No More Learning

13592 (#406) ##########################################

13592
TOBIAS GEORGE SMOLLETT
when our hero, perceiving her condition, obeyed the impulse of
his love and circled the charmer in his arms, without suffering
the least frown or symptom of displeasure. Not all the pleas-
ures of his life had amounted to the ineffable joy of this em-
brace, in which he continued for some minutes totally entranced.
He fastened upon her pouting lips with all the eagerness of
rapture; and while his brain seemed to whirl round with trans-
port, exclaimed in a delirium of bliss, "Heaven and earth! this
is too much to bear. "
His imagination was accordingly relieved, and his attention in
some measure divided, by the interposition of Sophy, who kindly
chid him for his having overlooked his old friends: thus accosted,
he quitted his delicious armful, and saluting Mrs. Gauntlet, asked
pardon for his neglect; observing that such rudeness was excusa-
ble, considering the long and unhappy exile which he had suf-
fered from the jewel of his soul. Then turning to Emilia,— “ I
am come, madam," said he, "to claim the performance of your
promise, which I can produce under your own fair hand: you
may therefore lay aside all superfluous ceremony and shyness,
and crown my happiness without farther delay; for upon my
soul! my thoughts are wound up to the last pitch of expectation,
and I shall certainly run distracted if I am doomed to any term
of probation. "
His mistress, having by this time recollected herself, replied
with a most exhilarating smile, "I ought to punish you for your
obstinacy with the mortification of a twelvemonth's trial; but it
is dangerous to tamper with an admirer of your disposition,
and therefore I think I must make sure of you while it is in my
power. "
"You are willing then to take me for better for worse, in
presence of Heaven and these witnesses? " cried Peregrine kneel-
ing, and applying her hand to his lips.
At this interrogation, her features softened into an amazing
expression of condescending love; and while she darted a side
glance that thrilled to his marrow, and heaved a sigh more soft
than Zephyr's balmy wing, her answer was, "Why-ay- and
Heaven grant me patience to bear the humors of such a yoke-
fellow. "
"And may the same powers," replied the youth, "grant me
life and opportunity to manifest the immensity of my love.
Meanwhile I have eighty thousand pounds, which shall be laid
in your lap. "


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TOBIAS GEORGE SMOLLETT
13593
So saying, he sealed the contract upon her lips, and explained
the mystery of his last words, which had begun to operate upon
the wonder of the two sisters. Sophy was agreeably surprised.
with the account of his good fortune: nor was it, in all prob-
ability, unacceptable to the lovely Emilia; though from this
information she took an opportunity to upbraid her admirer with
the inflexibility of his pride, which, she scrupled not to say, would
have baffled all the suggestions of passion had it not been grati-
fied by this providential event.
Matters being thus happily matured, the lover begged that
immediate recourse might be had to the church, and his happi-
ness ascertained. He fell at her feet in all the agony of impa-
tience; swore that his life and intellects would actually be in
jeopardy by her refusal: and when she attempted to argue him
out of his demand, began to rave with such extravagance that
Sophy was frightened into conviction; and Godfrey enforcing
the remonstrances of his friend, the amiable Emilia was teased
into compliance.
•
.
He accordingly led her into the dining-room, where the cere-
mony was performed without delay; and after the husband had
asserted his prerogative on her lips, the whole company saluted
her by the name of Mrs. Pickle.
An express was immediately dispatched to Mrs. Gauntlet with
an account of her daughter's marriage; a town-house was hired,
and a handsome equipage set up, in which the new-married
pair appeared at all public places, to the astonishment of our
adventurer's fair-weather friends and the admiration of all the
world: for in point of figure such another couple was not to
be found in the whole United Kingdom. Envy despaired, and
detraction was struck dumb, when our hero's new accession of
fortune was consigned to the celebration of public fame; Emilia
attracted the notice of all observers, from the pert Templar to
the Sovereign himself, who was pleased to bestow encomiums.
upon the excellence of her beauty. Many persons of conse-
quence, who had dropped the acquaintance of Peregrine in the
beginning of his decline, now made open efforts to cultivate his
friendship anew: but he discouraged all these advances with the
most mortifying disdain; and one day when the nobleman whom
he had formerly obliged came up to him in the drawing-room,
with the salutation of "Your servant, Mr. Pickle," he eyed
him with a look of ineffable contempt, saying, "I suppose your


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TOBIAS GEORGE SMOLLETT
13594
Lordship is mistaken in your man," and turned his head an-
other way in presence of the whole court.
When he had made a circuit round all the places frequented
by the beau monde, to the utter confusion of those against whom
his resentment was kindled, paid off his debts, and settled his
money matters in town, Hatchway was dismissed to the country,
in order to prepare for the reception of his fair Emilia.
In a
few days after his departure, the whole company (Cadwallader
himself included) set out for his father's house; and in their way
took up Mrs. Gauntlet, the mother, who was sincerely rejoiced to
see our hero in the capacity of her son-in-law.
HUMPHREY CLINKER IS PRESENTED TO THE READER
From a letter to Sir Watkin Phillips, Bart. , in The Expedition of
Humphrey Clinker ›
DE
EAR SIR,- Without waiting for your answer to my last, I
proceed to give you an account of our journey to London,
which has not been wholly barren of adventure. Tuesday
last, the squire took his place in a hired coach-and-four, accom-
panied by his sister and mine, and Mrs. Tabby's maid, Winifred
Jenkins, whose province it was to support Chowder on a cushion
in her lap. I could scarce refrain from laughing when I looked
into the vehicle, and saw that animal sitting opposite to my
uncle, like any other passenger. The squire, ashamed of his
situation, blushed to the eyes; and calling to the postilions to
drive on, pulled the glass up in my face. I, and his servant
John Thomas, attended them on horseback.
Nothing worth mentioning occurred, till we arrived on the
edge of Marlborough downs. There one of the fore-horses fell,
in going down-hill at a round trot; and the postilion behind,
endeavoring to stop the carriage, pulled it on one side into a
deep rut, where it was fairly overturned. I had rode on about
two hundred yards before; but hearing a loud scream, galloped
back and dismounted, to give what assistance was in my power.
When I looked into the coach, I could see nothing distinctly but
the Jenkins, who was kicking her heels and squalling with great
vociferation. All of a sudden, my uncle thrust up his bare pate,
and bolted through the window as nimble as a grasshopper: the
man (who had likewise quitted his horse) dragged this forlorn


## p. 13595 (#409) ##########################################

TOBIAS GEORGE SMOLLETT
13595
damsel, more dead than alive, through the same opening. Then
Mr. Bramble, pulling the door off its hinges with a jerk, laid
hold on Liddy's arm, and brought her to the light, very much
frightened but little hurt. It fell to my share to deliver our
Aunt Tabitha, who had lost her cap in the struggle; and being
rather more than half frantic with rage and terror, was no bad
representation of one of the sister Furies that guard the gates of
hell. She expressed no sort of concern for her brother, who ran
about in the cold without his periwig, and worked with the most
astonishing agility in helping to disentangle the horses from
the carriage; but she cried in a tone of distraction,- "Chowder!
Chowder! my dear Chowder! my poor Chowder is certainly
killed! "
This was not the case. Chowder, after having tore my uncle's
leg in the confusion of the fall, had retreated under the seat,
and from thence the footman drew him by the neck; for which
good office he bit his fingers to the bone. The fellow, who is
naturally surly, was so provoked at this assault that he saluted
his ribs with a hearty kick,—a benediction which was by no
means lost upon the implacable virago, his mistress. Her brother,
however, prevailed upon her to retire into a peasant's house,
near the scene of action, where his head and hers were covered;
and poor Jenkins had a fit. Our next care was to apply some
sticking-plaster to the wound in his leg, which exhibited the im-
pression of Chowder's teeth; but he never opened his lips against
the delinquent. Mrs. Tabby, alarmed at this scene,-"You say
nothing, Matt,” cried she; "but I know your mind-I know
the spite you have to that poor unfortunate animal! I know you
intend to take his life away! " "You are mistaken, upon my
honor! " replied the squire with a sarcastic smile: "I should be
incapable of harboring any such cruel design against an object
so amiable and inoffensive, even if he had not the happiness to
be your favorite. "
John Thomas was not so delicate. The fellow, whether really
alarmed for his life, or instigated by the desire for revenge, came
in and bluntly demanded that the dog should be put to death,
on the supposition that if ever he should run mad hereafter, he
who had been bit by him would be infected. My uncle calmly
argued upon the absurdity of his opinion; observing that he him-
self was in the same predicament, and would certainly take the
precaution he proposed if he was not sure that he ran no risk


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13596
TOBIAS GEORGE SMOLLETT
of infection. Nevertheless Thomas continued obstinate; and at
length declared that if the dog was not shot immediately, he
himself would be his executioner. This declaration opened the
flood-gates of Tabby's eloquence, which would have shamed the
first-rate oratress of Billingsgate. The footman retorted in the
same style; and the squire dismissed him from his service, after
having prevented me from giving him a good horsewhipping for
his insolence.
The coach being adjusted, another difficulty occurred. Mrs.
Tabitha absolutely refused to enter it again unless another driver
could be found to take the place of the postilion, who, she af-
firmed, had overturned the coach from malice aforethought. After
much dispute, the man resigned his place to a shabby country-
fellow, who undertook to go as far as Marlborough, where they
could be better provided; and at that place we arrived about
one o'clock, without further impediment. Mrs. Bramble, however,
found new matter of offense, which indeed she had a particular
genius for extracting at will from almost every incident in life.
We had scarce entered the room at Marlborough, where we stayed
to dine, when she exhibited a formal complaint against the poor
fellow who had superseded the postilion. She said he was such
a beggarly rascal that he had ne'er a shirt to his back; Mrs.
Winifred Jenkins confirmed the assertion.
"This is a heinous offense indeed," cried my uncle; "let us
hear what the fellow has to say in his own vindication. " He
was accordingly summoned, and made his appearance, which was
equally queer and pathetic. He seemed to be about twenty
years of age, of a middling size, with bandy legs, stooping
shoulders, high forehead, sandy locks, pinking eyes, flat nose,
and long chin; his complexion was of a sickly yellow: his looks
denoted famine; and
Mrs. Bramble, turning from him,
said she had never seen such a filthy tatterdemalion, and bid
him begone; observing that he would fill the room with ver-
min.
Her brother darted a significant glance at her as she retired
with Liddy into another apartment; and then asked the man if
he was known to any person in Marlborough? When he an-
swered that the landlord of the inn had known him from his in-
fancy, mine host was immediately called, and being interrogated
on the subject, said that the young fellow's name was Humphrey
Clinker; that he had been a love-begotten babe, brought up in


## p. 13597 (#411) ##########################################

TOBIAS GEORGE SMOLLETT
13597
the workhouse, and put out apprentice by the parish to a coun-
try blacksmith, who died before the boy's time was out; that he
had for some time worked under his hostler as a helper and
extra postilion, till he was taken ill of the ague, which disabled
him from getting his bread; that having sold or pawned every-
thing he had in the world for his cure and subsistence, he be-
came so miserable and shabby that he disgraced the stable, and
was dismissed; but that he never heard anything to the prejudice
of his character in other respects. "So that the fellow being
sick and destitute," said my uncle, "you turned him out to die
in the streets? >>>> "I pay the poor's rate," replied the other,
" and I have no right to maintain idle vagrants, either in sick-
ness or health; besides, such a miserable object would have
brought a discredit upon my house. "
"You perceive," said the squire, turning to me, "our land-
lord is a Christian of bowels: who shall presume to censure the
morals of the age when the very publicans exhibit such exam-
ples of humanity? Hark ye, Clinker, you are a most notorious
offender, you stand convicted of sickness, hunger, wretchedness,
and want; but as it does not belong to me to punish criminals,
I will only take upon me the task of giving a word of advice,-
get a shirt with all convenient dispatch. "
So saying, he put a guinea into the hand of the poor fellow,
who stood staring at him in silence with his mouth wide open,
till the landlord pushed him out of the room.
In the afternoon, as our aunt stept into the coach, she ob-
served with some marks of satisfaction that the postilion who
rode next to her was not a shabby wretch like the ragamuffin
who had drove them into Marlborough. Indeed, the difference
was very conspicuous: this was a smart fellow, with a narrow-
brimmed hat with gold cording, a cut bob, a decent blue jacket,
leather breeches, and a clean linen shirt puffed above the waist-
band. When we arrived at the castle on Spinhill, where we lay,
this new postilion was remarkably assiduous in bringing in loose
parcels; and at length displayed the individual countenance of
Humphrey Clinker, who had metamorphosed himself in this
manner, by relieving from pawn part of his own clothes with
the money he had received from Mr. Bramble.
----
Howsoever pleased the rest of the company were with such
a favorable change in the appearance of this poor creature, it
soured on the stomach of Mrs. Tabby, who had not yet digested


## p. 13598 (#412) ##########################################

13598
TOBIAS GEORGE SMOLLETT
the affront. She tossed her nose in disdain, saying she supposed
her brother had taken him into favor because he had insulted
her with his obscenity; that a fool and his money were soon
parted: but that if Matt intended to take the fellow with him to
London, she would not go a foot farther that way.
My uncle
said nothing with his tongue, though his looks were sufficiently
expressive; and next morning Clinker did not appear, so that we
proceeded without farther altercation to Salthill, where we pro-
posed to dine. There the first person that came to the side of
the coach and began to adjust the footboard was no other than
Humphrey Clinker. When I handed out Mrs. Bramble, she eyed
him with a furious look, and passed into the house; my uncle
was embarrassed, and asked peevishly what had brought him
hither? The fellow said his Honor had been so good to him,
that he had not the heart to part with him; that he would follow
him to the world's end, and serve him all the days of his life,
without fee or reward.
Mr. Bramble did not know whether to chide or to laugh at
this declaration. He foresaw much contradiction on the side of
Tabby; and on the other hand, he could not but be pleased
with the gratitude of Clinker, as well as with the simplicity of his
character. "Suppose I was inclined to take you into my service,"
said he, "what are your qualifications? What are you good for? "
"An' please your Honor," answered this original, "I can read and
write, and do the business of the stable indifferent well. I can
dress a horse, and shoe him, and bleed and rowel him;
I won't turn my back on e'er a he in the county of Wilts.
Then I can make hog's puddings and hobnails, mend kettles and
tin saucepans-" Here uncle burst out a-laughing; and inquired
what other accomplishments he was master of. "I know some-
thing of single-stick and psalmody," proceeded Clinker: "I can
play upon the jew's-harp, sing Black-eyed Susan,' 'Arthur
O'Bradley,' and divers other songs; I can dance a Welsh jig,
and 'Nancy Dawson'; wrestle a fall with any lad of my inches.
when I'm in heart; and (under correction) I can find a hare.
when your Honor wants a bit of game. " Foregad, thou art a
complete fellow! " cried my uncle, still laughing: "I have a mind
to take thee into my family. Prithee, go and try if thou canst
make peace with my sister; thou hast given her much offense. "
Clinker accordingly followed us into the room, cap in hand,
where, addressing himself to Mrs. Tabitha,-"May it please
་


## p. 13599 (#413) ##########################################

TOBIAS GEORGE SMOLLETT
13599
your Ladyship's Worship," cried he, "to pardon and forgive my
offenses, and with God's assistance, I shall take care never to
offend your Ladyship again. Do, pray, good, sweet, beautiful
lady, take compassion on a poor sinner; God bless your noble.
countenance, I am sure you are too handsome and generous to
bear malice. I will serve you on my bended knees, by night
and by day, by land and by water; and all for the love and
pleasure of serving such an excellent lady. "
This compliment and humiliation had some effect upon Tab-
itha; but she made no reply; and Clinker, taking silence for
consent, gave his attendance at dinner. The fellow's natural
awkwardness, and the flutter of his spirits, were productive of
repeated blunders in the course of his attendance. At length he
spilt part of a custard upon her right shoulder; and starting back,
trod upon Chowder, who set up a dismal howl. Poor Humphrey
was so disconcerted at this double mistake, that he dropt the
china dish, which broke into a thousand pieces; then falling
down upon his knees, remained in that posture, gaping with a
most ludicrous aspect of distress. Mrs. Bramble flew to the dog,
and snatching him in her arms, presented him to her brother,
saying, "This is all a concerted scheme against this unfortunate
animal, whose only crime is its regard for me;-here it is: kill
it at once; and then you'll be satisfied. "
Clinker, hearing these words and taking them in the literal
acceptation, got up in some hurry, and seizing a knife from the
sideboard, cried, "Not here, an't please your Ladyship,-it will
daub the room: give him to me, and I'll carry him into the
ditch by the roadside. " To this proposal he received no other
answer than a hearty box on the ear, that made him stagger to
the other side of the room. "What! " said she to her brother,
"am I to be affronted by every mangy hound that you pick up
in the highway? I insist upon your sending this rascallion about
his business immediately. " "For God's sake, sister, compose
yourself," said my uncle; "and consider that the poor fellow is
innocent of any intention to give you offense. " "Innocent as the
babe unborn," cried Humphrey. "I see it plainly," exclaimed
this implacable maiden: "he acts by your direction, and you are
resolved to support him in his impudence. This is a bad return.
for all the services I have done you,- for nursing you in your
sickness, managing your family, and keeping you from ruining
yourself by your own imprudence: but now you shall part with


## p. 13600 (#414) ##########################################

13600
TOBIAS GEORGE SMOLLETT
that rascal or me, upon the spot, without farther loss of time;
and the world shall see whether you have more regard for your
own flesh and blood, or for a beggarly foundling taken from a
dunghill. "
Mr. Bramble's eyes began to glisten, and his teeth to chatter.
"If stated fairly," said he, raising his voice, "the question is
whether I have spirit to shake off an intolerable yoke by one
effort of resolution, or meanness enough to do an act of cruelty
and injustice to gratify the rancor of a capricious woman. Hark
ye, Mrs. Tabitha Bramble! I will now propose an alternative
in my turn: either discard your four-footed favorite, or give
me leave to bid you eternally adieu; for I am determined that
he and I shall live no longer under the same roof; and now to
dinner with what appetite you may. " Thunderstruck at this dec-
laration, she sat down in a corner; and after a pause of some
minutes, "Sure I don't understand you, Matt! " said she. "And
yet I spoke in plain English," answered the squire with a per-
emptory look. "Sir," resumed this virago, effectually humbled,
"it is your prerogative to command, and my duty to obey. I
can't dispose of the dog in this place; but if you'll allow him to
go in the coach to London, I give you my word he shall never
trouble you again. "
Her brother, entirely disarmed by this mild reply, declared
she could ask him nothing in reason that he would refuse;
adding, "I hope, sister, you have never found me deficient in
natural affection! " Mrs. Tabitha immediately rose, and throwing
her arms about his neck, kissed him on the cheek; he returned
her embrace with great emotion. Liddy sobbed; Win Jenkins
cackled; Chowder capered; and Clinker skipt about, rubbing his
hands for joy of this reconciliation.
Concord being thus restored, we finished our meal with com-
fort; and in the evening arrived in London, without having met
with any other adventure. My aunt seems to be much mended
by the hint she received from her brother. She has been gra-
ciously pleased to remove her displeasure from Clinker, who is
now retained as a footman, and (in a day or two) will make his
appearance in a new suit of livery; but as he is little acquainted
with London, we have taken an occasional valet, whom I intend
hereafter to hire as my own servant.
J. MELFORD.


## p. 13601 (#415) ##########################################

13601
DENTON J. SNIDER
(1841-)
PPRECIATION of the Greek spirit by the modern generation
may find expression in scrupulous scholarship, comprehend-
ing the literature of Greece in its philological aspect; or it
may manifest itself as the very poetry of criticism as a temper of
mind which can reconstruct the old Greek world out of a line from
Homer, or from a fragment of a temple. Mr. Denton J. Snider pos-
sesses to a high degree this imaginative appreciation of the golden
world of Greece. His scholarship is subordinated to his fine sym-
pathy with the never-dying soul of a great
age.
—

DENTON J. SNIDER
In his 'Walk in Hellas,' he describes a
pedestrian tour through Greece, which he
made alone. The journey was as much of
the mind as of the body. It was not under-
taken merely to see portions of the penin-
sula rarely visited by strangers. Its chief
object was to recover the ancient classic
time, partly by power of the imagination,
partly by the aid of haunted spring and
grove and ruin. It was to see Aristotle
walking with his disciples on the slopes
of Lycabettus; to see the Platæans filing
through the brushwood of Mount Kotroni,
to aid the Athenians on the plain of Marathon; to see the statues
of Phidias emerge from the ancient quarries of Pentelic marble,-
white, godlike forms of eternal youth; to see the sapphire skies
beyond spotless temples to Diana; to remember Theocritus in the
scent of the thyme; above all, to seek for Helen, the incarnation of
the divine Greek beauty. "He is in pursuit of Helen; her above
all human and divine personalities he desires to behold, even speak
with face to face, and possibly to possess. But who is Helen? You
are aware that on her account the Trojan War was fought; that all
Greece, when she was stolen, mustered a vast armament, and hero-
ically struggled ten years for her recovery; and did recover her and
bring her back to her native land. Nor is the legend wanting that
there in her Grecian home she is still just the blooming bride who
XXIII-851


## p. 13602 (#416) ##########################################

13602
DENTON J. SNIDER
-
was once led away by the youthful Menelaos to the shining palace of
Sparta. So the wanderer is going to have his Iliad too- - an Iliad not
fought and sung, but walked and perchance dreamed, for the posses-
sion of Helen, the most beautiful woman of Greece; nay, the most
beautiful woman of the world. There she stands in the soft moon-
light of fable, statue-like, just before the entrance to the temple of
history. Thither the cloudy image, rapidly growing more distinct
and more persistent, beckons and points. "
It is this dream of Helen the beautiful that Mr. Snider has in
mind continually, on his pilgrimage through the enchanted country.
of which she is the personification. She is always in the purple dis-
tance, beckoning to him from the porch of a temple, from the green
slope of some sacred mountain, from the azure of the sky, from the
depths of some wild sea splendor. He follows this vision from Ath-
ens to Pentelicus, from Marathon to Marcopoulo, from Aulis to Thebes,
from Charoneia to Parnassus. His idealism reconstructs the world
of Helen and her descendants; but his keen powers of observation
take account also of the modern Greece through which he is passing.
The charm of 'A Walk in Hellas' lies in this poetical union of the
Greece of Helen with the Greece of King George. Mr. Snider's jour-
ney through Greece was undertaken in 1877, when he was young
enough to enjoy even its hardships. He was born January 9th, 1841,
at Mount Gilead, Ohio. In 1862 he graduated at Oberlin College, and
in 1867 became instructor in the St. Louis High School. Since 1887
he has been co-worker in the literary schools of Chicago, and in the
kindergarten; also a peripatetic lecturer. He has published comment-
aries on what he terms "the literary Bibles," — Shakespeare's dramas,
Goethe's 'Faust,' Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, and Dante's 'Divine
Comedy. ' These are concerned chiefly
the ethical and spirit-
ual import of the masterpieces, and less with the usual subject of
criticism, literary form. Mr. Snider recognizes what many critics
overlook, that the greatest artist is the greatest moralist.
In his
commentary on Shakespeare he writes: "The all-pervading great-
ness of Shakespeare lies in his comprehension of the ethical order of
the world; his dramas are "the truest literary product of the time,
because the most perfect and concrete presentation of realized ration-
ality. " It is this recognition of a supreme truth which fits Mr. Sni-
der to be an interpreter of Macbeth and Lear, of the Faust Legend
and Dante's Vision. In his commentary on Goethe's 'Faust,' there
is much subtle criticism. "Margaret has not intellect, at least not
intellect unfolded into conscious reason: she has the rational prin-
ciple within her, but in the form of feeling. She is not, therefore, the
self-centred woman, the one who is able to meet Faust, the intel-
lectual destroyer of her world. Such is the word of the great poet
>>>


## p. 13603 (#417) ##########################################

DENTON J. SNIDER
13603
of the century on woman. The great philosopher of the century has
said about the same thing: -
"Man is the active, objective principle, woman is the passive, subjective;
man is thought, woman is feeling; man clings to the Universal, woman to the
Individual, she can possess fancy, wit, culture, but not philosophy. If this
be the finality of her, then she is and must remain a tragic character; or if
she be saved, her salvation depends on her not meeting a Faust. Such prob-
ably has been her lot in the past: but the new woman assuredly must take
possession of her intellectual birthright, and therein be all the more a woman;
I say she will be able to meet a Faust on his own ground, and not only
Faust, but Mephisto himself. We can see such a woman in training in our
Western world; but Goethe never beheld her, Hegel never beheld her, never
could behold her in that European life. »»
――
Mr. Snider has published several volumes of poems on classical
subjects, which exhibit the same appreciation of the Greek spirit
which illuminates A Walk in Hellas. ' Among his miscellaneous
writings are World's-Fair Studies,' a novel of Western life; 'The
Freebargers'; and a work on psychology entitled 'Psychology and
the Psychoses. '
<
THE BATTLE OF MARATHON
From A Walk in Hellas. ' Copyright 1881 and 1882, by Denton J. Snider
UT as I turn around a little thicket and emerge on the other
B side, behold! The whole valley, green with alternate patches
of shrubs and grain-fields, gracefully narrow and curving,
stretches out before me. Through it a silvery ribbon of water is
winding brightly along: it is the river Marathon. Toward the
further end of the vale is a pleasant village lying quietly between
the hills in sunny repose: it is the village Marathon. In the dis-
tance through the opening between two mountains, following with
the eye the course of the stream, I can behold a plain spreading
out like a fan, and stretching along the blue sparkling rim of the
sea: it is the plain of Marathon. The whole landscape sweeps
into the vision at once from the high station; something strug-
gles within the beholder, wings can be felt growing out of the
sides: let us fly down into the vale without delay from this
height.
•
Just as I was prepared to start once more, a new appearance
I notice coming down the road: it is the traveling merchant, with
his entire store of goods laden on the back of a little donkey.


## p. 13604 (#418) ##########################################

13604
DENTON J. SNIDER
His salute is friendly, his manner is quick and winning; we go
along together toward the village, talking of many things. He
tells me that he is from Oropus, a town on the Attic border
famous in antiquity; that his name is Aristides, that he is going
to Marathon, and will show me a place to stay during the night.
There is something new and peculiar about this man, the like of
which I have not yet seen in these rural portions of Greece. He
walks with a quick, alert step, he has a shrewdness and bright-
ness of intellect, a readiness and information which are remark-
able in comparison to the ordinary intellectual gifts found in the
country; his features and his physical bearing, his keen dark eye
and nervous twitch, distinguish him in the most striking manner
from the stolid Albanian peasant. He is a Greek of pure blood,
he tells me: manifestly we have met with a new and distinctive
type.
I enter the village of Marathon with Aristides, who brings me
to the chief wine-shop, where lodgings are to be had as well as
refreshing beverage. First a thimbleful of mastic, a somewhat
strong alcoholic drink, with my merchant, who then leaves me
and goes to his business. A number of people are in the wine-
shop; they are the Albanian residents of the village: all look
curiously at the new arrival. The merchant soon passed around
the word that I was from America—a fact which I had imparted
to him on the way. But of America they had very little notion.
The strangest sort of curiosity peeped out of their rather small
eyes: the news spread rapidly through the town that a live
American had arrived; what that was, they all hastened to see.
So they continued to pour in by twos and threes till the spacious
wine-shop was nearly full. Not a word they said, but walked
along in front of the table where I sat, and stared at me; they
kept their kerchiefed heads drawn down in their shaggy capotes,
being dressed in tight breeches like close-fitting drawers, with
feet thrust into low shoes, which run out to a point at the toes
and curl over. Thus they move before me in continuous proces-
sion; when they had taken a close survey of me, they would sit
down on a bench, roll a cigarette in paper, strike fire from a
flint, and begin to smoke. A taciturn, curious, but not unfriendly
crowd. I called for recinato.
――――
Presently a man clad in European garments appeared among
them, and in courteous manner addressed me, talking good Greek
but very bad French: it was the village schoolmaster, whom the


## p. 13605 (#419) ##########################################

DENTON J. SNIDER
13605
people familiarly called Didaskali. I hailed him joyfully as
a fellow-craftsman in a foreign land, and lost no time in announ-
cing to him that I too was a schoolmaster in my country. Pro-
fessional sympathy at once opened all the sluices of his heart:
we were friends on the spot. He was not an Albanian, but a
Greek born in the Turkish provinces; I do not think he was as
bright as my merchant Aristides, though he was probably better
educated. I took a stroll with him around the town; he sought
to show me every possible kindness, with the single exception
of his persistency in talking French. One neat little cottage I
noticed: it was the residence of the Dikastes or village judge;
but the most of the houses were low hovels, with glassless win-
dows, often floorless. Women were shy, hiding forehead and
chin in wrappage at the approach of a stranger,—who perhaps
was too eager in trying to peer into their faces, as if in search
of some visage lost long ago in this valley. Still human nature
is here, too, in Marathon; for I caught a young girl giving a
sly peep through the window after we had passed, which she had
pretended to close when she saw the stranger approaching.
But it is growing dark; I have done a pretty good day's work;
I must put off the rest of the sight-seeing till to-morrow. Only
half a mile below is the Marathonian plain, which one can see
from the village, but it must now be turned over to darkness.
At my request the Didaskali goes back with me to the wine-shop,
when he excuses himself, promising soon to return. There I
had a supper which was eminently satisfactory after a day's walk:
five eggs fried in goat's butter, large quantities of black bread,
and abundance of recinato at one cent a glass,-good-sized
glasses at that.
While I sat there eating, the people began to assemble again.
The Papas, the village priest, came and listened,-the untrou-
sered man, with dark habit falling down to his heels like a
woman's dress, and with long raven hair rolled up in a knot on
the back of his head, upon which knot sat his high, stiff ecclesias-
tical cap; the Dikastes or village judge came, an educated man,
who had studied at the University of Athens, and who dressed in
European fashion, possessing, in noticeable contrast to the rest of
the Marathonians, the latest style of Parisian hat; a lame shop-
keeper came, a Greek of the town; bright, full of mockery, flatter-
ing me with high titles-in order to get me to hire his mules
for my journey, as I had good reason to suspect; finally the
-


## p. 13606 (#420) ##########################################

13606
DENTON J. SNIDER
schoolmaster and the traveling merchant appeared again, both in
excellent humor, and expecting a merry evening. There was no
doctor present: I asked for him; they told me that there was
none in the valley, though it is scourged with malarial fever in
summer; one man in particular complained of the health of the
place. All the representative citizens of Marathon were before me,
looking at me eating in the wine-shop on a wooden table. Some
one asked me about my native language. "This is the language
that I understand best," said I, raising a mouthful of egg and
bread to my lips: "you seem to understand it too. " This jest,
for whose merit I do not make any high claims, caused all the
Albanians to laugh, and set the whole wine-shop in a festive
mood. It is manifest that this audience is not very difficult to
please.
Finally my long repast was finished; long both on account
of the work done and on account of the continued interruptions
caused by question and answer. The people still held out; there
they were before me, more curious than ever, now with a laugh-
ing look on account of that one sterile jest,—laughing out of
the corner of the eye, and with head already somewhat drawn out
of the shaggy capote from expectation. What next? I was on
the soil of illustrious Marathon; expectant gazes were centred
upon me: what had I, as a true American, to do for the honor
of my country? My duty was clear from the start: I must make
a speech. I should have been unfaithful to my nationality had
I not done so at Marathon. Accordingly I shoved the table aside,
pulled out my bench, and in the full happiness of hunger and
thirst satisfied perhaps, too, a little aglow with the golden reci-
nato- I began to address them as follows:-
Andres Marathonioi-Ye men of Marathon
---
At this point I confess I had to laugh myself, looking into that
solid Albanian stare of fifty faces; for the echo of the tremen-
dous oath of Demosthenes, in which he swears by the heroes of
Marathon, rung through my ears, and made the situation appall-
ingly ludicrous. Still, in spite of my laugh, you must know that
I was in deep earnest and full of my theme; moreover, there were
at least four persons before me who could understand both my
Greek and my allusions. As to my Greek, I affirm that Demos-
thenes himself would have understood it had he been there. —


## p. 13607 (#421) ##########################################

DENTON J. SNIDER
13607
though he might have criticized the style and pronunciation. But
I resumed:-
-
Ye men of Marathon, I never was gladder in my life than
I am to be with you to-night. I crossed over the mountains
on foot from Stamata; every step that I took was lighter with
thinking of Marathon. When from yonder summit I first caught
a glimpse of your village and valley, and gave a distant peep
into the plain beyond to the sea, I had to shed tears of joy.
Your name is indeed the greatest, the most inspiring in all
history. In every age it has been the mighty rallying-cry of
freedom; nations oppressed, on hearing it, have taken hope and
risen, smiting to earth their tyrants. It has been the symbol of
courage to the few and weak against the many and strong; the
very utterance of the name inspires what is highest and noblest
in the human breast,-courage, devotion, liberty, nationality.
Under a banner inscribed with that word Marathon, our Western
civilization has heroically marched and fought its battle: here was
its first outpost, here its first and greatest triumph,- and the
shout of that triumph still re-echoes and will go on re-echoing
forever through history. But Marathon is not merely here; it
has traveled around the world along with man's freedom and
enlightenment. Among all civilized peoples the name is known
and cherished; it is familiar as a household word,- nay, it is
a household prayer. In the remote districts of America I have
often heard it uttered-and uttered with deepest admiration and
gratitude. There, in my land, thousands of miles from here, I
first learned the name of Marathon in a log schoolhouse by the
side of the primitive forest; it fell from the lips of a youth who
was passionately speaking of his country.
It had in its very
sound, I can still recollect, some spell, some strange fascination,
for it seemed to call up, like an army of spirits, the great heroes
of the past along with the most intense feelings of the soul.
There you can hear it among the people in their little debates;
also you can hear it from great orators in senate halls. Mara-
thon, I repeat, is the mightiest, most magical name in history,
by which whole nations swear when they march out in defense
of their Gods, their families, and their freedom. By it too they
compare their present with their past, and ever struggle upwards
to fulfill what lies prophetically in their great example. Now I
am in the very place: I can hardly persuade myself that it is
not a dream, and that you are not shadows flitting here before


## p. 13608 (#422) ##########################################

13608
DENTON J. SNIDER
me. In that log schoolhouse I did not even dare dream of this
moment; but it has arrived. I have already had to-day a
glimpse where the old battle-field reposes in the hazy distance;
to-morrow I shall visit it, run over it, spend the whole day upon
it, looking and thinking; for I desire to stamp its features and
its spirit into my very brain, that I may carry Marathon across
the ocean to my land, and show it to others who may not be
able to come here and see it for themselves. Nor shall I refrain
from confessing to you a secret within me: I cannot help think-
ing that I have been here before; everything looks familiar to
me; I beheld yon summit long ago,—the summit of old Kotroni;
I have marched down the Marathonian stream as I marched
to-day; I seem to be doing over again the same things that I
have done here before; I made a speech on this spot ages ago
in Greek,- a much better one, I think, than I am now making.
And further let me tell you what I believe: I believe that I
too fought along at Marathon, that I was one of those ten thou-
sand Athenian soldiers that rushed down yonder hillside and
drave the Oriental men into the sea. I can now behold myself
off there charging down a meadow toward a swamp, amid the
rattle of arms and the hymn of battle, with shield firmly grasped
and with spear fiercely out-thrust, -on the point of which, spit-
ted through and through, I can feel a quivering Persian.
At this strange notion, and still more at the accompanying
gesture made in a charging attitude, the mirthful Greeks could
hold in no longer, but burst suddenly into a loud and prolonged
laugh, in which the Albanians joined; they all laughed, laughed
inextinguishably like the blessed gods on Olympus, and the whole
wine-shop was filled with wild merriment. Whereat the speech
was brought to a close which may be modestly called a happy
one: thus let it be now.
As soon as the speech had come to an end, I rose and looked
out of the wine-shop; desiring to take a short stroll before going
to bed, in order to catch a breath of fresh air, and to see a
Greek evening in the Marathonian vale. Though long after sun-
set, it appeared light out of doors everywhere; that vague flicker
from the sky it was which gives a mystical indefiniteness to
the things of nature, and produces such a marked contrast to the
clear plastic outlines of daytime. The schoolmaster went along,
and we walked up the stream of Marathon, which often gurgled
into a momentary gleam over the pebbles, and then fell back into


## p. 13609 (#423) ##########################################

DENTON J. SNIDER
13609
darkness. The mountains on each side of us were changed
into curious fantastic shapes which played in that subtle light;
caprice of forms now ruled the beautiful Greek world, as begot-
ten in the sport of a Northern fancy; Hecate with her rout of
witches and goblins had broken loose from her dark caverns in
the earth, and was flitting across glimmering patches of twilight
up and down the hillsides. Below the peaks, the dells and little
seams of valleys running athwart one another were indicated by
lines of darkness, so that their whole figure came to resemble a
many-legged monster crawling down the slant; while above on
the summits was the dreamy play of light with the dance of the
fairies. But these shapes let us shun in Greece: we may allow
them to sport capriciously before us for a few moments in the
evening, though in truth they belong not here. Let us then
hasten back to the wine-shop and await to-morrow the return of
Phoebus Apollo, the radiant Greek god, who will slay these
Pythons anew with his shining arrows, and put to flight all the
weird throng, revealing again our world in clear clean-cut out-
lines bounded in this soft sunlight.
When we arrived there, we still found the priest,- the long-
haired, dark-stoled Papas,-though nearly everybody else had
gone home.
He began to catechize me on the subject of reli-
gion, particularly its ceremonies; of which examination I, know-
ing my weakness, tried to keep shy. But he broke out directly
upon me with this question: Were you ever baptized? Therein
a new shortcoming was revealed to myself, for I had to confess.
that I actually did not know; I did not recollect any such event
myself, and I had always forgotten to ask my father whether
the rite had ever been performed over me when an infant. The
priest thought that this was bad, very bad-kakon, polù kakon was
his repeated word of disapprobation; then he asked me if I never
intended to be baptized. This question, here at Marathon, drove
me to bed; I at once called for a light. But it was only one
of the frequent manifestations that will be observed in mod-
ern Greece, of a tendency to discuss religious subtleties. The
ecclesiastical disputes of the Byzantine Empire - Homoousian and
Homoiousian-will often to-day be brought up vividly to the
mind of the traveler. Especially the ceremonies of the Eastern
Church are maintained with much vigor and nice distinction in a
very fine-spun, and consequently very thin, tissue of argumenta-
tion.


## p. 13610 (#424) ##########################################

13610
DENTON J. SNIDER
After excusing myself from the Papas, who in company with
me performs a slight inner baptism of himself with a glass of
recinato as the final ceremony of the day, I ask to be conducted
to my quarters, and am led to an adjoining building up-stairs.
The room is without furniture. In one corner of it lies a mat-
tress covered with coarse sheeting and a good quilt, on the floor
- for in Greece bedsteads are not much in vogue: they are con-
sidered to be in the way, and to take up unnecessary room; so
the bedclothes are spread out on the floor along the hearth every
evening, and packed away every morning. This bed was consid-
ered a particularly good one; intended for strangers who might
visit Marathon, and who had to pay for it two francs a night.
Indeed, during a great portion of the year in this hot climate,
the bed is not only unnecessary but a nuisance, in which one can
only roll and swelter; hence the family bed has no such place in
the Greek as in the Northern household.
The light which is left me is also worthy of a passing notice.
It consists of a cup two-thirds filled with water; on the water
lies half an inch of olive oil; on the surface of the oil is floating
a small piece of wood, to which a slender wick is attached reach-
ing into the oil; the upper end of this wick is lighted, and pain-
fully throws its shadowy glimmer on the walls. A truly pristine
light,- going back probably to old Homer, thinks the traveler,
by which the blind bard could have sat and hymned his lines to
eager listeners around the evening board; an extremely econom-
ical light, burning the entire night without any diminution of
the oil apparently, and giving a proportionate illumination; it is
a hard light to read by, still harder to write by. There is no
tallow in the country for candles; the little wax which is pro-
duced is used for tapers in the churches. There is no desk or
chair in the room; one must write on the floor in some way, if
he wishes to send a line to the dear ones, or take a note.
Accordingly the traveler goes to bed, props himself upon
his elbow, opens his book on the floor near the light,- but the
eyes swim for a moment, the head totters, back it falls upon the
mattress: that is the end of one day's adventure; he will rapidly
descend into Lethe, where, though in dream she fight the great
battle over again alongside of Miltiades at one moment, and the
next moment argue the question of baptism with the Papas, he
will lie in sweet unconscious repose, till the Sun-god, rising from
his bath in the ocean, stretch his long golden fingers through the


## p. 13611 (#425) ##########################################

DENTON J. SNIDER
13611
window, gently open the eyelids, and whisper to the slumberer,
who will hear though half awake: "Rise, it is the day of Mara-
thon. " Thereupon the traveler leaps from his couch,- for he
knows that it is the voice of a god, and he dares not disobey:
if he have any winged sandals, he now puts them on, for to-day
he will have to make an Olympian flight; if he have that staff
of Hermes with which the Argus-slayer conducts departed souls
out of Hades and into it, he will seize the same and sally forth;
for to-day he will have to call up from the past many mighty
spirits, those colossal shades which still rise at Marathon.
When I came out of my high-sounding chamber in the
morning, I met my good host with a ewer of water, which he
proceeded to pour upon my hands for the purpose of ablu-
tion; unpoetical wash-basins do not exist, or were refused me,
perchance on account of my Homeric habits. After a breakfast
quite like the supper on the previous evening, I begin the march
for the battle of Marathon, having filled a small haversack with
a piece of black bread and some cheese for luncheon, and having
slung around my shoulder a canteen of recinato. Nor do I for-
get my chief weapons,-two books and the maps, which I hold
tightly under my arm. Thus equipped, I tread along,- with
becoming modesty I trust, yet with no small hopes of victory.
But there is no hurry: let the gait still be leisurely. As I
pass down the road through the village which is spread out on
the banks of the stream, I meet many an acquaintance made the
evening before at the wine-shop; each recognizes me by a slight
nod of the head, with a pleasant smile. All of them seemed
still to be laughing at the idea of my being an ancient hoplite
now revisiting former scenes of activity. Such friendly greeting
on every side, together with the genial sunshine of the morning,
puts the traveler into a happy mood, slightly transcendental per-
haps. Whatever he now does is an adventure worth recording to
future ages; whatever he now sees is a divine revelation.
Passing along to a shelving place in the stream, he beholds
the washers: one hundred women or more, at work with furious
muscle, pounding, scouring, rubbing, rinsing the filth-begrimed
fustanellas of their husbands, brothers, sons. There is a strength,
vigor, and I should say anger in their motions, that they seem
animated by some feeling of revenge against those dirty gar-
ments, and in my opinion with good reason. One Amazonian arm
is wielding a billet of wood, quite of the weight and somewhat
―――


## p. 13612 (#426) ##########################################

13612
DENTON J. SNIDER
resembling the shape of the maul with which the American
woodman drives wedges into the gnarled oak. Upon a flat
smooth stone are laid the garments, boiled, soaped, and steaming,
when they are belabored by that maul. None of our modern
machinery is seen; even the wash-board is very imperfect, or
does not appear at all. Somehow in this wise the ancient Nau-
sicaas must have blanched their linen at the clear Marathonian
stream; one will unconsciously search now with eager glances for
the divine Phæacian maid, to see whether she be not here still.
At present the washers are strewn along the marble edge of the
water for quite a distance,-dressed in white, bare-armed, mostly
bare-footed and bare-legged, in the liveliest, fiercest muscular mo-
tion, as if wrestling desperately with some fiend. Look at the
struggling, wriggling, smiting mass of mad women,- Mænads
under some divine enthusiasm,- while the sides of old Kotroni
Mountain across the river re-echo with the thud of their relent-
less billets. A truly Marathonian battle against filth, with this
very distinct utterance: "For one day at least we are going to
be clean in Marathon. "
But it is impossible to look at the washers all the time, how-
ever fascinating the view; indeed, I had almost forgotten that I
am on my way to the field of the great battle-which does not
speak well for an ancient hoplite. I still pass along the stream,
with its white lining of marble through which flows the current
pellucid; what! are the eyes deceived, or is the water actually
diminishing in the channel? Yes, not only has it diminished,
but now a few steps further it has wholly vanished, sunk away
into the earth, leaving merely a dry rocky bed for the wildest
torrent of the storm. Thus that crisp joyous mountain stream
which gave us such delight in its dance down the hill through
the valley, when we looked at it coming to Marathon, now dis-
appears with its entire volume of water, to rise again in the
marshes beyond, or perchance in the sea.
So one saunters down that short neck which attaches the vil-
lage to the plain, joyously attuned by the climate, and trying to
throw himself back into that spirit which created the old Greek
mythology, determined to see here what an ancient Greek would
see. Nature begins to be alive; she begins to speak strange
things in his soul, and to reveal new shapes to his vision; an
Oread skips along, the mountain with him, while the Naiads cir-
cle in a chorus round the neighboring fountain. Such company
―――――


## p. 13613 (#427) ##########################################

DENTON J. SNIDER
13613
he must find if he truly travel in Greece. Not as a sentimental
play of the fancy, not as a pretty bauble for the amusement
of a dreary hour, but as a vital source of faith and action, as
a deep and abiding impulse to the greatest and most beautiful
works, will the loyal traveler seek to realize within himself these
antique forms.
But that shape at yonder spring drawing water-what can it
be? Clearly not a Naiad: dark eyes flashing out from blooming
features that lie half hidden among her hair falling down care-
lessly on both sides of her forehead, a short dress drooping over
her luxuriant frame in romantic tatters of many colors, under
which the bosom swells half exposed, cause the white water-
nymphs to vanish into viewless air, and leave a seductive image
behind, which will long accompany the traveler in spite of him-
self; rising at intervals and dancing through his thoughts even
at Marathon. It is the Wallachian maiden who has come down
from her mountain lodge for water, which in two large casks
she puts on the back of a donkey. A wild beauty, fascinating
on account of wildness, not devoid of a certain coy coquetry, she
seems not displeased to have attracted the marked attention of
that man in Frankish garments who is passing along the road;
for her dark eyes shoot out new sparkles from under the falling
tresses, tempered with subdued smiles. She has nothing to do
with the villagers of Marathon: she is a child of the mountains;
she belongs to a different world. Slowly she passes out of sight
with her charge into the brushwood; looking back at the last
step, she stoops and plucks a flower; then she springs up and
vanishes among the leaves.
It is a slight disappointment, perhaps; but look now in the
opposite direction, and you will behold in the road going toward
the plain a new and very delightful appearance: three white
robes are there moving gracefully along through the clear atmo-
sphere, and seem to be set in high relief against the hilly back-
ground. Three women-evidently of the wealthier people of
the village, for their garments are of stainless purity and adjusted
with unusual care,-
appear to be taking a walk at their leisure
down the valley. Their dress is a long loose gown flowing freely
down to the heels; all of it shows the spotless white except a
narrow pink border. Over this dress is worn a woolen mantilla,
also white with a small border. At the view there arises the
feeling which will often be experienced in other localities of
-


## p. 13614 (#428) ##########################################

13614
DENTON J. SNIDER
Greece with even greater intensity: the feeling of a living plastic
outline which suggests its own copy in marble. No costume can
possibly be so beautiful and so distinct in this atmosphere; there
they move along, as if statues should start from their pedestals
and walk down from their temples through the fields. Why the
white material was taken by the old artists for sculpture, becomes
doubly manifest now: here is the living model in her fair dra-
pery; yonder across the river is the marble, Pentelic marble,
cropping out of the hills. Unite the twain: they belong together;
both have still a mute longing to be joined once more in happy
marriage. I have not the least doubt that the ancient Marathon-
ian woman in the age of the battle paced through this valley
in a similar costume, producing similar sensations in this bluish
transparent air.
But the three shapes draw near; one will look into their faces
as they pass: they are Albanian women,—not beautiful by any
means, not with features corresponding to their costumes, you
will say.
Therefore we must add something very essential to
bring back that ancient Greek woman; for she had brought body
into the happiest harmony with dress, if we may judge of those
types which have come down to us. Still this is a delightful
vision of antique days, passing with stately gait through the clear
sunlit landscape;-forms of white marble in contrast to the
many-colored tatters of the Wallachian maiden, who, having no
sympathy of dress with the climate, shows that she does not
belong to Marathon.
-
Now we have arrived-if you have succeeded in keeping up
with me - at the point where the bed of the river passes into
the plain, in full view of which we at present stand. It sweeps
around almost crescent-shaped, like the side of a vast amphi-
theatre cut into the mountains: the line from tip to tip of the
arc is said to measure about six miles. That line, seen from
the spot where we now are, has a beautiful blue border of spark-
ling water, the Euripus, which separates the mainland from the
island Euboea. There is upon the plain but one tree worthy of
the name,
a conifer which rises strange and solitary about in
the centre of it, and looks like a man, with muffled head in sol-
dier's cloak standing guard, still waiting for some enemy to come
out of the East. The plain is at present largely cultivated, vine-
yards and fields of grain are scattered through it, but the ancient
olives are wanting. At the northern horn of the crescent is a
―――――


## p. 13615 (#429) ##########################################

DENTON J. SNIDER
13615
large morass running quite parallel to the sea; a smaller one is
at the southern horn. Into the plain two villages debouch, both
having roads from Athens. There is a beautiful shore gradually
shelving off into deep water with a gravel bottom; here the
traveler will sit long and look at the waves breaking one after
another upon the beach. This coast, however, is but a narrow
strip for several miles; just behind it lies amid the grass the
deceptive marsh, not visible at any considerable distance.