News had now pretended,
contrary
to those principles of military
reached Africa of the events in Sicily.
reached Africa of the events in Sicily.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
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652
CATULLUS.
CATULLUS.
success.
of Maroboduus was in its decline, Catualda resolved to Bithynia in the train of the praetor Memmius,
opon taking vengeance. He assembled a large but it is clear from the bitter complaints which lie
force, and invaded the country of the Marcomanni. pours forth against the exclusive cupidity of his
Maroboduus fied across the Danube, and solicited chief, that the speculation was attended with little
the protection of the emperor Tiberius. But Ca-
tualda in his turn was conquered soon after by the The death of his brother in the Troad-a loss
Hermunduri under the command of Vibilius. He which he repeatedly deplores with every mark of
was made prisoner, and sent to Forum Julium in heartfelt grief, more especially in the affecting
Gallia Narbonensis. (Tac. Ann. ii. 62, 63. ) [L. S. ] elegy to Hortalus— is generally supposed to have
CATUGNATUS, the leader of the Allobroges happened during this expedition. But any evi-
in their revolt against the Romans in B. C. 61, de- dence we possess leads to a different inference.
feated Manlius Lentinus, the legate of C. Pomp When railing against the evil fortune which
tinus, the praetor of the province, and would bave attended the journey to the East, he makes no
destroyed his whole army but for a violent tempest allusion to any such misfortune as this; we find no
which arose. Afterwards Catugnatus and his army notice of the event in the pieces written immedi-
were surrounded by C. Pomptinus near Solonium, ately before quitting Asia and immediately after
who made them all prisoners with the exception of his return to ltaly, nor does the language of those
Catugnatus himself. (Dion Cass. xxxvii. 47, 48; passages in which he gives vent to his sorrow in
comp. Liv. Epit. 103 ; Cic. de Prov. Cons. 13. ) any way confirm the conjecture.
CATULLUS, VALE'RIUS, whose praenomen That Catullus plunged into all the debauchery
is altogether omitted in many MSS. , while several, of his times is evident from the tone which per-
with Apuleius (Apolog. ), designate him as Caius, vades so many of his lighter productions, and
and a few of the best with Pliny (H. N. xxxvii. that he enjoyed the friendship of the most cele
6) as Quintus, was a native of Verona or its imme buted literary characters, seems clear from the
diate vicinity, as we learn from the testimony of individuals to whom many of his pieces are
many ancient writers (e. g. Ov. Am. iii. 15. 17; addressed, among whom we find Cicero, Alphe-
Plin. l. c. ; Martial, i. 62, x. 103, xiv. 195; Auson. nus Varus, Licinius Calvus, the orator and poet,
Drep. &c. ). According to Hieronymus in the Cinnan author of the Smyrna, and several others.
Eusebian Chronicle, he was born in the consulship The lady-love who is the theme of the greater
of Cinna and Octavius, B. C. 87, and died in his number of his amatory effusions is styled Lesbia,
thirtieth year, B. c. 57. The second date is un- but her real name we are told by Apuleius was
doubtedly erroneous, for we have positive evidence Clodia. This bare fact by no means entitles us to
from his own works that he survived not only the jump to the conclusion at which many have arrived,
second consulship of Pompey, B. C. 55, and the that she was the sister of the celebrated Clodius
expedition of Caesar into Britain, but that he was slain by Milo. Indeed the presumption is strong
alive in the consulship of Vatinius, B. C. 47. (Carm. against such an inference. The tribute of high-
lii. and cxi. ) We have no reason, however, to flown praise paid to Cicero would have been but a
conclude that the allusion to Mammurra, contained bad recommendation to the favour of one whom
in a letter written by Cicero (ad Att. xiii. 52) in the orator makes the subject of scurrilous jests, and
B. C. 45, refers to the lampoon of Catullus; we can who is said to have cherished against him all the
attach no weight to the argument, deduced by vindictive animosity of a woman first slighted and
Joseph Scaliger from an epigram of Martial (iv. 14), then openly insulted. Catullus was warın in his
that he was in literary correspondence with Virgil resentments as well as in his attachments. No
after the reputation of the latter was fully estab prudential considerations interfered with the free
and still less can we admit that there is expression of his wrath when provoked, for he
the slightest ground for the assertion, that the attacks with the most bitter vehemence not only
hymn to Diana was written for the secular games his rivals in love and poetry, but scruples not on
celebrated by Augustus in B. c. 17. He may have two occasions to indulge in the most offensive im
outlived the consulship of Vatinius, but our certain putations on Julius Caesar. This petulance was
knowledge does not extend beyond that period. probably the result of some temporary cause of
Valerius, the father of Catullus, was a person of irritation, for elsewhere he seems fully disposed to
some consideration, for he was the friend and treat this great personage with respect (cxi. 10),
habitual entertainer of Julius Caesar (Suet. Jul. and his rashness was productive of no unpleasant
73), and his son must have possessed at least a consequences to himself or to his family, for not
moderate independence, since in addition to his only did Caesar continue upon terms of intimacy
paternal residence on the beautiful promontory of with the father of Catullus, but at once accepied
Sirmio, he was the proprietor of a villa in the the apology tendered by the son, and admitted him
vicinity of Tibur, and performed a voyage from the on the same day as a guest at his table. (Suet.
Pontus in his own yacht. On the other hand, Jul. 73. )
when we observe that he took up his abode at The works of Catullus which have come down to
Rome and entered on his poetical career while still us consist of a series of 116 poems, thrown to-
in the very spring of youth (lxviii. 15), that he gether apparently at random, with scarcely an
mingled with the gayest society and indulged freely attempt at arrangement. The first of these is an
in the most expensive pleasures (ciii. ) of the metro- epistle dedicatory to a certain Cornelius, the author
polis, we need feel no surprise that he should have of some historical compendium. The grammarians
become involved in pecuniary difficulties, nor doubt decided that this must be Cornelius Nepos, and
the sincerity of his frequent humorous lamentations consequently entitled the collection Valcrii Catulli
over the empty purses of himself and his associates. ad Cornelium Nepotem Liber. The pieces are of
These embarrassments may have induced him to different lengths, but most of them are very short.
make an attempt to better his fortunes, according They refer to such a variety of topics, and are
to the approved fashion of the times, by proceeding composed in so many different styles and different
lished;
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CATULLUS.
653
CATULUS.
metres, that it is almost impossible to classify them The epithet doctus applied to our pnet by Tibul-
bystematically. A few, such as the hymn to lus, Ovid, Martial, and others, has given rise to
Diana (xxxiv. ), the translation from Sappho (li. ), i considerable discussion. It was bestowed, in all
the address to Furius and Aurelius, and the two probability, in consequence of the intimate ac-
Ilymenaeal lays (lxi. lxii. ), especially the former, quaintance with Greck literature and mythology
may be considered as strictly lyrical. The Nup displayed in the Atys, the Peleus, and many other
tials of Peleus and Thetis, which extends to upwards pieces, which bear the strongest internal marks of
of 400 Hexameter lines, is a legendary heroic being formed upon Greek models. Catullus also,
poem ; the four which are numbered lxiv. -lxvii. , it must be remembered, was the first who natural-
although bearing little resemblance to each other ized many of the more beautiful species of Greek
either in matter or manner, fall under the head of verse, and Horace can only claim the merit of
elegies ; the Atys stands alone as a religious poem having extended the number. At the same time,
of a description quite peculiar, and the great mass most of the shorter poems bear deep impress of
of those which remain may be comprehended under original invention, are strikingly national, and
the general title of epigrams, provided we employ have a strong flavour of the old republican rough-
that term in its widest acceptation, as including ness. Nay more, as a German critic has well re-
all short, occasional, fugitive compositions, suggested marked, even when he employs foreign materials
by some passing thought and by the ordinary oc- he works them up in such a manner as to give
currences of every-day social life. From the nature them a Roman air and character, and thus ap-
of the case it is probable that many such effusions proaches much more nearly to Lucretius and the
would be lost, and accordingly Pliny (H. N. xxviii. ancients than to the highly polished and artificial
2) makes mention of verses upon love-charms of school of Virgil and the Augustans. Hence arose
which no trace remains, and Terentianus Maurus the great popularity he enjoyed among his country-
notices some Ithyphallica. On the other hand, the men, as proved by the long catalogue of testiinonies
Ciris and the Pervigilium Veneris have been erro from the pens of poets, historians, philosophers,
neously ascribed to our author.
men of science, and grammarians. Horace alor. 9
Notwithstanding his remarkable versatility, it speaks in a somewhat contemptuous strain, but
may be affirmed with absolute truth, that Catullus this is in a passage where he is professedly depre-
adorned all he touched. We admire by turns, in ciating the older bards, towards whom he so often
the lighter efforts of his muse, his unaffected ease, displays jealousy.
playful grace, vigorous simplicity, pungent wit, and The poems of Catullus were first discovered
slashing invective, while every lively conception is about the beginning of the 14th century, at Verona,
developed with such matchless felicity of expres- by a poet named Benvenuto Campesani. None of
sion, that we may almost pronounce them perfect the MSS. at present known ascend higher than
in their kind. The lament for his brother's death the 15th century, and all of them appear to have
is a most touching outburst of genuine grief, while been derived from the same archetype. Hence, as
the elegy which immediately follows, on the trans- might be expected, the text is very corrupt, and
formation of Berenice's hair into a constellation, has been repeatedly interpolated.
being avowedly a translation or close imitation of The Editio Princeps bears the date 1472, with-
Callimachus, is a curious and valuable specimen of out the name of place or printer ; a second appeared
the learned stiffness and ingenious affectation of at Parma in 1472, and two at Venice in 1475
the Alexandrian school. It is impossible not to and 1485 respectively. In the sixteenth century
admire the lofty tone and stately energy which Muretus and Achilles Statius, and in the seven-
pervade the Peleus and Thetis ; and the sudden teenth Passeratius and Isaac Vossius, published
transition from the desolation and despair of Ariadne elaborate and valuable commentaries, but their
to the tumultuous merriment of Bacchus and his attempts to improve the text were attended with
revellers is one of the finest examples of contrast little success. The most complete of the more re-
to be found in any language. Comparison is almost cent editions is that of Volpi (Patav. 1710), the
impossible between a number of objects differing most useful for ordinary purposes is that of F. W.
essentially from each other, but perhaps the greatest Doering. (Ed. sec. Altona, 1834. ) Lachmann
of all our poet's works is the Atys, one of the most (Berol. 1829) has exhibited the genuine text, so
remarkable poenis in the whole range of Latin far as it can be ascertained, cleared in great measure
literature. Rolling impetuously along in a flood of of conjectural emendations.
wild passion, bodied forth in the grandest imagery An English metrical translation of the whole
and the noblest diction, it breathes in every line works of Catullus, accompanied by the Latin text
the frantic spirit of orgiastic worship, the fiery ve- and short notes, was published by Doctor Nott,
hemence of the Greek dithyramb. Many of his Lond. 1795, 2 vols. 8vo. ; but by far the best which
poems, however, are defiled by gross coarseness has appeared in our language is that of the Hon.
and sensuality; and we shall not attempt to urge George Lamb, Lond. 1821, 2 vols. 12mo. There
his own plea (cxvi. ) in extenuation, although ap- are also numerous translations into French, Italian,
proved by the solemn inanity of the younger Pliny, and German of the collected poems and of detached
for the defence in reality aggravates the crime, pieces.
[W. R. ]
since it indicates a secret though suppressed con- CA'TULUS, a name of a family of the plebeian
sciousness of guilt. At the same time they were Lutatia or Luctatia gens, etymologically connected
the vices of the age rather than of the individua! . with the words Cato, Catus, and indicating
The filth of Catullus seldom springs from a prurient shrewdness, sagacity, caution, or the like.
imagination revelling in voluptuous images, it 1. C. LUTATIUS C. F. C. N. CATULUs, consul
rather proceeds from habitual impurity of expres- B, C. 242 with A. Postumius Albinus. The first
sion, and probably gives a fair representation of Punic war had now continued for upwards of
the manners and conversation of the gay society of twenty-two years. Both parties were exhausted
Rome at that period.
by the long struggle, but neither of them shewed
a
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CATULUS.
CATULUS.
any inclination to abandon the contest. Ever | prepared for action by hauling down their sails,
since the battle of Panormus (250) the Romans thus altogether sacrificing the advantage of the
had been in possession of all Sicily with the ex- weather gage. The result of the contest seems
ception of Lilybaeum, Drepanum, and the fortified never to have been for a moment doubtful. The
camp upon Mount Eryx; but these strongholds deep-laden ships of Hanno could neither mancuvre
had hitherto defied every effort upon the part of nor fight; seventy were captured, fifty were sunk ;
the besiegers, who having abandoned in despair the rest taking advantage of a lucky shift of the
all active measures, were blockading them by land, wind which veered round to the East, wore and
while Hamilcar Barca was gradually forming an escaped. This blow, which at an earlier period
army with which he hoped that he might soon would scarcely have been felt, was decisive. The
venture to meet his adversaries in the open field. Carthaginians, upon receiving intelligence of the
The Carthaginians were undisputed masters of the disaster, feeling that they had neither officers,
sea, for the Romans, dispirited by the loss of four men, nor money, left for prosecuting the war, de-
large fleets within a very short period (255—219), spatched a messenger with all speed to Hamilcar,
amounting in all to upwards of 600 ships, had, investing him with full authority to accept the
after the great victory of Adherbal over P. Clau- best terms he could obtain. Catulus was eager to
dius Pulcher (249), completely abandoned their meet these overtures, that he might have the
navy. In this juncture the senate, feeling con- honour of concluding a glorious peace before the
vinced that only one path to success lay open, de period of his command, which was fast drawing to
termined to make a desperate effort. A fleet of a close, should expire. With these dispositions
200 ships of war was built and manned with preliminaries were quickly arranged, and the fol-
astonishing rapidity, chiefly through the patriotic lowing conditions were agreed upon : 1. That the
liberality of individuals who came forward to sup. Carthaginians should evacuate all Sicily, and
port the state with voluntary loans, and both con- should not make war upon Hiero, the Syracusans,
buls were ordered to take the command. Albinus, or the allies of the Syracusans. 2. That they
being filamen of Mars, was prohibited by the should restore all the Roman prisoners without
chief pontiff from quitting the city, and his place ransom. 3. That they should pay to the Romans
was supplied by Q. Valerius Falto, then praetor. 2200 Euboic talents by instalments, extending
Catulus before setting out, filled with anxiety in over a space of twenty years. These stipulations,
regard to the result of an enterprise so important, when submitted to the Roman people, did not
had determined to consult the oracle of Fortune at meet with their approbation, and ten commissioners
Praeneste ; but this was forbidden, on the ground were despatched to examine into the state of
that it was unbecoming in a Roman general to affairs, who, when they arrived, insisted upon
intermeddle with any deities save those of Rome. certain changes to the disadvantage of the Cartha-
These measures were so prompt, that the new ginians, and Hamilcar thought fit to submit.
fleet appeared upon the Sicilian coast early in sum- These were, that the compensation money should
mer, while the navy of the enemy was still in be augmented by the sum of one thousand talents,
winter-quarters at Carthage. The harbour of and that the period allowed for payment should be
Drepanum was instantly occupied, and the siege diminished by ten years; moreover, that the Car-
vigorously pressed both by land and sea. But thaginians should evacuate all the islands between
while the struggle was most fierce, Catulus re- Italy and Sicily.
ceived a serious wound which compelled him to Catulus on his return home claimed and was
suspend operations for a time. Meanwhile he allowed his well-won triumph, which he celebrated
trained his sailors with unceasing activity, and by on the 4th of October, 241, not, however, without
constant practice rendered them expert in all a vexatious opposition on the part of Falto, who
ordinary nautical evolutions.
News had now pretended, contrary to those principles of military
reached Africa of the events in Sicily. A power-law by which the Romans were invariably guided,
ful armament was launched in haste and put to that he was entitled to all the glory because the
sea, deeply laden with provisions and warlike commander-in-chief had been disabled by his
stores for the relief of Drepanum, navigated, how- wound from taking an active share in the final
ever, by raw, ill-trained, and awkward crews.
engagement. (Polyb. i. 58–64; Liv. Epit. 19;
The great object of Hanno, the admiral, was, as Eutrop. ii. 27 ; Oros. iv. 10; Val. Max. ii. 8. $ 2;
we are told by Polybius, to run over to Erys Zonar. viii. p. 398, &c. ; Fast. Capitol. )
without attracting the notice of the Romans, to 2. C. Lutatius CATULUS, perhaps the son of
lighten his vessels by landing their cargo, and to No. 1, consul B. c. 220, with L. Veturius Philo.
take on board a number of the brave and well- (Zonar. viii. p. 405. )
disciplined troops of Hamilcar. His morements, 3. Q. LUTATIUS Q. F. CATULUS, consul B. C.
however, were known by Catulus, who resolved at 102 with C. Marius IV. , having been previously
every hazard to force an engagement, and being defeated in three successive attempts, first by C.
himself still unfit for active exertion, entrusted the Atilius Serranus, who was consul in 106, secondly
execution of his plans in a great measure to Falto. by Cn. Manlius (or Mallius, or Manilius), who
The fleet accordingly passed over to the island of was consul in B. c. 105, and thirdly by C. Flavius
Aegusa, opposite to Lily baeum, and from thence, Fimbria, who was consul in B. c. 104. He either
at day-break on the morning of the 10th of March was not a candidate for the consulship of 103, or if
241, 'ther descried the hostile squadron bearing unsuccessful, his disappointment is not alluded to
down under a press of canvass right before the by Cicero in the passage where the rest of his
wind, which was blowing a gale from the west repulses are enumerated. (Pro Planc. 5. ) At the
and had raised a heavy sea. Notwithstanding time when Catulus entered upon office, the utmost
these disadvantages, the Romans formed their line consternation reigned at Rome. The Cimbri, who
of battle with their prows to windward. The in their great migration westward had been joined
Carthaginians, perceiving that they were cut off, | by ihe Teutoni, the Ambrones, the Tigurini, and
## p. 655 (#675) ############################################
CATULUS.
655
CATULUS.
1
3
various other tribes, after sweeping the upper | fell upon Catulus, and to him therefore belonged
valley of the Danube and spreading over Southern the honour of the decisive victory which was
Gaul and Northern Spain, after defeating four gained. It must be remarked that this version of
Roman consuls, Carbo (113), Silanus (109), Cas- the story is confessedly derived from the commen-
sius (107), Manlius (105), together with the pro- taries of Sulla, and probably also from the histo-
consul Caepio (105), and destroying five Roman rical work of Catulus himself, and since both of
armies, were now preparing to pour down on these authorities were not only inclined to make
Italy. The invading host was divided into two the most of their own exploits, but were also
vast columns. The Teutoni were marching through stimulated by violent hatred towards Marius, we
Provence with the intention of turning the Alps cannot receive their testimony with any confidence.
at Nice, and following the coast road along the It is certain that great jealousy existed between
shores of the Ligurian gulf, while the Cimbri the two armies; it is certain also that at Rome the
were preparing to cross the passes from the Tyrol whole merit of having saved his country was
which lead down by Botzen and Trent to the given to Marius, and, that the same feeling existed
plains of the Po. It was determined that Marius to a certain degree nearly two centuries afterwards
should oppose the Teutoni, and that Catulus with is proved by the well-known line of Juvenal (viii.
Sulla for his lieutenant should be ready to attack 253),
the Cimbri while their cumbrous array was en- “ Nobilis ornatur lauro collega secunda. "
tangled in the mountain defiles. How well the Catulus was one of those who took an active
former executed his task by the great battle share in the death of Saturninus; he served with
fought on the Rhone near Aix (Aquae Sextiae) is distinction in the Social war, and having eagerly
detailed elsewhere. (Marius. ) Meanwhile the espoused the cause of Sulla in the civil strife
campaign of his colleague had been less glorious. which followed, his name was included among the
Catulus, fearing to weaken his force by attempting list of victims in the great proscription of 87. As
to guard the passes, took up a position on the escape was impossible, he shut himself up in a
Adige (Athesis) where it begins to emerge from newly-plastered chamber, kindled a (charcoal) fire,
the rocky gorges which confine its waters near and was quickly suffocated by the vapours.
their source, and having thrown a bridge across Catulus was a highly educated and generally ac-
the stream and erected forts on both sides, resolved complished man, deeply versed in Greek literature,
there to await an attack. The Cimbri, pouring and especially famed for the extreme grace and
down from the higher ground along the left bank, purity with which he spoke and wrote his own
attacked the Roman works with such fury, that language. (Cic. de Orat. iii. 8, Brut. 35. ) He
the soldiers, dispirited probably by the timid de- was the author of several orations, of an historical
fensive tactics of their general, were seized with a work on his own Consulship and the Cimbric war,
panic, abandoned their camp, and fled in confusion. composed in the style of Xenophon, and of poems;
Had it not been for the gallantry of the detach- but the whole of these have perished with the ex-
ment who defended a redoubt which served as a ception of a couple of epigrams, not remarkable for
téte du pont, the bridge would have at once been any peculiar ease or felicity of expression, one of
won, and the whole Roman army might have been which is given by Cicero (de Nat. Deor. i. 28),
destroyed. Catulus on this occasion, according to and the other by A. Gellius (xix. 9).
the construction which Plutarch thinks fit to put Two edifices in Rome are spoken of by ancient
upon his conduct, like an able and excellent writers as “ Monumenta Catuli"—the temple of
general, preferred the glory of his fellow-citizens “ Fortuna hujusce diei," vowed at the battle of
to his own. For when he found himself unable to Vercelli, and the Porticus Catuli"
prevail upon his men to keep their ground, choos Palatine, built with the proceeds of the Cimbric
ing that the dishonour should fall upon his own spoils. A portion of the latter edifice was destroyed
head, be ordered a retreat, and placing himself in by Clodius when he razed the house of Cicero.
front of the fugitives, fell back behind the Po, (The passages of Cicero referring to Catulus are
thus abandoning the whole of Transpadane Gaul given in Orelli, Onom. Tull. ii. p. 366, &c. ; Plut.
to the ravages of the enemy. As soon as the Mar. Sull. ; Appian, B. C. i. 74; Vell. Pat. ii.
news of this disaster, which happened in the 21 ; Flor. iii. 21; Val. Max. vi. 3, ix. 12; Plin.
spring of 101, reached Rome, Marius, who had H. N. xxxiv. 19. Catulus is introduced in the
recently returned to the city, instantly set forth to De Oratore, and is represented as accompanying
the assistance of his late colleague. The united his half-brother, C. Julius Caesar Strabo, to the
armies of the consul and proconsul crossed the Po, Tusculanum of Crassis. The mother of Catulus
and hastened in search of the Cimbri, whom they was Popillia, whose second husband was L. Julius
found to the westward of Milan, near Vercelli Caesar, father of the above-named Caesar. ) (Comp.
(Vercellae), searching, it would appear, for the CAESAR, Nos. 8, 10. ]
Teutoni, of whose destruction they had not yet 4. Q. LUTATIUS Q. P. Q. x. CATULUS, son of No.
received intelligence. The account of the engage 3, narrowly escaped his father's fate, having been
ment, which was fought on the 30th of July, included in the same proscription. Throughout
transmitted to us by Plutarch, savours not a little life he was distinguished as one of the prominent
of the marvellous. The Roman forces amounted leaders of the aristocracy, but rose far superior to
to about fifty thousand men, of whom twenty the great body of his class in purity and singleness
thousand under Catulus occupied the centre, while of purpose, and received from the whole community
the remainder, commanded by Marius, were posted marks of esteem and confidence seldom bestowed
on the wings. When the battle was joined, a with unanimity in periods of excitement upon an
prodigious dust arose which hid the combatants active political leader. Being consul along with
from each other. Marius missed the enemy, and M. Aemilius Lepidus in B. c. 78, the year in
having passed beyond, wandered about seeking which Sulla died, he steadily resisted the efforts of
them in vain, while the chief brunt of the conflict his colleague to bring about a counter revolution
on the
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EK6
CATUS.
CAUDINUS.
ly abrogating the acts of the dictator, and when, I Pactus, who was consul B. c. 198 [Partus), and
the following spring, Lepidus marched against the the cognomen of Sex. Aelius, consul in A. D. 4,
city at the head of the remnants of the Marian with C. Sentius Saturninus. (Vell. Pat. ii. 103. )
faction, he was defeated by Catulus in the battle CATUS DECIANUS, procurator of Britain
of the Milvian bridge, and forced to take refuge in when the people rose against the Romans in A. D.
Sardinia, wbere he soon after perished in an 62 under Boadicea, was by his extortion and
attempt to organize an insurrection. [Lepidus. ] avarice one of the chief causes of the revolt. The
Catulus, although true to his party and his prin- Britons commenced the war by laying siege to
ciples, denounced the corrupt practices which dis Camalodunum, and as Suetonius Paullinus, the
graced the senate while they possessed the exclusive legate of the province, was absent upon an expedi-
right to act as judices on criminal trials ; his tion against the island of Mona, the colonists ap-
opinion upon this subject was most unequivocally plied to Catus for assistance, who was, however,
expressed when Pompeius brought forward his able to send them only 200 men. After the full
measure (B. C. 70) for restoring the privileges of of Camalodunum and ihe defeat of Petilius Cere-
the tribunes, and his presence as a judex upon the alis, Catus fied in alarm to Gaul.
He was suc
impeachment of Verres was probably one of the ceeded in his office of procurator by Julius Glas-
circumstances which deprived the culprit of all sicianus. (Tac. Ann. xiv. 32, 38; Dion Cass. lxii.
hope. He came forward as an opponent of the 2; comp. BOADICEA. )
Gabinian and Manilian laws (B. C. 67 and 66), CATUS, FI'RMIUS, a senator, was the ac-
and Cicero records the tribute paid by the popu- cuser of Scribonius Libo Drusus in A. D. 16. A
lace, on the latter occasion, to his character and few years afterwards (A. D. 24), Catus was con-
talents; for when, in the course of an argument demned by the senate to be banished to an island,
against the extravagant powers which the contem- on account of a false accusation of majestas which
plated enactment proposed to bestow upon a single he brought against his sister; but in consequence
individual, Catulus asked the multitude to whom of his former service in the accusation of Drusus,
they would look should any misfortune befal their Tiberius remitted his banishment, but allowed hiin
favourite, the crowd, almost with one voice, shouted to be expelled from the senate. (Tac. Ann. ii. 27,
back the reply, that they would look to himself. | iv. 31. )
When censor along with Crassus in 65, he with- CAVARI'NUS, a Senonian, whom Caesar
stood the measures of his colleague, who desired to made king of his people, was expelled by his sub-
make Egypt tributary to Rome, and so firm was jects and compelled to fly to Caesar, B. c. 54. He
each in maintaining his position, that at length afterwards accompanied Caesar in his war against
both resigned without effecting anything. During Ambiorix. (Caes. B. G. v. 54, vi. 5. )
the progress of the Catilinarian plot (B. C. 63), he CA'VARUS (Kavapos), the last king of that
sirenuously supported Cicero, and either be or portion of the Gauls which settled in Thrace and
Cato was the first to hail him as “ parens patriae. " for many years exacted an annual tribute from
If we are to believe Sallust, Catulus used every Byzantium.
652
CATULLUS.
CATULLUS.
success.
of Maroboduus was in its decline, Catualda resolved to Bithynia in the train of the praetor Memmius,
opon taking vengeance. He assembled a large but it is clear from the bitter complaints which lie
force, and invaded the country of the Marcomanni. pours forth against the exclusive cupidity of his
Maroboduus fied across the Danube, and solicited chief, that the speculation was attended with little
the protection of the emperor Tiberius. But Ca-
tualda in his turn was conquered soon after by the The death of his brother in the Troad-a loss
Hermunduri under the command of Vibilius. He which he repeatedly deplores with every mark of
was made prisoner, and sent to Forum Julium in heartfelt grief, more especially in the affecting
Gallia Narbonensis. (Tac. Ann. ii. 62, 63. ) [L. S. ] elegy to Hortalus— is generally supposed to have
CATUGNATUS, the leader of the Allobroges happened during this expedition. But any evi-
in their revolt against the Romans in B. C. 61, de- dence we possess leads to a different inference.
feated Manlius Lentinus, the legate of C. Pomp When railing against the evil fortune which
tinus, the praetor of the province, and would bave attended the journey to the East, he makes no
destroyed his whole army but for a violent tempest allusion to any such misfortune as this; we find no
which arose. Afterwards Catugnatus and his army notice of the event in the pieces written immedi-
were surrounded by C. Pomptinus near Solonium, ately before quitting Asia and immediately after
who made them all prisoners with the exception of his return to ltaly, nor does the language of those
Catugnatus himself. (Dion Cass. xxxvii. 47, 48; passages in which he gives vent to his sorrow in
comp. Liv. Epit. 103 ; Cic. de Prov. Cons. 13. ) any way confirm the conjecture.
CATULLUS, VALE'RIUS, whose praenomen That Catullus plunged into all the debauchery
is altogether omitted in many MSS. , while several, of his times is evident from the tone which per-
with Apuleius (Apolog. ), designate him as Caius, vades so many of his lighter productions, and
and a few of the best with Pliny (H. N. xxxvii. that he enjoyed the friendship of the most cele
6) as Quintus, was a native of Verona or its imme buted literary characters, seems clear from the
diate vicinity, as we learn from the testimony of individuals to whom many of his pieces are
many ancient writers (e. g. Ov. Am. iii. 15. 17; addressed, among whom we find Cicero, Alphe-
Plin. l. c. ; Martial, i. 62, x. 103, xiv. 195; Auson. nus Varus, Licinius Calvus, the orator and poet,
Drep. &c. ). According to Hieronymus in the Cinnan author of the Smyrna, and several others.
Eusebian Chronicle, he was born in the consulship The lady-love who is the theme of the greater
of Cinna and Octavius, B. C. 87, and died in his number of his amatory effusions is styled Lesbia,
thirtieth year, B. c. 57. The second date is un- but her real name we are told by Apuleius was
doubtedly erroneous, for we have positive evidence Clodia. This bare fact by no means entitles us to
from his own works that he survived not only the jump to the conclusion at which many have arrived,
second consulship of Pompey, B. C. 55, and the that she was the sister of the celebrated Clodius
expedition of Caesar into Britain, but that he was slain by Milo. Indeed the presumption is strong
alive in the consulship of Vatinius, B. C. 47. (Carm. against such an inference. The tribute of high-
lii. and cxi. ) We have no reason, however, to flown praise paid to Cicero would have been but a
conclude that the allusion to Mammurra, contained bad recommendation to the favour of one whom
in a letter written by Cicero (ad Att. xiii. 52) in the orator makes the subject of scurrilous jests, and
B. C. 45, refers to the lampoon of Catullus; we can who is said to have cherished against him all the
attach no weight to the argument, deduced by vindictive animosity of a woman first slighted and
Joseph Scaliger from an epigram of Martial (iv. 14), then openly insulted. Catullus was warın in his
that he was in literary correspondence with Virgil resentments as well as in his attachments. No
after the reputation of the latter was fully estab prudential considerations interfered with the free
and still less can we admit that there is expression of his wrath when provoked, for he
the slightest ground for the assertion, that the attacks with the most bitter vehemence not only
hymn to Diana was written for the secular games his rivals in love and poetry, but scruples not on
celebrated by Augustus in B. c. 17. He may have two occasions to indulge in the most offensive im
outlived the consulship of Vatinius, but our certain putations on Julius Caesar. This petulance was
knowledge does not extend beyond that period. probably the result of some temporary cause of
Valerius, the father of Catullus, was a person of irritation, for elsewhere he seems fully disposed to
some consideration, for he was the friend and treat this great personage with respect (cxi. 10),
habitual entertainer of Julius Caesar (Suet. Jul. and his rashness was productive of no unpleasant
73), and his son must have possessed at least a consequences to himself or to his family, for not
moderate independence, since in addition to his only did Caesar continue upon terms of intimacy
paternal residence on the beautiful promontory of with the father of Catullus, but at once accepied
Sirmio, he was the proprietor of a villa in the the apology tendered by the son, and admitted him
vicinity of Tibur, and performed a voyage from the on the same day as a guest at his table. (Suet.
Pontus in his own yacht. On the other hand, Jul. 73. )
when we observe that he took up his abode at The works of Catullus which have come down to
Rome and entered on his poetical career while still us consist of a series of 116 poems, thrown to-
in the very spring of youth (lxviii. 15), that he gether apparently at random, with scarcely an
mingled with the gayest society and indulged freely attempt at arrangement. The first of these is an
in the most expensive pleasures (ciii. ) of the metro- epistle dedicatory to a certain Cornelius, the author
polis, we need feel no surprise that he should have of some historical compendium. The grammarians
become involved in pecuniary difficulties, nor doubt decided that this must be Cornelius Nepos, and
the sincerity of his frequent humorous lamentations consequently entitled the collection Valcrii Catulli
over the empty purses of himself and his associates. ad Cornelium Nepotem Liber. The pieces are of
These embarrassments may have induced him to different lengths, but most of them are very short.
make an attempt to better his fortunes, according They refer to such a variety of topics, and are
to the approved fashion of the times, by proceeding composed in so many different styles and different
lished;
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CATULLUS.
653
CATULUS.
metres, that it is almost impossible to classify them The epithet doctus applied to our pnet by Tibul-
bystematically. A few, such as the hymn to lus, Ovid, Martial, and others, has given rise to
Diana (xxxiv. ), the translation from Sappho (li. ), i considerable discussion. It was bestowed, in all
the address to Furius and Aurelius, and the two probability, in consequence of the intimate ac-
Ilymenaeal lays (lxi. lxii. ), especially the former, quaintance with Greck literature and mythology
may be considered as strictly lyrical. The Nup displayed in the Atys, the Peleus, and many other
tials of Peleus and Thetis, which extends to upwards pieces, which bear the strongest internal marks of
of 400 Hexameter lines, is a legendary heroic being formed upon Greek models. Catullus also,
poem ; the four which are numbered lxiv. -lxvii. , it must be remembered, was the first who natural-
although bearing little resemblance to each other ized many of the more beautiful species of Greek
either in matter or manner, fall under the head of verse, and Horace can only claim the merit of
elegies ; the Atys stands alone as a religious poem having extended the number. At the same time,
of a description quite peculiar, and the great mass most of the shorter poems bear deep impress of
of those which remain may be comprehended under original invention, are strikingly national, and
the general title of epigrams, provided we employ have a strong flavour of the old republican rough-
that term in its widest acceptation, as including ness. Nay more, as a German critic has well re-
all short, occasional, fugitive compositions, suggested marked, even when he employs foreign materials
by some passing thought and by the ordinary oc- he works them up in such a manner as to give
currences of every-day social life. From the nature them a Roman air and character, and thus ap-
of the case it is probable that many such effusions proaches much more nearly to Lucretius and the
would be lost, and accordingly Pliny (H. N. xxviii. ancients than to the highly polished and artificial
2) makes mention of verses upon love-charms of school of Virgil and the Augustans. Hence arose
which no trace remains, and Terentianus Maurus the great popularity he enjoyed among his country-
notices some Ithyphallica. On the other hand, the men, as proved by the long catalogue of testiinonies
Ciris and the Pervigilium Veneris have been erro from the pens of poets, historians, philosophers,
neously ascribed to our author.
men of science, and grammarians. Horace alor. 9
Notwithstanding his remarkable versatility, it speaks in a somewhat contemptuous strain, but
may be affirmed with absolute truth, that Catullus this is in a passage where he is professedly depre-
adorned all he touched. We admire by turns, in ciating the older bards, towards whom he so often
the lighter efforts of his muse, his unaffected ease, displays jealousy.
playful grace, vigorous simplicity, pungent wit, and The poems of Catullus were first discovered
slashing invective, while every lively conception is about the beginning of the 14th century, at Verona,
developed with such matchless felicity of expres- by a poet named Benvenuto Campesani. None of
sion, that we may almost pronounce them perfect the MSS. at present known ascend higher than
in their kind. The lament for his brother's death the 15th century, and all of them appear to have
is a most touching outburst of genuine grief, while been derived from the same archetype. Hence, as
the elegy which immediately follows, on the trans- might be expected, the text is very corrupt, and
formation of Berenice's hair into a constellation, has been repeatedly interpolated.
being avowedly a translation or close imitation of The Editio Princeps bears the date 1472, with-
Callimachus, is a curious and valuable specimen of out the name of place or printer ; a second appeared
the learned stiffness and ingenious affectation of at Parma in 1472, and two at Venice in 1475
the Alexandrian school. It is impossible not to and 1485 respectively. In the sixteenth century
admire the lofty tone and stately energy which Muretus and Achilles Statius, and in the seven-
pervade the Peleus and Thetis ; and the sudden teenth Passeratius and Isaac Vossius, published
transition from the desolation and despair of Ariadne elaborate and valuable commentaries, but their
to the tumultuous merriment of Bacchus and his attempts to improve the text were attended with
revellers is one of the finest examples of contrast little success. The most complete of the more re-
to be found in any language. Comparison is almost cent editions is that of Volpi (Patav. 1710), the
impossible between a number of objects differing most useful for ordinary purposes is that of F. W.
essentially from each other, but perhaps the greatest Doering. (Ed. sec. Altona, 1834. ) Lachmann
of all our poet's works is the Atys, one of the most (Berol. 1829) has exhibited the genuine text, so
remarkable poenis in the whole range of Latin far as it can be ascertained, cleared in great measure
literature. Rolling impetuously along in a flood of of conjectural emendations.
wild passion, bodied forth in the grandest imagery An English metrical translation of the whole
and the noblest diction, it breathes in every line works of Catullus, accompanied by the Latin text
the frantic spirit of orgiastic worship, the fiery ve- and short notes, was published by Doctor Nott,
hemence of the Greek dithyramb. Many of his Lond. 1795, 2 vols. 8vo. ; but by far the best which
poems, however, are defiled by gross coarseness has appeared in our language is that of the Hon.
and sensuality; and we shall not attempt to urge George Lamb, Lond. 1821, 2 vols. 12mo. There
his own plea (cxvi. ) in extenuation, although ap- are also numerous translations into French, Italian,
proved by the solemn inanity of the younger Pliny, and German of the collected poems and of detached
for the defence in reality aggravates the crime, pieces.
[W. R. ]
since it indicates a secret though suppressed con- CA'TULUS, a name of a family of the plebeian
sciousness of guilt. At the same time they were Lutatia or Luctatia gens, etymologically connected
the vices of the age rather than of the individua! . with the words Cato, Catus, and indicating
The filth of Catullus seldom springs from a prurient shrewdness, sagacity, caution, or the like.
imagination revelling in voluptuous images, it 1. C. LUTATIUS C. F. C. N. CATULUs, consul
rather proceeds from habitual impurity of expres- B, C. 242 with A. Postumius Albinus. The first
sion, and probably gives a fair representation of Punic war had now continued for upwards of
the manners and conversation of the gay society of twenty-two years. Both parties were exhausted
Rome at that period.
by the long struggle, but neither of them shewed
a
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654
CATULUS.
CATULUS.
any inclination to abandon the contest. Ever | prepared for action by hauling down their sails,
since the battle of Panormus (250) the Romans thus altogether sacrificing the advantage of the
had been in possession of all Sicily with the ex- weather gage. The result of the contest seems
ception of Lilybaeum, Drepanum, and the fortified never to have been for a moment doubtful. The
camp upon Mount Eryx; but these strongholds deep-laden ships of Hanno could neither mancuvre
had hitherto defied every effort upon the part of nor fight; seventy were captured, fifty were sunk ;
the besiegers, who having abandoned in despair the rest taking advantage of a lucky shift of the
all active measures, were blockading them by land, wind which veered round to the East, wore and
while Hamilcar Barca was gradually forming an escaped. This blow, which at an earlier period
army with which he hoped that he might soon would scarcely have been felt, was decisive. The
venture to meet his adversaries in the open field. Carthaginians, upon receiving intelligence of the
The Carthaginians were undisputed masters of the disaster, feeling that they had neither officers,
sea, for the Romans, dispirited by the loss of four men, nor money, left for prosecuting the war, de-
large fleets within a very short period (255—219), spatched a messenger with all speed to Hamilcar,
amounting in all to upwards of 600 ships, had, investing him with full authority to accept the
after the great victory of Adherbal over P. Clau- best terms he could obtain. Catulus was eager to
dius Pulcher (249), completely abandoned their meet these overtures, that he might have the
navy. In this juncture the senate, feeling con- honour of concluding a glorious peace before the
vinced that only one path to success lay open, de period of his command, which was fast drawing to
termined to make a desperate effort. A fleet of a close, should expire. With these dispositions
200 ships of war was built and manned with preliminaries were quickly arranged, and the fol-
astonishing rapidity, chiefly through the patriotic lowing conditions were agreed upon : 1. That the
liberality of individuals who came forward to sup. Carthaginians should evacuate all Sicily, and
port the state with voluntary loans, and both con- should not make war upon Hiero, the Syracusans,
buls were ordered to take the command. Albinus, or the allies of the Syracusans. 2. That they
being filamen of Mars, was prohibited by the should restore all the Roman prisoners without
chief pontiff from quitting the city, and his place ransom. 3. That they should pay to the Romans
was supplied by Q. Valerius Falto, then praetor. 2200 Euboic talents by instalments, extending
Catulus before setting out, filled with anxiety in over a space of twenty years. These stipulations,
regard to the result of an enterprise so important, when submitted to the Roman people, did not
had determined to consult the oracle of Fortune at meet with their approbation, and ten commissioners
Praeneste ; but this was forbidden, on the ground were despatched to examine into the state of
that it was unbecoming in a Roman general to affairs, who, when they arrived, insisted upon
intermeddle with any deities save those of Rome. certain changes to the disadvantage of the Cartha-
These measures were so prompt, that the new ginians, and Hamilcar thought fit to submit.
fleet appeared upon the Sicilian coast early in sum- These were, that the compensation money should
mer, while the navy of the enemy was still in be augmented by the sum of one thousand talents,
winter-quarters at Carthage. The harbour of and that the period allowed for payment should be
Drepanum was instantly occupied, and the siege diminished by ten years; moreover, that the Car-
vigorously pressed both by land and sea. But thaginians should evacuate all the islands between
while the struggle was most fierce, Catulus re- Italy and Sicily.
ceived a serious wound which compelled him to Catulus on his return home claimed and was
suspend operations for a time. Meanwhile he allowed his well-won triumph, which he celebrated
trained his sailors with unceasing activity, and by on the 4th of October, 241, not, however, without
constant practice rendered them expert in all a vexatious opposition on the part of Falto, who
ordinary nautical evolutions.
News had now pretended, contrary to those principles of military
reached Africa of the events in Sicily. A power-law by which the Romans were invariably guided,
ful armament was launched in haste and put to that he was entitled to all the glory because the
sea, deeply laden with provisions and warlike commander-in-chief had been disabled by his
stores for the relief of Drepanum, navigated, how- wound from taking an active share in the final
ever, by raw, ill-trained, and awkward crews.
engagement. (Polyb. i. 58–64; Liv. Epit. 19;
The great object of Hanno, the admiral, was, as Eutrop. ii. 27 ; Oros. iv. 10; Val. Max. ii. 8. $ 2;
we are told by Polybius, to run over to Erys Zonar. viii. p. 398, &c. ; Fast. Capitol. )
without attracting the notice of the Romans, to 2. C. Lutatius CATULUS, perhaps the son of
lighten his vessels by landing their cargo, and to No. 1, consul B. c. 220, with L. Veturius Philo.
take on board a number of the brave and well- (Zonar. viii. p. 405. )
disciplined troops of Hamilcar. His morements, 3. Q. LUTATIUS Q. F. CATULUS, consul B. C.
however, were known by Catulus, who resolved at 102 with C. Marius IV. , having been previously
every hazard to force an engagement, and being defeated in three successive attempts, first by C.
himself still unfit for active exertion, entrusted the Atilius Serranus, who was consul in 106, secondly
execution of his plans in a great measure to Falto. by Cn. Manlius (or Mallius, or Manilius), who
The fleet accordingly passed over to the island of was consul in B. c. 105, and thirdly by C. Flavius
Aegusa, opposite to Lily baeum, and from thence, Fimbria, who was consul in B. c. 104. He either
at day-break on the morning of the 10th of March was not a candidate for the consulship of 103, or if
241, 'ther descried the hostile squadron bearing unsuccessful, his disappointment is not alluded to
down under a press of canvass right before the by Cicero in the passage where the rest of his
wind, which was blowing a gale from the west repulses are enumerated. (Pro Planc. 5. ) At the
and had raised a heavy sea. Notwithstanding time when Catulus entered upon office, the utmost
these disadvantages, the Romans formed their line consternation reigned at Rome. The Cimbri, who
of battle with their prows to windward. The in their great migration westward had been joined
Carthaginians, perceiving that they were cut off, | by ihe Teutoni, the Ambrones, the Tigurini, and
## p. 655 (#675) ############################################
CATULUS.
655
CATULUS.
1
3
various other tribes, after sweeping the upper | fell upon Catulus, and to him therefore belonged
valley of the Danube and spreading over Southern the honour of the decisive victory which was
Gaul and Northern Spain, after defeating four gained. It must be remarked that this version of
Roman consuls, Carbo (113), Silanus (109), Cas- the story is confessedly derived from the commen-
sius (107), Manlius (105), together with the pro- taries of Sulla, and probably also from the histo-
consul Caepio (105), and destroying five Roman rical work of Catulus himself, and since both of
armies, were now preparing to pour down on these authorities were not only inclined to make
Italy. The invading host was divided into two the most of their own exploits, but were also
vast columns. The Teutoni were marching through stimulated by violent hatred towards Marius, we
Provence with the intention of turning the Alps cannot receive their testimony with any confidence.
at Nice, and following the coast road along the It is certain that great jealousy existed between
shores of the Ligurian gulf, while the Cimbri the two armies; it is certain also that at Rome the
were preparing to cross the passes from the Tyrol whole merit of having saved his country was
which lead down by Botzen and Trent to the given to Marius, and, that the same feeling existed
plains of the Po. It was determined that Marius to a certain degree nearly two centuries afterwards
should oppose the Teutoni, and that Catulus with is proved by the well-known line of Juvenal (viii.
Sulla for his lieutenant should be ready to attack 253),
the Cimbri while their cumbrous array was en- “ Nobilis ornatur lauro collega secunda. "
tangled in the mountain defiles. How well the Catulus was one of those who took an active
former executed his task by the great battle share in the death of Saturninus; he served with
fought on the Rhone near Aix (Aquae Sextiae) is distinction in the Social war, and having eagerly
detailed elsewhere. (Marius. ) Meanwhile the espoused the cause of Sulla in the civil strife
campaign of his colleague had been less glorious. which followed, his name was included among the
Catulus, fearing to weaken his force by attempting list of victims in the great proscription of 87. As
to guard the passes, took up a position on the escape was impossible, he shut himself up in a
Adige (Athesis) where it begins to emerge from newly-plastered chamber, kindled a (charcoal) fire,
the rocky gorges which confine its waters near and was quickly suffocated by the vapours.
their source, and having thrown a bridge across Catulus was a highly educated and generally ac-
the stream and erected forts on both sides, resolved complished man, deeply versed in Greek literature,
there to await an attack. The Cimbri, pouring and especially famed for the extreme grace and
down from the higher ground along the left bank, purity with which he spoke and wrote his own
attacked the Roman works with such fury, that language. (Cic. de Orat. iii. 8, Brut. 35. ) He
the soldiers, dispirited probably by the timid de- was the author of several orations, of an historical
fensive tactics of their general, were seized with a work on his own Consulship and the Cimbric war,
panic, abandoned their camp, and fled in confusion. composed in the style of Xenophon, and of poems;
Had it not been for the gallantry of the detach- but the whole of these have perished with the ex-
ment who defended a redoubt which served as a ception of a couple of epigrams, not remarkable for
téte du pont, the bridge would have at once been any peculiar ease or felicity of expression, one of
won, and the whole Roman army might have been which is given by Cicero (de Nat. Deor. i. 28),
destroyed. Catulus on this occasion, according to and the other by A. Gellius (xix. 9).
the construction which Plutarch thinks fit to put Two edifices in Rome are spoken of by ancient
upon his conduct, like an able and excellent writers as “ Monumenta Catuli"—the temple of
general, preferred the glory of his fellow-citizens “ Fortuna hujusce diei," vowed at the battle of
to his own. For when he found himself unable to Vercelli, and the Porticus Catuli"
prevail upon his men to keep their ground, choos Palatine, built with the proceeds of the Cimbric
ing that the dishonour should fall upon his own spoils. A portion of the latter edifice was destroyed
head, be ordered a retreat, and placing himself in by Clodius when he razed the house of Cicero.
front of the fugitives, fell back behind the Po, (The passages of Cicero referring to Catulus are
thus abandoning the whole of Transpadane Gaul given in Orelli, Onom. Tull. ii. p. 366, &c. ; Plut.
to the ravages of the enemy. As soon as the Mar. Sull. ; Appian, B. C. i. 74; Vell. Pat. ii.
news of this disaster, which happened in the 21 ; Flor. iii. 21; Val. Max. vi. 3, ix. 12; Plin.
spring of 101, reached Rome, Marius, who had H. N. xxxiv. 19. Catulus is introduced in the
recently returned to the city, instantly set forth to De Oratore, and is represented as accompanying
the assistance of his late colleague. The united his half-brother, C. Julius Caesar Strabo, to the
armies of the consul and proconsul crossed the Po, Tusculanum of Crassis. The mother of Catulus
and hastened in search of the Cimbri, whom they was Popillia, whose second husband was L. Julius
found to the westward of Milan, near Vercelli Caesar, father of the above-named Caesar. ) (Comp.
(Vercellae), searching, it would appear, for the CAESAR, Nos. 8, 10. ]
Teutoni, of whose destruction they had not yet 4. Q. LUTATIUS Q. P. Q. x. CATULUS, son of No.
received intelligence. The account of the engage 3, narrowly escaped his father's fate, having been
ment, which was fought on the 30th of July, included in the same proscription. Throughout
transmitted to us by Plutarch, savours not a little life he was distinguished as one of the prominent
of the marvellous. The Roman forces amounted leaders of the aristocracy, but rose far superior to
to about fifty thousand men, of whom twenty the great body of his class in purity and singleness
thousand under Catulus occupied the centre, while of purpose, and received from the whole community
the remainder, commanded by Marius, were posted marks of esteem and confidence seldom bestowed
on the wings. When the battle was joined, a with unanimity in periods of excitement upon an
prodigious dust arose which hid the combatants active political leader. Being consul along with
from each other. Marius missed the enemy, and M. Aemilius Lepidus in B. c. 78, the year in
having passed beyond, wandered about seeking which Sulla died, he steadily resisted the efforts of
them in vain, while the chief brunt of the conflict his colleague to bring about a counter revolution
on the
## p. 656 (#676) ############################################
EK6
CATUS.
CAUDINUS.
ly abrogating the acts of the dictator, and when, I Pactus, who was consul B. c. 198 [Partus), and
the following spring, Lepidus marched against the the cognomen of Sex. Aelius, consul in A. D. 4,
city at the head of the remnants of the Marian with C. Sentius Saturninus. (Vell. Pat. ii. 103. )
faction, he was defeated by Catulus in the battle CATUS DECIANUS, procurator of Britain
of the Milvian bridge, and forced to take refuge in when the people rose against the Romans in A. D.
Sardinia, wbere he soon after perished in an 62 under Boadicea, was by his extortion and
attempt to organize an insurrection. [Lepidus. ] avarice one of the chief causes of the revolt. The
Catulus, although true to his party and his prin- Britons commenced the war by laying siege to
ciples, denounced the corrupt practices which dis Camalodunum, and as Suetonius Paullinus, the
graced the senate while they possessed the exclusive legate of the province, was absent upon an expedi-
right to act as judices on criminal trials ; his tion against the island of Mona, the colonists ap-
opinion upon this subject was most unequivocally plied to Catus for assistance, who was, however,
expressed when Pompeius brought forward his able to send them only 200 men. After the full
measure (B. C. 70) for restoring the privileges of of Camalodunum and ihe defeat of Petilius Cere-
the tribunes, and his presence as a judex upon the alis, Catus fied in alarm to Gaul.
He was suc
impeachment of Verres was probably one of the ceeded in his office of procurator by Julius Glas-
circumstances which deprived the culprit of all sicianus. (Tac. Ann. xiv. 32, 38; Dion Cass. lxii.
hope. He came forward as an opponent of the 2; comp. BOADICEA. )
Gabinian and Manilian laws (B. C. 67 and 66), CATUS, FI'RMIUS, a senator, was the ac-
and Cicero records the tribute paid by the popu- cuser of Scribonius Libo Drusus in A. D. 16. A
lace, on the latter occasion, to his character and few years afterwards (A. D. 24), Catus was con-
talents; for when, in the course of an argument demned by the senate to be banished to an island,
against the extravagant powers which the contem- on account of a false accusation of majestas which
plated enactment proposed to bestow upon a single he brought against his sister; but in consequence
individual, Catulus asked the multitude to whom of his former service in the accusation of Drusus,
they would look should any misfortune befal their Tiberius remitted his banishment, but allowed hiin
favourite, the crowd, almost with one voice, shouted to be expelled from the senate. (Tac. Ann. ii. 27,
back the reply, that they would look to himself. | iv. 31. )
When censor along with Crassus in 65, he with- CAVARI'NUS, a Senonian, whom Caesar
stood the measures of his colleague, who desired to made king of his people, was expelled by his sub-
make Egypt tributary to Rome, and so firm was jects and compelled to fly to Caesar, B. c. 54. He
each in maintaining his position, that at length afterwards accompanied Caesar in his war against
both resigned without effecting anything. During Ambiorix. (Caes. B. G. v. 54, vi. 5. )
the progress of the Catilinarian plot (B. C. 63), he CA'VARUS (Kavapos), the last king of that
sirenuously supported Cicero, and either be or portion of the Gauls which settled in Thrace and
Cato was the first to hail him as “ parens patriae. " for many years exacted an annual tribute from
If we are to believe Sallust, Catulus used every Byzantium.
