but this
assertion
is not supported by the Fasti | 635.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
p.
102, foll.
plebeian also. The Valeria gens was one of the
2. The last wife of Sulla, was the daughter of most ancient and most celebrated at Rome ; and
M. Valerius Messala. She attracted the notice of no other Roman gens was distinguished for so long
Sulla at the theatre, and he married her towards a period, although a few others, such as the Cor.
the end of his life. Soon after his death she bore nelia gens, produced a greater number of illustrious
a daughter. Plutarch calls her a sister of the men. The Valerii are universally admitted to
orator Hortensius, but this is a mistake probably have been of Sabine origin, and their ancestor Vo-
arising from the fact that the sister of Hortensius lesus or Volusus is said to have settled at Rome
married a Valerius Messala. (Plut. Sull. 35, 37 : with Titus Tatius. (Dionys. ii. 46 ; Plut. Num.
Drumann, Geschichte Roms, vol. ii. p. 508. ) 5, Publ. 1. ) One of the descendants of this Vo-
VALERIA, GALEʻRIA, the daughter of Dio- lesus, P. Valerius, afterwards surnamed Publicola,
cletian and Prisca, was upon the reconstruction of plays a distinguished part in the story of the ex-
the empire in A. D. 292 [DIOCLETIANUS] united pulsion of the kings, and was elected consul in the
to Galerius, one of the new Caesars, by whom she first year of the republic, B. c. 509. From this
had no offspring, but adopted his illegitimate son time forward down to the latest period of the em.
Candidianus. After the death of her husband in pire, for nearly a thousand years, the name occurs
311 Valeria rejected the proposals of his successor more or less frequently in the Fasti, and it was
Maximinus, who, having become enamoured of her borne by the emperors Maximinus, Maximianus,
person and her wealth, sought to gain her hand | Maxentius, Diocletian, Constantius, Constantine the
99773
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## p. 1216 (#1232) ##########################################
1216
VALERIANUS.
VALERIANUS.
are :
Creat and others. The Valeria gens enjoyed ex- | make known his own sentiments and wishes. The
traordinary honours and privileges at Rome. Their untimely fate of Decius saved the regulator of
house at the bottom of the Velia was the only one public morals from the embarrassment which must
in Rome of which the doors were allowed to open have attended the discharge of difficult and in-
back into the street. (Dionys. v. 39 ; Plut. Publ. 20. ) vidious duties, while at the same time he was ad-
In the Circus a conspicuous place was set apart for mitted to the full confidence of Gallus, by whom
them, where a small throne was erected, an honour he was employed to quell the rebellion of Ae-
of which there was no other example among the milianus, and recall the legions of Pannonia and
Romans. (Liv. ii. 31. ) They were also allowed Moesia to their allegiance. While an army was
to bury their dead within the walls, a privilege forming in Noricum and Rhaetia, the rapid move-
which was also granted to some other gentes ; and ments of the usurper and the murder of the prince
when they had exchanged the older custom of incompletely changed the aspect of affairs, and
terment for that of burning the corpse, although Valerian, who had taken up arms to support the
they did not light the funeral pile on their burying- interests of another, now employed them to ad.
ground, the bier was set down there, as a sym- vance his own. The sudden death, whether caused
bolical way of preserving their right. (Cic. de Leg. by disease or treachery, of his rival, whom be found
ii. 23 ; Plut. Publ. 23. ) Niebuhr, who mentions encamped near Spoleto, prevented a hostile en-
these distinctions, conjectures that among the gra- counter. Valerian was chosen (A. D. 254) to fill
dual changes of the constitution from a monarchy the vacant throne, not, says the Augustan his.
to an aristocracy, the Valeria gens for a time pos- torians, by the rude clamours of a camp, nor by
Bessed the right that one of its members should the disorderly shouts of a popular assembly, but in
exercise the kingly power for the Tities, to which right of his merits, and, as it were, by the unani-
tribe the Valerii must have belonged, as their Sa- mous voice of the whole world. The new sovereign
bine origin indicates (Hist. of Rome, vol. i. p. having assumed his eldest son Gallienus as an as-
538); but on this point, as on many others in sociate in the purple, prepared to repel, as best he
early Roman history, it is impossible to come to might, the barbarian hosts which, gathering con-
any certainty. The Valerii in early times were fidence from the increasing weakness of the Roman
always foremost in advocating the rights of the dominion, were pressing forwards more and more
plebeians, and the laws which they proposed at fiercely on the various frontiers. But although the
various times were the great charters of the liberties Franks were ravaging Gaul and Spain, although
of the second order. (See Dict. of Antiq. s. v. Leges the Alemanni were making repeated descents upon
Valeriae. )
the provinces of the Upper Danube, and threatening
The Valeria gens was divided into various Italy itself, although the Goths were loading their
families under the republic, the names of which boat fleets with the plunder of Asia and of Greece,
- Corvus or CORVINUS, Falto, FLACCUS, yet the dismemberment of the empire seemed most
LAEVINUS, MAXIMUS, MessaLLA, Potitus, imminent in Syria Scarcely had Ardeschir Babe-
PUBLICOLA, TAPPO, TRIARIUS, VOLUsus. Be- gan, by his crowning victory in Khorasan, over-
sides these we meet with other cognomens of the thrown the dynasty of the Arsacidae, and revived
Valerii under the republic, which are mostly the the ancient supremacy of Persia, when he vowed
names of freedmen or clients of the Valeria gens. that he would drive the Western usurpers from the
They are given below in alphabetical order, toge- regions once swayed by his ancestors. His schemes
ther with the surnames bome by the Valerii in the were baffled by the energy and valour of Severus,
imperial period. [Valerius. ] The few Valerii, but the haughty and ambitious Sapor having at
who occur without any sumame, are not of suf- length succeeded in subjugating Armenia, the ally
ficient importance to require any notice. On the and great outwork of the Roman power, thought
coins of the gens we find the cognomens Acisculus, that the time had now arrived for realising the
Catullus, Flaccus, Barbatus.
mighty projects of his sire. Having driven the
VALERIA’NUS, a friend of the younger garrisons from the strongholds on the left bank of
Pliny, who has addressed three letters to him. the Tigris, he overran Mesopotamia, then crossing
(Ep. ii. 15, v. 4, 14. )
the Euphrates, rushed like a torrent upon Syria,
VALERIANUS, Roman emperor, A. D. 253 ) and bearing down all resistance, stormed Antioch,
-260. P. LICINIUS VALERIANUS, whose father's the metropolis of the East. At this juncture
name was Valerius, traced his descent from an Valerian assumed the command of the legions in
ancient and noble stock. After passing through person, and for a time his measures were both
various grades in the service of the state, he had vigorous and successful. Antioch was recovered,
risen to the highest honours at least as early as the usurper Cyriades (CYRIADES] was slain, and
A. D. 237, for we find him styled a consular when Sapor was compelled to fall back behind the Eu-
despatched a year later by the Gordians to Rome. phrates ; but the emperor, flushed by his good
Decius having determined to revive the censorship, fortune, while his faculties were perhaps impaired
and having called upon the senate to name the in- by age, followed too rashly. He found himself, like
dividual most worthy of such an office, demanding a second Crassus, surrounded, in the vicinity of
the union of the most spotless integrity with the Edessa, by the countless horsemen of his active foe;
most sound discretion, the whole assembly with he was entrapped into a conference, taken prisoner,
one voice fixed upon Valerian eagerly, extolling and passed the remainder of his life in captivity
his accomplishments and worth. This singular subjected to every insult which Oriental cruelty
unanimity, and the tone of hyperbolical compli- could devise. After death his skin was stuffed
ment in which the choice was announced, must be and long preserved as a trophy in the chief temple
received either as a proof of the surpassing merit of the nation.
of the personage thus distinguished, or as an in- Although no donbts exist with regard to the
dication that the emperor, although he ostensibly leading facts connected with the career of Valerian
left the election open, had contrived beforehand to and his miserable fate, yet so imperfect, confused,
## p. 1217 (#1233) ##########################################
VALERIANUS.
1217
VALERIANUS.
VALERIANTS.
own sentiments and wishes The
of Decius gated the related
- on the embarrassment which we
the discharge of dificult and n-
bile at the same time be was ad
. . . ccnoidence of Ga'ns, by whom
ed to quell ze regelian de
ecail the legions of Parven und
- ac. egiance. While an may ru
Ecum and Rhaetia, the rasa merk
wper and the garder of the price
reed the aspect of atain, and
nad taken up artes to support the
:ber, now employed them as a
The sadden death, whether zed
eachery, of his tiral
, whom beid
Spuitto, prevented a baszk -
Lan was chosen (A. D. 354) 3
one, Dot, says the Augusta -
rade clabours of a can), NOT
zouts of a popular asendi, tea
is, and, as it were, by the
whole world. The net greitai
his e dest son Galliens 2 2
IT
PIM
AVE
urple, prepared to repel
, as best de
arian hosts wbich, gather in
increasing weakness of te Roza
pressing forwards muere and met
arious frontiers. But alzbudite
Faging Gani and Saiz abai
cre making repeated descens 70
she l'pper Danube, and threatening
ough the Goths were lasciare
the plander of Asia and ai Greene
werment of the empire second Dis
74 Scarcely had Ardescder ficka
uning victory in Kibares, a
sty of the Arsaeidae, and ITP
emacy of Persia, when he pored
ive the Western usurpas to
Ted by his ancestor His netas
the energy and ralour of them
7 and ambitions Saper barista
and contradictory are the records of this period, tion of the bishop of Vaison (Episcopus Vasensis),
that it is impossible to arrange the events in and he is further believed to be the Valerianus
regular order, or to speak with any certainty of who assisted at the councils of Ries (A. D. 439)
the details. We should have imagined that little and Arles (A. D. 455), but these and other sur
difficulty could have been found in fixing the pre-positions rest upon no basis more stable than simple
cise date of the capture and sack of Antioch, the conjecture.
destruction of its edifices, and the massacre of its The Sermo de Bono Disciplinae was first pub-
population, a catastrophe which must have caused | lished as the work of Valerianus by Melchior
a profound sensation throughout the civilised world, Goldastus, 8vo. Gen. 1601, and ten years after-
yet we cannot decide whether these things hap-wards Sirmond discovered in a MS. belonging to
pened during the reign of Gallus, of Valerian, or the monastery of Corvey on the Weser nineteen
of Gallienus. In like manner it is hard to decide discourses, together with an Epistola ad Monachos
in what year Valerian was made prisoner, although de Virtutibus et Ordine Doctrinue Apostolicae, pur-
the weight of evidence is in favour of A. D. 260. porting to be the production of Valerianus Episco-
(Trebell. Poll. Frag. Vit. Valerian. ; Aurel. Vict. pus. Although the codex in question did not con-
de Caes. xxxii. , Epit. xxxii. ; Eutrop. ix. 6 ; Amm. tain the homily De Bono Disciplinae, nor indicate
Marc. xxiii. 5 ; Zosim. i. 27, foll. iii. 32 ; Zonar. the site of the bishopric of this Valerianus, Sir.
xii. 23 ; Eckhel, vol. vii. p. 387. ) (W. R. ] mond concluded from the style that the whole of
these pieces must unquestionably be ascribed to
Valerianus Cemeliensis, and accordingly printed an
octavo volume at Paris in 1612 with the title
Sancti Valeriani Episcopi Cemeliensis Homiliae XX.
Item Epistola ad Monachos de Virtutibus et Ordine
Doctrinae Apostolicae. Oinnia primum praeter uni-
cain Homiliam post annos plus minus mille ducentos
in lucem edita a Jacobo Sirmondo Societatis Jesu
Presbytero anno M. DCXII. These tracts will be
found also in the collected works of Sirmond, vol. i.
p. 604. fol. Paris, 1696, in the Bibliotheca Patrum
COIN OF VALERIANUS
Maxima, vol. viii. p. 498, fol. Lugd. 1677, and
VALERIA'NUS JUNIOR, a son of the em- under their best form in the Bibliotheca Patrum of
peror Valerianus, but not by the same mother as Galland, vol. x. p. 123, fol. Venet. 1774. (Schoene-
Gallienus. He was remarkable for the beauty of mann, Biblioth. Patrum Lat. vol. ii. $ 38. ) (W. R. ]
his person, the modesty of his address, the high VALERIA'NUS PAETUS, one of the many
cultivation of his mind, and the purity of his victims of the suspicious cruelty of Elagabalus.
morals in which he exhibited a marked contrast to (Dion Cass. lxxix. 4. )
(W. R. )
his dissolute brother, along with whom he perished VALERIA'NUS, C, PLI'NIUS, a physician,
at Milan in A. D. 268. (GALLIENUS. ) Trebellius whose date is unknown, who died at the early age
Pollio affirms that he received the title of Caesar of twenty-two, and whose name is preserved in a
from his father, and of Augustus from Gallienus, Latin inscription found at Como. (Gruter, Inscr. i.
but this assertion is not supported by the Fasti | 635. ) To him is attributed (but apparently with-
nor by any other bistorical evidence, while Eckhel out any very good reason) a Latin medical work
has adduced many weighty arguments to prove entitled “ Medicinae Plinianae Libri Quinque, "
that he never could have enjoyed either of these which is supposed to have been written about the
appellations, and that all the coins ascribed to him fourth century after Christ. is a book on do-
belong in reality to his nephew Saloninus. (Trebell. mestic medicine, compiled from Pliny, Dioscorides,
Poll. Vulerian. jun. ; Eutrop. ix. 8; Zonar. xii. 24, Galen, Alexander Trallianus, and others, and is
according to whom young Valerianus was slain not not of much value. The first three books treat of
at Milan, but at Rome, along with the son of different diseases, beginning with the head and
Gallienus, after the death of the latter. See also descending to the feet, and contain an account of a
Eckhel, vol. vii. pp. 432, 436, and the dissertation great number of medicines, taken partly from
of Brequigny in the Mémoires de l'Academie de Pliny and partly. from later writers. The fourth
Sciences et Belles Lettres, vol. xxxii
. p. 274. ) (W. R. ] book treats of the properties of plants, and is in a
VALERIA'NUS, CORNEʻLIUS. (SALONI- great measure taken from Galen ; and the fifth,
NUS. ]
(W. R. ) which is almost entirely taken from Alexander
VALERIA'NUS, with the title Episcopus Trallianus, treats of the diet suitable to different
Ceindliensis, is the name attached in a single MS. diseases. The work was first published at Rome
to a discourse De Bono Disciplinae, frequently 1509, fol. , edited by Th. Pighinuccius. There is
printed among the works of St. Augustine, but no (according to Haller) a much more accurate edi.
author bearing this designation has been com. tion, published Bonon. 1516, fol. It is also in-
memorated by Gennadius, by Isidorus, nor by any serted in Alban Thorer's (Torinus) Collection,
other compiler of ecclesiastical biographies. Ceme. Basil. 1528, fol. , and in the Aldine Collection of
lium was a village in the neighbourhood of Nice, “ Medici Antiqui,” Venet. 1547, fol. There is
the episcopate of which was, by a decree of Pope a learned dissertation by J. G. Günz (which the
Leo the Great, conjoined with that of Nice, so that Writer has never seen), entitled “ De Auctore
after that period it did not form an independent Operis de Re Medica, vulgo Plinio Valeriano ad-
diocese a fact which determines one limit with scripti," Lips. 1736, 4to, in which the author tries
regard to the age of Valerianus. He is believed to prove that the work in question was written by
to be identical with the Valerianus to whom, in Siburius. (See Fabricius, Bibl. Lat. ; Haller, Bibi.
common with other bishops of southern Gaul, a Med. Pract. ; Choulant, Handb. dır Büchcrkunde für
letter was addressed by Leo touching the ordina) die Aeltere Medicin ; Penny Cyclur. ) [W. A. G. ]
VOL. III.
41
9
in subjugating Armenia
, the air
rk of the Roman pover, the
ad now arrired for reals
of his sire. Haring driver *
de strongholds on the leto izid
ertan Vesopotamia, the cause
ushed like a torrent upon ST
7 all resistance, stormed durch
of the East
At täis jax
the command of the lana 1
a time his measures were bad
cessful. Antioch was repreh
ades (CYRIADES) $25 saca sa
lled to fall back behind the Is
emperor, fzsbed by bs pred
faculties were pertans inama
too rashly. He found his te
surrounded, in the rich
untless horsemen of his mireia;
into a conference, take grieze
emainder of his life in 90
insult which Orience
fter death his skin w
das a trophy in iáe chiesempi
Gonbts exist with regard to the
seted with the career orient
fate, yet so imperies (artisan
## p. 1218 (#1234) ##########################################
1218
VALERIUS.
VALERIUS.
VALERIUS, artists. 1. Of Ostia. The ar- cuse him, and also instructed Sosibius, who was
chitect of the covered theatre erected at Rome for then a slave or a freedman in the palace, to caution
the games of Libo. (Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 15. 8. 24. ) Claudius against the power and wealth of Vale-
Pliny does not say which Libo he refers to ; but rius. This was in A. n. 47, the year following his
it is likely to have been L. Scribonius Libo, who second consulship. Valerius had in the preceding
in his curule aedileship, with his colleague c. year voluntarily resigned his consulship after hold-
Atilius Serranus, first celebrated the Megalesia ing it for a short time, in order to avoid the envy
as ludi scenici, B. C. 193. [LIBO, SCRIBONIUS, of which he was the subject. Suillius accused
No. 3).
him of the part he had taken in Caligula's death,
2. M. VALERIUS M. F. ARTEMA, an archi- and of an intention of setting out to the German
tect, who is mentioned in an extant inscription. armies with a view of aspiring to the empire,
(Sillig, Cat. Artif. Append. s. v. Arlema ; R. since he was born at Vienna (Vienne) in Gaul
Rochette, Lettre M. Schorn, p. 422, 2d. ed. ) and had many connections in that part of the Ro-
3. D. VALERIUS L. F. , described as Vascula- man world. The weak and credulous emperor was
rius, that is, a maker of bronze vases, in two in- easily persuaded. Valerius was apprehended at
scriptions found at Tusculum, of which place he Baiae. The senate was not summoned, but he
was a native or a citizen, for in one of the inscrip- was brought into the emperor's chamber, where
tions he is styled Tusculan. (Muratori, Thes. Suillius laid various crimes to his charge. Vale-
vol. i. p. xii. 12, p. xiv. 6 ; R. Rochette, l. c. ) rius defended himself with spirit, and the emperor
4. C. VALERIUS ANENESTIONE C. Ius, is the would have acquitted him had it not been for
form in which a Cordovan inscription gives the Messalina, who got Vitellius, then consul for the
name of an artist in metal, who made the em- third time, to persuade the emperor to sentence
bossed vessels called anaglypta. He is styled him to death. He was allowed the choice of his
in the inscription Caelntor Anaglytarius, but there death, and died by opening his veins. (Dion
can be no doubt that the last word is an error for Cass. lix. 30 ; Joseph. xix. 1 ; Sen. de Const. Sap.
Anaglyptarius. (Muratori, Thes. vol. ii. p. 18; Tac. Ann. xi. 1-3, xiii. 43 ; Dion Cass. Ix.
cmlxxxi. 9; R. Rochette, l. c. ) [P. S. ] 27, 29, 31. )
VALE'RIUS AEDITUUS. In the ninth 2. P. VALERIUS Asiaticus, the legatus of the
chapter of the nineteenth book of the Noctes At- province of Gallia Belgica at the death of Nero,
ticac a certain rhetorician Julianus, when challenged espoused the cause of Vitellius at the beginning of
to point out anything in the Latin language wortby A. D. 69, and soon afterwards married the daughter
of being compared with the graceful effusions of of Vitellius. On the fall of Vitellius he hastened
Anacreon, and other bards of that class among the to make his peace with the generals of Vespasian,
Greeks, quotes two short epigrams by Valerius and as consul designatus spoke in the senate in
Aeditunis, who is simply described as “ veteris favour of their proposals. He was allowed in con-
poetae,” one by Porcius Licinius, and one by sequence to enjoy the consulship as suffectus in the
Quintus Catulus. Upon these collectively A. Gel- following year, A. D. 70. (Tac. Hist. i. 59, iv.
lius pronounces“ mundius, venustius, limatias, pres-4, 6. )
sius, Graecumve Latinumve nihil quidquam reperiri 3. VALERIUS ASIATICUS, consul under Hadrian
puto. ” They unquestionably merit high commend. A. D. 125 with Titius Aquilinus (Fasti).
ation, but are so evidently derived from some Greek VALERIUS BASSIA'NUS, slain by Com-
source, that they could scarcely be adduced with modus. (Lamprid. Commod. 7. )
fairness as specimens of the Roman lyric muse. M. VALE’RIUS BRA'DUA, consul under
Judging from the language and versification we Commodus A. D. 191 with Pedo Apronianus
may assign them to a period about B. c. 100. (Gell. (Fasti).
xix. 9; Anthol. Lut. iii. 242, 243, ed. Burmann, or C. VALE’RIUS CABURNUS. (PROCILLUS. ]
Nos. 27, 28, ed.
plebeian also. The Valeria gens was one of the
2. The last wife of Sulla, was the daughter of most ancient and most celebrated at Rome ; and
M. Valerius Messala. She attracted the notice of no other Roman gens was distinguished for so long
Sulla at the theatre, and he married her towards a period, although a few others, such as the Cor.
the end of his life. Soon after his death she bore nelia gens, produced a greater number of illustrious
a daughter. Plutarch calls her a sister of the men. The Valerii are universally admitted to
orator Hortensius, but this is a mistake probably have been of Sabine origin, and their ancestor Vo-
arising from the fact that the sister of Hortensius lesus or Volusus is said to have settled at Rome
married a Valerius Messala. (Plut. Sull. 35, 37 : with Titus Tatius. (Dionys. ii. 46 ; Plut. Num.
Drumann, Geschichte Roms, vol. ii. p. 508. ) 5, Publ. 1. ) One of the descendants of this Vo-
VALERIA, GALEʻRIA, the daughter of Dio- lesus, P. Valerius, afterwards surnamed Publicola,
cletian and Prisca, was upon the reconstruction of plays a distinguished part in the story of the ex-
the empire in A. D. 292 [DIOCLETIANUS] united pulsion of the kings, and was elected consul in the
to Galerius, one of the new Caesars, by whom she first year of the republic, B. c. 509. From this
had no offspring, but adopted his illegitimate son time forward down to the latest period of the em.
Candidianus. After the death of her husband in pire, for nearly a thousand years, the name occurs
311 Valeria rejected the proposals of his successor more or less frequently in the Fasti, and it was
Maximinus, who, having become enamoured of her borne by the emperors Maximinus, Maximianus,
person and her wealth, sought to gain her hand | Maxentius, Diocletian, Constantius, Constantine the
99773
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CTKSC)
COIN OF GALERIA VALERIA.
## p. 1216 (#1232) ##########################################
1216
VALERIANUS.
VALERIANUS.
are :
Creat and others. The Valeria gens enjoyed ex- | make known his own sentiments and wishes. The
traordinary honours and privileges at Rome. Their untimely fate of Decius saved the regulator of
house at the bottom of the Velia was the only one public morals from the embarrassment which must
in Rome of which the doors were allowed to open have attended the discharge of difficult and in-
back into the street. (Dionys. v. 39 ; Plut. Publ. 20. ) vidious duties, while at the same time he was ad-
In the Circus a conspicuous place was set apart for mitted to the full confidence of Gallus, by whom
them, where a small throne was erected, an honour he was employed to quell the rebellion of Ae-
of which there was no other example among the milianus, and recall the legions of Pannonia and
Romans. (Liv. ii. 31. ) They were also allowed Moesia to their allegiance. While an army was
to bury their dead within the walls, a privilege forming in Noricum and Rhaetia, the rapid move-
which was also granted to some other gentes ; and ments of the usurper and the murder of the prince
when they had exchanged the older custom of incompletely changed the aspect of affairs, and
terment for that of burning the corpse, although Valerian, who had taken up arms to support the
they did not light the funeral pile on their burying- interests of another, now employed them to ad.
ground, the bier was set down there, as a sym- vance his own. The sudden death, whether caused
bolical way of preserving their right. (Cic. de Leg. by disease or treachery, of his rival, whom be found
ii. 23 ; Plut. Publ. 23. ) Niebuhr, who mentions encamped near Spoleto, prevented a hostile en-
these distinctions, conjectures that among the gra- counter. Valerian was chosen (A. D. 254) to fill
dual changes of the constitution from a monarchy the vacant throne, not, says the Augustan his.
to an aristocracy, the Valeria gens for a time pos- torians, by the rude clamours of a camp, nor by
Bessed the right that one of its members should the disorderly shouts of a popular assembly, but in
exercise the kingly power for the Tities, to which right of his merits, and, as it were, by the unani-
tribe the Valerii must have belonged, as their Sa- mous voice of the whole world. The new sovereign
bine origin indicates (Hist. of Rome, vol. i. p. having assumed his eldest son Gallienus as an as-
538); but on this point, as on many others in sociate in the purple, prepared to repel, as best he
early Roman history, it is impossible to come to might, the barbarian hosts which, gathering con-
any certainty. The Valerii in early times were fidence from the increasing weakness of the Roman
always foremost in advocating the rights of the dominion, were pressing forwards more and more
plebeians, and the laws which they proposed at fiercely on the various frontiers. But although the
various times were the great charters of the liberties Franks were ravaging Gaul and Spain, although
of the second order. (See Dict. of Antiq. s. v. Leges the Alemanni were making repeated descents upon
Valeriae. )
the provinces of the Upper Danube, and threatening
The Valeria gens was divided into various Italy itself, although the Goths were loading their
families under the republic, the names of which boat fleets with the plunder of Asia and of Greece,
- Corvus or CORVINUS, Falto, FLACCUS, yet the dismemberment of the empire seemed most
LAEVINUS, MAXIMUS, MessaLLA, Potitus, imminent in Syria Scarcely had Ardeschir Babe-
PUBLICOLA, TAPPO, TRIARIUS, VOLUsus. Be- gan, by his crowning victory in Khorasan, over-
sides these we meet with other cognomens of the thrown the dynasty of the Arsacidae, and revived
Valerii under the republic, which are mostly the the ancient supremacy of Persia, when he vowed
names of freedmen or clients of the Valeria gens. that he would drive the Western usurpers from the
They are given below in alphabetical order, toge- regions once swayed by his ancestors. His schemes
ther with the surnames bome by the Valerii in the were baffled by the energy and valour of Severus,
imperial period. [Valerius. ] The few Valerii, but the haughty and ambitious Sapor having at
who occur without any sumame, are not of suf- length succeeded in subjugating Armenia, the ally
ficient importance to require any notice. On the and great outwork of the Roman power, thought
coins of the gens we find the cognomens Acisculus, that the time had now arrived for realising the
Catullus, Flaccus, Barbatus.
mighty projects of his sire. Having driven the
VALERIA’NUS, a friend of the younger garrisons from the strongholds on the left bank of
Pliny, who has addressed three letters to him. the Tigris, he overran Mesopotamia, then crossing
(Ep. ii. 15, v. 4, 14. )
the Euphrates, rushed like a torrent upon Syria,
VALERIANUS, Roman emperor, A. D. 253 ) and bearing down all resistance, stormed Antioch,
-260. P. LICINIUS VALERIANUS, whose father's the metropolis of the East. At this juncture
name was Valerius, traced his descent from an Valerian assumed the command of the legions in
ancient and noble stock. After passing through person, and for a time his measures were both
various grades in the service of the state, he had vigorous and successful. Antioch was recovered,
risen to the highest honours at least as early as the usurper Cyriades (CYRIADES] was slain, and
A. D. 237, for we find him styled a consular when Sapor was compelled to fall back behind the Eu-
despatched a year later by the Gordians to Rome. phrates ; but the emperor, flushed by his good
Decius having determined to revive the censorship, fortune, while his faculties were perhaps impaired
and having called upon the senate to name the in- by age, followed too rashly. He found himself, like
dividual most worthy of such an office, demanding a second Crassus, surrounded, in the vicinity of
the union of the most spotless integrity with the Edessa, by the countless horsemen of his active foe;
most sound discretion, the whole assembly with he was entrapped into a conference, taken prisoner,
one voice fixed upon Valerian eagerly, extolling and passed the remainder of his life in captivity
his accomplishments and worth. This singular subjected to every insult which Oriental cruelty
unanimity, and the tone of hyperbolical compli- could devise. After death his skin was stuffed
ment in which the choice was announced, must be and long preserved as a trophy in the chief temple
received either as a proof of the surpassing merit of the nation.
of the personage thus distinguished, or as an in- Although no donbts exist with regard to the
dication that the emperor, although he ostensibly leading facts connected with the career of Valerian
left the election open, had contrived beforehand to and his miserable fate, yet so imperfect, confused,
## p. 1217 (#1233) ##########################################
VALERIANUS.
1217
VALERIANUS.
VALERIANTS.
own sentiments and wishes The
of Decius gated the related
- on the embarrassment which we
the discharge of dificult and n-
bile at the same time be was ad
. . . ccnoidence of Ga'ns, by whom
ed to quell ze regelian de
ecail the legions of Parven und
- ac. egiance. While an may ru
Ecum and Rhaetia, the rasa merk
wper and the garder of the price
reed the aspect of atain, and
nad taken up artes to support the
:ber, now employed them as a
The sadden death, whether zed
eachery, of his tiral
, whom beid
Spuitto, prevented a baszk -
Lan was chosen (A. D. 354) 3
one, Dot, says the Augusta -
rade clabours of a can), NOT
zouts of a popular asendi, tea
is, and, as it were, by the
whole world. The net greitai
his e dest son Galliens 2 2
IT
PIM
AVE
urple, prepared to repel
, as best de
arian hosts wbich, gather in
increasing weakness of te Roza
pressing forwards muere and met
arious frontiers. But alzbudite
Faging Gani and Saiz abai
cre making repeated descens 70
she l'pper Danube, and threatening
ough the Goths were lasciare
the plander of Asia and ai Greene
werment of the empire second Dis
74 Scarcely had Ardescder ficka
uning victory in Kibares, a
sty of the Arsaeidae, and ITP
emacy of Persia, when he pored
ive the Western usurpas to
Ted by his ancestor His netas
the energy and ralour of them
7 and ambitions Saper barista
and contradictory are the records of this period, tion of the bishop of Vaison (Episcopus Vasensis),
that it is impossible to arrange the events in and he is further believed to be the Valerianus
regular order, or to speak with any certainty of who assisted at the councils of Ries (A. D. 439)
the details. We should have imagined that little and Arles (A. D. 455), but these and other sur
difficulty could have been found in fixing the pre-positions rest upon no basis more stable than simple
cise date of the capture and sack of Antioch, the conjecture.
destruction of its edifices, and the massacre of its The Sermo de Bono Disciplinae was first pub-
population, a catastrophe which must have caused | lished as the work of Valerianus by Melchior
a profound sensation throughout the civilised world, Goldastus, 8vo. Gen. 1601, and ten years after-
yet we cannot decide whether these things hap-wards Sirmond discovered in a MS. belonging to
pened during the reign of Gallus, of Valerian, or the monastery of Corvey on the Weser nineteen
of Gallienus. In like manner it is hard to decide discourses, together with an Epistola ad Monachos
in what year Valerian was made prisoner, although de Virtutibus et Ordine Doctrinue Apostolicae, pur-
the weight of evidence is in favour of A. D. 260. porting to be the production of Valerianus Episco-
(Trebell. Poll. Frag. Vit. Valerian. ; Aurel. Vict. pus. Although the codex in question did not con-
de Caes. xxxii. , Epit. xxxii. ; Eutrop. ix. 6 ; Amm. tain the homily De Bono Disciplinae, nor indicate
Marc. xxiii. 5 ; Zosim. i. 27, foll. iii. 32 ; Zonar. the site of the bishopric of this Valerianus, Sir.
xii. 23 ; Eckhel, vol. vii. p. 387. ) (W. R. ] mond concluded from the style that the whole of
these pieces must unquestionably be ascribed to
Valerianus Cemeliensis, and accordingly printed an
octavo volume at Paris in 1612 with the title
Sancti Valeriani Episcopi Cemeliensis Homiliae XX.
Item Epistola ad Monachos de Virtutibus et Ordine
Doctrinae Apostolicae. Oinnia primum praeter uni-
cain Homiliam post annos plus minus mille ducentos
in lucem edita a Jacobo Sirmondo Societatis Jesu
Presbytero anno M. DCXII. These tracts will be
found also in the collected works of Sirmond, vol. i.
p. 604. fol. Paris, 1696, in the Bibliotheca Patrum
COIN OF VALERIANUS
Maxima, vol. viii. p. 498, fol. Lugd. 1677, and
VALERIA'NUS JUNIOR, a son of the em- under their best form in the Bibliotheca Patrum of
peror Valerianus, but not by the same mother as Galland, vol. x. p. 123, fol. Venet. 1774. (Schoene-
Gallienus. He was remarkable for the beauty of mann, Biblioth. Patrum Lat. vol. ii. $ 38. ) (W. R. ]
his person, the modesty of his address, the high VALERIA'NUS PAETUS, one of the many
cultivation of his mind, and the purity of his victims of the suspicious cruelty of Elagabalus.
morals in which he exhibited a marked contrast to (Dion Cass. lxxix. 4. )
(W. R. )
his dissolute brother, along with whom he perished VALERIA'NUS, C, PLI'NIUS, a physician,
at Milan in A. D. 268. (GALLIENUS. ) Trebellius whose date is unknown, who died at the early age
Pollio affirms that he received the title of Caesar of twenty-two, and whose name is preserved in a
from his father, and of Augustus from Gallienus, Latin inscription found at Como. (Gruter, Inscr. i.
but this assertion is not supported by the Fasti | 635. ) To him is attributed (but apparently with-
nor by any other bistorical evidence, while Eckhel out any very good reason) a Latin medical work
has adduced many weighty arguments to prove entitled “ Medicinae Plinianae Libri Quinque, "
that he never could have enjoyed either of these which is supposed to have been written about the
appellations, and that all the coins ascribed to him fourth century after Christ. is a book on do-
belong in reality to his nephew Saloninus. (Trebell. mestic medicine, compiled from Pliny, Dioscorides,
Poll. Vulerian. jun. ; Eutrop. ix. 8; Zonar. xii. 24, Galen, Alexander Trallianus, and others, and is
according to whom young Valerianus was slain not not of much value. The first three books treat of
at Milan, but at Rome, along with the son of different diseases, beginning with the head and
Gallienus, after the death of the latter. See also descending to the feet, and contain an account of a
Eckhel, vol. vii. pp. 432, 436, and the dissertation great number of medicines, taken partly from
of Brequigny in the Mémoires de l'Academie de Pliny and partly. from later writers. The fourth
Sciences et Belles Lettres, vol. xxxii
. p. 274. ) (W. R. ] book treats of the properties of plants, and is in a
VALERIA'NUS, CORNEʻLIUS. (SALONI- great measure taken from Galen ; and the fifth,
NUS. ]
(W. R. ) which is almost entirely taken from Alexander
VALERIA'NUS, with the title Episcopus Trallianus, treats of the diet suitable to different
Ceindliensis, is the name attached in a single MS. diseases. The work was first published at Rome
to a discourse De Bono Disciplinae, frequently 1509, fol. , edited by Th. Pighinuccius. There is
printed among the works of St. Augustine, but no (according to Haller) a much more accurate edi.
author bearing this designation has been com. tion, published Bonon. 1516, fol. It is also in-
memorated by Gennadius, by Isidorus, nor by any serted in Alban Thorer's (Torinus) Collection,
other compiler of ecclesiastical biographies. Ceme. Basil. 1528, fol. , and in the Aldine Collection of
lium was a village in the neighbourhood of Nice, “ Medici Antiqui,” Venet. 1547, fol. There is
the episcopate of which was, by a decree of Pope a learned dissertation by J. G. Günz (which the
Leo the Great, conjoined with that of Nice, so that Writer has never seen), entitled “ De Auctore
after that period it did not form an independent Operis de Re Medica, vulgo Plinio Valeriano ad-
diocese a fact which determines one limit with scripti," Lips. 1736, 4to, in which the author tries
regard to the age of Valerianus. He is believed to prove that the work in question was written by
to be identical with the Valerianus to whom, in Siburius. (See Fabricius, Bibl. Lat. ; Haller, Bibi.
common with other bishops of southern Gaul, a Med. Pract. ; Choulant, Handb. dır Büchcrkunde für
letter was addressed by Leo touching the ordina) die Aeltere Medicin ; Penny Cyclur. ) [W. A. G. ]
VOL. III.
41
9
in subjugating Armenia
, the air
rk of the Roman pover, the
ad now arrired for reals
of his sire. Haring driver *
de strongholds on the leto izid
ertan Vesopotamia, the cause
ushed like a torrent upon ST
7 all resistance, stormed durch
of the East
At täis jax
the command of the lana 1
a time his measures were bad
cessful. Antioch was repreh
ades (CYRIADES) $25 saca sa
lled to fall back behind the Is
emperor, fzsbed by bs pred
faculties were pertans inama
too rashly. He found his te
surrounded, in the rich
untless horsemen of his mireia;
into a conference, take grieze
emainder of his life in 90
insult which Orience
fter death his skin w
das a trophy in iáe chiesempi
Gonbts exist with regard to the
seted with the career orient
fate, yet so imperies (artisan
## p. 1218 (#1234) ##########################################
1218
VALERIUS.
VALERIUS.
VALERIUS, artists. 1. Of Ostia. The ar- cuse him, and also instructed Sosibius, who was
chitect of the covered theatre erected at Rome for then a slave or a freedman in the palace, to caution
the games of Libo. (Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 15. 8. 24. ) Claudius against the power and wealth of Vale-
Pliny does not say which Libo he refers to ; but rius. This was in A. n. 47, the year following his
it is likely to have been L. Scribonius Libo, who second consulship. Valerius had in the preceding
in his curule aedileship, with his colleague c. year voluntarily resigned his consulship after hold-
Atilius Serranus, first celebrated the Megalesia ing it for a short time, in order to avoid the envy
as ludi scenici, B. C. 193. [LIBO, SCRIBONIUS, of which he was the subject. Suillius accused
No. 3).
him of the part he had taken in Caligula's death,
2. M. VALERIUS M. F. ARTEMA, an archi- and of an intention of setting out to the German
tect, who is mentioned in an extant inscription. armies with a view of aspiring to the empire,
(Sillig, Cat. Artif. Append. s. v. Arlema ; R. since he was born at Vienna (Vienne) in Gaul
Rochette, Lettre M. Schorn, p. 422, 2d. ed. ) and had many connections in that part of the Ro-
3. D. VALERIUS L. F. , described as Vascula- man world. The weak and credulous emperor was
rius, that is, a maker of bronze vases, in two in- easily persuaded. Valerius was apprehended at
scriptions found at Tusculum, of which place he Baiae. The senate was not summoned, but he
was a native or a citizen, for in one of the inscrip- was brought into the emperor's chamber, where
tions he is styled Tusculan. (Muratori, Thes. Suillius laid various crimes to his charge. Vale-
vol. i. p. xii. 12, p. xiv. 6 ; R. Rochette, l. c. ) rius defended himself with spirit, and the emperor
4. C. VALERIUS ANENESTIONE C. Ius, is the would have acquitted him had it not been for
form in which a Cordovan inscription gives the Messalina, who got Vitellius, then consul for the
name of an artist in metal, who made the em- third time, to persuade the emperor to sentence
bossed vessels called anaglypta. He is styled him to death. He was allowed the choice of his
in the inscription Caelntor Anaglytarius, but there death, and died by opening his veins. (Dion
can be no doubt that the last word is an error for Cass. lix. 30 ; Joseph. xix. 1 ; Sen. de Const. Sap.
Anaglyptarius. (Muratori, Thes. vol. ii. p. 18; Tac. Ann. xi. 1-3, xiii. 43 ; Dion Cass. Ix.
cmlxxxi. 9; R. Rochette, l. c. ) [P. S. ] 27, 29, 31. )
VALE'RIUS AEDITUUS. In the ninth 2. P. VALERIUS Asiaticus, the legatus of the
chapter of the nineteenth book of the Noctes At- province of Gallia Belgica at the death of Nero,
ticac a certain rhetorician Julianus, when challenged espoused the cause of Vitellius at the beginning of
to point out anything in the Latin language wortby A. D. 69, and soon afterwards married the daughter
of being compared with the graceful effusions of of Vitellius. On the fall of Vitellius he hastened
Anacreon, and other bards of that class among the to make his peace with the generals of Vespasian,
Greeks, quotes two short epigrams by Valerius and as consul designatus spoke in the senate in
Aeditunis, who is simply described as “ veteris favour of their proposals. He was allowed in con-
poetae,” one by Porcius Licinius, and one by sequence to enjoy the consulship as suffectus in the
Quintus Catulus. Upon these collectively A. Gel- following year, A. D. 70. (Tac. Hist. i. 59, iv.
lius pronounces“ mundius, venustius, limatias, pres-4, 6. )
sius, Graecumve Latinumve nihil quidquam reperiri 3. VALERIUS ASIATICUS, consul under Hadrian
puto. ” They unquestionably merit high commend. A. D. 125 with Titius Aquilinus (Fasti).
ation, but are so evidently derived from some Greek VALERIUS BASSIA'NUS, slain by Com-
source, that they could scarcely be adduced with modus. (Lamprid. Commod. 7. )
fairness as specimens of the Roman lyric muse. M. VALE’RIUS BRA'DUA, consul under
Judging from the language and versification we Commodus A. D. 191 with Pedo Apronianus
may assign them to a period about B. c. 100. (Gell. (Fasti).
xix. 9; Anthol. Lut. iii. 242, 243, ed. Burmann, or C. VALE’RIUS CABURNUS. (PROCILLUS. ]
Nos. 27, 28, ed.
