An
American
poet
and story-writer; born in Oswego, N.
and story-writer; born in Oswego, N.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v26 to v30 - Tur to Zor and Index
In 1829
he became editor-in-chief of the New York
Evening Post. His books include: Letters of a
Traveler (1855); "Letters from Spain (1859);
(Letters from the East) (1869); and a Popular
History of the United States,' with S. H. Gay
(4 vols. , 1878-82). His Poems) appeared in
New York in 1832, and Washington Irving
reprinted them in London, where they went
through several editions. This book was fol-
lowed by (The Fountain and Other Poems)
(1842) and (The White-Footed Deer and Other
Poems) (1844). His first complete edition was
issued in Philadelphia in 1846. In his old age
Bryant began a translation of the “Iliad' and
(Odyssey) in blank verse; and his last great
poem was (The Flood of Years,' a noble pend-
ant to “Thanatopsis. Among his poems that
have become popular favorites are: the Forest
Hymn); (The West Wind); (June); Death of
the Flowers); and (Hymn to Death. ' *
Bryce, James. An Irish historian; born in
Belfast, May 10, 1838. After graduating at Ox-
ford in 1862, he studied at Heidelberg, and sub-
sequently practiced law in London. From 1870
till 1893 he was regius professor of civil law in
Oxford, and has had a distinguished political
He has supported Home Rule, city
reforms, and international copyright. His chief
works are: (The Holy Roman Empire) (1864);
(Transcaucasia and Ararat) (1877); and (The
American Commonwealth) (1888). *
Bryce, Lloyd. An American editor and nov.
elist ; born in Long Island, N. Y. , in 1852. He
was editor of the North American Review
from 1889 to 1896. His works are : (Paradise);
(A Dream of Conquest); (The Romance of
an Alter Ego); (Friends in Exile.
Bube, Adolf (bö’ba). A German poet (1802-
73); born at Gotha. He published two vol.
umes of miscellaneous Poems, characterized
by sincere feeling for nature. He compiled
several volumes of Popular Legends, espe-
cially of Thuringia, which he rendered in verse.
Buchanan, Robert Williams. An English
author; born in Warwickshire, Aug. 18, 1841.
He received his education in Glasgow, and
while young went to London to engage in lit-
erature. His attack upon Dante Gabriel Ros-
setti drew a famous letter from that poet on
(The Stealthy School of Criticism, and a
scathing pamphlet from Swinburne, Under
the Microscope) (1872). His poems include:
(Undertones) (1863); "Idylls and Legends of
Inverburn) (1865); London Poems, his best
effort (1866); (North Coast Poems) (1867);
Napoleon Fallen : a Lyrical Drama) (1871);
(The Drama of Kings) (1871); (Ballads of
Love, Life, and Humor) (1882); and (The City
career.
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BUCHEZ- BULFINCH
81
:
of Dreams) (1888). His best novels are: (The
Shadow of the Sword? (1876); (A Child of
Nature (1879); "God and the Man) (1881);
(The Martyrdom of Madeline) (1882); and
(Foxglove Manor) (1884). Buchanan has also
written successful plays. His poems have been
collected (3 vols. , London, 1874).
Buchez, Philippe Benjamin Joseph (bü-
shā'). A French annalist and physician; born
in Mortagne, Ardennes, March 31, 1796; died
at Rhodez, Aveyron, Aug. 12, 1865. With
Roux-Lavergne he projected the Parliament-
ary History of the French Revolution) (40
vols. , 1833-38), a work of inestimable utility.
Büchner, Alexander (büch'ner). A German
critic and historian of literature, brother of
Georg B. ; born at Darmstadt, Oct. 25, 1827.
He became professor of foreign literatures at
Caen, France, in 1862. He wrote in German :
(French Literary Portraits) (2 vols. , 1858), and
two novels, (Chatterton' and Lord Byron's
Last Love) (1862); among his writings in
French are: (The Comedies of Shakespeare);
"Hamlet the Dane.
Büchner, Georg (büch'ner). A German
poet; born near Darmstadt, Oct. 17, 1813; died
Feb. 19, 1837. He studied natural science and
medicine in the universities of Strasburg and
Giessen. In 1834 he entered the political arena
with a manifesto entitled (The Rural Mes-
senger,' and bearing the motto “Peace to the
cabin, war to the palace. ) To escape arrest
he fled to Strasburg, where he studied the phi-
losophies of Descartes and Spinoza. He was
preparing to open a course of lectures in Zürich
when he died. He wrote a drama in 1834 on
(The Death of Danton,' the work of a genu-
ine but undisciplined poet. His (Complete
Works, with biography, were published in 1879.
Büchner, Luise. A German poet and novel.
ist (1821-77), sister of Georg. Her first pub-
lication, "Women and their Calling (1855), was
followed by many others on the (I woman's-
rights question”; it commanded much atten-
tion, and reached a fifth edition (1883). She
wrote a volume of tales, (From Life) (1861);
(Poet-Voices of Home and Foreign Lands);
several original poems, 'Woman's Heart); some
(Christmas Stories'; etc.
Buck, Dudley. An American organist, com-
poser, and author; born in Hartford, Conn. ,
March 10, 1839. He is organist of the Church
of the Holy Trinity, Brooklyn, N. Y. Aside
from several cantatas, he has written two books:
"A Dictionary of Musical Terms) and a work
on the Influence of the Organ in History)
(1882).
Buckland, Francis Trevelyan. An Eng-
lish naturalist; born at Oxford, Dec. 17, 1826;
died Dec. 19, 1880. His preferences were for
practical science; and after retiring from his
piace as surgeon to the Second Life Guards he
founded the journal Land and Water, of which
he was editor. He was an authority on fish-
culture, and as such was consulted by foreign
governments. He was a resolute opponent of
Darwinism. Besides his works on fish-culture,
he wrote: (Log-Book of a Fisherman and
Zoologist) (1876); Notes and Jottings on
Animal Life) (1882); (Curiosities of Natural
History. *
Buckle, Henry Thomas. An English his-
torian; born in Lee, Kent, Nov. 24, 1821 ; died
in Damascus, May 29, 1862. A self-educated
man, he is known for his great work (The
History of Civilization in England) (2 vols. ,
1857-61). His (Miscellaneous and Posthumous
Works) were edited by Helen Taylor (Lon-
don, 1872); new ed. by Grant Allen, 1880. *
Buckley, James Monroe. An American cler.
gyman; born in Rahway, N. J. , Dec. 16, 1836.
In 1858 he entered the ministry in the Meth-
odist Church. Since 1881 he has been the edi-
tor of the Christian Advocate. Among his
works are: (Two Weeks in the Yosemite Val-
ley) (1872); (Oats or Wild Oats) (1885); (The
Land of the Czar and the Nihilist) (1886);
( Travels in Three Continents.
Buckstone, John Baldwin. An English
dramatist; born in Hoxton, London, Sept. 14,
1802; died in Sydenham, near London, Oct. 31,
1879. From 1823 to 1853 he was a well-known
London actor ; he became manager of the
Haymarket Theatre, and produced nearly 200
plays, which were all successful, largely owing
to his knowledge of stage effect and humor.
Among the best are: (The Wreck Ashore);
(Victorine); (Green Bushes); “The Flowers of
the Forest); (Married Life); "Leap Year);
(Second Thoughts); and Nicholas Flam. '
Büdinger, Max (bü-ding-er). A German
historian; born in Cassel, April 1, 1828. He
has exerted great influence among the univer-
sities; the most admired of his books being
on Austrian History) (1858; the work coming
down to the mediæval period only), and (King
Richard III. of England) (1858).
Buel, Clarence Clough. An American edi.
tor and author; born at Laona, Chautauqua
County, N. Y. , July 29, 1850. He was connected
with the New York Tribune from 1875 to 1881,
when he joined the staff of the Century Mag-
azine; and in 1883, in conjunction with Rob-
ert Underwood Johnson, he began the editing
of the celebrated Century War Articles,
which were afterwards expanded into the
notable (Battles and Leaders of the Civil
War) (1887).
Buffon, George Louis le Clerc, Comte de
(bü-fön'). A famous French naturalist; born
at Montbard, Sept. 7, 1707; died April 16, 1788.
His Natural History) widely popularized the
study of zoology and of nature in general,
owing to the author's luminous and attractive
style and his very plausible generalizations; it
was translated into nearly all the languages of
Europe. The definitive edition of ihis (Gen-
eral and Particular Natural History) is in 36
volumes (1749-88). *
Bulfinch, Thomas. An American author;
born in Boston, Mass. , July 15, 1796; died there,
6
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82
BÜLOW – BUNGE
May 27, 1867. He graduated from Harvard
University in 1814. Although engaged in busi-
ness, he managed to devote considerable time
to literature. Among his best-known works
are : (The Age of Fable' (1855); (Age of
Chivalry) (1858); Legends of Charlemagne)
(1864); (Oregon and Eldorado) (1866).
Bülow, Bertha von. See Arnold, Hans.
(
Bülow, Karl Eduard von (bü'lő). A Ger-
man story-teller (1803-53); born at Berg vor
Eilenburg in Saxony. His literary fame rests
mainly on his Book of Tales,' after ancient
Italian, Spanish, French, English, Latin, and
German originals (4 vols. , 1834-36), which was
followed by a supplementary volume. Of his
own original compositions, the (Springtide
Wandering among the Harz Mountains) is
one of the best. He wrote also the very in-
teresting story of (The Youth of a Poor Man
of Toggenburg,' founded on the autobiography
of Ulrich Brüker, a Swiss weaver. He pub-
lished the original later.
Bülow, Margarete von. A German novelist
(1860-85); born in Berlin. She wrote four vol-
umes of stories, viz. : (Stories) (1885); Jonas
Briccius) (1886); (Chronicle of the Riffels.
hausen Folks); and (New Stories. She de-
lineated character with great precision, and
showed true insight into the human heart. She
lost her life in an attempt to rescue a boy
from drowning
Buloz, François (bü-lo). A French pub-
licist (1803-77); born at Bulbens in Haute-
Savoie. He founded the great French review,
Revue des Deux Mondes (1831), and was its
editor for 40 years. He wrote little, but his
(Letters and Memoirs) are of great value for
the history of French letters in his time.
Bulthaupt, Heinrich Alfred (bölt'houpt).
A German poet and dramatist; born at Bre-
men, Oct. 26, 1849. On quitting the university
he was for a while a private tutor; then he
traveled in the East, in Greece, and in Italy.
He was a lawyer in his native town for some
years, and in 1879 became custodian of the
city library. Of his dramatic compositions the
list is very long, comprising tragedies : (Saul,
(A Corsican Tragedy); plays dealing with the
questions of the time: (The Workmen. ); com-
edies; comic operas; etc. He has also written
a work, already of high authority, on (Dra-
maturgy of the Theatre) (3 vols. ); also (Dra-
maturgy of the Opera) (2 vols. ).
Bulwer, Henry Lytton Earle (Lord Dal-
ling). An English author and diplomatist,
brother of Sir Edward Bulwer-Lytton; born
Feb. 13, 1801; died in Naples, May 23, 1872.
He was minister to Madrid in 1843; in 1849
had a diplomatic mission to Washington, and
was one of the negotiators of the Clayton-
Bulwer treaty; was ambassador to Turkey
1858-65. Among his works are: (An Au-
tumn in Greece) (1826); (France, Social, Lit-
erary, and Political) (1834-36); and Life of
Byron) (1835).
Bulwer-Lytton, Edward, Lord Lytton. An
English novelist, playwright, and poet; born in
London, May 25, 1803; died in Torquay, Jan.
18, 1873. He was the son of Gen, Earle Bul.
wer and Elizabeth B. Lytton, heiress of Kneb-
worth, to whose estates he succeeded in 1844
and assumed the surname of Lytton. In 1847,
and again in 1852, he sat in Parliament; and
in 1858-59 was colonial secretary, during which
he called into existence the colonies of British
Columbia and Queensland. In 1866 he was
raised to the peerage as Baron Lytton. Al-
together his works exceed sixty in number,
and fill 110 volumes. His novels display great
versatility, range of power, power of handling
psychological and social problems, variety of
incident and portraiture; and many are based
on romantic and occult themes. Among the
most famous are : (Falkland (1827); (Pelham)
(1828); Devereux) (1829); Paul Clifford
(1830); (Eugene Aram) (1832); (Godolphin
(1833); Pilgrims of the Rhine) (1834); "Last
Days of Pompeii (1834); "Rienzi! (1837);
(Ernest Maltravers) (1837); (Alice, or the
Mysteries) (1838); Last of the Barons)
(1843); “Harold' (1843); (The Caxtons) (1850);
My Novel (1853); “What Will He Do with
It? ) (1859); (A Strange Story) (1862); (The
Coming Race) (1871); Kenelm Chillingly)
(1873); and “The Parisians) (1873). Three
of his dramas — «The Lady of Lyons) (1838);
(Richelieu) (1838); and Money) (1848) - still
hold the stage. *
Bunce, Oliver Bell. An American publisher
and writer; born in New York city, in 1828;
died there, May 15, 1890. At an early age he
became connected with the publishing business
in New York. Among his books are: (Ro-
mance of the Revolution (1852); A Bache-
lor's Story) (1859); Don't: a Manual of Mis-
takes and Improprieties) (1883); (My House)
(1884); and (Adventures of Timias Terrystone,
a novel (1885).
Bundy, Jonas Mills. An American joumal.
ist and author; born in Columbia, N. H. , in
1835; died in Paris, France, Sept. 8, 1891. He
gained experience in journalism in the West,
and served in the Civil War. He was editor
of the New York Mail and Express, and wrote
"Life of Garfield (1880).
Bungay, George Washington. An Ameri.
can journalist and poet; born in Walsingham,
England, July 22, 1818; died July 10, 1892.
He came to this country in 1827. For some
time he was connected with the New York
Tribune. He was employed in the Custom
House from 1873 to 1877. Among his numer-
ous poems the best known is (The Creed of
the Bells. His other works include: Abraham
Lincoln Songster'; (Pen Portraits of Illustri.
ous Abstainers) (1881).
Bunge, Rudolf (böng'a). A German poet;
born at Köthen, March 27, 1836. Among his
works are a volume of his collected short
poems, Flowers) (1854); a tragedy, "The
Duke of Courland (1871); a cycle of five
## p. 83 (#99) ##############################################
BUNNER - BURNABY
83
tragedies showing forth the action of Christian-
ity upon the political life of nations, the mem-
bers of the cycle being: Nero); (Alaric);
Desiderata); (The Bayonne Festival); and
(The Cloister. He wrote the libretti of sev-
eral operas, among them that of (The Trum-
peter of Säckingen. '
Bunner, Henry Cuyler.
An American poet
and story-writer; born in Oswego, N. Y. , Aug.
3, 1855; died in Nutley, N. J. , May 11, 1896.
He became a journalist in 1873, and was edi-
tor of Puck from shortly after its start till his
death. Author of: A Woman of Honor)
(New York, 1883); (Airs from Arcady and
Elsewhere ) (1884); (The Midge) (1886); (The
Story of a New York House) (1887); (Zadoc
Pine and Other Stories) (1891); (Short Sixes)
(1891); (The Runaway Browns) (1892); Jer-
sey Street and Jersey Lane) (1896); and (In
Partnership, with Brander Matthews (1883).
Also a play, (The Tower of Babel (1883);
and uncollected magazine articles. *
Bunyan, John. An English author; born
in Elstow, Bedford, in November 1628; died
in London, Aug. 31, 1688. He was the son of
a tinker, went to the village school, and at
seventeen enlisted in the Parliamentary army
and served during the decisive year of 1645.
In 1653 he joined a little community some-
times described as a Baptist church, and
preached in the villages near Bedford until im-
prisoned in the Bedford jail. Here he remained
for twelve years, being only released after
the Declaration of Indulgence in 1672. The
(Pilgrim's Progress) was begun while the
author was in prison, and was issued in 1678,
a second part appearing in 1684. His other
important works are (Grace Abounding,' writ-
ten in prison, and the Holy War) (1682).
Altogether he wrote nearly sixty books. *
Burdett, Charles. An American journalist
and novelist; born in New York State in 1815;
died 184 His works were at one time very
popular. Among the best known are: (Life
of Kit Carson); (The Beautiful Spy) (1865);
(The Gambler); (Trials and Triumphs.
Burdette, Robert Jones. An American jour-
nalist and humorist; born in Greensborough,
Pa. , July 30, 1844. He served in the Union
army during the Civil War. He is famous
for humorous newspaper skits, of rare variety,
charm, and unrepetitious freshness; begun in
the Burlington (Iowa) Hawkeye, of which he
became associate editor in 1874. Among his
works are: (The Rise and Fall of the Mus-
tache,' a lecture (1877); Hawkeyes,' collected
articles (1880); Life of William Penn (1882).
Bürger, Gottfried August (bürg'er). An
eminent German poet; born at Molmerswende,
near Ballenstedt, Anhalt, Dec. 31, 1747, or
Jan. 1, 1748; died in Göttingen, June 8, 1794.
Shakespeare and Percy's Reliques of English
Ballad Poetry) had a decisive influence in giv-
ing direction to his efforts at poetic expression.
"Lenore) ( 1773) established his reputation as a
poet, which was sustained by the ballads that
followed it: (The Parson's Daughter); (The
Wild Huntsman'; (The Song of the Brave
Man); Kaiser and Abbot. Specimens of his
burlesque ballads are: (The Robber Count);
(The Wives of Weinsberg. *
Burgos, Francisco Javier de (bör'gos). A
Spanish statesman and poet (1778–1845); born
at Motril in Granada. In his dramatic compo-
sitions he sought to restore the classical Span-
ish comedy. Among them are: (The Three
(Women) Equals); (The Masked Ball); (The
Optimist and the Pessimist. He wrote a cele-
brated (Ode to Reason.
Burke, Edmund. An eminent British states-
man and orator; born in Dublin, Jan. 12 (? ),
1729; died in Beaconsfield, England, July 9,
1797. He graduated from Trinity College, Dub-
lin, 1748; studied law, and in 1750 began literary
work. Elected to Parliament, he made his first
speech in 1766; and from that date until 1790
was one of the chief guides and inspirers of
the revived Whig party. His speeches and
pamphlets are still considered the most strik-
ing and suggestive manuals of political phi-
losophy in modern times. They, with his
miscellaneous writings, are all included in his
(Works and Correspondence) (8 vols. , 1852).
Among his most important works aside from
his speeches are: A Philosophical Inquiry
into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime
and Beautiful) (1756); (Reflections on the
French Revolution) (1790); and Letters on a
Regicide Peace. *
Burleigh, George Shepard. An American
poet and miscellaneous writer; born at Plain-
field, Conn. , in 1821. He is the author of
(Anti-Slavery Hymns) (1842); «The Maniac,
and Other Poems) (1849); (Signal Fires, or the
Trail of the Pathfinder) (1856).
Burleigh, William Henry. An American
journalist, lecturer, and poet; born in Wood-
stock, Conn. , Feb. 2, 1812; died in Brooklyn,
N. Y. , March 18, 1871. He lectured extensively
in behalf of the anti-slavery movement. In
1843 he became editor of the Charter Oak, of
Hartford, Conn. A collection of his poems
was published in 1840.
Burmeister, Hermann (bür-mis'ter). A Ger-
man scientific writer; born in Stralsund, Jan.
15, 1807; died in Buenos Ayres, Argentine Re-
public, May 2, 1892. He distinguished himself
a geologist and zoologist in his native
country, and settled permanently in the Argen-
tine, where he continued his investigations.
(Manual of Entomology) (1832-44); "History
of Creation) (1843); and (The Fossils of Horses
Found among the South American Pampas!
(1875), are among his books.
Burnaby, Frederick Gustavus. An English
descriptive writer; born in Bedford, March 3,
1842; died at Abu Klea in the Soudan, Jan.
17, 1885. He served in the Royal Horse
Guards, in which he became lieutenant-colonel
in 1881. Distinguished in military service and
with a love of adventure and literary skill, his
as
(
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84
BURNAND-BURROUGHS
.
:
life and books are equally interesting. His
(Ride to Khiva) (London, 1875) ran through
eleven editions in a year. (On Horseback
through Asia Minor) (1877) was nearly as
popular. See R. K. Mann, Life and Advent-
ures of Burnaby) (London, 1882).
Burnand, Francis Cowley. An English
humorist; born in London, Nov. 29, 1837. After
graduation from Cambridge, he devoted his
attention to play-writing, and has written about
100 burlesques, extravaganzas, and successful
comedies. Since 1880 he has been the editor of
Punch. Among his books, Happy Thoughts
(1868) and its sequels are the most popular.
The New History of Sandford and Merton)
(1872) and (Quite at Home) (1890) are also
favorites.
Burnett, Frances Hodgson. An Anglo-
American novelist; born in Manchester, Eng.
land, Nov. 24, 1849; her family emigrated to
America and settled in Tennessee in 1865.
She early wrote stories. In 1873 Miss Hodgson
married Dr. Burnett, and in 1875 settled in
Washington, where she has since resided. After
various short stories, she published as a serial
in Scribner's Magazine (That Lass o' Low-
rie's,' which became very popular, was promptly
issued in book form (1877), and was dramatized.
It was followed by a number of novels, among
which are: (Haworth's) (1879); (Louisiana)
(1881); Esmeralda); A Fair Barbarian' (1882);
(Through One Administration (1883); Little
Lord Fauntleroy,' a juvenile story, also drama-
tized (1887); (The Pretty Sister of José) (1889);
( The One I Knew Best of All, an autobiogra-
phy (1893); A Lady of Quality) (1895); (His
Grace of Osmonde, a sequel to the preced-
ing; and a drama, (The First Gentleman of
Europe, with George Fleming, represented in
1897. *
Burney, Charles. An English author; born
in Shrewsbury, April 7, 1726; died in Chelsea,
April 12, 1814. He became a famous and in-
fluential musician in London ; was given the
degree of doctor of music by Oxford in 1769;
and sacrificed time, money, and personal com-
fort to travel and collect material for his (His-
tory of Music) (4 vols. , London, 1776-89). He
also wrote (Memoirs and Letters of Metastasio)
(3 vols. , 1796). Madame D'Arblay was his
daughter.
Burney, Frances - Madame D'Arblay. An
English novelist, daughter of Charles Burney;
born in King's Lynn, Norfolk, June 13, 1752;
died in Bath, Jan. 6, 1840. After she had pub.
lished Evelina, or a Young Lady's Entrance
into the World (1778), she became the favorite
of the literary men of the day, especially Dr.
Johnson. Her second novel, (Cecilia) (1782),
was no less admired. In 1786 she was made
Second Keeper of the Robes to Queen Char-
lotte; and in 1793 she was married to M. D'Ar-
blay, a French army officer. Her other books
are : (Camilla (1795); and (The Wanderer, or
Female Difficulties) (1814). Her Diary and
Letters, edited by her niece (7 vols. , 1842-46),
are affected, but entertaining. She also wrote
memoirs of her father (1832). "Evelina) and
(Cecilia) were published with introductions by
Annie R. Ellis (London, 1881-82). *
Burnham, Clara Louise. An American
story-writer; born in Newton, Mass. , May 25,
1854. She is the daughter of George F. Root,
the composer, and has lived in Chicago since
childhood. She has written several novels, in-
cluding: Dearly Bought) (1884); Next Door)
(1886); Young Maids and Old) (1888); Miss
Bagg's Secretary) (1892); and (Sweet Clover,
a Romance of the White City) (1894). She
has also written libretti for her father's cantatas.
Burns, Robert. A Scotch poet; born in Al-
loway, Jan. 25, 1759; died in Dumfries, July
21, 1796. Among the poems to which he owes
his fame are: (The Cotter's Saturday Night);
(Hallowe'en); “Tam O'Shanter) (1790); (To
a Mountain Daisy); (To a Mouse); (Twa
Dogs'; Highland Mary. His principal col-
lected editions are, in the order of publica-
tion : (Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect)
(1786); (The Scots' Musical Museum (6 vols. ,
1787-1803); (A Select Collection of Original
Scottish Airs
with Select and Charac.
teristic Verses, which contains 100 songs by
the poet. But such editions have been issued
almost annually since 1805. *
Burr, Enoch Fitch. An American mathe,
matical and religious writer; born at Green's
Farms, Fairfield County, Conn. , Oct. 21, 1818.
He graduated from Yale in 1839, and became
pastor of the Congregational Church in Lyme,
Conn. , in 1850. Since 1868 he has been a lect-
urer at Amherst College. Among his works
are : (A Treatise on the Application of the
Calculus to the Theory of Neptune (1848);
(A Song of the Sea) (1873); (Aleph, the
Chaldean) (18
Burr, George Lincoln. An American writer
and professor of history; born at Oramel,
N. Y. , Jan. 30, 1857. From 1881 to 1884 he was
instructor at Cornell University. In 1892 he
was appointed professor of ancient and medi-
æval history in that institution. His published
works include : (The Literature of Witchcraft)
(1890); (Charlemagne) (Heroes of History)
series).
Burritt, Elihu. An American author, called
(« The Learned Blacksmith)); born in New
Britain, Conn. , Dec. 8, 1811; died there, March
7, 1879. He was a blacksmith, linguist, lecturer,
reformer, and a noted advocate of peace. His
books include: 'Sparks from the Anvil) (1848);
(Olive Leaves) (1853); and “Chips from Many
Blocks) (1878). See Charles Northend, (Life
of Elihu Burritt) (New York, 1879).
Burroughs, John. An American essayist;
born in Roxbury, N. Y. , April 3, 1837. He is
the son of a farmer, became a journalist in
New York, and engaged in other pursuits until
1874, when he settled on a farm at Esopus,
N. Y. , to devote himself to literature and to
fruit-culture. His essays are remarkable for
## p. 85 (#101) #############################################
BURTON - BUTLER
85
>
3
their descriptions of nature and their style.
His books on rural themes include: (Wake-
Robin) (1871); "Winter Sunshine) (1875);
Birds and Poets) (1877); "Locusts and Wild
Honey) (1879); Pepacton : Notes of a Walker)
(1881); (Fresh Fields) (1884); (Signs and Sea-
sons) (1886); and (Sharp Eyes) (1888). He
has also written Notes on Walt Whitman)
(1867); and (Whitman: a Study) (1897). *
Burton, Nathaniel J. An American Congre-
gational clergyman and writer; born at Trum-
bull, Conn. , Dec. 17, 1824; died at Hartford,
Conn. , Oct. 13, 1887. He graduated in 1857
from Wesleyan College, Middletown, Conn. , and
from the Yale Divinity School in 1854. Trans-
lated (Sacred History from the French of J.
N. Loriquet) (1872); and wrote (Yale Lectures
on Preaching and Other Writings, edited by
Richard E. Burton, his son.
Burton, Richard. An American poet and
journalist, son of Nathaniel J. ; born in Hart-
ford, Conn. , March 14, 1859. He graduated
from Trinity College, Hartford, and took a
degree at Johns Hopkins University. His pub-
lished poems are: (Dumb in June (1895), and
Memorial Day) (1897).
Burton, Sir Richard Francis. An English
Orientalist and explorer; born in Hertfordshire,
March 19, 1821 ; died Oct. 20, 1890. He was an
officer of the Indian army, for several years
engaged in surveys for public works; in this
pursuit he learned the languages, habits, be-
liefs of many races. Obtaining leave of ab-
sence, he went to Mecca and Medina in the
guise of a Mohammedan devotee; afterward
he made extensive explorations in Africa, Bra-
zil, Syria, Iceland; visited the United States
twice and traversed the country from Atlantic
to Pacific. Of his books of travel, the follow-
ing may be particularized: Pilgrimage to
El Medinah); (Highlands of Brazil); "Gold
Coast); (City of the Saints); "Unexplored
Palestine. He translated into English from
the Arabic: (The Thousand Nights and a
Night); and “The Scented Garden,' a collection
of stories left in MS. and never published. He
wrote a Life of Camoens,' with translation of
the Lusiads. *
Burton, Robert. An English writer of pe-
culiar characteristics; born at Lindley, Leices-
tershire, Feb. 8, 1577; died at Oxford (? ), Jan.
25, 1640. Obtaining two church livings, he
resided at Christ Church, Oxford. Here he
wrote the Anatomy of Melancholy' (pub-
lished about 1621); a vast storehouse of shrewd
comment, apt and learned quotation, humor,
and erudition, from which Milton, Sterne, and
others did not scruple to borrow. The work
mirrors his own mind and temperament.
he became editor-in-chief of the New York
Evening Post. His books include: Letters of a
Traveler (1855); "Letters from Spain (1859);
(Letters from the East) (1869); and a Popular
History of the United States,' with S. H. Gay
(4 vols. , 1878-82). His Poems) appeared in
New York in 1832, and Washington Irving
reprinted them in London, where they went
through several editions. This book was fol-
lowed by (The Fountain and Other Poems)
(1842) and (The White-Footed Deer and Other
Poems) (1844). His first complete edition was
issued in Philadelphia in 1846. In his old age
Bryant began a translation of the “Iliad' and
(Odyssey) in blank verse; and his last great
poem was (The Flood of Years,' a noble pend-
ant to “Thanatopsis. Among his poems that
have become popular favorites are: the Forest
Hymn); (The West Wind); (June); Death of
the Flowers); and (Hymn to Death. ' *
Bryce, James. An Irish historian; born in
Belfast, May 10, 1838. After graduating at Ox-
ford in 1862, he studied at Heidelberg, and sub-
sequently practiced law in London. From 1870
till 1893 he was regius professor of civil law in
Oxford, and has had a distinguished political
He has supported Home Rule, city
reforms, and international copyright. His chief
works are: (The Holy Roman Empire) (1864);
(Transcaucasia and Ararat) (1877); and (The
American Commonwealth) (1888). *
Bryce, Lloyd. An American editor and nov.
elist ; born in Long Island, N. Y. , in 1852. He
was editor of the North American Review
from 1889 to 1896. His works are : (Paradise);
(A Dream of Conquest); (The Romance of
an Alter Ego); (Friends in Exile.
Bube, Adolf (bö’ba). A German poet (1802-
73); born at Gotha. He published two vol.
umes of miscellaneous Poems, characterized
by sincere feeling for nature. He compiled
several volumes of Popular Legends, espe-
cially of Thuringia, which he rendered in verse.
Buchanan, Robert Williams. An English
author; born in Warwickshire, Aug. 18, 1841.
He received his education in Glasgow, and
while young went to London to engage in lit-
erature. His attack upon Dante Gabriel Ros-
setti drew a famous letter from that poet on
(The Stealthy School of Criticism, and a
scathing pamphlet from Swinburne, Under
the Microscope) (1872). His poems include:
(Undertones) (1863); "Idylls and Legends of
Inverburn) (1865); London Poems, his best
effort (1866); (North Coast Poems) (1867);
Napoleon Fallen : a Lyrical Drama) (1871);
(The Drama of Kings) (1871); (Ballads of
Love, Life, and Humor) (1882); and (The City
career.
## p. 81 (#97) ##############################################
BUCHEZ- BULFINCH
81
:
of Dreams) (1888). His best novels are: (The
Shadow of the Sword? (1876); (A Child of
Nature (1879); "God and the Man) (1881);
(The Martyrdom of Madeline) (1882); and
(Foxglove Manor) (1884). Buchanan has also
written successful plays. His poems have been
collected (3 vols. , London, 1874).
Buchez, Philippe Benjamin Joseph (bü-
shā'). A French annalist and physician; born
in Mortagne, Ardennes, March 31, 1796; died
at Rhodez, Aveyron, Aug. 12, 1865. With
Roux-Lavergne he projected the Parliament-
ary History of the French Revolution) (40
vols. , 1833-38), a work of inestimable utility.
Büchner, Alexander (büch'ner). A German
critic and historian of literature, brother of
Georg B. ; born at Darmstadt, Oct. 25, 1827.
He became professor of foreign literatures at
Caen, France, in 1862. He wrote in German :
(French Literary Portraits) (2 vols. , 1858), and
two novels, (Chatterton' and Lord Byron's
Last Love) (1862); among his writings in
French are: (The Comedies of Shakespeare);
"Hamlet the Dane.
Büchner, Georg (büch'ner). A German
poet; born near Darmstadt, Oct. 17, 1813; died
Feb. 19, 1837. He studied natural science and
medicine in the universities of Strasburg and
Giessen. In 1834 he entered the political arena
with a manifesto entitled (The Rural Mes-
senger,' and bearing the motto “Peace to the
cabin, war to the palace. ) To escape arrest
he fled to Strasburg, where he studied the phi-
losophies of Descartes and Spinoza. He was
preparing to open a course of lectures in Zürich
when he died. He wrote a drama in 1834 on
(The Death of Danton,' the work of a genu-
ine but undisciplined poet. His (Complete
Works, with biography, were published in 1879.
Büchner, Luise. A German poet and novel.
ist (1821-77), sister of Georg. Her first pub-
lication, "Women and their Calling (1855), was
followed by many others on the (I woman's-
rights question”; it commanded much atten-
tion, and reached a fifth edition (1883). She
wrote a volume of tales, (From Life) (1861);
(Poet-Voices of Home and Foreign Lands);
several original poems, 'Woman's Heart); some
(Christmas Stories'; etc.
Buck, Dudley. An American organist, com-
poser, and author; born in Hartford, Conn. ,
March 10, 1839. He is organist of the Church
of the Holy Trinity, Brooklyn, N. Y. Aside
from several cantatas, he has written two books:
"A Dictionary of Musical Terms) and a work
on the Influence of the Organ in History)
(1882).
Buckland, Francis Trevelyan. An Eng-
lish naturalist; born at Oxford, Dec. 17, 1826;
died Dec. 19, 1880. His preferences were for
practical science; and after retiring from his
piace as surgeon to the Second Life Guards he
founded the journal Land and Water, of which
he was editor. He was an authority on fish-
culture, and as such was consulted by foreign
governments. He was a resolute opponent of
Darwinism. Besides his works on fish-culture,
he wrote: (Log-Book of a Fisherman and
Zoologist) (1876); Notes and Jottings on
Animal Life) (1882); (Curiosities of Natural
History. *
Buckle, Henry Thomas. An English his-
torian; born in Lee, Kent, Nov. 24, 1821 ; died
in Damascus, May 29, 1862. A self-educated
man, he is known for his great work (The
History of Civilization in England) (2 vols. ,
1857-61). His (Miscellaneous and Posthumous
Works) were edited by Helen Taylor (Lon-
don, 1872); new ed. by Grant Allen, 1880. *
Buckley, James Monroe. An American cler.
gyman; born in Rahway, N. J. , Dec. 16, 1836.
In 1858 he entered the ministry in the Meth-
odist Church. Since 1881 he has been the edi-
tor of the Christian Advocate. Among his
works are: (Two Weeks in the Yosemite Val-
ley) (1872); (Oats or Wild Oats) (1885); (The
Land of the Czar and the Nihilist) (1886);
( Travels in Three Continents.
Buckstone, John Baldwin. An English
dramatist; born in Hoxton, London, Sept. 14,
1802; died in Sydenham, near London, Oct. 31,
1879. From 1823 to 1853 he was a well-known
London actor ; he became manager of the
Haymarket Theatre, and produced nearly 200
plays, which were all successful, largely owing
to his knowledge of stage effect and humor.
Among the best are: (The Wreck Ashore);
(Victorine); (Green Bushes); “The Flowers of
the Forest); (Married Life); "Leap Year);
(Second Thoughts); and Nicholas Flam. '
Büdinger, Max (bü-ding-er). A German
historian; born in Cassel, April 1, 1828. He
has exerted great influence among the univer-
sities; the most admired of his books being
on Austrian History) (1858; the work coming
down to the mediæval period only), and (King
Richard III. of England) (1858).
Buel, Clarence Clough. An American edi.
tor and author; born at Laona, Chautauqua
County, N. Y. , July 29, 1850. He was connected
with the New York Tribune from 1875 to 1881,
when he joined the staff of the Century Mag-
azine; and in 1883, in conjunction with Rob-
ert Underwood Johnson, he began the editing
of the celebrated Century War Articles,
which were afterwards expanded into the
notable (Battles and Leaders of the Civil
War) (1887).
Buffon, George Louis le Clerc, Comte de
(bü-fön'). A famous French naturalist; born
at Montbard, Sept. 7, 1707; died April 16, 1788.
His Natural History) widely popularized the
study of zoology and of nature in general,
owing to the author's luminous and attractive
style and his very plausible generalizations; it
was translated into nearly all the languages of
Europe. The definitive edition of ihis (Gen-
eral and Particular Natural History) is in 36
volumes (1749-88). *
Bulfinch, Thomas. An American author;
born in Boston, Mass. , July 15, 1796; died there,
6
## p. 82 (#98) ##############################################
82
BÜLOW – BUNGE
May 27, 1867. He graduated from Harvard
University in 1814. Although engaged in busi-
ness, he managed to devote considerable time
to literature. Among his best-known works
are : (The Age of Fable' (1855); (Age of
Chivalry) (1858); Legends of Charlemagne)
(1864); (Oregon and Eldorado) (1866).
Bülow, Bertha von. See Arnold, Hans.
(
Bülow, Karl Eduard von (bü'lő). A Ger-
man story-teller (1803-53); born at Berg vor
Eilenburg in Saxony. His literary fame rests
mainly on his Book of Tales,' after ancient
Italian, Spanish, French, English, Latin, and
German originals (4 vols. , 1834-36), which was
followed by a supplementary volume. Of his
own original compositions, the (Springtide
Wandering among the Harz Mountains) is
one of the best. He wrote also the very in-
teresting story of (The Youth of a Poor Man
of Toggenburg,' founded on the autobiography
of Ulrich Brüker, a Swiss weaver. He pub-
lished the original later.
Bülow, Margarete von. A German novelist
(1860-85); born in Berlin. She wrote four vol-
umes of stories, viz. : (Stories) (1885); Jonas
Briccius) (1886); (Chronicle of the Riffels.
hausen Folks); and (New Stories. She de-
lineated character with great precision, and
showed true insight into the human heart. She
lost her life in an attempt to rescue a boy
from drowning
Buloz, François (bü-lo). A French pub-
licist (1803-77); born at Bulbens in Haute-
Savoie. He founded the great French review,
Revue des Deux Mondes (1831), and was its
editor for 40 years. He wrote little, but his
(Letters and Memoirs) are of great value for
the history of French letters in his time.
Bulthaupt, Heinrich Alfred (bölt'houpt).
A German poet and dramatist; born at Bre-
men, Oct. 26, 1849. On quitting the university
he was for a while a private tutor; then he
traveled in the East, in Greece, and in Italy.
He was a lawyer in his native town for some
years, and in 1879 became custodian of the
city library. Of his dramatic compositions the
list is very long, comprising tragedies : (Saul,
(A Corsican Tragedy); plays dealing with the
questions of the time: (The Workmen. ); com-
edies; comic operas; etc. He has also written
a work, already of high authority, on (Dra-
maturgy of the Theatre) (3 vols. ); also (Dra-
maturgy of the Opera) (2 vols. ).
Bulwer, Henry Lytton Earle (Lord Dal-
ling). An English author and diplomatist,
brother of Sir Edward Bulwer-Lytton; born
Feb. 13, 1801; died in Naples, May 23, 1872.
He was minister to Madrid in 1843; in 1849
had a diplomatic mission to Washington, and
was one of the negotiators of the Clayton-
Bulwer treaty; was ambassador to Turkey
1858-65. Among his works are: (An Au-
tumn in Greece) (1826); (France, Social, Lit-
erary, and Political) (1834-36); and Life of
Byron) (1835).
Bulwer-Lytton, Edward, Lord Lytton. An
English novelist, playwright, and poet; born in
London, May 25, 1803; died in Torquay, Jan.
18, 1873. He was the son of Gen, Earle Bul.
wer and Elizabeth B. Lytton, heiress of Kneb-
worth, to whose estates he succeeded in 1844
and assumed the surname of Lytton. In 1847,
and again in 1852, he sat in Parliament; and
in 1858-59 was colonial secretary, during which
he called into existence the colonies of British
Columbia and Queensland. In 1866 he was
raised to the peerage as Baron Lytton. Al-
together his works exceed sixty in number,
and fill 110 volumes. His novels display great
versatility, range of power, power of handling
psychological and social problems, variety of
incident and portraiture; and many are based
on romantic and occult themes. Among the
most famous are : (Falkland (1827); (Pelham)
(1828); Devereux) (1829); Paul Clifford
(1830); (Eugene Aram) (1832); (Godolphin
(1833); Pilgrims of the Rhine) (1834); "Last
Days of Pompeii (1834); "Rienzi! (1837);
(Ernest Maltravers) (1837); (Alice, or the
Mysteries) (1838); Last of the Barons)
(1843); “Harold' (1843); (The Caxtons) (1850);
My Novel (1853); “What Will He Do with
It? ) (1859); (A Strange Story) (1862); (The
Coming Race) (1871); Kenelm Chillingly)
(1873); and “The Parisians) (1873). Three
of his dramas — «The Lady of Lyons) (1838);
(Richelieu) (1838); and Money) (1848) - still
hold the stage. *
Bunce, Oliver Bell. An American publisher
and writer; born in New York city, in 1828;
died there, May 15, 1890. At an early age he
became connected with the publishing business
in New York. Among his books are: (Ro-
mance of the Revolution (1852); A Bache-
lor's Story) (1859); Don't: a Manual of Mis-
takes and Improprieties) (1883); (My House)
(1884); and (Adventures of Timias Terrystone,
a novel (1885).
Bundy, Jonas Mills. An American joumal.
ist and author; born in Columbia, N. H. , in
1835; died in Paris, France, Sept. 8, 1891. He
gained experience in journalism in the West,
and served in the Civil War. He was editor
of the New York Mail and Express, and wrote
"Life of Garfield (1880).
Bungay, George Washington. An Ameri.
can journalist and poet; born in Walsingham,
England, July 22, 1818; died July 10, 1892.
He came to this country in 1827. For some
time he was connected with the New York
Tribune. He was employed in the Custom
House from 1873 to 1877. Among his numer-
ous poems the best known is (The Creed of
the Bells. His other works include: Abraham
Lincoln Songster'; (Pen Portraits of Illustri.
ous Abstainers) (1881).
Bunge, Rudolf (böng'a). A German poet;
born at Köthen, March 27, 1836. Among his
works are a volume of his collected short
poems, Flowers) (1854); a tragedy, "The
Duke of Courland (1871); a cycle of five
## p. 83 (#99) ##############################################
BUNNER - BURNABY
83
tragedies showing forth the action of Christian-
ity upon the political life of nations, the mem-
bers of the cycle being: Nero); (Alaric);
Desiderata); (The Bayonne Festival); and
(The Cloister. He wrote the libretti of sev-
eral operas, among them that of (The Trum-
peter of Säckingen. '
Bunner, Henry Cuyler.
An American poet
and story-writer; born in Oswego, N. Y. , Aug.
3, 1855; died in Nutley, N. J. , May 11, 1896.
He became a journalist in 1873, and was edi-
tor of Puck from shortly after its start till his
death. Author of: A Woman of Honor)
(New York, 1883); (Airs from Arcady and
Elsewhere ) (1884); (The Midge) (1886); (The
Story of a New York House) (1887); (Zadoc
Pine and Other Stories) (1891); (Short Sixes)
(1891); (The Runaway Browns) (1892); Jer-
sey Street and Jersey Lane) (1896); and (In
Partnership, with Brander Matthews (1883).
Also a play, (The Tower of Babel (1883);
and uncollected magazine articles. *
Bunyan, John. An English author; born
in Elstow, Bedford, in November 1628; died
in London, Aug. 31, 1688. He was the son of
a tinker, went to the village school, and at
seventeen enlisted in the Parliamentary army
and served during the decisive year of 1645.
In 1653 he joined a little community some-
times described as a Baptist church, and
preached in the villages near Bedford until im-
prisoned in the Bedford jail. Here he remained
for twelve years, being only released after
the Declaration of Indulgence in 1672. The
(Pilgrim's Progress) was begun while the
author was in prison, and was issued in 1678,
a second part appearing in 1684. His other
important works are (Grace Abounding,' writ-
ten in prison, and the Holy War) (1682).
Altogether he wrote nearly sixty books. *
Burdett, Charles. An American journalist
and novelist; born in New York State in 1815;
died 184 His works were at one time very
popular. Among the best known are: (Life
of Kit Carson); (The Beautiful Spy) (1865);
(The Gambler); (Trials and Triumphs.
Burdette, Robert Jones. An American jour-
nalist and humorist; born in Greensborough,
Pa. , July 30, 1844. He served in the Union
army during the Civil War. He is famous
for humorous newspaper skits, of rare variety,
charm, and unrepetitious freshness; begun in
the Burlington (Iowa) Hawkeye, of which he
became associate editor in 1874. Among his
works are: (The Rise and Fall of the Mus-
tache,' a lecture (1877); Hawkeyes,' collected
articles (1880); Life of William Penn (1882).
Bürger, Gottfried August (bürg'er). An
eminent German poet; born at Molmerswende,
near Ballenstedt, Anhalt, Dec. 31, 1747, or
Jan. 1, 1748; died in Göttingen, June 8, 1794.
Shakespeare and Percy's Reliques of English
Ballad Poetry) had a decisive influence in giv-
ing direction to his efforts at poetic expression.
"Lenore) ( 1773) established his reputation as a
poet, which was sustained by the ballads that
followed it: (The Parson's Daughter); (The
Wild Huntsman'; (The Song of the Brave
Man); Kaiser and Abbot. Specimens of his
burlesque ballads are: (The Robber Count);
(The Wives of Weinsberg. *
Burgos, Francisco Javier de (bör'gos). A
Spanish statesman and poet (1778–1845); born
at Motril in Granada. In his dramatic compo-
sitions he sought to restore the classical Span-
ish comedy. Among them are: (The Three
(Women) Equals); (The Masked Ball); (The
Optimist and the Pessimist. He wrote a cele-
brated (Ode to Reason.
Burke, Edmund. An eminent British states-
man and orator; born in Dublin, Jan. 12 (? ),
1729; died in Beaconsfield, England, July 9,
1797. He graduated from Trinity College, Dub-
lin, 1748; studied law, and in 1750 began literary
work. Elected to Parliament, he made his first
speech in 1766; and from that date until 1790
was one of the chief guides and inspirers of
the revived Whig party. His speeches and
pamphlets are still considered the most strik-
ing and suggestive manuals of political phi-
losophy in modern times. They, with his
miscellaneous writings, are all included in his
(Works and Correspondence) (8 vols. , 1852).
Among his most important works aside from
his speeches are: A Philosophical Inquiry
into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime
and Beautiful) (1756); (Reflections on the
French Revolution) (1790); and Letters on a
Regicide Peace. *
Burleigh, George Shepard. An American
poet and miscellaneous writer; born at Plain-
field, Conn. , in 1821. He is the author of
(Anti-Slavery Hymns) (1842); «The Maniac,
and Other Poems) (1849); (Signal Fires, or the
Trail of the Pathfinder) (1856).
Burleigh, William Henry. An American
journalist, lecturer, and poet; born in Wood-
stock, Conn. , Feb. 2, 1812; died in Brooklyn,
N. Y. , March 18, 1871. He lectured extensively
in behalf of the anti-slavery movement. In
1843 he became editor of the Charter Oak, of
Hartford, Conn. A collection of his poems
was published in 1840.
Burmeister, Hermann (bür-mis'ter). A Ger-
man scientific writer; born in Stralsund, Jan.
15, 1807; died in Buenos Ayres, Argentine Re-
public, May 2, 1892. He distinguished himself
a geologist and zoologist in his native
country, and settled permanently in the Argen-
tine, where he continued his investigations.
(Manual of Entomology) (1832-44); "History
of Creation) (1843); and (The Fossils of Horses
Found among the South American Pampas!
(1875), are among his books.
Burnaby, Frederick Gustavus. An English
descriptive writer; born in Bedford, March 3,
1842; died at Abu Klea in the Soudan, Jan.
17, 1885. He served in the Royal Horse
Guards, in which he became lieutenant-colonel
in 1881. Distinguished in military service and
with a love of adventure and literary skill, his
as
(
## p. 84 (#100) #############################################
84
BURNAND-BURROUGHS
.
:
life and books are equally interesting. His
(Ride to Khiva) (London, 1875) ran through
eleven editions in a year. (On Horseback
through Asia Minor) (1877) was nearly as
popular. See R. K. Mann, Life and Advent-
ures of Burnaby) (London, 1882).
Burnand, Francis Cowley. An English
humorist; born in London, Nov. 29, 1837. After
graduation from Cambridge, he devoted his
attention to play-writing, and has written about
100 burlesques, extravaganzas, and successful
comedies. Since 1880 he has been the editor of
Punch. Among his books, Happy Thoughts
(1868) and its sequels are the most popular.
The New History of Sandford and Merton)
(1872) and (Quite at Home) (1890) are also
favorites.
Burnett, Frances Hodgson. An Anglo-
American novelist; born in Manchester, Eng.
land, Nov. 24, 1849; her family emigrated to
America and settled in Tennessee in 1865.
She early wrote stories. In 1873 Miss Hodgson
married Dr. Burnett, and in 1875 settled in
Washington, where she has since resided. After
various short stories, she published as a serial
in Scribner's Magazine (That Lass o' Low-
rie's,' which became very popular, was promptly
issued in book form (1877), and was dramatized.
It was followed by a number of novels, among
which are: (Haworth's) (1879); (Louisiana)
(1881); Esmeralda); A Fair Barbarian' (1882);
(Through One Administration (1883); Little
Lord Fauntleroy,' a juvenile story, also drama-
tized (1887); (The Pretty Sister of José) (1889);
( The One I Knew Best of All, an autobiogra-
phy (1893); A Lady of Quality) (1895); (His
Grace of Osmonde, a sequel to the preced-
ing; and a drama, (The First Gentleman of
Europe, with George Fleming, represented in
1897. *
Burney, Charles. An English author; born
in Shrewsbury, April 7, 1726; died in Chelsea,
April 12, 1814. He became a famous and in-
fluential musician in London ; was given the
degree of doctor of music by Oxford in 1769;
and sacrificed time, money, and personal com-
fort to travel and collect material for his (His-
tory of Music) (4 vols. , London, 1776-89). He
also wrote (Memoirs and Letters of Metastasio)
(3 vols. , 1796). Madame D'Arblay was his
daughter.
Burney, Frances - Madame D'Arblay. An
English novelist, daughter of Charles Burney;
born in King's Lynn, Norfolk, June 13, 1752;
died in Bath, Jan. 6, 1840. After she had pub.
lished Evelina, or a Young Lady's Entrance
into the World (1778), she became the favorite
of the literary men of the day, especially Dr.
Johnson. Her second novel, (Cecilia) (1782),
was no less admired. In 1786 she was made
Second Keeper of the Robes to Queen Char-
lotte; and in 1793 she was married to M. D'Ar-
blay, a French army officer. Her other books
are : (Camilla (1795); and (The Wanderer, or
Female Difficulties) (1814). Her Diary and
Letters, edited by her niece (7 vols. , 1842-46),
are affected, but entertaining. She also wrote
memoirs of her father (1832). "Evelina) and
(Cecilia) were published with introductions by
Annie R. Ellis (London, 1881-82). *
Burnham, Clara Louise. An American
story-writer; born in Newton, Mass. , May 25,
1854. She is the daughter of George F. Root,
the composer, and has lived in Chicago since
childhood. She has written several novels, in-
cluding: Dearly Bought) (1884); Next Door)
(1886); Young Maids and Old) (1888); Miss
Bagg's Secretary) (1892); and (Sweet Clover,
a Romance of the White City) (1894). She
has also written libretti for her father's cantatas.
Burns, Robert. A Scotch poet; born in Al-
loway, Jan. 25, 1759; died in Dumfries, July
21, 1796. Among the poems to which he owes
his fame are: (The Cotter's Saturday Night);
(Hallowe'en); “Tam O'Shanter) (1790); (To
a Mountain Daisy); (To a Mouse); (Twa
Dogs'; Highland Mary. His principal col-
lected editions are, in the order of publica-
tion : (Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect)
(1786); (The Scots' Musical Museum (6 vols. ,
1787-1803); (A Select Collection of Original
Scottish Airs
with Select and Charac.
teristic Verses, which contains 100 songs by
the poet. But such editions have been issued
almost annually since 1805. *
Burr, Enoch Fitch. An American mathe,
matical and religious writer; born at Green's
Farms, Fairfield County, Conn. , Oct. 21, 1818.
He graduated from Yale in 1839, and became
pastor of the Congregational Church in Lyme,
Conn. , in 1850. Since 1868 he has been a lect-
urer at Amherst College. Among his works
are : (A Treatise on the Application of the
Calculus to the Theory of Neptune (1848);
(A Song of the Sea) (1873); (Aleph, the
Chaldean) (18
Burr, George Lincoln. An American writer
and professor of history; born at Oramel,
N. Y. , Jan. 30, 1857. From 1881 to 1884 he was
instructor at Cornell University. In 1892 he
was appointed professor of ancient and medi-
æval history in that institution. His published
works include : (The Literature of Witchcraft)
(1890); (Charlemagne) (Heroes of History)
series).
Burritt, Elihu. An American author, called
(« The Learned Blacksmith)); born in New
Britain, Conn. , Dec. 8, 1811; died there, March
7, 1879. He was a blacksmith, linguist, lecturer,
reformer, and a noted advocate of peace. His
books include: 'Sparks from the Anvil) (1848);
(Olive Leaves) (1853); and “Chips from Many
Blocks) (1878). See Charles Northend, (Life
of Elihu Burritt) (New York, 1879).
Burroughs, John. An American essayist;
born in Roxbury, N. Y. , April 3, 1837. He is
the son of a farmer, became a journalist in
New York, and engaged in other pursuits until
1874, when he settled on a farm at Esopus,
N. Y. , to devote himself to literature and to
fruit-culture. His essays are remarkable for
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their descriptions of nature and their style.
His books on rural themes include: (Wake-
Robin) (1871); "Winter Sunshine) (1875);
Birds and Poets) (1877); "Locusts and Wild
Honey) (1879); Pepacton : Notes of a Walker)
(1881); (Fresh Fields) (1884); (Signs and Sea-
sons) (1886); and (Sharp Eyes) (1888). He
has also written Notes on Walt Whitman)
(1867); and (Whitman: a Study) (1897). *
Burton, Nathaniel J. An American Congre-
gational clergyman and writer; born at Trum-
bull, Conn. , Dec. 17, 1824; died at Hartford,
Conn. , Oct. 13, 1887. He graduated in 1857
from Wesleyan College, Middletown, Conn. , and
from the Yale Divinity School in 1854. Trans-
lated (Sacred History from the French of J.
N. Loriquet) (1872); and wrote (Yale Lectures
on Preaching and Other Writings, edited by
Richard E. Burton, his son.
Burton, Richard. An American poet and
journalist, son of Nathaniel J. ; born in Hart-
ford, Conn. , March 14, 1859. He graduated
from Trinity College, Hartford, and took a
degree at Johns Hopkins University. His pub-
lished poems are: (Dumb in June (1895), and
Memorial Day) (1897).
Burton, Sir Richard Francis. An English
Orientalist and explorer; born in Hertfordshire,
March 19, 1821 ; died Oct. 20, 1890. He was an
officer of the Indian army, for several years
engaged in surveys for public works; in this
pursuit he learned the languages, habits, be-
liefs of many races. Obtaining leave of ab-
sence, he went to Mecca and Medina in the
guise of a Mohammedan devotee; afterward
he made extensive explorations in Africa, Bra-
zil, Syria, Iceland; visited the United States
twice and traversed the country from Atlantic
to Pacific. Of his books of travel, the follow-
ing may be particularized: Pilgrimage to
El Medinah); (Highlands of Brazil); "Gold
Coast); (City of the Saints); "Unexplored
Palestine. He translated into English from
the Arabic: (The Thousand Nights and a
Night); and “The Scented Garden,' a collection
of stories left in MS. and never published. He
wrote a Life of Camoens,' with translation of
the Lusiads. *
Burton, Robert. An English writer of pe-
culiar characteristics; born at Lindley, Leices-
tershire, Feb. 8, 1577; died at Oxford (? ), Jan.
25, 1640. Obtaining two church livings, he
resided at Christ Church, Oxford. Here he
wrote the Anatomy of Melancholy' (pub-
lished about 1621); a vast storehouse of shrewd
comment, apt and learned quotation, humor,
and erudition, from which Milton, Sterne, and
others did not scruple to borrow. The work
mirrors his own mind and temperament.
