkeMs an nil, "the Tuscan river," from its wa-
tering Elruria on one side in in course, and also Lyd-
iut, " the Lydian" stream or Tiber, on account of the
popular tradition which traced the arts and civilization
of Etruria to Lydia in Asia Minor. (Vid Hetruria. )
Tiberius, Claudius Drusus Nsro, a Roman em-
peror, born 13. C. 42. He was the son of a father of
the same name, of the ancient Claudian family, and of
Livia Drusilla, afterward the celebrated wife of Au-
gistus. Rapidly raised to authority by the influence
c'. his mother, he displayed no inconsiderable ability in
an expedition against certain revolted Alpine tribes, in
consequence of which he was raised to the consulship
in his twenty-eighth year. On the death of Agrippa,
the gravity and austerity of Tiberius having gained the
emperor's confidence, he chose hun to supply the place
of that minister, obliging him, at the same time, to di-
vorce Vipsania, the daughter of Agrippa, and wed Ju-
ja, the daughter of Augustus, whose flagitious conduct
at length so disgusted him that he retired in a private
capacity to the isie of Rhodes. After experiencing
much discountenance from Augustus, the deaths ol
the two Osesars, Caius and Lucius, induced the em-
peror to take him again into favour and adopt him.
During the remainder of the life of Augustus he be-
haved with great prudence and ability, concluding a
war with the Germans in such a manner as to merit a
triumph. On the death of Augustus he succeeded
without opposition to the empire. --The first act of the
new reign was the murder of young Postumus Agrip-
pa, the only surviving son of M. Vipsanius Agrippa,
and whom Augustus had banished during his lifetime
to the island of Planasia. From his bodily strength,
although taken by surprise and defenceless, he was
with difficulty overcome by the centurion employed.
Like Elizabeth of England, Tiberius disavowed his
own order. Surmise hesitated between himself and
J. ma; and an incredible pretext was set up of a com-
mand of the late emperor to the tribune who had the
custody of the youth, that he was not to be suffered to
survive turn. While Tiberius proceeded immediately
tv the actual exercise of several of the imperial func-
tions, such as delivering their standard to the praeto-
rian guard, having them in attendance on his person,
and despatching letters to the armies to announce his
accession, he affected to depend on the pleasure of
the senate, and to consider himself unequal to the
weight of the whole empire. In the confused, dila-
tory, and ambiguous mode of his expressing, or rather
hinting, bis sentiments, which he often designed to
he understood in a contrary sense to what they seemed
to bear, he strongly resembled Cromwell. --The ser-
vility of the senate ran before his ambition. They
had afterward leisure for repentance. Tiberius soon
began to practise the dark, crooked, and sanguinary
policy which marks the jealousy, distrust, and terror
of a conscious and suspicious tyrant. Those who had
formerly offended him, as Asinius Gallus, who had
married his divorced wife Vipsania, and even those
who had been pointed out by Augustus as men likely.
by their talents or aapiring minds, to supply princes to
the empire* should the riad be open to them, were
watched, circumvented, immured, and destroyed. The
law of high treason was made an instrument of pun-
ishing, not actions merely, but looks, words, and ges-
tures, which- were construed as offences against the
majesty of the prince. A spy-system was organized,
? ? which embraced informers anil agitators of plots, who,
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? TIBERIUS
TIBERIUS
turn, made their submission, and demanded to be led
against the enemy. Uermanicus carried devastation
into the fields and cities or the Marsi, the Usipctes,
and the Catti, whom he everywhere overthrew; re-
covered the standard of Varus, and, coming to a spot
in the woods where the mouldering trenches of his
camp were still visible, and the. ground strewn with
the whitened bones of bis followers, collected them
with funeral honours. Armmius, however, at the head
of the Cherusci, by retiring into the forests, posting
ambuscades, and inveigling the Romans into woody
ar. d marshy defiles, gained some advantages over the
Cesar himself, as well as his lieutenant Cxcina, though
they were retrieved by extraordinary efforts of cour-
age. Agrippina displayed a high spirit, and the moat
active devotion to the service of the troops, not only
tending the wounded, but preventing, by her intrepid-
ity, the breaking of a bridge on the Rhine, on a ru-
mour of the advance of the Germans. Her conduct
in these circumstances, as well as her previous share
in the suppression of the mutiny, and even the fondling
name of Caligula, bestowed by the camp on her young
son, from the circumstance of his wearing the nailed
buskin of the legionary soldiers, were each a source of
deep suspicion and long-concealed resentment in the
breast of Tiberius, which were fostered by the arts of
insinuation familiar to his worthless minister Sejanus.
--The appearance of commotions in the East, where
Vonones, the king set ovt7 Parthia by the Romans,
had been expelled by Artabanus, and had taken refuge
in Armenia, afforded a pretext to the emperor for the
recall of the Cesar from the command of the legions in
Germany. Obeying the mandate with dilatory haste,
Gennanicus signalized his departure hy a final cam-
paign with the Cherusci, whom he attacked on the
YVeser, and, surrounding their rear and flanks with his
cavalry, defeated with prodigious slaughter (A. C. 16);
Arminius himaelf owing his escape to the lluetness of
his horse and the concealment of his visage, which
was bathed in blood. After pushing his auccess as
far as the Elbe, and sending to Rome the spoils and
captives of his victories, and the painted representa-
tions of the rivers, mountains, and battles, Germani-
cus, as a mark of dissembled favour, was chosen hy
Tiberius his colleague in the consulate; and the prov-
ince of Syria was assigned to him by a decree of the
senate. But, previously to this appointment, his kins-
man Silanus had been removed from the Syrian pre-
fecture, and Cncus Piso, a man of a violent disposi-
tion, substituted in his room. --After agreeing to a
treaty with Artabanus, by virtue of which Vonones
was made to retire into Cilicia, and after placing Zu-
nones on the throne of Armenia, Germanicus set out
on a tour of curiosity and science to Egypt, where he
sailed up the Nile and inspected the ruins of Thebes,
the Pyramids, and the statue of Mcmnon, which emit-
ted a sound when touched by the rays of the rising
sun. Returning from Egypt, and finding that Piso
had reversed many of his orders, he issued a mandate
for him to quit the province, and enforced it, on being
detained at Antioch by an illness, which he suspected
had been produced by poison. After urging on Agrip-
pina resignation and an absence from Rome, an advice
which her proud courage forbade her to follow, he ex-
pired at a little more than thirty years of age (A. C.
19). --After his body had been burned in the forum of
Antioch, Agrippina went on board a vessel and sailed
? ? for Italy. She landed at Brundisium amid the min-
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? TIB
TIB
praetorian bands, of which he was prefect, to a fortified
camp without the city, between the Viminal and Es-
quiline gates; in the senate he secured to himself
partisans by the distribution of provinces and honours,
and gained entire ascendancy over the emperor by re-
lieving him of the labours of state as well as admin-
istering to his luxury; by studying his humours, and
breathing into hii ear the whispers of a state informer.
A dissembler to ill others, Tiberius was open to Se-
janus; and easily yielding to him entire and unsuspi-
cious confidence, was persuaded to withdraw from the
caret of state. The plot was detected, and Antonia,
tho mother o. Germanicus, was the accuser of Seja-
nua. Impeached by letters from the emperor, con-
demned Ly the senate, and deserted by the praetorian
guard;, he was strangled by the public executioner,
and 'lis body was torn piecemeal by the populace
(A D. 31). The vengeance of Tiberius pursued his
friends and adherents, and even wreaked its rage on
the innocent childhood of his son and his daughter.
--Tiberius continued to hide himself from the gaze
of Rome and from the light of day, among the groves
and grottoes of the island of Capreee, which he peo-
pled with the partners of his impure orgies, dress-
ed in fantastic disguises of wood-nymphs and satyrs.
But the time approached when the world was to be
rid of this monster of his species. His sick-bed was
attended by that Caligula, the only surviving son of
Germanicus, whose cunning had baffled the insidi-
? usness of his agitators of treason, and whose obse-
quiousness imposed upon himself; but who had not
been always able to elude his penetration, and of
whom, when his life was begged, which had been
three times threatened, ho had predicted, with the tact
of a connatural mind, that " Caius would prove a ser-
pent to swallow Rome, and a Phaelhon to set the world
on fire. " For the purpose of ascertaining whether the
lethargy in which the emperor lay was actually death,
Caius approached and attempted to draw the ring from
nis finger; it resisted; and on the bold suggestion of
Macro, the new praetorian prefect, pillows were press-
ed upon him, and the hand of her son avenged, though
late, the manes of Agrippina (A. D 31. aged 78). --
Tiberius was a crafty speaker, was literary, addicted
to astrology, and, like Augustus, apprehensive of thun-
der, as a preservative against which he wore a laurel
crown. In his person he was tall and robust, broad in
the shoulders, and so strong in the muscles that he
could bore a hard apple with his finger, and wound the
scalp of a boy with a fillip. His face was fair com-
plexioned, and would have been handsome if it had
not been disfigured by carbuncles, for which he used
cosmetics. His eyes were prodigiously large, and
could discern objects in the dark. He wore his hair
long in the neck, contrary to the Roman usage; walk-
ed erect, with a stiff neck; seldom accosted any one;
and, when he spoke, used a wave of the hand as in
condescension. --The news of the tyrant's death was
received at Rome with popular cries of "Tiberius to
the Tiber! " His body was, however, borne to the
city by the soldiers, and burned with funeral rites. In
his will, Caius, and Tiberius the son of the younger
Drusus, were named as his heirs, with a reversion to
the surviver. (Sucton. . Vit. Tih--Tacit. , Ann. lib.
I, 2.
the tomb of Ninus, under a while mulberry-tree.
Thisbe, enveloped in a veil, arrived first at the appoint-
ed place; but, terrified at the appearance of a lioness,
she fled precipitately, and in her flight dropped her
veil, which, lying in the animal's path, was rent by it,
and smeared with the blood that stained the jaws of
tne lioness from the recent destruction of some cattle.
Pyramus, coming soon after to the appointed place, be-
held the torn and bloody veil, and, concluding that
Thisbo had been destroyed by some savage beast,
slew himself in despair. Thisbe, returning after a
short interval to the spot where she had encountered
the lioness, beheld the bleeding form of Pyramus, and
threw herself upon the fatal sword, still warm, as it
was, with the blood of her lover. According to the
poets, the mulberry that overhung the fatal scene
changed the hue of its fruit from snow-white to a
blood-red colour. (Oral, Mel. , 4, 55, seqq. )--II. A
town of Boeotia, northwest of Ascra, and near the
confines of Phocis. It was famed for its* abounding
in wild pigeons. (Horn , II, 2, 502. --Strabo, 411. )
Xenophon writes the name in the plural, Thisbse.
[Hist. Gr. , 6, 4, 3. ) The modern Kakosia marks its
site. Sir W. Gell remarks, that the place is remark-
able for the immense number of rock-pigeons still
found here. This circumstance, he observes, is the
mere striking, as neither the birds, nor rocks so full of
petforations, in which they build their nests, are found
in liny other part of the country. (Itin. , p. 115. )
Thoas, I. a king of the Tauric Chersonese when
Orestes and Pyladcs, in concert with Iphigenia, car-
ried off from that country the statue of the Tauric
Diana. (Vid. Orestes and Iphigenia. )--II. King of
Lcmnos, and father of Hypsipylc. (Vid. Hypaipyle. )
Thorax, I. a mountain near Magnesia ad Mean-
drum, in Lydia, on which the poet Daphidas was cru-
cified for having written some satirical lines against
Attalus, king of Pergamus. Hence the proverb, d>v-
Tmttov top xiupann, " Take care of Thorax. " (Strab. ,
647. --Cic. ,de Fat*, c. 3. --Erasmus, Chil. 2, cent. 4,
n. 52. )
Thornax, a mountain of Laconia, north of Sparta,
and forming part of the range called Menclaium. It
is now Thornika. On this mountain was a temple of
Apollo, with a statue of the god, to which a quantity
of gold was presented by Croesus (Herod. , 1,69); but
the Lacedaemonians made use of it afterward to adorn
the more revered image of the Amyclean Apollo.
(Pausan. , 3, 10. -- C-amer's Ancient Greece, vol. 3,
p. 219. )
Thoth, an Egypr. av ? <iiiy, corresponding in some
degree to the Grecian Hermes and the Latin Mercu-
rius. (Vid. remarks under 'he article Mercurius. )
Thraces, the inhabitants if Thrace. (Vid. Thra-
? ? cia. )
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? THRACIA.
THR
ficitmtly clear that these Pierians or Thracians, dwell-
ing about Helicon and Parnassus, in the vicinity of
Auica, arc chiefly signified when a Thracian origin is
ascribed to the mythic bards of Attica. (Mutter, Hist.
Gr. Lit. , p. 26, icqq )--II. A large tract of country
between the Strymon and the Euxine from west to
east, and between the chain of Mount Ilaimus and the
chores of the dCgcau and Propontis from north to
south Such, at least, are the limits assigned to it by
Herodotus and Thucydides, though great changes took
place in ages posterior to these historians. That the
Thracians, however, were at one period much more
widely disseminated than the confines here assigned
them would lead us to infer, is evident from the facts
recorded in the earliest annals of Grecian history rela-
tive to their migrations to the southern provinces of
that country. We have the authority of Thucydides
for their establishment in Phocis (2, 49). Strabo (p.
101, 410) certifies their occupation of Bceotia. And
numerous writers attest their settlement in Eleusis of
Attica, under Eumolpus, whose early wars with Erech-
theus are related by Thucydides (2, IS), Pausanias
1. 38), and others. But these, in all probability, are
the Thracians alluded to under No. I. Nor were
their colonies confined to the European continent
alone; for, allured by the richness and beauty of the
Asiatic soil and clime, they crossed in numerous bod-
ies the narrow strait which parted them from Asia Mi-
nor, and occupied the shores of Bithynia, and the fer-
tile plains of Mysia and Phrygia. (Herod. , 7, 73. --
Strabo, 303. ) On the other hand, a great revolution
seems to have been subsequently effected in Thrace
by a vast migration of the Teucri Ad Mysi, who, as
Herodotus asserts, conquered the whole of Thrace,
and penetrated as far as the Adriatic to the west, and
to the river Peneus towards the south, before the Tro-
jan war. --Whence and at what period the name of
Thracians was first applied to the numerous hordes
which inhabited this portion of the European continent,
is left open to conjecture. Bochart and others have
supposed that it was derived from Tiraz, the son of
Japhcth; certain it is, wc find the name already ex-
isting in the time of Homer, who represents the Thra-
cians as joining the forces of Priam in the siege of
Troy, under the conduct of Rhesus, their chief (//. , 10,
435), said to be the sou of the river Strymon. (Eurip ,
Rkes. Arg. )--Herodotus affirms that the Thracians
were, next to the Indians, the most numerous and pow-
erful people in the world; and that, if all the tribes had
been united under one monarch or under the same gov-
ernment, they would have been invincible; but from
their subdivision into petty clans, distinct from each
other, they were rendered insignificant. (Herod, 5,
3. ) They are said by the same historian to have
been first subjugated by Sesostris (2, 103), and, after
the lapse of many centuries, they were reduced under
the subjection of the Persian monarchy, by Megaba-
zus, general of Darius. (Herod. , 5, 2. ) But, on the
failure of the several expeditions undertaken by that
sovereign and his son Xerxes against the Greeks, the
Thracians apparently recovered their independence,
and a new empire was formed in that extensive coun-
try, under the dominion of Sitalces, king of the Odry-
sae, one of the most numerous and warlike of their
tribes. Thucydides, who has entered into considera-
ble detail on this subject, observes, that of all the em-
pires situated between he Ionian Gulf a. id the Eux-
? ? ine, this was the most considerable both in revenue
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? THR
TH (I
oeing condomncd to death. He died A. D. 66, in the
1-lth year of Nero's reign. Tacitus says that Nero
endeavoured to oztirpato virtue itself by the destruc-
tion of I'a'tus and Soranus. ( Jut. , 5, 36. --Martial,
I, 19. --Tac. , Ann. , 15, 16/
Thrasybulus, an Athenian general, one of the
commanders in the naval battle of Arginusee. He
subsequently headed the party from Phyla which
overthrew the government of the thirty tyrants. Thras-
ybulus was afterward sent with an Athenian Sect to
the coast of Asia, where he gained some considerable
advantages. Having, after this, proceeded to the col-
lection of tribute from the towns, and having, in the
course of this, come to the city of Aspendus, the in-
habitants of this place were so exasperated by some
irregularity of his soldiers, that they attacked his camp
at night, and he was killed in his tent. Thrasybulus
was a man of tried honesty and patriotism, and bad
shown uncommon ability in some very trying situa-
tions. The only cloud that rests upon his memory is
an appearance of having concurred with Theramenes
in the accusation of their six colleagues at Arginusss,
if not actively, at least by withholding the testimony
that might have saved them: but the evidence which
we have is not sufficient to warrant us in decidedly
Sxing so dark a stain on a character otherwise so
pure. (Corn. Nep. , Vit. Thrasyb--Diod. Sic, 13, 98.
--Id, 13, 101. --Id. , 14, 33j. 94, 99. )
Thrasyllus, one of the Athenian commanders at
the battle of Argiuuss, condemned to death with his
colleagues for omitting to collect and bury the dead
after the action. (Vid. Arginusas. )
Thrasymenus Lai-US. Vid. Trasymenus I. acus.
Thriambus, one of the surnames of Bacchus.
Thrinakia, an island mentioned in the Odyssey, on
which the flocks and herds of the Sun-god fed, under
the care of his daughters Phaethusa and Lampetia,
and to which Ulysses came immediately after escaping
Sylla and Charybdis. On reaching this sacred island,
lis companions, in defiance of the warning of Ulysses,
slaughtered some of the oxen while he slept. The
? ero, on awaking, was filled with horror and despair at
what they had done; and the displeasure of the gods
xas manifested by prodigies; for the hides crept along
'. he ground, and the flesh lowed on the spits. They fed
for six days on the sacred cattle; on the seventh the
norm which had driven them to Thrinakia fell, and they
left the island: but, as soon as they had lost sight of land,
a terrible west wind, accompanied by thunder, light-
ning, and pitchy darkness, came on. Jupiter struck the
-hip with a thunderbolt: it went to pieces, and all the
sacrilegious crew were drowned. --The resemblance
between Thrinakia and Trinaciia, a name of Sicily,
haa induced both ancients and moderns to acquiesce
in the opinion of the two islands being identical.
Against this opinion it has been observed, that Thri-
nakia was a desert isle (vqeme ipr/fin. -- Od. , 12, 351),
that is, an uninhabited isle; and that, during the whole
time that Ulysses and his men were in it, they did not
meet with any one, and could procure no food but
birds and fish; that it is called "the excellent isle of
the God" [Odyss. , 12, 261), whose peculiar property
. t therefore must have been; that, according to the anal-
ogy of the Odyssey, it must have been a small island,
for such were JEmt, Ogygia, and all we meet; not
jno of which circumstances agrees with Sicily. It
leems, therefore, the more probable supposition, that
? ? he poet regarded Thrinakia as an islet, about the
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? THUCYDIDES.
siherwise it would make his marri>>g< with the Thra-
cian lady of Scaptesylc (by which he obtained rich
properly in mines, dec) an improbably late one.
Whether he was employed in military service in the
first Bevcn years of the war is uncertain; it is prob-
able, however, that he was. In the eighlh year of the
war and ihe forty-seventh of his age, BO. 434, he waa
appointed to the command of the Athenian fleet off the
coast of Thrace, which included the direction of affairs
in the various Athenian colonics there. He occupied
with his fleet a station at Thasus, and, bcn'o suddenly
summoned to the defence of Amphip. ilis, ho hastened
thither; hut, owing to unavoidable circumsiKiirea, was
loo late by only half a day. He, howern, succeeded
in saving Eion, though, had he not arrived ut i! \e time
he did, the place would have been occupied by ftiasi-
das the very next morning. It is plain, that to save
Amphipohs was a physical impossibility, and great ac-
tivity was used in saving Eion. He therefore merit-
ed praise rather than censure. And yet the Athenian
people, out of humour with the turn which things were
taking in Thrace, condemned him to banishment;
though, with a magnanimity scarcely paralleled, he
makes no mention of it in his history of that period,
and only touches upon it incidentally afterward, in or-
der to show his advantages for arriving at the truth,
and then without a word of complaint. Discharged
from all duties, and freed from all public avocations,
he was left without any attachments but to simple
truth, and proceeded to qualify himself for commemo-
rating sxploils in which he could have no share. On
his banishment he retired to Scaptesylc, the property
of his wife, and thus dedicated his leisure to the for-
mation of his great work, and (as Marcellinus, the an-
cient biographer, says) employed his wealth liberally in
procuring the best information of the events of the
--ar, both from Athena and Lacedemon. How he
passed the period of his exile may, then, be very well
imagined; nor is it necessary to till up that space, as
Dodwell docs, with such events as " the death of Per-
diccas, king of Macedon; the accession of Archelaus,
his successor; the end of the if/. tKia oTpaTevai/io( of
Thucydides;" for his military life had virtually been
defunct eighteen years before. As to the period of his
exile, it was, as he himself tells us (5, 26), twenty
years; and his return is, by some, fixed at 403 B. C. ,
at the time when an amnesty was passed for all offen-
ces against the slate; by others, to the year before,
when Athens was taken by Lyaander, and the exiles
mostly returned. The former opinion has been shown
by Krueger to be alone the correct one; '* for," argues
be, " since Thucydides saya that he was banished for
twenty years in the eighth year of the war, which also,
he affirms, lasted twenty-one years, it follows that his
recall must have been in the year after Athens was ta-
ken. " To which it may be added, that the high-mind-
ed historian would have disdained to avail himself of
such an unauthorized way of returning to his country
as that eagerly snatched at by the bulk of the exiles, but
would wait until the public amnesty should give him
? full right to do so. Perhaps, however, the real truth
of the matter is what Pausanias relates, who mentions
among the antiquities a statue to the memory of one
(Euobius, for being the mover of a separate decree of
the assembly for the recall of Thucydides (1,23). It
is probable that, besides the general amnesty by which
the former exiles were permitted to return, a particu-
lar decree was made for Thucydides -, and, considering
? ? the gross injustice of his banishment, this waa no more
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? THUCYDIDES
THO
Krij/ut ec iet. a pollution for everlasting. He was
'sr from the necessity of servile writers, either to fear
or to flatter. In fine, if the truth of a history did ever
appear by the manner of relating, it doth so in this his-
tory. "--Smith also has a discourse on the qualifications
of Thucydides as an historian which merits perusal.
He therein shows him to have had all the qualifica-
tions that can bo thought necessary; namely, " to he
abstracted from every kind of connexion with persons
or things that are the subject matter; to be of no coun-
try, no party; clear of all passion, independent in ev-
ery light; entirely unconcerned who is pleased or dis-
pleased with what he writes; tho servant only of rea-
son and truth.
Ho was wholly unconcerned about the
opinion of the generation in which he lived. Ho wrote
for posterity. He appealed to the future world for
the value of the present he had made them. The
judgment of succeeding ages has approved the com-
pliment he thus made to their understandings. So
long as there are truly great princes, able statesmen,
sound politicians--politicians that do not rend asun-
der politics from good order and the general happiness,
he will meet with candid and grateful acknowledg-
ments of his merits. "--Thucydides has been sometimes
censured for the introduction of harangues into his his-
tory, and this has been made an argument, by some,
against his general veracity as an historian. The truth
is, however, that the writer never meant them to be re-
garded by the reader as having been actually pronoun-
ced by the speakers in question: they serve merely
as vehicles for conveying his own sentiments on pass-
ing events, for painting more distinctly the characters
of those whom he brings forward in the course of his
narrative, and for relating circumstances to which he
could not well refer in the main body of his history.
The harangues of Thucydides impart frequently lo
his work a Kind of dramatic character, and agreeably
interrupt the monotony occasioned by his peculiar ar-
rangement of events. Demosthenes was so ardent an
admirer of them, that he is said to have copied them
over ten times, in order to appropriate to himself the
style of this great writer. The finest is the funeral
oration of Pericles, in honour of those who had fallen
in the service of their country. --Another charge made
against Thucydides is the division of his work into
years, and even into seasons, for he divides each year
into two seasons, summer and winter. This arrange-
ment, which Dionysius of Halicarnassus has severely
blamed, imparts to the work a kind of monotonous
character; and yet, on the other hand, it must be con-
fessed, that if this plan be in some respects a defective
one, it is less so for the history of a single war, which
naturally divides itself into campaigns, than it would
be for a work intended to embrace the history of a
people, or of some extended period of time. --Thucyd-
ides wrote in the Attic dialect: after him no histori-
an ventured to employ any other, and his work is re-
garded as the canon, or perfection of Atticism. His
style, however, is not without its faults: his concise-
ness sometimes degenerates into obscurity, particularly
in his harangues; nor does he seem to be always very
solicitous about the elegance of his diction, but more
ambitious to communicate information than to please
the ear. Against these and similar charges, of care-
less collocation, embarrassed periods, and solecistic
phraseology, which Dionysius, in particular, is most
active in adducing, the historian has been very suc-
? ? cessfully defended by one of his recent editors. Poppo.
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? - r Hy
i
ry, the attacks of the Lucani, from whom tlit' sus-
tained a severe defeat, and, at a still later period, the
enmity of the Tarentines, so reduced the power and
prosperity of the Thurians, that they were compelled
to seek the aid of Rome, which was thus involved in
a war with Tareritum. About eighty-eight years af-
terward, Thurii, being nearly deserted, received a Ro-
man cjlony, and took the name of Copia. (Strob. ,
263. --Lit. , 35, 9. ) Cssar, however, calls it Thurii,
and designates it a municipal town. (Bell. Cit. , 3,
S2. ) The remains of ancient Thurii must be placed
between the site of ancient Sybaris and Terra . Vova.
(Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 359. )
THURINUS, a name given to Augustus when he was
young, either because some of his progenitors were
natives of Thurii, or because his father Octavius had
been successful in some military operations near Thu-
rii a short time after the birth of Augustus. (Ki
ton. , Ki/. Aug. , 7. --Consult Oudendorp, ad loc. )
THYAMIS, I. a river of Epirus, anciently dividing
Thresprolia from the district of Cestrine. (Thucyd. ,
1, 46. ) The historian Phylarchus, as Athenzeus re-
ports (3, 3), affirmed thai the Egyptian bean was never
known to grow out of Egypt except in a marsh close
to tin. - river, and then only for a short period. --It ap-
pears from Cicero that %tticus had an estate on the
banks of the Thyamis. (Ad. Alt, 7, 7. -- Compare
Pausan ,1,11. ) The modern name of this stream is
the Calama. (Cramer't Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 108)
--II. A promotory of Epirus, near the river of the
same name, now Cape Nissi.
TIIYATIRA (ra Qvarfipa), a city of l. ydm. near the
northern confines, situate on the small river Lycus,
not far from its source. According to Pliny (5, 29),
its original name was Pelopia; and Strabo (625) makes
it to have been founded by a colony of Macedonians
It was enlarged by Seleucus Nicator, and was select-
ed as a place of arms by Andronicus, who declared
himself heir to the kingdom of Pergamus after the
death of Attains. Thyatira, according to Strabo, be-
longed originally to Mysia; from the time of Pliny,
however, we find it ascribed to Lydia. Its ruins are
now called Ak-Hisar, or the white castle. This was
one of the churches mentioned in the Revelations. --
For an interesting account of the church in Thyatira,
consult Milncr's History of the Seven Churches of
Aria, p. 277, seqq , Land. , 1832.
THYKSTF. S. a son of Pelops and Hippodamia, and
grandson of Tantalus; for the legend relating to whom,
consult the article Atreus.
THVMBRA. a plain in Troas, through which a small
river, called Thymbrius, flows in its course to the
Scamander. According to some, the river Thymbrius
is now the Kamat'-sou. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol.
1, p. 102. ) Apollo had a temple here, whence he
was surnamcd Thymbratut. (II. , 10, 430. -- Virff. ,
JEn. , 3, 85. --Eunp. , Rhes. , 224. ) It was in tins
temple ihat Achilles is said 10 have been mortally
wounded by Paris. (Euslath. ad II. , 10, 433. --
Sere, ail JEn, I. e. )
THYMBK. SUS, a surname of Apollo. (Vid. Thym-
hra)
THYMCETES, I. a king of Athens, son of Oxinthas,
the last of the descendants of Theseus who reigned
at Athens. He was deposed because he refused to
meet Xanthus, the Bo? oiian monarch, in single com-
bat. Melanthus the Mcssenian accepted the challenge,
? ? slew Xanthus, and was rewarded with the kingdom of
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? TID
TIBERIUS.
'lyrrkeMs an nil, "the Tuscan river," from its wa-
tering Elruria on one side in in course, and also Lyd-
iut, " the Lydian" stream or Tiber, on account of the
popular tradition which traced the arts and civilization
of Etruria to Lydia in Asia Minor. (Vid Hetruria. )
Tiberius, Claudius Drusus Nsro, a Roman em-
peror, born 13. C. 42. He was the son of a father of
the same name, of the ancient Claudian family, and of
Livia Drusilla, afterward the celebrated wife of Au-
gistus. Rapidly raised to authority by the influence
c'. his mother, he displayed no inconsiderable ability in
an expedition against certain revolted Alpine tribes, in
consequence of which he was raised to the consulship
in his twenty-eighth year. On the death of Agrippa,
the gravity and austerity of Tiberius having gained the
emperor's confidence, he chose hun to supply the place
of that minister, obliging him, at the same time, to di-
vorce Vipsania, the daughter of Agrippa, and wed Ju-
ja, the daughter of Augustus, whose flagitious conduct
at length so disgusted him that he retired in a private
capacity to the isie of Rhodes. After experiencing
much discountenance from Augustus, the deaths ol
the two Osesars, Caius and Lucius, induced the em-
peror to take him again into favour and adopt him.
During the remainder of the life of Augustus he be-
haved with great prudence and ability, concluding a
war with the Germans in such a manner as to merit a
triumph. On the death of Augustus he succeeded
without opposition to the empire. --The first act of the
new reign was the murder of young Postumus Agrip-
pa, the only surviving son of M. Vipsanius Agrippa,
and whom Augustus had banished during his lifetime
to the island of Planasia. From his bodily strength,
although taken by surprise and defenceless, he was
with difficulty overcome by the centurion employed.
Like Elizabeth of England, Tiberius disavowed his
own order. Surmise hesitated between himself and
J. ma; and an incredible pretext was set up of a com-
mand of the late emperor to the tribune who had the
custody of the youth, that he was not to be suffered to
survive turn. While Tiberius proceeded immediately
tv the actual exercise of several of the imperial func-
tions, such as delivering their standard to the praeto-
rian guard, having them in attendance on his person,
and despatching letters to the armies to announce his
accession, he affected to depend on the pleasure of
the senate, and to consider himself unequal to the
weight of the whole empire. In the confused, dila-
tory, and ambiguous mode of his expressing, or rather
hinting, bis sentiments, which he often designed to
he understood in a contrary sense to what they seemed
to bear, he strongly resembled Cromwell. --The ser-
vility of the senate ran before his ambition. They
had afterward leisure for repentance. Tiberius soon
began to practise the dark, crooked, and sanguinary
policy which marks the jealousy, distrust, and terror
of a conscious and suspicious tyrant. Those who had
formerly offended him, as Asinius Gallus, who had
married his divorced wife Vipsania, and even those
who had been pointed out by Augustus as men likely.
by their talents or aapiring minds, to supply princes to
the empire* should the riad be open to them, were
watched, circumvented, immured, and destroyed. The
law of high treason was made an instrument of pun-
ishing, not actions merely, but looks, words, and ges-
tures, which- were construed as offences against the
majesty of the prince. A spy-system was organized,
? ? which embraced informers anil agitators of plots, who,
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? TIBERIUS
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turn, made their submission, and demanded to be led
against the enemy. Uermanicus carried devastation
into the fields and cities or the Marsi, the Usipctes,
and the Catti, whom he everywhere overthrew; re-
covered the standard of Varus, and, coming to a spot
in the woods where the mouldering trenches of his
camp were still visible, and the. ground strewn with
the whitened bones of bis followers, collected them
with funeral honours. Armmius, however, at the head
of the Cherusci, by retiring into the forests, posting
ambuscades, and inveigling the Romans into woody
ar. d marshy defiles, gained some advantages over the
Cesar himself, as well as his lieutenant Cxcina, though
they were retrieved by extraordinary efforts of cour-
age. Agrippina displayed a high spirit, and the moat
active devotion to the service of the troops, not only
tending the wounded, but preventing, by her intrepid-
ity, the breaking of a bridge on the Rhine, on a ru-
mour of the advance of the Germans. Her conduct
in these circumstances, as well as her previous share
in the suppression of the mutiny, and even the fondling
name of Caligula, bestowed by the camp on her young
son, from the circumstance of his wearing the nailed
buskin of the legionary soldiers, were each a source of
deep suspicion and long-concealed resentment in the
breast of Tiberius, which were fostered by the arts of
insinuation familiar to his worthless minister Sejanus.
--The appearance of commotions in the East, where
Vonones, the king set ovt7 Parthia by the Romans,
had been expelled by Artabanus, and had taken refuge
in Armenia, afforded a pretext to the emperor for the
recall of the Cesar from the command of the legions in
Germany. Obeying the mandate with dilatory haste,
Gennanicus signalized his departure hy a final cam-
paign with the Cherusci, whom he attacked on the
YVeser, and, surrounding their rear and flanks with his
cavalry, defeated with prodigious slaughter (A. C. 16);
Arminius himaelf owing his escape to the lluetness of
his horse and the concealment of his visage, which
was bathed in blood. After pushing his auccess as
far as the Elbe, and sending to Rome the spoils and
captives of his victories, and the painted representa-
tions of the rivers, mountains, and battles, Germani-
cus, as a mark of dissembled favour, was chosen hy
Tiberius his colleague in the consulate; and the prov-
ince of Syria was assigned to him by a decree of the
senate. But, previously to this appointment, his kins-
man Silanus had been removed from the Syrian pre-
fecture, and Cncus Piso, a man of a violent disposi-
tion, substituted in his room. --After agreeing to a
treaty with Artabanus, by virtue of which Vonones
was made to retire into Cilicia, and after placing Zu-
nones on the throne of Armenia, Germanicus set out
on a tour of curiosity and science to Egypt, where he
sailed up the Nile and inspected the ruins of Thebes,
the Pyramids, and the statue of Mcmnon, which emit-
ted a sound when touched by the rays of the rising
sun. Returning from Egypt, and finding that Piso
had reversed many of his orders, he issued a mandate
for him to quit the province, and enforced it, on being
detained at Antioch by an illness, which he suspected
had been produced by poison. After urging on Agrip-
pina resignation and an absence from Rome, an advice
which her proud courage forbade her to follow, he ex-
pired at a little more than thirty years of age (A. C.
19). --After his body had been burned in the forum of
Antioch, Agrippina went on board a vessel and sailed
? ? for Italy. She landed at Brundisium amid the min-
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praetorian bands, of which he was prefect, to a fortified
camp without the city, between the Viminal and Es-
quiline gates; in the senate he secured to himself
partisans by the distribution of provinces and honours,
and gained entire ascendancy over the emperor by re-
lieving him of the labours of state as well as admin-
istering to his luxury; by studying his humours, and
breathing into hii ear the whispers of a state informer.
A dissembler to ill others, Tiberius was open to Se-
janus; and easily yielding to him entire and unsuspi-
cious confidence, was persuaded to withdraw from the
caret of state. The plot was detected, and Antonia,
tho mother o. Germanicus, was the accuser of Seja-
nua. Impeached by letters from the emperor, con-
demned Ly the senate, and deserted by the praetorian
guard;, he was strangled by the public executioner,
and 'lis body was torn piecemeal by the populace
(A D. 31). The vengeance of Tiberius pursued his
friends and adherents, and even wreaked its rage on
the innocent childhood of his son and his daughter.
--Tiberius continued to hide himself from the gaze
of Rome and from the light of day, among the groves
and grottoes of the island of Capreee, which he peo-
pled with the partners of his impure orgies, dress-
ed in fantastic disguises of wood-nymphs and satyrs.
But the time approached when the world was to be
rid of this monster of his species. His sick-bed was
attended by that Caligula, the only surviving son of
Germanicus, whose cunning had baffled the insidi-
? usness of his agitators of treason, and whose obse-
quiousness imposed upon himself; but who had not
been always able to elude his penetration, and of
whom, when his life was begged, which had been
three times threatened, ho had predicted, with the tact
of a connatural mind, that " Caius would prove a ser-
pent to swallow Rome, and a Phaelhon to set the world
on fire. " For the purpose of ascertaining whether the
lethargy in which the emperor lay was actually death,
Caius approached and attempted to draw the ring from
nis finger; it resisted; and on the bold suggestion of
Macro, the new praetorian prefect, pillows were press-
ed upon him, and the hand of her son avenged, though
late, the manes of Agrippina (A. D 31. aged 78). --
Tiberius was a crafty speaker, was literary, addicted
to astrology, and, like Augustus, apprehensive of thun-
der, as a preservative against which he wore a laurel
crown. In his person he was tall and robust, broad in
the shoulders, and so strong in the muscles that he
could bore a hard apple with his finger, and wound the
scalp of a boy with a fillip. His face was fair com-
plexioned, and would have been handsome if it had
not been disfigured by carbuncles, for which he used
cosmetics. His eyes were prodigiously large, and
could discern objects in the dark. He wore his hair
long in the neck, contrary to the Roman usage; walk-
ed erect, with a stiff neck; seldom accosted any one;
and, when he spoke, used a wave of the hand as in
condescension. --The news of the tyrant's death was
received at Rome with popular cries of "Tiberius to
the Tiber! " His body was, however, borne to the
city by the soldiers, and burned with funeral rites. In
his will, Caius, and Tiberius the son of the younger
Drusus, were named as his heirs, with a reversion to
the surviver. (Sucton. . Vit. Tih--Tacit. , Ann. lib.
I, 2.
