No More Learning

. . 217
End of the Lombard kingdom 219
Causes of its fall . . . . . . . . . 221
CHAPTER VIII.
(A) IMPERIAL ITALY AND AFRICA: ADMINISTRATION.
By Dr Hartmann.
Foundation of Imperial Administration . . . . . 222
The Exarch 226
Militarising of the Administration 227
The Church and the Administration 229
Effect of the Italian Revolution 231
Pontifical State under Byzantine suzerainty . . . . 233
Venice, Naples, Amalfi 234


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Contents xiii
(B) GREGORY THE GREAT.
By the Ven. W. H. Hutton, B. D. , Archdeacon of Northampton,
Canon of Peterborough, Fellow of St John's College, Oxford.
PAGE
Early life of Gregory 236
Gregory at Constantinople . . . . . . . . 238
Gregory Pope 240
Gregory's administration . . . . . . . . 242
Disputes with the Emperor . ' 245
Controversy with John the Faster . . . . . . 247
Church and State 248
Dealings with the Lombards . . . . . . . 249
Gregory and Phocas 250
Historical position of Gregory . . 251
Relations with Africa . . . . . . . . . 252
Mission to the English 264
Relations with Gaul 256
Gregory and the Visigoths '. . . 269
Character and influence of Gregory . . . . . . 261
CHAPTER IX.
THE SUCCESSORS OF JUSTINIAN.
By Norman H. Baynes, M. A. Oxon. , Barrister-at-Law.
Accession and Policy of Justin II 263
Negotiations with Persia . . . . . . . . 266
Avars and Turks 268
The Persian War 271
Policy of Tiberius 273
Tiberius Emperor. . . . . . . . . . 275
Maurice Emperor 277
Chosroes restored by Maurice . . . . . . . 280
Campaigns on the Danube . . . . . . . . 281
Phocas Emperor—Character of Maurice 282
Persian War 285
Revolt of Africa—Heraclius Emperor 287
Persian War—Capture of Jerusalem . . . . . . 289
The Avar Surprise 291
Invasion of Persia . . . . . . . . . 293
Siege of Constantinople . . . . . . . . 296
Battle of Nineveh—March on Ctesiphon 298
Peace with Persia 299
Character of Heraclius 300


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XIV
Contents
CHAPTER X.
MAHOMET AND ISLAM.
By A. A. Bevan, M. A. , Lord Almoner's Reader and Professor
of Arabic in the University of Cambridge.
PAGE
Sources of oar knowledge . . . . . . . . 302
Arabia before Islam 303
Mecca 304
Early life of Mahomet 305
Doctrine of the Koran—Religious practices . . . . 308
Opposition of the Meccans 310
The Flight to Medina 313
Legislation of the Koran—Mahomet's domestic life 315
Battles of Badr and Uhud 317
Siege of Medina 320
Treaty with the Meccans 322
Capture of Mecca. . . . . . . . . . 324
Death of Mahomet 327
CHAPTER XI.
THE EXPANSION OF THE SARACENS—THE EAST.
By C. H. Becker, Professor of Oriental History in the
Colonial Institute of Hamburg.
Historical aspect of Islam 329
The Arab Migration 331
AbQ Bakr Caliph 333
The Ridda War 335
Khalid on the Euphrates 338
Battle of Ajnadain—of the Yarmuk 341
Omar Caliph 342
Capture of Jerusalem 346
Fall of Ctesiphon—Conquest of Persia 347
Egypt—The Mukaukis Problem 349
Conquest of Egypt 351
Wars in Armenia 353
Attacks on Constantinople . 354
Othman Caliph 355
Ali and Mu'Swiya . . . . . . . . 357
Mu'awiya Caliph , / . 358
Murder of Husain at Karbala . . . . . . . 359
'Organisation of the Arabian Empire . • / • • "*61
Later Umayyad Caliphs \ . . .
363
The Abbasids 364
j


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Contents
xv
CHAPTER XII.
THE EXPANSION OF THE SARACENS (continued).
AFRICA AND EUROPE.
By Professor Becker.
PAGE
Occupation of Alexandria . . . . . . . . 366
Attacks on Byzantine Africa 367
Pacification of Africa 370
Conquest of Spain 371
Crossing of the Pyrenees—Battle of Tours . . . . . 373
Saracen failure in Gaul . . . . . . . . 375
Fall of the Umayyads 377
Northern Africa—Idiisids and Fatimites . . . . . 378
Conquest of Sicily . . . . . . . . . 380
Invasion of Italy 383
Attack on Rome 386
Byzantine conquest of Bari 387
Decline of the Saracen power . . . . . . . 389
CHAPTER XIII.
THE SUCCESSORS OF HERACLIUS TO 717.
By E. W. Brooks, M. A. , King's College, Cambridge.
Death of Heraclius 391
Constans Emperor 392
Coustans in Italy. . . . . . . . . . 394
Constantine IV Emperor 395
Saracen attacks on Constantinople 397
The Monothelete Controversy—Pope Honorius . . . . 398
Arrest and deposition of Pope Martin 401
Sixth General Council 404
Justinian II Emperor 406
Trullan Council 408
Leoutius Emperor 409
Tiberius (Apsimar) Emperor 410
Justinian restored . . . . . . . . . 411
Philippicus Emperor . . . . . . . . . 413
Anastasius II Emperor 41fi
Theodosius Emperor 416
Accession of Leo the Isaurian . . 417


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xvi Contents
CHAPTER XIV.
THE EXPANSION OF THE SLAVS.
By T. Peisker, Ph. D. , Privatdocent and Librarian, Graz.
PAOB
Polesie —Soil, climate, anthropology . . . . . . 418
Village-Community—Agriculture . . . . . . . 422
National character—Religion . . . . 424
Early Expansion—Waterways—Pontus Steppe . . . . 426
Commerce—Slave-hunts . . . . . . . . 428
Slavs in German and Altaian Slavery . . . . . . 430
Expansion of the Slavs in Old Germania 435
Avars and Slavs 436
The Roumanians . . . . . . . . . . 440
End of the Avar power . . . . . . . . 442
The Zupans . . . . . . . . . . . 443
The Alpine Slavs (Slovenes) 44S
Social history of the Slovenes . . . . . . . 446
Peasant-Princes in Bohemia and Poland 448
Samo's kingdom 452
Influence of Avar Slavery . . . . . . . . 453
Defensive power of the Slavs 455
Elbe-Slavs and Vikings . . . . . 456
Social ideas of the Slavs 457
CHAPTER XV.
(A) KELTIC HEATHENISM IN GAUL.
By Camille Jullian, Professor of the College of France,
and Member of the Institute.
The Gods 460
Worship of the dead 461
Star-gods—National gods . . . . . . . . 462
Representation of the gods 464
Sacred animals and plants . . . . . . . . 465
Sacred buildings . . .