Jellinek, Die Erklarung der
Menschenrcchte
(Heidelb.
Windelband - History of Philosophy
Philos^ V.
, VI.
, VII.
).
P. 379. Last line. To the notice of Galileo, add : —
His quiet, unimpaasioned advocacy of the investigation of nature, which had been newly achieved and given its conception*! formulation by himself, could not shield him from the attacks of the Inquisition. He purchased peace and the right to further investigation, which was all that he cared for, by extreme sub jection. Cf. C. Prantl, Galileo und Kepler als Logiker (Munich, 1876).
P. 380. Line 9. To lit on I. Newton, add : —
V R. Rosenberger, /. JV. und seine physikalischen PrincipUn (Leip*. 1896).
692
Appendix.
P. 380. Line 18. To the lit. add : —
E. Macb, Die Meehanik in ihrer Entwicklung (Leips. 1883). H. Hertz, Di> Principien der Meehanik, Introd. , pp. 1-47 (Leips. 1894).
P. 380. To the notice of Bacon, add : —
The unfavourable aspects of bis personal character, which had their origin in political rivalry, fall into the background in comparison with the insight which tilled his life, that man's power, and especially his power over nature, lies only in scientific knowledge. In a grandiloquent fashion, which was in conformity with the custom of his time, he proclaimed it as the task of science to place nature with all her forces at the service of man and of 'the best development of social life.
P. 380. To the notice of Descartes, add : —
A complete edition of his works is appearing under the auspices of the Paris Academy. The main characteristics of his nature are found in the passion for knowledge, which turns aside from all outer goods of life, in his zeal for self- instruction, in bis struggle against self-delusion, in his abhorrence of all public appearance and of the conflicts connected therewith, in the calm pre-eminence of the purely intellectual life, and in the complete earnestness which springs from sincerity.
P. 381: To the notice of Spinoza, add: —
In proud independence, he satisfied his modest needs by his earnings from the polishing of optical glasses. Untroubled by the hatred and opposition of the world, and not embittered by the untrustworthiness of the few who called them selves his friends, he lived a life of thought and disinterested intellectual labour, and found his compensation for the transitory joys of the world, which he despised, in the clearness of knowledge, in the intelligent comprehension of human motives, and in the devoted contemplation of the mysteries of the divine nature. [J. Freudenthal, Lebensgeschichte Sp. 's, Leips. 1899; v. d. Linde, & Sp. Bibliographie, Gravenhage,
1871. ]
P. 381. Line 24. To the lit. on Pascal, add : —
G. Droz (Paris, 1886).
P. 381. Line 36. To the lit. on Geulincx, add : —
J. P. N. Land, Am. Oeulincx und seine Philosophie (The Hague, 1896).
P. 413. To the foot-note, add : —
Descartes' conception of these perturbations reminds us in many ways of Stoicism, which was brought to him by the whole humanistic literature of his time. Just on this account the modern philosopher fell into the same difficul ties respecting theodicy and freedom of the will which had vexed the Stoa. Cf. above, § 10. His ethics was likewise related to that of the Stoics.
P. 425. Under § 32. As lit. on this topic : —
T. H. Green, Principles of Political Obligation, Wks. , Vol. II. , and sepa rately, 1896 ; D. G. Ritchie, Natural liiyhls, Lond. and N. Y. 1896 ; J. H. Tufts and H. B. Thompson, The Individual and his Relation to Society as re flected in British Ethics (Chicago, 1898).
P. 440. To the notice of Locke, add : —
Plain good sense and sober charity are the main traits of his intellectual per sonality ; but corresponding to these there is also a certain meagreness of thought and a renunciation of the philosophical impulse in the proper sense. In spite of this, the courage of his triviality made him popular, and so made him leader of the philosophy of the Enlightenment.
Appendix. 693
P. 441. To the notice of Shaftesbury, add : —
He wu one of the foremost and finest representatives of the Enlightenment Humanistic culture Is the basis of his intellectual and spiritual nature. In this rests the freedom of his thought and judgment, as well as the taste with which
he conceives and presents his subject. He himself is a conspicuous example for his ethical teaching of the worth of personality. [B. Rand has recently pub lished The Lift, Letters, and Philosophical Regimen, Lond. and N, Y. 1900. The Regimen consists of a series of exercises or meditations patterned after those of Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius. It shows a closer dependence upon ancient, particularly Stoic, thought than is manifest in the Characteristics. ]
P. 441. To the lit on Adam Smith, add: —
[Hasbach, Untersuchungen ilber Adam Smith (Leips. 1801); Zeyss, A. S. (Leips. 1889; ; Oncken, Smith und Kant (1877) ; Schubert, in Wundt't Stu- dien, VI. 662 ff. ]
P. 441. To the notice of Hume, add : —
Cool and reflective, clear and keen, an analyst of the first rank, with un prejudiced and relentless thought, he pressed forward to the final presupposi tions upon which the English philosophy of modern times rested. And this is the reason why, in spite of the caution of his utterances, he did not at first find among bis countrymen the recognition which be deserved.
P. 441. To the lit. on English Moral Philosophy, add : —
[Selby-Bigge, British Moralists (Clar. Press, 1897), contains reprints of the most important ethical writings of nearly all the writers of this period, with
I n trod. ]
P. 442. To the lit. on the Scottish School, add : —
McCosh, The Scottish Philosophy ; on the preceding development, E. Grimm, Zur Ucsehichtc des Erkennlniss-problems con Bacon zu Hume (Leips. 1890).
P. 442. To the notice of Voltaire, add : —
For the history of philosophy, the most important elements in Voltaire's nature are his honest enthusiasm for justice and humanity, his fearless cham pionship for reason in public life, and, on the other hand, the incomparable influence which he exercised upon the general temper of his age through the magic of his animated, striking style. G. Desnoiresterres, V. et la Sociiti au IS Slide (Paris, 1873).
P. 444. To the notice on Leibniz, add: —
Leibniz was one of the greatest savants who have ever lived. There was no department of science in which he did not work, and that with suggestiveneas. This universalism asserted itself everywhere in a conciliatory tendency, as the attempt to reconcile existing oppositions. This, too, was his work in political and ecclesiastical fields. -
P. 445. Linr 4. Add : —
- • On Platiwr's relation to Rant, cf. M. Heinze (Leips. 1880) ; P. Rohr (Gotha, 1800) ; P. Bergemann (Halle. 1891); W. Wreschner (Leips. 1893).
P. 445. Line 11 from foot To the lit. on Empirical Psychology, add: —
M. Dessoir. llesrhirhte der nenerer dentschen Psychologic. Vol. I. (Berlin, 1894. New ed. in press). '.
694
Appendix.
P. 452. To the foot-note, add: —
In the field of demonstrative knowledge, Locke makes far-reaching conci sions to rationalism, as it was known to him from the Cambridge school ; e. g. he even regarded the cosmological argument for the existence of God as possible.
P. 488. Line 24. After " world " insert : —
This theory was, in his case, none other than the imaginative view of Nature which had been taken over from the Italian Renaissance by the English Neo-Platonists. In his Pantheist icon, Toland pro jected a sort of cultus for this natural religion, whose sole priestess should be Science, and whose heroes should be the great historical educators of the human mind.
P. 502. Tothe lit. under § 36, add: —
J. H. Tufts, The Individual and his Relation to Society as reflected in British Ethics. Part II. (Chicago, in press. )
P. 517. Line 7.
[The conception of " sympathy " in the Treatise is not the same as in the Inquiry. In the Treatise it is a psychological solvent like Spinoza's " imitation of emotions," and = "contagiousness of feeling. "
In the Inquiry it is opposed to selfishness, and treated as an impulse = benevolence; cf. on this, Green, Int. , Selby-Bigge, Inquiry. ']
P. 521. Line 6 from foot. To the words " human rights," add the reference : —
G.
Jellinek, Die Erklarung der Menschenrcchte (Heidelb. 1896); [D. G. Ritchie, Natural Bights, Lond. and N. Y. , 1895; B. Bosanquet, The PhOo*.
Theory of the State, Lond. and N. Y. , 1899. ]
P. 522. Foot-note 3.
Cf. Comte rendu des Siances des Ecoles Normales. Vol. 1.
P. 527. Line 11 from foot of text, add : —
By this definition of history the principles of investigation in natural science and those appropriate to history were no longer distinguished, and the contrast* between mechanical and teleological standpoints were obliterated in a way which necessarily called out the opposition of so keenly methodical a thinker at Kant. (Cf. his review of Herder's book, Ideas toward the Philosophy of the History of Mankind, in the Jen. Allg. Lilt. Ztg. , 1785. ) On the other band, i harmonising thought was thus won for the theory of the world, quite in accord with the Leibnizian Monadology, and this has remained as an influential posto late and a regulative idea for the further development of philosophy.
P. 529. Tothelit. ,add:—
E. von Hartmann, Die deutschc Aesthctik seit Kant (Berlin, 1886). wnliaa Schmidt, Geschichte der deutschen Litteratur von Leibnis bis auf unsertr ZtiL [Kuno Francke, Social Forces in German Literature, 2d ed. , N. Y. 1897. ]
P. 530. Line 8, add : —
Through this participation in the work of the highest culture, in which liten ture and philosophy gave each to the other furtherance toward the brilliant or ations of the time, the German people became anew a nation. In this it found
Appendix.
once more the essence of its genius ; from it sprang intellectual and moral forces through which, during the past century, it has been enabled to assert in the world the influence of this, its newly won nationality.
P. 532. To the lit, add : —
Fr. Paulsen, /. Kant, sein Leben und seine Lehre, Stuttgart, 1898.
P. 535. To the notice of Kant, add : —
His activity as a teacher extended not only over philosophical fields, but also to anthropology and physical geography ; and just in these, by his suggestive, discriminating, and brilliant exposition, his influence extended far beyond the bounds of the university. In society he was regarded with respect, and his fel low-citizens sought and found in him kindly instruction in all that excited gen eral interest.
P. 536. To the lit. , add : —
Among the publications of Kant's Lectures the most important are the Anthropologie (1798, and by Starcke, 1831) ; Logik (1800) ; Physische Geogra phic (1802-1803) ; Padagogik (1803} ; Metaphysik (by Pbiitz, 1821). [On this last, which is valuable for Kant's development, 1770-1780, see B. Erdmann in
comprising, I. Works, published by Kant himself ; 11. Correspondence ; III. Un published Manuscripts; IV. Lectures. Vols. Land II. of the Correspondence have appeared, ed. by Reicke (Berlin, 1900). ] The Kanl Studien, ed. by H.
Vaihinger (1896——), gives the most complete information regarding recent literature. [Recent translations are Kant's Cosmogony (Glasgow, 1900), by W. Mastie; Dreams of a Spirit Seer (Load, and N. Y. , 1900), by Goerwitz ; 77k* Inaugural Dissertation of 1770, by Eckhoff (N. Y. , 1894). ]
P. 537. To the lit. , add : —
E. Adickes, KanVs Systematik als systembildender Factor (Berlin, 1887), and Kantstudien (1894) ; E. Arnoldt, Kritische Excurse im Oebiet der Kantforschung, Kdnigsberg, 1894.
[J. G. Schurmann in Philos. Review, Vols. VII. , VIII. ]
P. 551. To the lit, add : —
A. Hegler, Die Psychologic in Kant's Ethik, Freiburg i. Br. 1891.
W. Korster. Der Entieicklungsgang der kantischen Ethik, Berlin, 1894.
P. 557. Line 18 from foot, insert as a new paragraph : —
"The Communion of Saints," on the contrary, the ethical and religious union of the human race, appears as the true highest good of the practical reason. This reaches far beyond the subjective and individual significance of a combination between virtue and hap piness, and has for its content the realisation of the moral law in the development of the human race — the Kingdom of God upon earth. (Cf. Critique of Judgment, §§ 85 ff. , Religion within the Bounds of Mere Reason, 3d part (I. 2 ff. ).
P. 559. Tothe lit. under § 40, add : —
[V. Batch, Essai critique sur rEsthltique ie Kant, Pari*, 1896. ]
695
Philos. Moiiatshefle, Vol. XIX. , and M. Heinze, A'. 's Vorlesungen fiber Metj, Leips. 1894. ] A critical complete edition, such as has long been needed, is being published by the Berlin Academy of Sciences. [This appears in four parts,
696 Appendix.
P. 564. Last line. To " fine art," attach as note . —
On the historical connections of the theories here developed by Kant withm the framework of his system, cf. P. Schlapp, Die Anfange der Kritik da
Oeschmacks und des Oenies (GOttingen, 1899).
P. 569. Line 14 from foot of text, add : —
Jacobi was in youth a friend of Goethe. He was a typical personality for the development of the German life of feeling in its transition from the time of
" Storm and Stress," over into the Romantic movement. He was the chief rep resentative of the principle of religious sentimentality. Cf. on his theory Fr. Harms (Berlin, 1876).
P. 570. Line 6. Add : —
On Beck, cf. W. Dllthey in Arch. f. Oesch. d. Philo$. , II. 592 ff. On Maimot, cf. A. MSlzner (Greifswald, 1890).
P. 570. Line 18. To the notice of Reinhold, add : —
He was an ardent, but not an independent, man. His capacity to appreciate and adopt the work of another, and a certain skill in formulation, enabled him to render the Kantian philosophy a great service which was not, however, with out its drawbacks. In this consisted the importance of his Jena period.
P. 570. Line 33. To the lit. on Schiller, add : —
G. Geil, Sch. 's Verhaltniss zur kantischen EtMk, Strassburg. 1888 ; K. Gneisse, Sch. 's Lehre von der aslhetischen Wahrnehmung, Berlin, 1893; K. Bergec, Die Enturicklung von Sch. 's Aesthelik, Weimar, 1893; E. Kubne- mann, Kant's und Sch. 's Begrundung der Aesthelik, Munich, 1895.
P. 570. Line 14 from foot. To the notice of Fichte, add : —
As he worked his own way out of difficult conditions with great energy, so his whole life was filled with a thirst for achievement and for the improvement of the world. He seeks to reform life, and especially the life of students and universities, by the principles of Kant's teaching. It is as orator and preacher that he finds his most efficient activity. High-flying plans, without regard to the actual conditions and often, perhaps, without sufficient knowledge of the data, form the content of his restless efforts, in which his "Philosophy of the Will" incorporates itself. The dauntless and self-forgetful character of bis idealism it evidenced above all in his " Addresses to the German Nation " (1807), in which he called his people with ardent patriotism to return to their true inner nature, to moral reform, and thereby to political freedom. [To the Eng. tr. has been added the Science of Ethics, by Kroeger, 1897 . J
P. 571. Line 8. To the notice of Schelling, add: —
In his personality the predominant factor is the combining capacity which is shown by an imagination that received satisfaction and stimulation on evert side. Religion and art, natural science and history, presented to him the rick material through which he was able to vitalise the systematic form which Kau and Fichte had constructed, and to bring it into living and fruitful connect** with many other interests. But this explains the fact that he seems to be involved in a continuous reconstruction of his theory, while he himself supposed that be Was retaining the same fundamental standpoint from the beginning to tbe end of his work. (Cf. the lectures by K. Rosenkranz, Danzig, 1843) ; L. Noaek; A*. und die Philos. der Romantik, Berlin, 1859; E. v. Hartmann, Sch. 's pontin Philosophic Berlin, 18(59 ; R Zimmermann, Sch. 'sPhilvsuphiejderKuntt. ViewDSu 1876; C. Frantz, Sch. 's positive Philosophic, Cethen, 1879 f. ; Fr. Schaper, Sch.
P. 379. Last line. To the notice of Galileo, add : —
His quiet, unimpaasioned advocacy of the investigation of nature, which had been newly achieved and given its conception*! formulation by himself, could not shield him from the attacks of the Inquisition. He purchased peace and the right to further investigation, which was all that he cared for, by extreme sub jection. Cf. C. Prantl, Galileo und Kepler als Logiker (Munich, 1876).
P. 380. Line 9. To lit on I. Newton, add : —
V R. Rosenberger, /. JV. und seine physikalischen PrincipUn (Leip*. 1896).
692
Appendix.
P. 380. Line 18. To the lit. add : —
E. Macb, Die Meehanik in ihrer Entwicklung (Leips. 1883). H. Hertz, Di> Principien der Meehanik, Introd. , pp. 1-47 (Leips. 1894).
P. 380. To the notice of Bacon, add : —
The unfavourable aspects of bis personal character, which had their origin in political rivalry, fall into the background in comparison with the insight which tilled his life, that man's power, and especially his power over nature, lies only in scientific knowledge. In a grandiloquent fashion, which was in conformity with the custom of his time, he proclaimed it as the task of science to place nature with all her forces at the service of man and of 'the best development of social life.
P. 380. To the notice of Descartes, add : —
A complete edition of his works is appearing under the auspices of the Paris Academy. The main characteristics of his nature are found in the passion for knowledge, which turns aside from all outer goods of life, in his zeal for self- instruction, in bis struggle against self-delusion, in his abhorrence of all public appearance and of the conflicts connected therewith, in the calm pre-eminence of the purely intellectual life, and in the complete earnestness which springs from sincerity.
P. 381: To the notice of Spinoza, add: —
In proud independence, he satisfied his modest needs by his earnings from the polishing of optical glasses. Untroubled by the hatred and opposition of the world, and not embittered by the untrustworthiness of the few who called them selves his friends, he lived a life of thought and disinterested intellectual labour, and found his compensation for the transitory joys of the world, which he despised, in the clearness of knowledge, in the intelligent comprehension of human motives, and in the devoted contemplation of the mysteries of the divine nature. [J. Freudenthal, Lebensgeschichte Sp. 's, Leips. 1899; v. d. Linde, & Sp. Bibliographie, Gravenhage,
1871. ]
P. 381. Line 24. To the lit. on Pascal, add : —
G. Droz (Paris, 1886).
P. 381. Line 36. To the lit. on Geulincx, add : —
J. P. N. Land, Am. Oeulincx und seine Philosophie (The Hague, 1896).
P. 413. To the foot-note, add : —
Descartes' conception of these perturbations reminds us in many ways of Stoicism, which was brought to him by the whole humanistic literature of his time. Just on this account the modern philosopher fell into the same difficul ties respecting theodicy and freedom of the will which had vexed the Stoa. Cf. above, § 10. His ethics was likewise related to that of the Stoics.
P. 425. Under § 32. As lit. on this topic : —
T. H. Green, Principles of Political Obligation, Wks. , Vol. II. , and sepa rately, 1896 ; D. G. Ritchie, Natural liiyhls, Lond. and N. Y. 1896 ; J. H. Tufts and H. B. Thompson, The Individual and his Relation to Society as re flected in British Ethics (Chicago, 1898).
P. 440. To the notice of Locke, add : —
Plain good sense and sober charity are the main traits of his intellectual per sonality ; but corresponding to these there is also a certain meagreness of thought and a renunciation of the philosophical impulse in the proper sense. In spite of this, the courage of his triviality made him popular, and so made him leader of the philosophy of the Enlightenment.
Appendix. 693
P. 441. To the notice of Shaftesbury, add : —
He wu one of the foremost and finest representatives of the Enlightenment Humanistic culture Is the basis of his intellectual and spiritual nature. In this rests the freedom of his thought and judgment, as well as the taste with which
he conceives and presents his subject. He himself is a conspicuous example for his ethical teaching of the worth of personality. [B. Rand has recently pub lished The Lift, Letters, and Philosophical Regimen, Lond. and N, Y. 1900. The Regimen consists of a series of exercises or meditations patterned after those of Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius. It shows a closer dependence upon ancient, particularly Stoic, thought than is manifest in the Characteristics. ]
P. 441. To the lit on Adam Smith, add: —
[Hasbach, Untersuchungen ilber Adam Smith (Leips. 1801); Zeyss, A. S. (Leips. 1889; ; Oncken, Smith und Kant (1877) ; Schubert, in Wundt't Stu- dien, VI. 662 ff. ]
P. 441. To the notice of Hume, add : —
Cool and reflective, clear and keen, an analyst of the first rank, with un prejudiced and relentless thought, he pressed forward to the final presupposi tions upon which the English philosophy of modern times rested. And this is the reason why, in spite of the caution of his utterances, he did not at first find among bis countrymen the recognition which be deserved.
P. 441. To the lit. on English Moral Philosophy, add : —
[Selby-Bigge, British Moralists (Clar. Press, 1897), contains reprints of the most important ethical writings of nearly all the writers of this period, with
I n trod. ]
P. 442. To the lit. on the Scottish School, add : —
McCosh, The Scottish Philosophy ; on the preceding development, E. Grimm, Zur Ucsehichtc des Erkennlniss-problems con Bacon zu Hume (Leips. 1890).
P. 442. To the notice of Voltaire, add : —
For the history of philosophy, the most important elements in Voltaire's nature are his honest enthusiasm for justice and humanity, his fearless cham pionship for reason in public life, and, on the other hand, the incomparable influence which he exercised upon the general temper of his age through the magic of his animated, striking style. G. Desnoiresterres, V. et la Sociiti au IS Slide (Paris, 1873).
P. 444. To the notice on Leibniz, add: —
Leibniz was one of the greatest savants who have ever lived. There was no department of science in which he did not work, and that with suggestiveneas. This universalism asserted itself everywhere in a conciliatory tendency, as the attempt to reconcile existing oppositions. This, too, was his work in political and ecclesiastical fields. -
P. 445. Linr 4. Add : —
- • On Platiwr's relation to Rant, cf. M. Heinze (Leips. 1880) ; P. Rohr (Gotha, 1800) ; P. Bergemann (Halle. 1891); W. Wreschner (Leips. 1893).
P. 445. Line 11 from foot To the lit. on Empirical Psychology, add: —
M. Dessoir. llesrhirhte der nenerer dentschen Psychologic. Vol. I. (Berlin, 1894. New ed. in press). '.
694
Appendix.
P. 452. To the foot-note, add: —
In the field of demonstrative knowledge, Locke makes far-reaching conci sions to rationalism, as it was known to him from the Cambridge school ; e. g. he even regarded the cosmological argument for the existence of God as possible.
P. 488. Line 24. After " world " insert : —
This theory was, in his case, none other than the imaginative view of Nature which had been taken over from the Italian Renaissance by the English Neo-Platonists. In his Pantheist icon, Toland pro jected a sort of cultus for this natural religion, whose sole priestess should be Science, and whose heroes should be the great historical educators of the human mind.
P. 502. Tothe lit. under § 36, add: —
J. H. Tufts, The Individual and his Relation to Society as reflected in British Ethics. Part II. (Chicago, in press. )
P. 517. Line 7.
[The conception of " sympathy " in the Treatise is not the same as in the Inquiry. In the Treatise it is a psychological solvent like Spinoza's " imitation of emotions," and = "contagiousness of feeling. "
In the Inquiry it is opposed to selfishness, and treated as an impulse = benevolence; cf. on this, Green, Int. , Selby-Bigge, Inquiry. ']
P. 521. Line 6 from foot. To the words " human rights," add the reference : —
G.
Jellinek, Die Erklarung der Menschenrcchte (Heidelb. 1896); [D. G. Ritchie, Natural Bights, Lond. and N. Y. , 1895; B. Bosanquet, The PhOo*.
Theory of the State, Lond. and N. Y. , 1899. ]
P. 522. Foot-note 3.
Cf. Comte rendu des Siances des Ecoles Normales. Vol. 1.
P. 527. Line 11 from foot of text, add : —
By this definition of history the principles of investigation in natural science and those appropriate to history were no longer distinguished, and the contrast* between mechanical and teleological standpoints were obliterated in a way which necessarily called out the opposition of so keenly methodical a thinker at Kant. (Cf. his review of Herder's book, Ideas toward the Philosophy of the History of Mankind, in the Jen. Allg. Lilt. Ztg. , 1785. ) On the other band, i harmonising thought was thus won for the theory of the world, quite in accord with the Leibnizian Monadology, and this has remained as an influential posto late and a regulative idea for the further development of philosophy.
P. 529. Tothelit. ,add:—
E. von Hartmann, Die deutschc Aesthctik seit Kant (Berlin, 1886). wnliaa Schmidt, Geschichte der deutschen Litteratur von Leibnis bis auf unsertr ZtiL [Kuno Francke, Social Forces in German Literature, 2d ed. , N. Y. 1897. ]
P. 530. Line 8, add : —
Through this participation in the work of the highest culture, in which liten ture and philosophy gave each to the other furtherance toward the brilliant or ations of the time, the German people became anew a nation. In this it found
Appendix.
once more the essence of its genius ; from it sprang intellectual and moral forces through which, during the past century, it has been enabled to assert in the world the influence of this, its newly won nationality.
P. 532. To the lit, add : —
Fr. Paulsen, /. Kant, sein Leben und seine Lehre, Stuttgart, 1898.
P. 535. To the notice of Kant, add : —
His activity as a teacher extended not only over philosophical fields, but also to anthropology and physical geography ; and just in these, by his suggestive, discriminating, and brilliant exposition, his influence extended far beyond the bounds of the university. In society he was regarded with respect, and his fel low-citizens sought and found in him kindly instruction in all that excited gen eral interest.
P. 536. To the lit. , add : —
Among the publications of Kant's Lectures the most important are the Anthropologie (1798, and by Starcke, 1831) ; Logik (1800) ; Physische Geogra phic (1802-1803) ; Padagogik (1803} ; Metaphysik (by Pbiitz, 1821). [On this last, which is valuable for Kant's development, 1770-1780, see B. Erdmann in
comprising, I. Works, published by Kant himself ; 11. Correspondence ; III. Un published Manuscripts; IV. Lectures. Vols. Land II. of the Correspondence have appeared, ed. by Reicke (Berlin, 1900). ] The Kanl Studien, ed. by H.
Vaihinger (1896——), gives the most complete information regarding recent literature. [Recent translations are Kant's Cosmogony (Glasgow, 1900), by W. Mastie; Dreams of a Spirit Seer (Load, and N. Y. , 1900), by Goerwitz ; 77k* Inaugural Dissertation of 1770, by Eckhoff (N. Y. , 1894). ]
P. 537. To the lit. , add : —
E. Adickes, KanVs Systematik als systembildender Factor (Berlin, 1887), and Kantstudien (1894) ; E. Arnoldt, Kritische Excurse im Oebiet der Kantforschung, Kdnigsberg, 1894.
[J. G. Schurmann in Philos. Review, Vols. VII. , VIII. ]
P. 551. To the lit, add : —
A. Hegler, Die Psychologic in Kant's Ethik, Freiburg i. Br. 1891.
W. Korster. Der Entieicklungsgang der kantischen Ethik, Berlin, 1894.
P. 557. Line 18 from foot, insert as a new paragraph : —
"The Communion of Saints," on the contrary, the ethical and religious union of the human race, appears as the true highest good of the practical reason. This reaches far beyond the subjective and individual significance of a combination between virtue and hap piness, and has for its content the realisation of the moral law in the development of the human race — the Kingdom of God upon earth. (Cf. Critique of Judgment, §§ 85 ff. , Religion within the Bounds of Mere Reason, 3d part (I. 2 ff. ).
P. 559. Tothe lit. under § 40, add : —
[V. Batch, Essai critique sur rEsthltique ie Kant, Pari*, 1896. ]
695
Philos. Moiiatshefle, Vol. XIX. , and M. Heinze, A'. 's Vorlesungen fiber Metj, Leips. 1894. ] A critical complete edition, such as has long been needed, is being published by the Berlin Academy of Sciences. [This appears in four parts,
696 Appendix.
P. 564. Last line. To " fine art," attach as note . —
On the historical connections of the theories here developed by Kant withm the framework of his system, cf. P. Schlapp, Die Anfange der Kritik da
Oeschmacks und des Oenies (GOttingen, 1899).
P. 569. Line 14 from foot of text, add : —
Jacobi was in youth a friend of Goethe. He was a typical personality for the development of the German life of feeling in its transition from the time of
" Storm and Stress," over into the Romantic movement. He was the chief rep resentative of the principle of religious sentimentality. Cf. on his theory Fr. Harms (Berlin, 1876).
P. 570. Line 6. Add : —
On Beck, cf. W. Dllthey in Arch. f. Oesch. d. Philo$. , II. 592 ff. On Maimot, cf. A. MSlzner (Greifswald, 1890).
P. 570. Line 18. To the notice of Reinhold, add : —
He was an ardent, but not an independent, man. His capacity to appreciate and adopt the work of another, and a certain skill in formulation, enabled him to render the Kantian philosophy a great service which was not, however, with out its drawbacks. In this consisted the importance of his Jena period.
P. 570. Line 33. To the lit. on Schiller, add : —
G. Geil, Sch. 's Verhaltniss zur kantischen EtMk, Strassburg. 1888 ; K. Gneisse, Sch. 's Lehre von der aslhetischen Wahrnehmung, Berlin, 1893; K. Bergec, Die Enturicklung von Sch. 's Aesthelik, Weimar, 1893; E. Kubne- mann, Kant's und Sch. 's Begrundung der Aesthelik, Munich, 1895.
P. 570. Line 14 from foot. To the notice of Fichte, add : —
As he worked his own way out of difficult conditions with great energy, so his whole life was filled with a thirst for achievement and for the improvement of the world. He seeks to reform life, and especially the life of students and universities, by the principles of Kant's teaching. It is as orator and preacher that he finds his most efficient activity. High-flying plans, without regard to the actual conditions and often, perhaps, without sufficient knowledge of the data, form the content of his restless efforts, in which his "Philosophy of the Will" incorporates itself. The dauntless and self-forgetful character of bis idealism it evidenced above all in his " Addresses to the German Nation " (1807), in which he called his people with ardent patriotism to return to their true inner nature, to moral reform, and thereby to political freedom. [To the Eng. tr. has been added the Science of Ethics, by Kroeger, 1897 . J
P. 571. Line 8. To the notice of Schelling, add: —
In his personality the predominant factor is the combining capacity which is shown by an imagination that received satisfaction and stimulation on evert side. Religion and art, natural science and history, presented to him the rick material through which he was able to vitalise the systematic form which Kau and Fichte had constructed, and to bring it into living and fruitful connect** with many other interests. But this explains the fact that he seems to be involved in a continuous reconstruction of his theory, while he himself supposed that be Was retaining the same fundamental standpoint from the beginning to tbe end of his work. (Cf. the lectures by K. Rosenkranz, Danzig, 1843) ; L. Noaek; A*. und die Philos. der Romantik, Berlin, 1859; E. v. Hartmann, Sch. 's pontin Philosophic Berlin, 18(59 ; R Zimmermann, Sch. 'sPhilvsuphiejderKuntt. ViewDSu 1876; C. Frantz, Sch. 's positive Philosophic, Cethen, 1879 f. ; Fr. Schaper, Sch.
