14,
at bodis
Xection
der for
be secret
of prosecuting C.
at bodis
Xection
der for
be secret
of prosecuting C.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
D.
17, Jerusalem.
His friendship was courted by many
and consul A. D. 22. His moral character was of the neighbouring kings and rulers.
It was
very low, and he is spoken of in A. D. 32, as plot- probably to increase his popularity with the Jews
ting the destruction of many illustrious men. ihat he caused the apostle James, the brother of
(Tac. Ann. i. 77, ii. 51, iii. 49, 52, vi. 4. ) John, to be behcaded, and Peter to be cast into
## p. 78 (#98) ##############################################
78
AGRIPPA.
AGRIPPA.
1
1
prison. (A. D. 44. Acts, xii. ) It was not however Spartianus as privy to the death of Antoninus
merely by such acts that he strove to win their Caracallus. (Anton. Car. 6. )
favour, as we see from the way in which, at the AGRIPPA MENEʻNIUS. (MENENIUS. )
risk of his own liſe, or at least of his liberty, he AGRIPPA POʻSTUMUS, a posthumous son
interceded with Caligula on behalf of the Jews, of M. Vipsanius Agrippa, by Julia, the daughter of
when that emperor was attempting to set up his Augustus, was bom in B. c. 12. He was adopted
statue in the temple at Jerusalem. The manner by Augustus together with Tiberius in A. D. 4,
of his death, which took place at Caesarea in the and he assumed the toga virilis in the following
same year, as he was exhibiting games in honour year, A. D. 5. (Suet. Octar. 64, 65; Dion Cass.
of the emperor, is related in Acts xii. , and is con- liv. 29, 1v. 22. ) Notwithstanding his adoption he
firmed in all essential points by Josephus, who was afterwards banished by Augustus to the island
repeats Agrippa's words, in which he acknowledged of Planasia, on the coast of Corsica, a disgrace
the justice of the punishment thus inflicted on hiin. which he incurred on account of his savage and
After lingering five days, he expired, in the fifty- intractable character ; but he was not guilty of
fourth year of his age.
any crime. There he was under the surveillance
By his wife Cypros he had a son named Agrippa, of soldiers, and Augustus obtained a senatuscon-
and three daughters, Berenice, who first married sultum by which the banishment was legally con-
her uncle Herodes, king of Chalcis, afterwards formed for the time of his life. The property of
lived with her brother Agrippa, and subsequently Agrippa was assigned by Augustus to the treasury
married Polamo, king of Cilicia ; she is alluded io of the army. It is said that during his captivity
by Juvenal (Sut. vi. 156); Mariamne, and Drusilla, he received the visit Augustus, who secretly
who married Felix, the procurator of Judaea. (Jo- went to Planasia, accompanied by Fabius Maxi-
seph. Ant. Jud. xvii. 1. $ 2, xvili. 5-8, xix. 4-8; mus. Augustus and Agrippa, both deeply affected,
Bell. Jud. i 28. § 1, ii. 9. 11; Dion Cass. lx. 8; shed tears when they met, and it was believ-
Euseb. Hist. Eccles. ii. 10. ) (C. P. M. ) ed that Agrippa would be restored to liberty,
AGRIPPA, HERO'DES II. , the son of Agrippa But the news of this visit reached Livia the
I. , was educated at the court of the emperor Clau- mother of Tiberius, and Agrippa remained a cap
dius, and at the time of his father's death was only tive. After the accession of Tiberius, in A. D. 14,
seventeen years old. Claudius therefore kept him | Agrippa was murdered by a centurion, who en-
at Rome, and sent Cuspius Fadus as procurator of tered his prison and killed him after a long
the kingdom, which thus again became a Roman struggle, for Agrippa was a man of great bodily
province. On the death of Herodes, king of strength. When the centurion afterwards went to
Chalcis (A. D. 48), his little principality, with the Tiberius to give him an account of the execution,
right of superintending the temple and appointing the emperor denied having given any order for it,
the high priest, was given to Agrippa, who four and it is very probuble that Livia was the secret
years afterwards received in its stead the tetrar. author of the crime. There was a rumour that
chies formerly held by Philip and Lysanias, with Augustus had left an order for the execution of
the title of king. In a. D. 55, Nero added the Agrippa, but this is positively contradicted by
cities of Tiberias and Taricheae in Galilee, and Tacitus. (Tac. Ann. i. 3–6; Dion Cass. lv, 3:2,
Julias, with fourteen villages near it, in Persea. Ivii. 3; Suet. l. c, Tib. 22 ; Vellei. ï. 104, 112. )
Agrippa expended large sums in beautifying Jeru- After the death of Agrippa, a slave of the name
salem and other cities, especially Berytus. His of Clemens, who was not informed of the murder,
partiality for the latter rendered him unpopular landed on Planasia with the intention of restoring
amongst his own subjects, and the capricions man- Agrippa to liberty and carrying him off to the
ner in which he appointed and deposed the high army in Germany. When he heard of what had
priests, with some other acts which were distasteful, taken place, he tried to profit by his great resem-
made him an object of dislike to the Jews. Be- blance to the murdered captive, and he gave him-
fore the outbreak of the war with the Romans, self out as Agrippa. He landed at Ostia, and
Agrippa attempted in vain to dissuade the people found many who believed him, or affected to
from rebelling. When the war was begun, he believe him, but he was seized and put to death
sided with the Romans, and was wounded at the by order of Tiberius. (Tac. Ann. ii. 39, 40. )
siege of Gamala. After the capture of Jerusalem, The name of Agrippa Caesar is found on a medal
he went with his sister Berenice to Rome, where of Corinth.
[W. P. )
he was invested with the dignity of praetor. He AGRIPPA, VIBULE'NUS, a Roman knight,
died in the seventieth year of his age, in the third who took poison in the senate house at the time of
year of the reign of Trajan. He was the last bis trial, a. D. 36; he had brought the poison with
prince of the house of the Herods. It was before him in a ring. (Tac. Ann. vi. 40; Dion. Cass.
this Agrippa that the apostle Paul made his de- rüi. 21. )
fence. (A. D. 60. Acts. xxv. xxvi. ) He lived on AGRIPPA, M. VIPSA'NIUS, was born in
terms of intimacy with the bistorian Josephus, B. C. 63. He was the son of Lucius, and was de
who has preserved two of the letters he received scended from a very obscure family. At the age
from him. (Joseph. Ant. Jud. xvii. 5. 4, xix. 9. of twenty be studied at Apollonia in Illyria, toge
§ 2, xx. 1. $ 3, 5. § 2, 7. $ 1, 8. § 4 &11, 9. & 4; ther with young Octavius, afterwards Octavianus
Bell. Jud. ü. 11. $ 6, 12. $ 1,16, 17. $ 1, iv. 1. $ 3; and Augustus. After the murder of J. Caesar ia
Vit. &. 54; Phot. cod. 33. )
[C. P. M. ] B. C. 44, Agrippa was one of those intimate friends
AGRIPPA, MARCIUS, a man of the lowest of Octarius, who advised him to proceed immedi-
origin, was appointed by Macrinus in B. c. 217, ately to Rome. Octavius took Agrippa with him,
first to the government of Pannonia and after and charged him to receive the oath of fidelity from
wards to that of Dacia. (Dion. Cass. lxxviii. 13. ) several legions which had declared in his favour.
He seems to be the same person as the Marcius Having been chosen consul in B. C. 43, Octavius
Agrippa, admiral of the feet, who is mentioned by gave to his friend Agrippa the delicate commission
## p. 79 (#99) ##############################################
AGRIPPA.
70
AGRIPPA.
Antonija
EN108)
mas
daughter !
*as adopted
in . . . ,
e following
Dion Call
adepisa be
the island
a distace
Berzge ud
i gulty &
urveille
senatus
legalisert
Droperty
is capunet
0 KET
pins Man
pataries
as beler
so liberos.
ned a coup
A. D.
14,
at bodis
Xection
der for
be secret
of prosecuting C. Cassius, one of the murderers of on which we still read the inscription : "M. Agrippa
J. Caesar. At the outbreak of the Perusinian war L. F. Cos. Tertium fecit. ” (Dion Cass. xlix. 43,
between Octavius, now Octavianus, and L. Anto- liii. 27 ; Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 15, s. 24 & 3; Strab.
nius, in B. c. 41, Agrippa, who was then praetor, v. p. 235; Frontin. De Aquaed. 9. )
commanded part of the forces of Octavianus, and When the war broke out between Octavianus
after distinguishing himself by skilful manoeuvres, and M. Antonius, Agrippa was appointed com-
besieged L. Antonius in Perusia. He took the mander-in-chief of the fleet, B. C. 32. He took
town in B. C. 40, and towards the end of the same Methone in the Peloponnesus, Leucas, Patrae, and
year retook Sipontum, which had fallen into the Corinth; and in the battle of Actium (B. C. 31)
hands of M. Antonius. In B. C. 38, Agrippa ob- where he commanded, the victory was mainly
tained fresh success in Gaul, where he quelled a owing to his skill. On his return to Rome in
revolt of the native chiefs ; he also penetrated into B. c. 30, Octavianus, now Augustus, rewarded
Germany as far as the country of the Catti, and him with a “ vexillum caeruleum,” or sea-green
transplanted the Ubii to the left bank of the flag.
Rhine ; whereupon he turned his arms against the In B. c. 28, Agrippa became consul for the second
revolted Aquitani, whom he soon brought to obe time with Augustus, and about this time married
dience. His victories, especially those in Aquitania, Marcella, the niece of Augustus, and the daughter
contributed much to securing the power of Octavi- of his sister Octavia. His former wife, Pomponiin
anus, and he was recalled by him to undertake the the daughter of T. Pomponius Atticus, was either
command of the war against Sex. Pompeius, dead or divorced. In the following year, B. c. 27,
which was on the point of breaking out, B. C. 37. he was again consul the third time with Augustus.
Octavianus offered him a triumph, which Agrippa In B. C. 25, Agrippa accompanied Augustus to
declined, but accepted the consulship, to which he the war against the Cantabrians. About this time
was promoted by Octavianus in B. C. 37. Dion jealousy arose between him and his brother-in-law
Cassius (xlviii. 49) seems to say that he was con- Marcellus, the nephew of Augustus, and who
sul when he went to Gaul, but the words Índteve seemed to be destined as his successor. Augustus,
de metà Aovriou rámou seem to be suspicious, anxious to prevent differences that might have had
unless they are to be inserted a little bigber, after serious consequences for him, sent Agrippa As pro-
the passage, τώ δ' Αγρίππα την του ναυτικού | consul to Syria. Agrippa of course left Rome, but
Tapaokeun, dyxelploas, which refer to an event he stopped at Mitylene in the island of Lesbos,
which took place during the consulship of Agrippa. leaving the government of Syria to his legate.
For, immediately after his promotion to this dig- The apprehensions of Augustus were removed by
nity, he was charged by Octavianus with the con- the death of Marcellus in B. C. 23, and Agrippa
struction of a fleet, which was the more necessary, immediately returned to Rome, where he was the
as Sextus Pompey was master of the sea.
more anxiously expected, as troubles had broken
Agrippa, in whom thoughts and deeds were out during the election of the consuls in B. C. 21.
never separated (Vellei. ii
. 79), executed this Augustus resolved to receive his faithful friend
order with prompt energy.
The Lucrine lake into his own family, and accordingly induced him
near Baiae was transformed by him into a safe to divorce his wife Marcella, and marry Julia, the
harbour, which he called the Julian port in honour widow of Marcellus and the daughter of Augustus
of Octavianus, and where he exercised his sailors by his third wife, Scribonia. (B. C. 21. )
and mariners till they were able to encounter the In B. c. 19, Agrippa went into Gaul. He paci-
experienced sailors of Pompey. In B. C. 36, Agrip fied the turbulent natives, and constructed four
pa defeated Sex. Pompey first at Mylae, and after-great public roads and a splendid aqueduct at
wards at Naulochus on the coast of Sicily, and the Nemausus (Nîmes). From thence he proceeded
latter of these victories broke the naval supremacy to Spain and subdued the Cantabrians after a short
of Pompey. He received in consequence the bó but bloody and obstinate struggle ; but, in accord-
nour of a naval crown, which was first conferred ance with his usual prudence, he neither announced
upon him; though, according to other authorities, his victories in pompous letters to the senate, nor
M. Varro was the first who obtained it from Pom did be accept a triumph which Augustus offered
pey the Great (Vellei. ii. 81; Liv. Epit. 129; him. In B. c. 18, he was invested with the tribu-
Dion Cass. xlix. 14; Plin. H. N. xvi. 3. s. 4; Virg. nician power for five years together with Augustus ;
sen, viü. 684. )
and in the following year (B. c 17), his two sons,
In B. c. 35, Agrippa had the command of the Caius and Lucius, were adopted by Augustus.
war in Illyria, and afterwards served under Octa- At the close of the year, he accepted an invitar
vianus, when the latter had proceeded to that coun- tion of Herod the Great, and went to Jerusa
try. On his return, he voluntarily accepted the lem. He founded the military colony of Berytus
aedileship in B. c. 33, although he had been consul, (Beyrut), thence he proceeded in B. c. 16 to the
and expended immense sums of money upon great Pontus Euxinus, and compelled the Bosporani to
public works. He restored the Appian, Marcian, accept Polemo for their king and to restore the
and Anienian aqueducts, constructed a new one, Roman eagles which had been taken by Mithri-
fifteen miles in length, from the Tepula to Rome, dates. On his return he stayed some time in
to which he gave the name of the Julian, in honour lonia, where he granted privileges to the Jews
of Octavianus, and had an immense number of whose cause was pleaded by Herod (Joseph. Antig.
smaller water-works made, to distribute the water Jud. xvi. 2), and then proceeded to Rome, where
within the town. He also had the large cloaca of he arrived in B. c. 13. After his tribunician power
Tarquinius Priscus entirely cleansed. His various had been prolonged for five years, he went to Pan-
works were adorned with statues by the first ar- nonia to restore tranquillity to that province. He
tists of Rome. These splendid buildings he aug- returned in B. c. 12, after having been successful
mented in B. c. 27, during his third consulship, by as usual, and retired to Campania. There he died
several others, and among these was the Pantheon, unexpectedly, in the month of March, B. c. 12, in
mou that
ecution
icted by
& lt.
1, 112)
the past
murder
restoran
i to be
rhat bead
are bis
cted 13
to death
10. )
:P. ]
knight
on pris
born i
ras de
the ante
is toge
annes
Bestia
friends
imamed
the bin
itr fra
faroe.
Jetariu
## p. 80 (#100) #############################################
80
AGRIPPA.
AGRIPPINA.
his 51st year. His body was carried to Rome, AGRIPPI'NA I. , the youngest daughter of ML
and was buried in the mausoleum of Augustus, Vipsanius Agrippa and of Julia, the daughter of
who himself pronounced a funeral oration over it. Augustus, was born some time before B. c. 12.
Dion Cassius tells us (lii. 1, &c. ), that in the year She married Caesar Germanicus, the son of Drusus
B. C. 29 Augustus assembled his friends and coun- Nero Germanicus, by whom she had nine chil-
sellors, Agrippa and Maecenas, demanding their dren. Agrippina was gifted with great powers
opinion as to whether it would be advisable for of mind, a noble character, and all the moral
him to usurp monarchical power, or to restore to and physical qualities that constituted the model
the nation its former republican government. of a Roman matron: her love for her husband was
This is corroborated by Suetonius (Octav. 28), sincere and lasting, her chastity was spotless, her
who says that Augustus twice deliberated upon fertility was a virtue in the eyes of the Romans,
that subject. The speeches which Agrippa and and her attachment to her children was an emi-
Maecenas delivered on this occasion are given by nent feature of her character. She yielded to one
Dion Cassius; but the artificial character of them dangerous passion, ambition. Augustus shewed
makes them suspicious. However it does not seem her particular attention and attachment. (Sueton.
likely from the general character of Dion Cassius Calig. 8. )
as a historian that these speeches are invented by At the death of Angustus in A. D. 14, she was
him; and it is not improbable, and such a suppo- on the Lower Rhine with Germanicus, who com-
sition suits entirely the character of Augustus, manded the legions there. Her husband was the
that those speeches were really pronounced, though idol of the army, and the legions on the Rhine,
preconcerted between Augustus and his counsellors dissatisfied with the accession of Tiberius, mani-
to make the Roman nation believe that the fate of fested their intention of proclaiming Germanicus
the republic was still a matter of discussion, and master of the state. Tiberius hated and dreaded
that Augustus would not assume monarchical power Germanicus, and he shewed as much antipathy to
till he had been convinced that it was necessary Agrippina, as he had love to her elder sister, his
for the welfare of the nation. Besides, Agrippa, first wife. In this perilous situation, Germanicus
who according to Dion Cassius, advised Augustus and Agrippina saved themselves by their prompt
to restore the republic, was a man whose political energy; he quelled the outbreak and pursued the
opinions had evidently a monarchical tendency. war against the Germans. In the ensuing year
Agrippa was one of the most distinguished and his lieutenant Caecina, after having made an inva-
important men of the age of Augustns. He sion into Germany, returned to the Rhine. The
must be considered as a chief support of the rising campaign was not inglorious for the Romans, but
monarchical constitution, and without Agrippa they were worn out by hardships, and perhaps
Augustus could scarcely have succeeded in making barassed on their march by some bands of Ger-
himself the absolute master of the Roman empire. mans. Thus the rumour was spread that the main
Dion Cassius (liv. 29, &c. ), Velleius Paterculus body of the Germans was approaching to invade
(ü. 79), Seneca (Ep. 94), and Horace (Od. i. 6), Gaul. Germanicus was absent, and it was pro-
speak with equal admiration of his merits.
posed to destroy the bridge over the Rhine.
Pliny constantly refers to the “Commentarii" of|(Comp. Strab. iv. p. 194. ) if this had been done,
Agrippa as an authority (Elenchus, iii. iv. v. vi, the retreat of Caecina's army would have been cut
comp. iii. 2), which may indicate certain official off, but it was saved by the firm opposition of
lists drawn up by him in the measurement of the Agrippina to such a cowardly measure. When
Roman world under Augustus (AETHICUS), in the troops approached, she went to the bridge,
which he may have taken part.
acting as a general, and receiving the soldiers as
Agrippa left several children. By his first wife they crossed it; the wounded among them were
Pomponia, he had Vipsania, who was married to presented by her with clothes, and they received
Tiberius Caesar, the successor of Augustus.
and consul A. D. 22. His moral character was of the neighbouring kings and rulers.
It was
very low, and he is spoken of in A. D. 32, as plot- probably to increase his popularity with the Jews
ting the destruction of many illustrious men. ihat he caused the apostle James, the brother of
(Tac. Ann. i. 77, ii. 51, iii. 49, 52, vi. 4. ) John, to be behcaded, and Peter to be cast into
## p. 78 (#98) ##############################################
78
AGRIPPA.
AGRIPPA.
1
1
prison. (A. D. 44. Acts, xii. ) It was not however Spartianus as privy to the death of Antoninus
merely by such acts that he strove to win their Caracallus. (Anton. Car. 6. )
favour, as we see from the way in which, at the AGRIPPA MENEʻNIUS. (MENENIUS. )
risk of his own liſe, or at least of his liberty, he AGRIPPA POʻSTUMUS, a posthumous son
interceded with Caligula on behalf of the Jews, of M. Vipsanius Agrippa, by Julia, the daughter of
when that emperor was attempting to set up his Augustus, was bom in B. c. 12. He was adopted
statue in the temple at Jerusalem. The manner by Augustus together with Tiberius in A. D. 4,
of his death, which took place at Caesarea in the and he assumed the toga virilis in the following
same year, as he was exhibiting games in honour year, A. D. 5. (Suet. Octar. 64, 65; Dion Cass.
of the emperor, is related in Acts xii. , and is con- liv. 29, 1v. 22. ) Notwithstanding his adoption he
firmed in all essential points by Josephus, who was afterwards banished by Augustus to the island
repeats Agrippa's words, in which he acknowledged of Planasia, on the coast of Corsica, a disgrace
the justice of the punishment thus inflicted on hiin. which he incurred on account of his savage and
After lingering five days, he expired, in the fifty- intractable character ; but he was not guilty of
fourth year of his age.
any crime. There he was under the surveillance
By his wife Cypros he had a son named Agrippa, of soldiers, and Augustus obtained a senatuscon-
and three daughters, Berenice, who first married sultum by which the banishment was legally con-
her uncle Herodes, king of Chalcis, afterwards formed for the time of his life. The property of
lived with her brother Agrippa, and subsequently Agrippa was assigned by Augustus to the treasury
married Polamo, king of Cilicia ; she is alluded io of the army. It is said that during his captivity
by Juvenal (Sut. vi. 156); Mariamne, and Drusilla, he received the visit Augustus, who secretly
who married Felix, the procurator of Judaea. (Jo- went to Planasia, accompanied by Fabius Maxi-
seph. Ant. Jud. xvii. 1. $ 2, xvili. 5-8, xix. 4-8; mus. Augustus and Agrippa, both deeply affected,
Bell. Jud. i 28. § 1, ii. 9. 11; Dion Cass. lx. 8; shed tears when they met, and it was believ-
Euseb. Hist. Eccles. ii. 10. ) (C. P. M. ) ed that Agrippa would be restored to liberty,
AGRIPPA, HERO'DES II. , the son of Agrippa But the news of this visit reached Livia the
I. , was educated at the court of the emperor Clau- mother of Tiberius, and Agrippa remained a cap
dius, and at the time of his father's death was only tive. After the accession of Tiberius, in A. D. 14,
seventeen years old. Claudius therefore kept him | Agrippa was murdered by a centurion, who en-
at Rome, and sent Cuspius Fadus as procurator of tered his prison and killed him after a long
the kingdom, which thus again became a Roman struggle, for Agrippa was a man of great bodily
province. On the death of Herodes, king of strength. When the centurion afterwards went to
Chalcis (A. D. 48), his little principality, with the Tiberius to give him an account of the execution,
right of superintending the temple and appointing the emperor denied having given any order for it,
the high priest, was given to Agrippa, who four and it is very probuble that Livia was the secret
years afterwards received in its stead the tetrar. author of the crime. There was a rumour that
chies formerly held by Philip and Lysanias, with Augustus had left an order for the execution of
the title of king. In a. D. 55, Nero added the Agrippa, but this is positively contradicted by
cities of Tiberias and Taricheae in Galilee, and Tacitus. (Tac. Ann. i. 3–6; Dion Cass. lv, 3:2,
Julias, with fourteen villages near it, in Persea. Ivii. 3; Suet. l. c, Tib. 22 ; Vellei. ï. 104, 112. )
Agrippa expended large sums in beautifying Jeru- After the death of Agrippa, a slave of the name
salem and other cities, especially Berytus. His of Clemens, who was not informed of the murder,
partiality for the latter rendered him unpopular landed on Planasia with the intention of restoring
amongst his own subjects, and the capricions man- Agrippa to liberty and carrying him off to the
ner in which he appointed and deposed the high army in Germany. When he heard of what had
priests, with some other acts which were distasteful, taken place, he tried to profit by his great resem-
made him an object of dislike to the Jews. Be- blance to the murdered captive, and he gave him-
fore the outbreak of the war with the Romans, self out as Agrippa. He landed at Ostia, and
Agrippa attempted in vain to dissuade the people found many who believed him, or affected to
from rebelling. When the war was begun, he believe him, but he was seized and put to death
sided with the Romans, and was wounded at the by order of Tiberius. (Tac. Ann. ii. 39, 40. )
siege of Gamala. After the capture of Jerusalem, The name of Agrippa Caesar is found on a medal
he went with his sister Berenice to Rome, where of Corinth.
[W. P. )
he was invested with the dignity of praetor. He AGRIPPA, VIBULE'NUS, a Roman knight,
died in the seventieth year of his age, in the third who took poison in the senate house at the time of
year of the reign of Trajan. He was the last bis trial, a. D. 36; he had brought the poison with
prince of the house of the Herods. It was before him in a ring. (Tac. Ann. vi. 40; Dion. Cass.
this Agrippa that the apostle Paul made his de- rüi. 21. )
fence. (A. D. 60. Acts. xxv. xxvi. ) He lived on AGRIPPA, M. VIPSA'NIUS, was born in
terms of intimacy with the bistorian Josephus, B. C. 63. He was the son of Lucius, and was de
who has preserved two of the letters he received scended from a very obscure family. At the age
from him. (Joseph. Ant. Jud. xvii. 5. 4, xix. 9. of twenty be studied at Apollonia in Illyria, toge
§ 2, xx. 1. $ 3, 5. § 2, 7. $ 1, 8. § 4 &11, 9. & 4; ther with young Octavius, afterwards Octavianus
Bell. Jud. ü. 11. $ 6, 12. $ 1,16, 17. $ 1, iv. 1. $ 3; and Augustus. After the murder of J. Caesar ia
Vit. &. 54; Phot. cod. 33. )
[C. P. M. ] B. C. 44, Agrippa was one of those intimate friends
AGRIPPA, MARCIUS, a man of the lowest of Octarius, who advised him to proceed immedi-
origin, was appointed by Macrinus in B. c. 217, ately to Rome. Octavius took Agrippa with him,
first to the government of Pannonia and after and charged him to receive the oath of fidelity from
wards to that of Dacia. (Dion. Cass. lxxviii. 13. ) several legions which had declared in his favour.
He seems to be the same person as the Marcius Having been chosen consul in B. C. 43, Octavius
Agrippa, admiral of the feet, who is mentioned by gave to his friend Agrippa the delicate commission
## p. 79 (#99) ##############################################
AGRIPPA.
70
AGRIPPA.
Antonija
EN108)
mas
daughter !
*as adopted
in . . . ,
e following
Dion Call
adepisa be
the island
a distace
Berzge ud
i gulty &
urveille
senatus
legalisert
Droperty
is capunet
0 KET
pins Man
pataries
as beler
so liberos.
ned a coup
A. D.
14,
at bodis
Xection
der for
be secret
of prosecuting C. Cassius, one of the murderers of on which we still read the inscription : "M. Agrippa
J. Caesar. At the outbreak of the Perusinian war L. F. Cos. Tertium fecit. ” (Dion Cass. xlix. 43,
between Octavius, now Octavianus, and L. Anto- liii. 27 ; Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 15, s. 24 & 3; Strab.
nius, in B. c. 41, Agrippa, who was then praetor, v. p. 235; Frontin. De Aquaed. 9. )
commanded part of the forces of Octavianus, and When the war broke out between Octavianus
after distinguishing himself by skilful manoeuvres, and M. Antonius, Agrippa was appointed com-
besieged L. Antonius in Perusia. He took the mander-in-chief of the fleet, B. C. 32. He took
town in B. C. 40, and towards the end of the same Methone in the Peloponnesus, Leucas, Patrae, and
year retook Sipontum, which had fallen into the Corinth; and in the battle of Actium (B. C. 31)
hands of M. Antonius. In B. C. 38, Agrippa ob- where he commanded, the victory was mainly
tained fresh success in Gaul, where he quelled a owing to his skill. On his return to Rome in
revolt of the native chiefs ; he also penetrated into B. c. 30, Octavianus, now Augustus, rewarded
Germany as far as the country of the Catti, and him with a “ vexillum caeruleum,” or sea-green
transplanted the Ubii to the left bank of the flag.
Rhine ; whereupon he turned his arms against the In B. c. 28, Agrippa became consul for the second
revolted Aquitani, whom he soon brought to obe time with Augustus, and about this time married
dience. His victories, especially those in Aquitania, Marcella, the niece of Augustus, and the daughter
contributed much to securing the power of Octavi- of his sister Octavia. His former wife, Pomponiin
anus, and he was recalled by him to undertake the the daughter of T. Pomponius Atticus, was either
command of the war against Sex. Pompeius, dead or divorced. In the following year, B. c. 27,
which was on the point of breaking out, B. C. 37. he was again consul the third time with Augustus.
Octavianus offered him a triumph, which Agrippa In B. C. 25, Agrippa accompanied Augustus to
declined, but accepted the consulship, to which he the war against the Cantabrians. About this time
was promoted by Octavianus in B. C. 37. Dion jealousy arose between him and his brother-in-law
Cassius (xlviii. 49) seems to say that he was con- Marcellus, the nephew of Augustus, and who
sul when he went to Gaul, but the words Índteve seemed to be destined as his successor. Augustus,
de metà Aovriou rámou seem to be suspicious, anxious to prevent differences that might have had
unless they are to be inserted a little bigber, after serious consequences for him, sent Agrippa As pro-
the passage, τώ δ' Αγρίππα την του ναυτικού | consul to Syria. Agrippa of course left Rome, but
Tapaokeun, dyxelploas, which refer to an event he stopped at Mitylene in the island of Lesbos,
which took place during the consulship of Agrippa. leaving the government of Syria to his legate.
For, immediately after his promotion to this dig- The apprehensions of Augustus were removed by
nity, he was charged by Octavianus with the con- the death of Marcellus in B. C. 23, and Agrippa
struction of a fleet, which was the more necessary, immediately returned to Rome, where he was the
as Sextus Pompey was master of the sea.
more anxiously expected, as troubles had broken
Agrippa, in whom thoughts and deeds were out during the election of the consuls in B. C. 21.
never separated (Vellei. ii
. 79), executed this Augustus resolved to receive his faithful friend
order with prompt energy.
The Lucrine lake into his own family, and accordingly induced him
near Baiae was transformed by him into a safe to divorce his wife Marcella, and marry Julia, the
harbour, which he called the Julian port in honour widow of Marcellus and the daughter of Augustus
of Octavianus, and where he exercised his sailors by his third wife, Scribonia. (B. C. 21. )
and mariners till they were able to encounter the In B. c. 19, Agrippa went into Gaul. He paci-
experienced sailors of Pompey. In B. C. 36, Agrip fied the turbulent natives, and constructed four
pa defeated Sex. Pompey first at Mylae, and after-great public roads and a splendid aqueduct at
wards at Naulochus on the coast of Sicily, and the Nemausus (Nîmes). From thence he proceeded
latter of these victories broke the naval supremacy to Spain and subdued the Cantabrians after a short
of Pompey. He received in consequence the bó but bloody and obstinate struggle ; but, in accord-
nour of a naval crown, which was first conferred ance with his usual prudence, he neither announced
upon him; though, according to other authorities, his victories in pompous letters to the senate, nor
M. Varro was the first who obtained it from Pom did be accept a triumph which Augustus offered
pey the Great (Vellei. ii. 81; Liv. Epit. 129; him. In B. c. 18, he was invested with the tribu-
Dion Cass. xlix. 14; Plin. H. N. xvi. 3. s. 4; Virg. nician power for five years together with Augustus ;
sen, viü. 684. )
and in the following year (B. c 17), his two sons,
In B. c. 35, Agrippa had the command of the Caius and Lucius, were adopted by Augustus.
war in Illyria, and afterwards served under Octa- At the close of the year, he accepted an invitar
vianus, when the latter had proceeded to that coun- tion of Herod the Great, and went to Jerusa
try. On his return, he voluntarily accepted the lem. He founded the military colony of Berytus
aedileship in B. c. 33, although he had been consul, (Beyrut), thence he proceeded in B. c. 16 to the
and expended immense sums of money upon great Pontus Euxinus, and compelled the Bosporani to
public works. He restored the Appian, Marcian, accept Polemo for their king and to restore the
and Anienian aqueducts, constructed a new one, Roman eagles which had been taken by Mithri-
fifteen miles in length, from the Tepula to Rome, dates. On his return he stayed some time in
to which he gave the name of the Julian, in honour lonia, where he granted privileges to the Jews
of Octavianus, and had an immense number of whose cause was pleaded by Herod (Joseph. Antig.
smaller water-works made, to distribute the water Jud. xvi. 2), and then proceeded to Rome, where
within the town. He also had the large cloaca of he arrived in B. c. 13. After his tribunician power
Tarquinius Priscus entirely cleansed. His various had been prolonged for five years, he went to Pan-
works were adorned with statues by the first ar- nonia to restore tranquillity to that province. He
tists of Rome. These splendid buildings he aug- returned in B. c. 12, after having been successful
mented in B. c. 27, during his third consulship, by as usual, and retired to Campania. There he died
several others, and among these was the Pantheon, unexpectedly, in the month of March, B. c. 12, in
mou that
ecution
icted by
& lt.
1, 112)
the past
murder
restoran
i to be
rhat bead
are bis
cted 13
to death
10. )
:P. ]
knight
on pris
born i
ras de
the ante
is toge
annes
Bestia
friends
imamed
the bin
itr fra
faroe.
Jetariu
## p. 80 (#100) #############################################
80
AGRIPPA.
AGRIPPINA.
his 51st year. His body was carried to Rome, AGRIPPI'NA I. , the youngest daughter of ML
and was buried in the mausoleum of Augustus, Vipsanius Agrippa and of Julia, the daughter of
who himself pronounced a funeral oration over it. Augustus, was born some time before B. c. 12.
Dion Cassius tells us (lii. 1, &c. ), that in the year She married Caesar Germanicus, the son of Drusus
B. C. 29 Augustus assembled his friends and coun- Nero Germanicus, by whom she had nine chil-
sellors, Agrippa and Maecenas, demanding their dren. Agrippina was gifted with great powers
opinion as to whether it would be advisable for of mind, a noble character, and all the moral
him to usurp monarchical power, or to restore to and physical qualities that constituted the model
the nation its former republican government. of a Roman matron: her love for her husband was
This is corroborated by Suetonius (Octav. 28), sincere and lasting, her chastity was spotless, her
who says that Augustus twice deliberated upon fertility was a virtue in the eyes of the Romans,
that subject. The speeches which Agrippa and and her attachment to her children was an emi-
Maecenas delivered on this occasion are given by nent feature of her character. She yielded to one
Dion Cassius; but the artificial character of them dangerous passion, ambition. Augustus shewed
makes them suspicious. However it does not seem her particular attention and attachment. (Sueton.
likely from the general character of Dion Cassius Calig. 8. )
as a historian that these speeches are invented by At the death of Angustus in A. D. 14, she was
him; and it is not improbable, and such a suppo- on the Lower Rhine with Germanicus, who com-
sition suits entirely the character of Augustus, manded the legions there. Her husband was the
that those speeches were really pronounced, though idol of the army, and the legions on the Rhine,
preconcerted between Augustus and his counsellors dissatisfied with the accession of Tiberius, mani-
to make the Roman nation believe that the fate of fested their intention of proclaiming Germanicus
the republic was still a matter of discussion, and master of the state. Tiberius hated and dreaded
that Augustus would not assume monarchical power Germanicus, and he shewed as much antipathy to
till he had been convinced that it was necessary Agrippina, as he had love to her elder sister, his
for the welfare of the nation. Besides, Agrippa, first wife. In this perilous situation, Germanicus
who according to Dion Cassius, advised Augustus and Agrippina saved themselves by their prompt
to restore the republic, was a man whose political energy; he quelled the outbreak and pursued the
opinions had evidently a monarchical tendency. war against the Germans. In the ensuing year
Agrippa was one of the most distinguished and his lieutenant Caecina, after having made an inva-
important men of the age of Augustns. He sion into Germany, returned to the Rhine. The
must be considered as a chief support of the rising campaign was not inglorious for the Romans, but
monarchical constitution, and without Agrippa they were worn out by hardships, and perhaps
Augustus could scarcely have succeeded in making barassed on their march by some bands of Ger-
himself the absolute master of the Roman empire. mans. Thus the rumour was spread that the main
Dion Cassius (liv. 29, &c. ), Velleius Paterculus body of the Germans was approaching to invade
(ü. 79), Seneca (Ep. 94), and Horace (Od. i. 6), Gaul. Germanicus was absent, and it was pro-
speak with equal admiration of his merits.
posed to destroy the bridge over the Rhine.
Pliny constantly refers to the “Commentarii" of|(Comp. Strab. iv. p. 194. ) if this had been done,
Agrippa as an authority (Elenchus, iii. iv. v. vi, the retreat of Caecina's army would have been cut
comp. iii. 2), which may indicate certain official off, but it was saved by the firm opposition of
lists drawn up by him in the measurement of the Agrippina to such a cowardly measure. When
Roman world under Augustus (AETHICUS), in the troops approached, she went to the bridge,
which he may have taken part.
acting as a general, and receiving the soldiers as
Agrippa left several children. By his first wife they crossed it; the wounded among them were
Pomponia, he had Vipsania, who was married to presented by her with clothes, and they received
Tiberius Caesar, the successor of Augustus.
