)
His arms were first directed against Selinus, which,
16.
His arms were first directed against Selinus, which,
16.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
But of all that he accomplished
the other by Hanno ; and this sanguinary war at during this long interval we know, unfortunately,
length brought to a successful close (B. C. 238), almost nothing. Previous to this time the Car-
after it had lasted three years and four months. thaginians do not appear to have had any dominion
(Polyb. i. 86-88; comp. Diod. Erc. Hoeschel. in the interior of Spain, though Gades and other
xxv. l; and for the chronology see Clinton, F. H. Phoenician colonies gave them in some measure
vol. iii. an. 238. )
the command of the southern coasts ; but Hamilcar
There is much obscurity with regard to the con carried his arms into the heart of the country, and
duct of Hamilcar after the termination of the war while he reduced some cities and tribes by force of
of the mercenaries. Polybius states simply (ii. 1) arms, gained over others by negotiation, and availed
that the Carthaginians immediately afterwards himself of their services as allies or as mercenaries,
sent him with an army into Spain. Diodorus and The vast wealth he is said to have acquired by his
Appian, on the contrary, represent him as engaging victories was probably derived not only from the
in intrigues with the popular party at Carthage plunder and contributions of the vanquished na-
against the aristocracy; and the latter author tions, but from the rich silver mines in part of the
asserts that it was in order to escape a prosecution country which he subdued. We are told also that
brought against him by the adverse party for his he founded a great city, which he destined to be
conduct in Sicily, that he sought and obtained em- the capital of the Carthaginian empire in Spain, at
ployment in a war against the Numidians, in which a place called the White Promontory ("Arpa Aeukn),
Hanno was associated with him as his colleague ; but this was probably superseded by New Car-
and on the latter being recalled to Carthage, thage, and its situation is now unknown. The
## p. 330 (#346) ############################################
330
HAMILCAR.
HAMILCAR
.
ܪ
progress which the arms of Hamilcar had made in we are now speaking is the same as the Himilco
the peninsula may be in some measure estimated whom Livy had previously mentioned (xxiii. 28)
by the circumstance that the fatal battle in which as being sent into Spain with a large force to sup-
he perished is stated to have been fought against port Hasdrubal. (Himilco, No. 7. )
the Vettones, a people who dwelt between the 11. A Carthaginian admiral, who commanded
Tagus and the Guadiana. (Corn. Nep. Hamilc. the fleet of observation which the Carthaginians
4; Strab. iii. p. 139. ) According to Liry (xxiv. kept up during the second Punic war, to watch the
41), it occurred near a place called Castrum Album, movements of the Romans in Sicily. (Polyb. viii.
but the exact site is unknown. The circumstances 3. & 8. ) He is probably the same who in the
of his defeat and death are very differently told by summer of 210 ravaged the coasts of Sardinia with
Diodorus and by Appian. The account of the a fleet of 40 ships (Liv. xxvii. 6); and whom we
latter author is contirmed by Zonaras ; but all find holding the chief naval command at Carthage
writers agree that he displayed the utmost personal when the seat of war was transferred to Africa.
bravery in the fatal conflict, and that his death was (Appian, Pun. 24. ). After the defeat of Hasdrubal
not unworthy of his life. It took place in 229 and Syphax by Scipio in 203, Hamilcar made a
B. C. , about ten years before his son Hannibal was sudden attack upon the Roman fleet as it lay at
able to commence the realisation of the great de anchor before Utica. He had hoped to have taken
signs in the midst of which he was thus himself cut it by surprise, and destroyed the whole ; but the
off. (Polyb. ii. l; Diod. Exc. Hoeschel. xxv. 2; vigilance of Scipio anticipated his design, and after
Zonar. viii. 19; Corn. Nep. Hamilc. 4; Liv. xxi. an obstinate combat he was only able to carry off
1, 2; Oros. iv, 13. )
six ships to Carthage. In a subsequent attack he
We know very little concerning the private effected still less. (Appian, Pun. 24, 25, 30; Liv.
character of Hamilcar: an anecdote of him pre- xxx. 10).
served by Diodorus (Exc. Val. xxiv. 2, 3) repre- 12. An officer in the army of Hannibal, in Italy,
sents in a favourable light his liberality and even during the second Punic war. In 215 he was de
generosity of spirit; and we have seen that he at tached, together with Hanno, into Bruttium, where
first displayed much leniency towards the insurgents he succeeded in reducing the important town of
in the African war, though the atrocities of his Locri. (Liv. xxiv. 1. ) He appears to have been
opponents afterwards led him to acts of frightful appointed goremor of his new conquest, which he
cruelty by way of retaliation. His political rela- held with a Carthaginian garrison till the year 205,
tions are so obscure that it is difficult to form a when the citadel was surprised by Q. Pleminius.
judgment concerning his conduct in this respect ; | Hamilcar still held out in another fort that com-
but there certainly seems reason to suppose that, manded the town, and Hannibal himself advanced
like many other great men, the consciousness of his to his relief, but the unexpected arrival of Scipio
own superiority rendered him impatient of control; disconcerted his plans, and he was compelled to
and it is not improbable that he sought in Spain abandon Locri to its fate. Hamilcar made his es-
greater freedom of action and a more independent cape in the night, with the remains of his garrison.
career than existing institutions allowed him at According to the Roman historians, his conduct
home. An odious imputation cast on his relations during the period he had held the command at
with Hasdrubal was probably no more than a Locri was marked by every species of cruelty and
calumny of the opposite faction. (Corn. Nep. extortion, which were however, according to their
Hamilc. 3 ; Liv. xxi. 2, 3. ) Of the military genius own admission, far exceeded by those of his Roman
of Hamilcar our imperfect knowledge of the details successor. (Liv. xxix. 6—8, 17. )
of his campaigns scarcely qualifies us to judge, but 13. A Carthaginian, who had remained in Cisal-
the concurrent testimony of antiquity places him in pine Gaul after the defeat of Hasdrubal at the
this respect almost on a par with his son Hannibal. Metaurus (B. C. 207), or, according to others, had
He left three sons, Hannibal, Hasdrubal, and been left there by Mago when he quitted Italy.
Mago, all of whom bore a distinguished part in the In 200, when the Romans were engaged in the
second Punic war.
Macedonian war, and had greatly diminished their
9. Son of Gisco, was the Carthaginian governor forces in Gaul, Hamilcar succeeded in exciting a
of Malta at the beginning of the second Punic war. general revolt, not only of the Insubrians, Bojaps,
He surrendered the island, together with his gar- and Cenomanni, but several of the Ligurian tribes
rison of 2000 men, into the hands of the Roman also. By a sudden attack, he took the Roman co-
consul, Ti. Sempronius Longus, B. C. 218. (Liv. lony of Placentia, which he plundered and burnt,
xxi. 51. )
and then laid siege to Cremona; but that place,
10. Son of Bomilcar (probably the Suffete of though unprepared for defence, was able to hold
that name: see BOMILCAR No. 2), is mentioned out until the Roman praetor, L. Furius, arrived to
as one of the generals in Spain in B. c. 215, together its relief with an army from Ariminum. A pitched
with Hasdrubal and Mago, the two sons of Barca. battle ensued, in which the Gauls were totally de
The three generals, with their united armies, were feated, and in which, according to one account,
besieging the city of Illiturgi, when the two Scipios Hamilcar was slain : but another, and a more
came up to its relief; and notwithstanding the probable statement, represents him as continuing
great inferiority of their forces, totally defeated the to take part in the war of the Gallic tribes, not
Carthaginians, and compelled them to raise the without frequent successes, until the year 197,
siege. (Liv. xxiii. 49. ) No other mention is when he was taken prisoner, in the great battle on
found of this Hamilcar, unless he be the same that the river Mincius, in which the Insubrians were
is named by Polybius (iii. 95) as commanding the overthrown by the consul Cethegus. He is said to
fleet of Hasdrubal in 217. That officer is, how- have adorned the triumph celebrated by the vic
ever, called by Livy (xxii. 19) Himilco. From torious consul. (Liv. xxxi. 10, 21, xxxii. 30,
the perpetual confusion between these two names xxxiii. 23; Zonar. ix. 15, 16. ) In these pro-
it seeins not impossibic that the person of whom ceedings, it is clear that Hamilcar acted without
R
## p. 331 (#347) ############################################
HAMPSICORA.
331
HANNIBAL:
any authority from Carthage ; and, on the com- | action, and Hampsicora, who had made his escape
plnints of the Romans, the Carthaginian govern- from the field of battle, on learning the death of
ment passed sentence against him of banishment and his son, put an end to his own life. These events
confiscation of his property. (Liv. xxxi. 19. ) occurred in the summer of B. C. 215. (Liv. xxiii.
14. Surnamed the Samnite, on what account we 32, 40, 41. )
(E. H. B. )
know not. He was one of the leaders of the demo HA'NNÍBAL ('Avvlbas). Many persons of
cratic party at Carthage during the dissensions which this name occur in the history of Carthage, whom
divided that state after the close of the second it is not always casy to distinguish from one an-
Punic war; and one of those who instigated Car- other, on account of the absence of family names,
thalo to attack the troops of Masinissa. (Car- and even of patronymics, among the Carthaginians.
THALO, No. 3. ) At a subsequent period (B. c. 151), The name itself signifies, according to Gesenius
the democratic party having expelled from the city (Ling. Phocn. Monum. p. 407), “ the grace or fa-
those who were considered to favour Masinissa, vour of Banl ; " the final syllable bal, of such
that monarch sent his two sons, Gulussa and Mi- common occurrence in Punic names, always having
cipsa, to demand the restoration of the exiles ; but reference to this tutelary deity of the Phoenicians.
the two princes were refused admission within the 1. A son of Hasdrubal, and grandson of Mago,
gates; and as they were retiring, Hamilcar attacked mentioned only by Justin (xix. 2), according to
them, and killed many of the followers of Gulussa, whom this Hannibal, together with his brothers,
who himself escaped with difficulty. This outrage Hasdrubal and Sappho, carried on successful wars
was one of the immediate causes of the war with against the Africans, Numidians, and Mauritanians,
Masinissa, which ultimately led to the third Punic and was one of those mainly instrumental in estab-
war. It is probable that Hamilcar, though not lishing the dominion of Carthage on the continent
mentioned by name, was included in the proscrip- of Africa
tion of Hasdrubal, Carthalo, and the other leaders 2. Son of Gisco, and grandson of the Hamilcar
of the war party, by which the Carthaginians sought who was killed at Himera B. c. 480. [HAMILCAR,
to appease the anger of Rome, when the danger of No. 1. ) He was one of the suffetes, or chief ma-
war with that power became imminent. (Appian, gistrates, of Carthage at the time that the Seges-
Pun. 68, 70, 74. )
tans, after the defeat of the great Athenian ex-
15. One of the five ambassadors sent by the pedition to Sicily, implored the assistance of the
Carthaginians to Rome at the beginning of the third Carthaginians, to protect them against the Selinun-
Punic war, B. c. 149. They were furnished with tines. The senate of Cartbage, having determined
full powers to act as they decmed best, in order to to avail themselves of the opportunity of extending
avert the impending danger ; and finding, on their their power and influence in Sicily, Hannibal was
arrival at Rome, that the senate had already passed appointed to conduct the war: a small force was
a decree for war, and would no longer enter into sent off immediately to the support of the Seges-
negotiation, they determined on offering unqualified tans, and Hannibal, having spent the winter in
submission. This declaration was favourably re assembling a large body of mercenaries from Spain
ceived, but 300 hostages were required, as a proof and Africa, landed at Lilybaeum the following
of the sincerity of their countrymen, and, with spring (B. C. 409), with an anny, according to the
this demand, the ambassadors returned to Carthage. lowest statement, of not less than 100,000 men.
(Polyb. xxxvi. 1, 2.
)
His arms were first directed against Selinus, which,
16. There is a Cárthaginian author, of the name though one of the most powerful and opulent cities
of Hamilcar, mentioned (together with Mago) by of Sicily, appears to have been ill prepared for de-
Columella (xii. 4) as having written on the details fence, and Hannibal pressed his attacks with such
of husbandry ; but nothing more is known con- vigour, that he made himself master of the city,
cerning him.
(E. H. B. ] after a siege of only nine days: the place was given
HAMMONIUS. (AMMONIUS. )
up to plunder, and, with the exception of some of
HAMMO'NIUS, C. AVIA'NUS, a freedman the temples, almost utterly destroyed. From hence
of M. Aemilius Avianus, whom Cicero recom- Hannibal proceeded to lay siege to Himera, into
mended, in B. C. 46, to Ser. Sulpicius, governor of which place Diocles had thrown himself, at the
Achaia (Cic. ad Fam. xiii. 21, 27. )
head of a body of Syracusans and other auxiliaries;
HAMPSICORA, a Sardinian chief, who, after but the latter, after an unsuccessful combat, in
the battle of Cannae (B. C. 216), entered into secret which many of his troops had fallen, became
negotiations with the Carthaginians, inviting them alarmed for the safety of Syracuse itself, and with-
to send over a force to Sardinia, to recover that drew, with the forces under his command, and a
important island from the dominion of Rome. His part of the citizens of Himera, leaving the rest to
overtures were eagerly listened to, and Hasdrubal, their fate. The remnant thus left were unable to
sumamed the Bald, dispatched with a fleet and defend their walls, and the city fell the next day
amy, to support the intended revolt. But before into the power of Hannibal, who, after having
the arrival of Hasdrubal, and while Hampsicora abandoned it to be plundered by his soldiers, razed
himself was engaged in levying troops in the in- it to the ground, and sacrificed all the prisoners
terior of the island, his son Hiostus rashly allowed that had fallen into his hands, 3000 in number,
himself to be led into an engagement with the upon the field of battle, where his grandfather Ha-
Roman praetor, T. Manlius, in which he was de- milcar had perished. After these successes, he
ſeated, and his forces dispersed. The arrival of returned in triumph to Carthage. (Diod. xiii. 43,
Hasdrubal for a moment changed the face of af- 44, 54-62 ; Xen. Hell. i. 1. $ 37. )
fairs, but he and Hampsicora having advanced with It appears that Hannibal must have been at
their united forces against Caralis, the capital of the this time already a man of advanced age, and he
Roman province, they were met by Manlius, when seems to have been disposed to rest content with
a decisive battle took place, in which the Romans the glory he had gained in this expedition, so that
were completely victorious. Hiostus fell in the / when, three years afterwards (B. c. 406), the Cir-
## p. 332 (#348) ############################################
332
HANNIBAL.
HANNIBAL
thaginians determined on sending another, and a the Romans. (Polyb. i. 17–19 ; Zonar. viii, 10;
still greater, armament to Sicily, he at first declined Oros. iv. 7. ) Hannibal's attention was henceforth
the command, and was only induced to accept it directed principally to carrying on the contest by
by having his cousin Himilco associated with him. sea : with a fleet of sixty ships, be ravaged the
After making great preparations, and assembling coasts of Italy, which were then almost defence-
an immerse force of mercenary troops, Hannibal less ; and the next year (B. C. 260), on learning
took the lead, with a squadron of fifty triremes, that the consul, Cn. Cornelius Scipio Asina, had
but was quickly followed by Himilco, with the put to sea with a squadron of seventeen ships, he
main army; and having landed their whole force dispatched Boodes, with twenty gallies, to meet
in safety, they proceeded immediately to invest him at Lipari, where the latter succeeded by a
Agrigentum, at that time one of the wealthiest and stratagem in capturing Scipio, with his whole
most powerful cities in Sicily. But while the two squadron. After this success, Hannibal put to sea
generals were pushing their attacks with the utmost in person, with fifty ships, for the purpose of again
digour on several points at once, a pestilence sud- ravaging the coasts of Italy, but, falling in unex-
venly broke out in the camp, to which Hannibal pectedly with the whole Roman fleet, he lost many
himself fell a victim, B. C. 406. (Diod. xiii. 80— of his ships, and with difficulty made his escape to
86. )
Sicily with the remainder. Here, however, he joined
3. Father of Hanno, who joined Hieron in the the rest of his fleet, and C. Duilius, having taken
siege of Messana (HANNO, No. 8. )
the command of that of the Romans, almost im-
4. A Carthaginian general, who happened to be mediately brought on a general action off Mylae.
stationed with a fleet at Lipara, when Hieron, after Hannibal, well knowing the inexperience and want
gaining a great victory over the Mamertines, was of skill of the Romans in naval warfare, and having
preparing to follow up his advantage, and besiege apparently a superior force, had anticipated an easy
Messana itself. The Carthaginians were at this victory, but the valour of the Romans, together
time hostile to the Mamertines, and, in name at with the strange contrivance of the corvi, or board.
least, friendly to Hieron ; but Hannibal was ing bridges, gained them the advantage ; the Care
alarmed at the prospect of the latter obtaining so thaginians were totally defeated, and not less than
important an accession of power ; he therefore has- fifty of their ships sunk, destroyed, or taken.
tened to the camp of Hieron, and induced him to Hannibal himself was obliged to abandon his own
grant terms to the Mamertines, while he bimself ship (a vessel of seven banks of oars, which had
succeeded in introducing a Carthaginian garrison formerly belonged to Pyrrhus), and make his escape
into the city of Messana (Diod. Exc. Hoeschel. in a small boat. He hastened to Carthage, where,
xxii. 15. p. 500. ) These events must have occurred it is said, he contrived by an ingenious stratagem to
in 270 B. C. (See Droysen, Hellenismus, vol. ii. escape the punishment so often inflicted by the
p. 268, not. ) It may probably have been this same Carthaginians on their unsuccessful generals. (Po-
Hannibal who is mentioned by Diodorus (Exc. lyb. i. 21-23; Zonar. viii. 10, 11 ; Oros. iv. 7 ;
Hoeschel. xxiil 5) as arriving at Xiphonias with a Diod. E. rc. Vatic. xxiii. 2 ; Dion Cass. Frag. l'at.
naval force to the support of Hieron, but too late to 62 ; Polyaen. vi. 16. § 5. ) He was, nevertheless,
prevent that prince from concluding peace with the deprived of his command, but was soon after (ap-
Romans, B. C. 263.
parently the very next year, 259) again sent out,
5. Son of Gisco (Zonar. viii. 10), and com- with a considerable fleet, to the defence of Sardinia
mander of the Carthaginian forces at Agrigentum, which had been attacked by the Romans under
when it was besieged by the Romans during the L. Scipio. Here he was again unfortunate, and,
first Punic war, B. C. 262. It seems not improbable having lost many of his ships, was seized by his
that this may be the same person with the pre own mutinous troops, and put to death. (Polyb.
ceding, but we bave no evidence by which to i. 24; Oros. iv. 8; Zonar. viii. 12. There is some
decide the fact, and the name of Hannibal appears discrepancy between these accounts, and it is not
to have been so common at Carthage, that it can clear whether he perished in the year of Scipio's
by no means be assumed. Hannibal had a con- operations in Sardinia, or in the following consul-
siderable army under his command, yet he did not ship of Sulpicius Paterculus, B. C. 258. )
venture to face the Romans in the field, and shut 6. A son of the preceding, was one of the Car-
himself up within the walls of Agrigentum. The thaginian officers at Lily baeum during the siege of
Roman consuls, L. Postumius Megellus and Q. that city by the Romans. He was employed by
Mamilius Vitulus, established their armies in two the general, Himilco, to treat with the disaffected
separate fortified camps, which they united by lines Gaulish mercenaries, and succeeded in inducing
of intrenchment, and thus proceeded to blockade them to remain faithful. (Polyb. i 43. )
the city. Hannibal was soon reduced to great dis- 7. Son of Hamilcar (perhaps the Hamilcar who
tress, for want of provisions, but held out, in hopes was opposed to Regulus (HAMILCAR, No. 7]), was
of being relieved by Hanno, who had advanced as chosen by the Carthaginians, as a distinguished
far as Heraclea to his support. (HANNO, No. 8. ) naval officer and a friend of their admiral, Adher-
But the operations of the latter were unsuccessful, bal, to command the squadron destined for the
and when he at length ventured on a decisive relief of Lily baeum in the 15th year of the first
effort, he was completely defeated. Hereupon Punic War, B. C. 250. That city was at the time
Hannibal, who had himself made an unsuccessful blockaded by the Romans both by sea and land;
attack upon the Roman camp, during their engage- but Hannibal, sailing from Carthage with fifty
ment with Hanno, determined to abandon the town, ships to the small islands of the Aegusae, lay there
and succeeded, under cover of the night, in forcing awaiting a favourable wind ; and no sooner did
his way through the enemy's lines, and making this arise, than he put out to sea, and spreading all
good his retreat with what troops remained to him sail
, stood straight into the harbour of Lily baeum,
in safety to Panormus. Agrigentum itself was im- before the Romans could collect their ships to op-
mediately afterwards stormed and plurdered by pose him. He thus landed a force of 10,000 men
## p. 333 (#349) ############################################
HANNIBAL.
333
HANNIBAL.
besides large supplies of provisions ; after which, | Hamilcar perished (B. c. 229); and though only
again eluding the Romans, he repaired with his eighteen years old at this time, he had already dis-
Aeet to join that of Adherbal at Drepanum. His played so much courage and capacity for war, that
name is not mentioned as taking part in the great he was entrusted by Hasdrubal (the son-in-law and
victory of that commander over P. Claudius in the successor of Hamilcar) with the chief command of
following year (249), though it is probable that most of the military enterprises planned by that
he was present, as immediately afterwards we find general. (Diod. Exc. Hoesch xxv. p. 511; Liv.
him detached, with a force of thirty ships, to Pa- xxi. 4; Appian, Hisp. 6. ) Of the details of these
normus, where he seized the Roman magazines of campaigns we know nothing ; but it is clear that
corn, and carried them off to Lily baeum. (Polyb. i. Hannibal thus early gave proof of that remarkable
44, 46; Diod. Exc. Hoeschel. xxiv. 1 ; Oros. iv. power over the minds of men, which he afterwards
10. )
displayed in so eminent a degree, and secured to
8. Surnamed the Rhodian, distinguished him- himself the devoted attachment of the army under
self during the siege of Lilybaeum by the skill and his command. The consequence was, that on the
daring with which he contrived to run in and out assassination of Hasdrubal (B. C. 221), the soldiers
of the harbour of that place with his single ship, unanimously proclaimed their youthful leader com-
and thus keep up the communication of the be mander-in-chief, and the government at Carthage
sieged with Carthage, in spite of the vigilance of hastened to ratify an appointment which they had
the Roman blockading squadron. At length, how- not, in fact, the power to prevent. (Polyb. iii. 13;
ever, he fell into the hands of the enemy, who Appian, Hisp. 8; Zonar. viii. 21. ).
subsequently made use of his galley, of the swift- Hannibal was at this time in the twenty-sixth
ness of which they had had so much experience, as year of his age. There can be no doubt that he
a model after which to construct their own. (Polyb. already looked forward to the invasion and con-
i. 46, 47; Zonar. viii. 15, who erroneously calls quest of Italy as the goal of his ambition ; but it
him Hanno. )
was necessary for him first to complete the work
9. A general in the war of the Carthaginians which had been so ably begun by his two prede-
against their revolted mercenaries, B. C. 240-238, cessors, and to establish the Carthaginian power as
who was appointed to succeed Hanno, when the dis firmly as possible in Spain, before he made that
sensions between that general and Hamilcar Barca country the base of his subsequent operations.
bad terminated in the deposition of the former. This was the work of two campaigns. Immediately
(HANNO, No. 12. ] It is probable that the new com- after he had received the command, he turned his
mander, if not distinctly placed in subordination arms against the Olcades, a nation of the interior,
to Hamilcar, was content to follow his directions, who were speedily compelled to submit by the fall
and we hear nothing of him separately until the of their capital city, Althaea.
the other by Hanno ; and this sanguinary war at during this long interval we know, unfortunately,
length brought to a successful close (B. C. 238), almost nothing. Previous to this time the Car-
after it had lasted three years and four months. thaginians do not appear to have had any dominion
(Polyb. i. 86-88; comp. Diod. Erc. Hoeschel. in the interior of Spain, though Gades and other
xxv. l; and for the chronology see Clinton, F. H. Phoenician colonies gave them in some measure
vol. iii. an. 238. )
the command of the southern coasts ; but Hamilcar
There is much obscurity with regard to the con carried his arms into the heart of the country, and
duct of Hamilcar after the termination of the war while he reduced some cities and tribes by force of
of the mercenaries. Polybius states simply (ii. 1) arms, gained over others by negotiation, and availed
that the Carthaginians immediately afterwards himself of their services as allies or as mercenaries,
sent him with an army into Spain. Diodorus and The vast wealth he is said to have acquired by his
Appian, on the contrary, represent him as engaging victories was probably derived not only from the
in intrigues with the popular party at Carthage plunder and contributions of the vanquished na-
against the aristocracy; and the latter author tions, but from the rich silver mines in part of the
asserts that it was in order to escape a prosecution country which he subdued. We are told also that
brought against him by the adverse party for his he founded a great city, which he destined to be
conduct in Sicily, that he sought and obtained em- the capital of the Carthaginian empire in Spain, at
ployment in a war against the Numidians, in which a place called the White Promontory ("Arpa Aeukn),
Hanno was associated with him as his colleague ; but this was probably superseded by New Car-
and on the latter being recalled to Carthage, thage, and its situation is now unknown. The
## p. 330 (#346) ############################################
330
HAMILCAR.
HAMILCAR
.
ܪ
progress which the arms of Hamilcar had made in we are now speaking is the same as the Himilco
the peninsula may be in some measure estimated whom Livy had previously mentioned (xxiii. 28)
by the circumstance that the fatal battle in which as being sent into Spain with a large force to sup-
he perished is stated to have been fought against port Hasdrubal. (Himilco, No. 7. )
the Vettones, a people who dwelt between the 11. A Carthaginian admiral, who commanded
Tagus and the Guadiana. (Corn. Nep. Hamilc. the fleet of observation which the Carthaginians
4; Strab. iii. p. 139. ) According to Liry (xxiv. kept up during the second Punic war, to watch the
41), it occurred near a place called Castrum Album, movements of the Romans in Sicily. (Polyb. viii.
but the exact site is unknown. The circumstances 3. & 8. ) He is probably the same who in the
of his defeat and death are very differently told by summer of 210 ravaged the coasts of Sardinia with
Diodorus and by Appian. The account of the a fleet of 40 ships (Liv. xxvii. 6); and whom we
latter author is contirmed by Zonaras ; but all find holding the chief naval command at Carthage
writers agree that he displayed the utmost personal when the seat of war was transferred to Africa.
bravery in the fatal conflict, and that his death was (Appian, Pun. 24. ). After the defeat of Hasdrubal
not unworthy of his life. It took place in 229 and Syphax by Scipio in 203, Hamilcar made a
B. C. , about ten years before his son Hannibal was sudden attack upon the Roman fleet as it lay at
able to commence the realisation of the great de anchor before Utica. He had hoped to have taken
signs in the midst of which he was thus himself cut it by surprise, and destroyed the whole ; but the
off. (Polyb. ii. l; Diod. Exc. Hoeschel. xxv. 2; vigilance of Scipio anticipated his design, and after
Zonar. viii. 19; Corn. Nep. Hamilc. 4; Liv. xxi. an obstinate combat he was only able to carry off
1, 2; Oros. iv, 13. )
six ships to Carthage. In a subsequent attack he
We know very little concerning the private effected still less. (Appian, Pun. 24, 25, 30; Liv.
character of Hamilcar: an anecdote of him pre- xxx. 10).
served by Diodorus (Exc. Val. xxiv. 2, 3) repre- 12. An officer in the army of Hannibal, in Italy,
sents in a favourable light his liberality and even during the second Punic war. In 215 he was de
generosity of spirit; and we have seen that he at tached, together with Hanno, into Bruttium, where
first displayed much leniency towards the insurgents he succeeded in reducing the important town of
in the African war, though the atrocities of his Locri. (Liv. xxiv. 1. ) He appears to have been
opponents afterwards led him to acts of frightful appointed goremor of his new conquest, which he
cruelty by way of retaliation. His political rela- held with a Carthaginian garrison till the year 205,
tions are so obscure that it is difficult to form a when the citadel was surprised by Q. Pleminius.
judgment concerning his conduct in this respect ; | Hamilcar still held out in another fort that com-
but there certainly seems reason to suppose that, manded the town, and Hannibal himself advanced
like many other great men, the consciousness of his to his relief, but the unexpected arrival of Scipio
own superiority rendered him impatient of control; disconcerted his plans, and he was compelled to
and it is not improbable that he sought in Spain abandon Locri to its fate. Hamilcar made his es-
greater freedom of action and a more independent cape in the night, with the remains of his garrison.
career than existing institutions allowed him at According to the Roman historians, his conduct
home. An odious imputation cast on his relations during the period he had held the command at
with Hasdrubal was probably no more than a Locri was marked by every species of cruelty and
calumny of the opposite faction. (Corn. Nep. extortion, which were however, according to their
Hamilc. 3 ; Liv. xxi. 2, 3. ) Of the military genius own admission, far exceeded by those of his Roman
of Hamilcar our imperfect knowledge of the details successor. (Liv. xxix. 6—8, 17. )
of his campaigns scarcely qualifies us to judge, but 13. A Carthaginian, who had remained in Cisal-
the concurrent testimony of antiquity places him in pine Gaul after the defeat of Hasdrubal at the
this respect almost on a par with his son Hannibal. Metaurus (B. C. 207), or, according to others, had
He left three sons, Hannibal, Hasdrubal, and been left there by Mago when he quitted Italy.
Mago, all of whom bore a distinguished part in the In 200, when the Romans were engaged in the
second Punic war.
Macedonian war, and had greatly diminished their
9. Son of Gisco, was the Carthaginian governor forces in Gaul, Hamilcar succeeded in exciting a
of Malta at the beginning of the second Punic war. general revolt, not only of the Insubrians, Bojaps,
He surrendered the island, together with his gar- and Cenomanni, but several of the Ligurian tribes
rison of 2000 men, into the hands of the Roman also. By a sudden attack, he took the Roman co-
consul, Ti. Sempronius Longus, B. C. 218. (Liv. lony of Placentia, which he plundered and burnt,
xxi. 51. )
and then laid siege to Cremona; but that place,
10. Son of Bomilcar (probably the Suffete of though unprepared for defence, was able to hold
that name: see BOMILCAR No. 2), is mentioned out until the Roman praetor, L. Furius, arrived to
as one of the generals in Spain in B. c. 215, together its relief with an army from Ariminum. A pitched
with Hasdrubal and Mago, the two sons of Barca. battle ensued, in which the Gauls were totally de
The three generals, with their united armies, were feated, and in which, according to one account,
besieging the city of Illiturgi, when the two Scipios Hamilcar was slain : but another, and a more
came up to its relief; and notwithstanding the probable statement, represents him as continuing
great inferiority of their forces, totally defeated the to take part in the war of the Gallic tribes, not
Carthaginians, and compelled them to raise the without frequent successes, until the year 197,
siege. (Liv. xxiii. 49. ) No other mention is when he was taken prisoner, in the great battle on
found of this Hamilcar, unless he be the same that the river Mincius, in which the Insubrians were
is named by Polybius (iii. 95) as commanding the overthrown by the consul Cethegus. He is said to
fleet of Hasdrubal in 217. That officer is, how- have adorned the triumph celebrated by the vic
ever, called by Livy (xxii. 19) Himilco. From torious consul. (Liv. xxxi. 10, 21, xxxii. 30,
the perpetual confusion between these two names xxxiii. 23; Zonar. ix. 15, 16. ) In these pro-
it seeins not impossibic that the person of whom ceedings, it is clear that Hamilcar acted without
R
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HAMPSICORA.
331
HANNIBAL:
any authority from Carthage ; and, on the com- | action, and Hampsicora, who had made his escape
plnints of the Romans, the Carthaginian govern- from the field of battle, on learning the death of
ment passed sentence against him of banishment and his son, put an end to his own life. These events
confiscation of his property. (Liv. xxxi. 19. ) occurred in the summer of B. C. 215. (Liv. xxiii.
14. Surnamed the Samnite, on what account we 32, 40, 41. )
(E. H. B. )
know not. He was one of the leaders of the demo HA'NNÍBAL ('Avvlbas). Many persons of
cratic party at Carthage during the dissensions which this name occur in the history of Carthage, whom
divided that state after the close of the second it is not always casy to distinguish from one an-
Punic war; and one of those who instigated Car- other, on account of the absence of family names,
thalo to attack the troops of Masinissa. (Car- and even of patronymics, among the Carthaginians.
THALO, No. 3. ) At a subsequent period (B. c. 151), The name itself signifies, according to Gesenius
the democratic party having expelled from the city (Ling. Phocn. Monum. p. 407), “ the grace or fa-
those who were considered to favour Masinissa, vour of Banl ; " the final syllable bal, of such
that monarch sent his two sons, Gulussa and Mi- common occurrence in Punic names, always having
cipsa, to demand the restoration of the exiles ; but reference to this tutelary deity of the Phoenicians.
the two princes were refused admission within the 1. A son of Hasdrubal, and grandson of Mago,
gates; and as they were retiring, Hamilcar attacked mentioned only by Justin (xix. 2), according to
them, and killed many of the followers of Gulussa, whom this Hannibal, together with his brothers,
who himself escaped with difficulty. This outrage Hasdrubal and Sappho, carried on successful wars
was one of the immediate causes of the war with against the Africans, Numidians, and Mauritanians,
Masinissa, which ultimately led to the third Punic and was one of those mainly instrumental in estab-
war. It is probable that Hamilcar, though not lishing the dominion of Carthage on the continent
mentioned by name, was included in the proscrip- of Africa
tion of Hasdrubal, Carthalo, and the other leaders 2. Son of Gisco, and grandson of the Hamilcar
of the war party, by which the Carthaginians sought who was killed at Himera B. c. 480. [HAMILCAR,
to appease the anger of Rome, when the danger of No. 1. ) He was one of the suffetes, or chief ma-
war with that power became imminent. (Appian, gistrates, of Carthage at the time that the Seges-
Pun. 68, 70, 74. )
tans, after the defeat of the great Athenian ex-
15. One of the five ambassadors sent by the pedition to Sicily, implored the assistance of the
Carthaginians to Rome at the beginning of the third Carthaginians, to protect them against the Selinun-
Punic war, B. c. 149. They were furnished with tines. The senate of Cartbage, having determined
full powers to act as they decmed best, in order to to avail themselves of the opportunity of extending
avert the impending danger ; and finding, on their their power and influence in Sicily, Hannibal was
arrival at Rome, that the senate had already passed appointed to conduct the war: a small force was
a decree for war, and would no longer enter into sent off immediately to the support of the Seges-
negotiation, they determined on offering unqualified tans, and Hannibal, having spent the winter in
submission. This declaration was favourably re assembling a large body of mercenaries from Spain
ceived, but 300 hostages were required, as a proof and Africa, landed at Lilybaeum the following
of the sincerity of their countrymen, and, with spring (B. C. 409), with an anny, according to the
this demand, the ambassadors returned to Carthage. lowest statement, of not less than 100,000 men.
(Polyb. xxxvi. 1, 2.
)
His arms were first directed against Selinus, which,
16. There is a Cárthaginian author, of the name though one of the most powerful and opulent cities
of Hamilcar, mentioned (together with Mago) by of Sicily, appears to have been ill prepared for de-
Columella (xii. 4) as having written on the details fence, and Hannibal pressed his attacks with such
of husbandry ; but nothing more is known con- vigour, that he made himself master of the city,
cerning him.
(E. H. B. ] after a siege of only nine days: the place was given
HAMMONIUS. (AMMONIUS. )
up to plunder, and, with the exception of some of
HAMMO'NIUS, C. AVIA'NUS, a freedman the temples, almost utterly destroyed. From hence
of M. Aemilius Avianus, whom Cicero recom- Hannibal proceeded to lay siege to Himera, into
mended, in B. C. 46, to Ser. Sulpicius, governor of which place Diocles had thrown himself, at the
Achaia (Cic. ad Fam. xiii. 21, 27. )
head of a body of Syracusans and other auxiliaries;
HAMPSICORA, a Sardinian chief, who, after but the latter, after an unsuccessful combat, in
the battle of Cannae (B. C. 216), entered into secret which many of his troops had fallen, became
negotiations with the Carthaginians, inviting them alarmed for the safety of Syracuse itself, and with-
to send over a force to Sardinia, to recover that drew, with the forces under his command, and a
important island from the dominion of Rome. His part of the citizens of Himera, leaving the rest to
overtures were eagerly listened to, and Hasdrubal, their fate. The remnant thus left were unable to
sumamed the Bald, dispatched with a fleet and defend their walls, and the city fell the next day
amy, to support the intended revolt. But before into the power of Hannibal, who, after having
the arrival of Hasdrubal, and while Hampsicora abandoned it to be plundered by his soldiers, razed
himself was engaged in levying troops in the in- it to the ground, and sacrificed all the prisoners
terior of the island, his son Hiostus rashly allowed that had fallen into his hands, 3000 in number,
himself to be led into an engagement with the upon the field of battle, where his grandfather Ha-
Roman praetor, T. Manlius, in which he was de- milcar had perished. After these successes, he
ſeated, and his forces dispersed. The arrival of returned in triumph to Carthage. (Diod. xiii. 43,
Hasdrubal for a moment changed the face of af- 44, 54-62 ; Xen. Hell. i. 1. $ 37. )
fairs, but he and Hampsicora having advanced with It appears that Hannibal must have been at
their united forces against Caralis, the capital of the this time already a man of advanced age, and he
Roman province, they were met by Manlius, when seems to have been disposed to rest content with
a decisive battle took place, in which the Romans the glory he had gained in this expedition, so that
were completely victorious. Hiostus fell in the / when, three years afterwards (B. c. 406), the Cir-
## p. 332 (#348) ############################################
332
HANNIBAL.
HANNIBAL
thaginians determined on sending another, and a the Romans. (Polyb. i. 17–19 ; Zonar. viii, 10;
still greater, armament to Sicily, he at first declined Oros. iv. 7. ) Hannibal's attention was henceforth
the command, and was only induced to accept it directed principally to carrying on the contest by
by having his cousin Himilco associated with him. sea : with a fleet of sixty ships, be ravaged the
After making great preparations, and assembling coasts of Italy, which were then almost defence-
an immerse force of mercenary troops, Hannibal less ; and the next year (B. C. 260), on learning
took the lead, with a squadron of fifty triremes, that the consul, Cn. Cornelius Scipio Asina, had
but was quickly followed by Himilco, with the put to sea with a squadron of seventeen ships, he
main army; and having landed their whole force dispatched Boodes, with twenty gallies, to meet
in safety, they proceeded immediately to invest him at Lipari, where the latter succeeded by a
Agrigentum, at that time one of the wealthiest and stratagem in capturing Scipio, with his whole
most powerful cities in Sicily. But while the two squadron. After this success, Hannibal put to sea
generals were pushing their attacks with the utmost in person, with fifty ships, for the purpose of again
digour on several points at once, a pestilence sud- ravaging the coasts of Italy, but, falling in unex-
venly broke out in the camp, to which Hannibal pectedly with the whole Roman fleet, he lost many
himself fell a victim, B. C. 406. (Diod. xiii. 80— of his ships, and with difficulty made his escape to
86. )
Sicily with the remainder. Here, however, he joined
3. Father of Hanno, who joined Hieron in the the rest of his fleet, and C. Duilius, having taken
siege of Messana (HANNO, No. 8. )
the command of that of the Romans, almost im-
4. A Carthaginian general, who happened to be mediately brought on a general action off Mylae.
stationed with a fleet at Lipara, when Hieron, after Hannibal, well knowing the inexperience and want
gaining a great victory over the Mamertines, was of skill of the Romans in naval warfare, and having
preparing to follow up his advantage, and besiege apparently a superior force, had anticipated an easy
Messana itself. The Carthaginians were at this victory, but the valour of the Romans, together
time hostile to the Mamertines, and, in name at with the strange contrivance of the corvi, or board.
least, friendly to Hieron ; but Hannibal was ing bridges, gained them the advantage ; the Care
alarmed at the prospect of the latter obtaining so thaginians were totally defeated, and not less than
important an accession of power ; he therefore has- fifty of their ships sunk, destroyed, or taken.
tened to the camp of Hieron, and induced him to Hannibal himself was obliged to abandon his own
grant terms to the Mamertines, while he bimself ship (a vessel of seven banks of oars, which had
succeeded in introducing a Carthaginian garrison formerly belonged to Pyrrhus), and make his escape
into the city of Messana (Diod. Exc. Hoeschel. in a small boat. He hastened to Carthage, where,
xxii. 15. p. 500. ) These events must have occurred it is said, he contrived by an ingenious stratagem to
in 270 B. C. (See Droysen, Hellenismus, vol. ii. escape the punishment so often inflicted by the
p. 268, not. ) It may probably have been this same Carthaginians on their unsuccessful generals. (Po-
Hannibal who is mentioned by Diodorus (Exc. lyb. i. 21-23; Zonar. viii. 10, 11 ; Oros. iv. 7 ;
Hoeschel. xxiil 5) as arriving at Xiphonias with a Diod. E. rc. Vatic. xxiii. 2 ; Dion Cass. Frag. l'at.
naval force to the support of Hieron, but too late to 62 ; Polyaen. vi. 16. § 5. ) He was, nevertheless,
prevent that prince from concluding peace with the deprived of his command, but was soon after (ap-
Romans, B. C. 263.
parently the very next year, 259) again sent out,
5. Son of Gisco (Zonar. viii. 10), and com- with a considerable fleet, to the defence of Sardinia
mander of the Carthaginian forces at Agrigentum, which had been attacked by the Romans under
when it was besieged by the Romans during the L. Scipio. Here he was again unfortunate, and,
first Punic war, B. C. 262. It seems not improbable having lost many of his ships, was seized by his
that this may be the same person with the pre own mutinous troops, and put to death. (Polyb.
ceding, but we bave no evidence by which to i. 24; Oros. iv. 8; Zonar. viii. 12. There is some
decide the fact, and the name of Hannibal appears discrepancy between these accounts, and it is not
to have been so common at Carthage, that it can clear whether he perished in the year of Scipio's
by no means be assumed. Hannibal had a con- operations in Sardinia, or in the following consul-
siderable army under his command, yet he did not ship of Sulpicius Paterculus, B. C. 258. )
venture to face the Romans in the field, and shut 6. A son of the preceding, was one of the Car-
himself up within the walls of Agrigentum. The thaginian officers at Lily baeum during the siege of
Roman consuls, L. Postumius Megellus and Q. that city by the Romans. He was employed by
Mamilius Vitulus, established their armies in two the general, Himilco, to treat with the disaffected
separate fortified camps, which they united by lines Gaulish mercenaries, and succeeded in inducing
of intrenchment, and thus proceeded to blockade them to remain faithful. (Polyb. i 43. )
the city. Hannibal was soon reduced to great dis- 7. Son of Hamilcar (perhaps the Hamilcar who
tress, for want of provisions, but held out, in hopes was opposed to Regulus (HAMILCAR, No. 7]), was
of being relieved by Hanno, who had advanced as chosen by the Carthaginians, as a distinguished
far as Heraclea to his support. (HANNO, No. 8. ) naval officer and a friend of their admiral, Adher-
But the operations of the latter were unsuccessful, bal, to command the squadron destined for the
and when he at length ventured on a decisive relief of Lily baeum in the 15th year of the first
effort, he was completely defeated. Hereupon Punic War, B. C. 250. That city was at the time
Hannibal, who had himself made an unsuccessful blockaded by the Romans both by sea and land;
attack upon the Roman camp, during their engage- but Hannibal, sailing from Carthage with fifty
ment with Hanno, determined to abandon the town, ships to the small islands of the Aegusae, lay there
and succeeded, under cover of the night, in forcing awaiting a favourable wind ; and no sooner did
his way through the enemy's lines, and making this arise, than he put out to sea, and spreading all
good his retreat with what troops remained to him sail
, stood straight into the harbour of Lily baeum,
in safety to Panormus. Agrigentum itself was im- before the Romans could collect their ships to op-
mediately afterwards stormed and plurdered by pose him. He thus landed a force of 10,000 men
## p. 333 (#349) ############################################
HANNIBAL.
333
HANNIBAL.
besides large supplies of provisions ; after which, | Hamilcar perished (B. c. 229); and though only
again eluding the Romans, he repaired with his eighteen years old at this time, he had already dis-
Aeet to join that of Adherbal at Drepanum. His played so much courage and capacity for war, that
name is not mentioned as taking part in the great he was entrusted by Hasdrubal (the son-in-law and
victory of that commander over P. Claudius in the successor of Hamilcar) with the chief command of
following year (249), though it is probable that most of the military enterprises planned by that
he was present, as immediately afterwards we find general. (Diod. Exc. Hoesch xxv. p. 511; Liv.
him detached, with a force of thirty ships, to Pa- xxi. 4; Appian, Hisp. 6. ) Of the details of these
normus, where he seized the Roman magazines of campaigns we know nothing ; but it is clear that
corn, and carried them off to Lily baeum. (Polyb. i. Hannibal thus early gave proof of that remarkable
44, 46; Diod. Exc. Hoeschel. xxiv. 1 ; Oros. iv. power over the minds of men, which he afterwards
10. )
displayed in so eminent a degree, and secured to
8. Surnamed the Rhodian, distinguished him- himself the devoted attachment of the army under
self during the siege of Lilybaeum by the skill and his command. The consequence was, that on the
daring with which he contrived to run in and out assassination of Hasdrubal (B. C. 221), the soldiers
of the harbour of that place with his single ship, unanimously proclaimed their youthful leader com-
and thus keep up the communication of the be mander-in-chief, and the government at Carthage
sieged with Carthage, in spite of the vigilance of hastened to ratify an appointment which they had
the Roman blockading squadron. At length, how- not, in fact, the power to prevent. (Polyb. iii. 13;
ever, he fell into the hands of the enemy, who Appian, Hisp. 8; Zonar. viii. 21. ).
subsequently made use of his galley, of the swift- Hannibal was at this time in the twenty-sixth
ness of which they had had so much experience, as year of his age. There can be no doubt that he
a model after which to construct their own. (Polyb. already looked forward to the invasion and con-
i. 46, 47; Zonar. viii. 15, who erroneously calls quest of Italy as the goal of his ambition ; but it
him Hanno. )
was necessary for him first to complete the work
9. A general in the war of the Carthaginians which had been so ably begun by his two prede-
against their revolted mercenaries, B. C. 240-238, cessors, and to establish the Carthaginian power as
who was appointed to succeed Hanno, when the dis firmly as possible in Spain, before he made that
sensions between that general and Hamilcar Barca country the base of his subsequent operations.
bad terminated in the deposition of the former. This was the work of two campaigns. Immediately
(HANNO, No. 12. ] It is probable that the new com- after he had received the command, he turned his
mander, if not distinctly placed in subordination arms against the Olcades, a nation of the interior,
to Hamilcar, was content to follow his directions, who were speedily compelled to submit by the fall
and we hear nothing of him separately until the of their capital city, Althaea.
