386 DEMOSTHENES
which he was hindered from executing; thefe I fliall now de-
fire you to recolka ; of thefe I fhall render an Account, and
only premife at prefent, that Philip, O Men of Athens, was
pofleffed of one important Advantage againft us.
which he was hindered from executing; thefe I fliall now de-
fire you to recolka ; of thefe I fhall render an Account, and
only premife at prefent, that Philip, O Men of Athens, was
pofleffed of one important Advantage againft us.
Demosthenes - Orations - v2
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? 376 DEMOSTHENES
Afiembly being convened, on the twenty- firfl Day of Novem-
ber, by the Generals, with the Confent of the civil Magiftrates
and the Senate, Callifthenes thus delivered his Opinion : Let
no Athenian, upon any Pretence whatfoever lye a Night out
of Athens, excepting thofe, who are ordered to ferve in Garri-
fon : of thefe let every Man guard the Poft afligned him, nor
be abfent either Day, or Night. Whoever (hall difobey this
Decree, let him incur the Penalties ordained for Treafon, un-
lefs he can prove the ImpofTibility of his Obedience. Let the
General of Foot in Command, and the Magiflrate, to whom
is committed the Care of the City, and the Secretary of the
Senate, be Judges of that Impoflibility. Let all Effedls, with-
in a hundred and twenty Furlongs, be brought into Athens,
and the Pyrxeum : let all beyond that Diftance be carried into
the neighbouring Cities. Thus Callifthenes delivered his O-
pinion. But did you really conclude the Peace upon thefe
Hopes, or were thefe the Promifes made you by this Merce-
nary ? Now read the Letter, that Philip fent hither, after he
had fubdued Phocis.
Philip's Letter.
Philip, King of the Macedonians, to the Senate and Peo-
ple of Athens, Greeting. Know, that We have entered the
Streights of Thermopyl^, and reduced Phocis to our Obedi-
ence. We have placed Garrifons in the Cities, that voluntarily
lubniitted to us, and thofe that refufed to furrender. We have
taken
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 377
taken by Force ; made their Inhabitants Slaves, and rafed
their Foundations. Being informed, that you were preparing
to march to their AfTiftance, I have written to you, to prevent
your giving yourfelves any farther Trouble concerning thefe
Matters. Upon the whole, you appear to me to have aded
beyond all Meafure irregularly, in concluding a Peace with me,
and yet marching an Army againft me, in Defence of a People
who were not comprehended in our Convention. If however
you are determined not to maintain thofe Treaties, to which
we mutually agreed, be aflured, that you fliall gain no other
Advantage by this Adt of Injuftice, than that of being the
firft Aggrefibrs.
You hear how plainly he difcovers ; how exprefsly he de-
clares to his Confederates, in this Letter, "' I have adled thus
" in Defpite of the Athenians, and their Refentments. If
*' therefore, O Thebans and Theflalians, you wifely confult
" your own Interefts, you muft efteem them your Enemies,
" and place your Confidence in me. " He has not indeed
made ufe of thefe very Words in his Letter, but he would wil-
lingly be thus underflood. l By thefe Expreffions therefore did
he fo impofe upon their Credulity, as not only to render them
unfufpeding and infenlible to whatever might afterwards happen,
but even to fuffer him to fubdue every Thing to his Ambition.
Thus were the unhappy Thebans reduced to thofe Misfortune? ,
which even at this Moment they endure. But Philip's Agent
Vol. II. C c c and
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? 378 DEMOSTHENES
and ftrenuous AfTiftant in gaining him this fatal Confidence ;
he, who reported his Falfehoods here, and impofed upon you
fo grofsly ; he, who now laments the Calamities of the The-
bans, and fadly numbers over their Diftreffes, hath been the fole
Author of whatever Miferies that People, and the Phocaeans,
and Greece in general have fuffered. For it appears moft ma-
nifedly, that although you have large PofTefTions, ^fchines,
in BoEotia, and cultivate the Lands of the unhappy Thebans,
yet you are miferably affedled at thefe Events, and fincerely
weep over their Mifortunes; while I, whom PhiHp, who per-
petrated thefe Mifchiefs, demanded fhould inftantly be delivered
up to his Refentment, now certainly rejoice in their De-
fl:ru6lion.
But I have accidentally fallen upon a Subje(3:, which perhaps
I can more conveniently fpeak to hereafter. I therefore return
to the Proofs, that the Venality and Guilt of your AmbafTadors
have occafioned the prefent Situation of your Affairs. For after
Philip had impofed upon you by their Perfidy, who during their
Embally had fold themfelves to his Service, and had never made
you a Report of your real Circumftances ; ,when the wretched
Phocasans had alfo been deceived, and their Cities rafed to the
Ground, what followed? The abominable Theffalians, and
ftupid Thebans imagined him their Friend, their Benefadlor,
their Saviour. He was every thing to them ; nor would they
liften to the Man, who feeraed to infinuate the contrary. Al-
1 though
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 379
though you fufpe6ted, and refented his Condu6t, yet you con-
tinued to maintain your Treaties (for impoflible you could have
attempted any thing alone with Succefs) and the other States
of Greece, deceived like you, and difappointed of their Ex-
pectations, were unwilling to violate the Peace, although Phi-
lip had treated them, in numberlefs Inftances, as it he had
a6lually declared War againft them. For when, extending his
Conquefts on every Side, he had fubdued the Treballians and
Illyrians, and even fome Nations of Greece ; when he com-
manded a very numerous and formidable Army, and when
fome particular Citizens of almoft every Grecian State, who
under Favour of the Peace had travelled into Macedonia, were
corrupted by him (among which Number iEfchines was one)
then did he really commit Hoftilities againft thofe, for whofe
Deftrudion he had formed thefe Preparations. Whether they
were fenlible of his Defigns, is another Queftion, in which
I have no Concernment. I foretold ; I conflantly protefted
againft his Proceedings, both here in Athens, and in every
Country, where I was appointed an Ambafiador. But all
our Republics were infedled with one common Diftemper. The
Magiftratcs of our Oligarchies were venal and corrupt. (4)
The
(4) This PafTage is here tranflatccl in The Inftances therefore, which he gives
a Senfe very different from that, in which in Proof of this AiTertion, fliould in
it is undcrrtood by all our TranQators and ftricft reafoning be taken from the Con-
Commentators. Our Orator lays down dudl of different Republics, not from
this Pofition, thut the Republia of Greece the Citizens in any one State. They
were dijeofed. ui Si TroXug Ivoimv. will be then direct and conclulive. LeC
C c c 2 us
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? 38o DEMOSTHENES
The Citizens of our Democracies were either infenfible of
their Danger, or dilTolved in continual Idlenefs and Luxury.
Thus were they affedled in general ; while each of them in
particular imagined, that the Mifchief could never reach them-
lelves, but that whenever they pleafed they might eftablifli their
own Authority upon the Ruin of that of others. From thence,
in my Opinion, it came to pafs, that many democratical Re-
publics, by an exceflive and ill-timed Indolence, loft their Li-
berty ; while the Oligarchical Magiftrates, who intended to fell
every thing but themfclves, were fenliblc, that they themfelves
were firft fold. For inftead of the Names of Friends and
Guefts, by which they were ufually diftinguifhed, when they
were receiving the Price of their Perfidy, they now hear them-
felves called Flatterers, and Enemies to the Gods, with every
other Appellation of Abhorrence and Infamy, which they re-
ally deferve. For no Man ever lavifhed away his Treafures,
O Men of Athens, with a View to the Advantage of thofe
whom he corrupts ; or when he has made himfelf Mafter of
what he hath purchafed, ever admits them again into his
Coun-
iis now confider the Words, in which cratical Republic. Doflor Taylor tells us,
he hath expreffed himfelf. tuv fA. lv, Iv iroXXuv is not in the Harleian Manu>-
Tw 7roX(reu'? (r5<<; k<<j tt^cctIuv, muft ne- fcript, and that perhaps it was at firfl:
ceflarily mean the Magiftrates, hi whom ^ Gloflary of tuv lliUTuv. Here feems.
the 'DirctVwn of all ? political /iffairs, and the the original Miftake, twi/ i(5';wTwJ/ is
executive Part of an oligarchical Govern- rather the Gloflary of rwy ttoXKuv. The
inetJt are placed; 3. ^ rrroXXuv ^^(^ 7rXr,^i(nv Pafllige thus underftood, the Conclufion
are Terms, by which our Author ufually is juft and regular. Eit' o-ujw^eSijJce ro7(;
exprefles, not Multitudes or Numbers, but ^l^ vrXriBia-ii/ roTg Se 7rj(j? ri3<<oV<<j
/he zvhole Body of Citizens. , in whom re- o^>>
fide the Power and Authority of a demo-
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 381
Counfels. Otherwife, nothing could be happier, than the Condi-
tion of thele Traitors ; but this, certainly this, is not their
Condition. For whoever aims at arbitrary Power, and is fuc-
cefsful in his Ambition, inftantly becomes the Tyrant ofthofe,
who have given him his Authority, and by his own Experience
confcious of their Wickednefs, he then, certainly then, detefts,
diftrufts, defpifes. But conlider the Circumftances of this Af-
fair ; for although the Time, in which it happened, be really
paiTed, yet the Time of knowing it with Certainty is always
prefent to the Wife. How long was Lafthenes called the
Friend of Philip ? untill he had betrayed Olynthus. How long
was Timolaus ? untill he had deftroyed the Thebans. How
long Eudemus and Simus? untill they had reduced ThefTaly
under the Power of Philip. Then driven into Exile, and treated
with Ignominy, what Indignities did they not fufFer ? The
whole World is full of thofe Traitors. Ariflratus at Sicyon ?
Perilaus at Megara ? are they not moft abjed and defpifed ?
From thefe Inftances it is eafy to perceive, that whoever moft
zealoufly defends his Country, and forms the moft powerful
Oppofition to fuch Villainies, gives to you, ^fchines, to thefe
Traitors and Mercenaries, an Opportunity of receiving the Wages
of Corruption; and when the Number is conftderable, and
the Oppofition to your pernicious Counfels fupported with Ar-
dour, you then continue in perfeft Security, and enjoy your
Penfions ; for left to yourfelves, you had been long fince totally
undone.
Al-
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? 382 DEMOSTHENES
Although I might greatly enlarge upon the Tranfadions of
thofe Times, yet I imagine I have already faid more than fuffici-
ent. His however be the Blame, v^ho by pouring upon me,
like a Drunkard in the Excefs of his laft Night's Wine, the
Filthinefs of his Malevolence and Villainy, hath compelled me
to the Neceflity of purifying myfelf before many of our Citizens,
who were bornfince thefe Affairs were tranfadled. But perhaps
you are already tired, and before I fpoke were confcious of his
Venality, which however he fpecioufly calls Friendfliip and
Hofpitality. He juft now fomewhere diftinguifhed me by
this Charadler, " He, who reproaches me with being the Gueft
*' of Alexander. " I reproach thee with being the Gueft of
Alexander ? Whence couldft thou obtain, whence merit fuch
an Honour ? I never called thee Philip's Friend, or Alexan-
der's Gueft. I am not fo abfurd ; unlefs we could with Proprie-
ty call our Mowers, or thofe, who labour for their Wages,
the Friends and Guefts of their Paymafters. But this were
impofTible. Yet I formerly called you the Hireling of Philip,
and now of Alexander ; as does this whole Aftembly. If you
difbelieve, afk them the Queftion ; or let me afk it for you.
Whether then, O Men of Athens, does iEfchines appear to
you the Hireling, or the Gueft of Alexander ? Do you hear
their Anfwer. ? (5)
I SHALL now regularly make my Defence againft this In-
didment,
(5) Our Orator was probably hurried on by his natural Impetuofity to afl; this
hazardous
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 383
diriment, and recount to you my Conduct in Adminiftration,
that iEfchines, however confcious of their Truth aheady, may
hear upon what Reafons I hold myfelf worthy not only of this
Decree of the Senate, but even of greater Honours. Read the
Indidment.
The Indictment.
Under the Archonfhip of Chaerondas, the fixth of March,
^fchines laid before the Arclion an Indictment againft Cte-
fiphon, for a Decree prelcrred by him in Oppofition to our
eftabliihed Laws, and importing, " that Demofthenes fhould
" be crowned with a golden Crown, and Proclamation thereof
" made in the Theatre, during the Feflival of Bacchus, when
the new Tragedians were to appear upon the Stage : that the
" People crowned him for his lingular Merit ; for the Zeal he
hath conftantly preferved towards the States of Greece in
general, and particularly the Athenian People : laftly, for
his Magnanimity, and becaufe in all his Words and Adions
*' he hath endeavoured with Ardour and Alacrity to fupport
" the Conftitution to the utmoft of his Abilities. " This In-
didment affirms, that every Article of this Decree is falfe, and
a dired Violation of thofe Laws, which forbid any Falsehood
to be inferted in our public Records ; or that the Perfon fhould
be crowned, who hath not yot given in his Accounts : that
Demoft-
Iiazardous Queftion, which, it feems, other Accounts of this Matter are un-
was anfwered, as he wiflied, by feme of worthy of our Author, and ridiculous
the Judges, who afterwards condemned in themfclves ; confequently not worth;
^fchines, or perhaps by fome of our repeating,.
Orator's Party among the People. All
(C
it
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? 384 DEMOSTHENES
Demofthenes is at this Moment Surveyor of our Walls, and
Diredor of our theatrical Funds : that the Crown fhould not
be proclaimed in the Theatre, during the Feftival of Bacchus,
when the new Tragedians are entering upon the Stage : that if
the Senate decrees a Crown, it fhall be proclaimed in the Se-
nate-Houfe ; if the People, in their own AlTembly, in the
Citadel. This Indidment is marked at fifty Talents. The
WitnefTes Cephifophon and Cleon.
These, O Men of Athens, are the Articles, to which iEf-
chines hath objeded. But even from thefe Articles themfelves,
I principally hope the Juftice of my future Defence will appear.
I fhall follow the fame Method he has purfued in his Indid-
ment, and fpeak to them feparately and in order, nor fhall de-
fignedly leave any of them unmentioned. When Ctefiphon
therefore affirms, that in all my Words and Actions, I con-
ftantly fupported the Intercfts of the People ; that I was always
ready with the utmofl: Alacrity to render them every Service,
to the utmoft of my Abilities ; and that upon thefe Accounts
I am worthy of being prailed, I imagine, the Decifion of the
Queftion will depend upon my Condudl in Adminiftration ;
for when that hath been examined with Attention, it will be
found, whether he hath pronounced concerning me with Truth
and Candour, or with Partiality and Falfehood. That he hath
not added, " he fhall be crowned after having given in his
Accounts j" that he hath ordered, " the Crown fliall be pro-
*' claimed
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON.
85
" claimed in the Theatre;" thefe Articles alfo, I conceive,
belong in common to my Adminiftration ; whether I am really-
worthy of the Crown, and Proclamation, with thefe peculiar
Exceptions in my Favour. I belides acknowledge, it is in-
cumbent upon me to produce the Laws, that impower Cte-
fiphon to prefer this Decree. Thus equitable, O Men of A-
thens, thus fmiple is the Method, I propofe to follow in this
Apology. I fhall now proceed to my Condu6l in Miniflry ;
nor let any Man fufpetSt, that I purpofe to evade the Force of
this Indidment, if I enter into a general Account of all the
Services I have performed, and all the Orations I have made,
for the common Interefts of Greece. He, who arraigns this
particular Article of the Decree, " that I had conftantly pur-
" fued the wifeft and moft honourable Meafures;" he, who
hath affirmed in his Indidlment, that thefe Aflertions are falfe ;
this Man hath rendered it proper and necelTary for me to give
an Account of my whole Syftem of Adminiftration. Befides, as
there are many different Provinces in public Bufinefs ; and as
I had cholen that Department, which fuperintends the general
Affairs of Greece, I may juftly be permitted to deduce from
them the Proofs and Arguments of my Defence.
The Conquefts and Uflirpations of Philip before I was en-
gaged in Adminiftration, I fhall pafs over unmentioned ; be-
caufe I do not imagine, I can have any Concernment in them.
But all the Defigns, from the Day I entered into Miniftry,
Vol. II. D d d which
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?
386 DEMOSTHENES
which he was hindered from executing; thefe I fliall now de-
fire you to recolka ; of thefe I fhall render an Account, and
only premife at prefent, that Philip, O Men of Athens, was
pofleffed of one important Advantage againft us. Never, with-
in the Memory of Man, appeared in Greece, not in any par-
ticular State, but equally in all, fuch an abundant Harveft of
Traitors, and Mercenaries ; Wretches, devoted to divine Ven-
geance. Thefe Wretches Philip employed as his Affiftants, and
Affociates in the Work of Tyranny, and by their Means ren-
dered the Grecians, ill difpofed already towards each other,
more violent in their DifTentions. Some he deluded ; to feme
he laviflied out his Treafures; others by every poflible
Method he corrupted ; and thus divided thofe Nations into a
thoufand Fadlions, whofe common Intereft fhould have united
them in oppofing his Power. In fuch a Situation ; in fuch
univerfal Ignorance of the imminent and ftill increafing Mif-
chief, it is your Duty, O Men of Athens, to confider, what
Meafures, what Conduct it became the Republic to purfue,
and of thefe to demand from mc an exadb and pundual
Account, becaufe I then engaged in the Diredion of Affairs.
Tell me therefore, jiEfchines, fbould the Republic have for-
gotten her wonted Magnanimity, and her ancient Glory, (o
far as to enlift under the iame Banners with the Theflalians
and Dolopians to promote the Tyranny of Philip over Greece,
and thus deface all the glorious and honourable Monuments of
2 the
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? IN DEFENCE OF C T E S I P H O N. 387
the Virtues of their Anceflors ? Or if this condud: muft have
been deemed unworthy of her (it indeed would have been
moft ignominious) yet ought fhe to have indolently negleded
all Oppofition to the Mifchiefs, that {he faw muft neceflarily
happen, if not prevented, and which fhe probably had long
forefeen ? (6) Yet many of the Nations, who have aded in this
Manner, or rather all of them, have been treated with great-
er feverity, than us, by the Conqueror. But if Philip, im-
mediately after his Vidtories, had retired into Macedonia ;
had he there continued in Peace, nor offered either to his own
Allies, or to the reft of Greece, any farther Injuries or Infults,
yet whoever had not oppofed the Execution of his Projedls,
would now be juftly liable to Reproach and Cenfure. But
iince he hath equally defpoiled us all of Dignity, Power, Li-
berty, or rather, as far as was poftible, even of the very Being
of our civil Polity, did you not, when guided by my Counfels,
confefledly maintain the moft honourable Conduct ? But I re-
turn from this DifrrefTion.
What Meafures therefore, ^fchines, did it become the Dig-
nity of the Republic to purfue, when ftie beheld Philip prepa-
ring to extend his Dominion and Tyranny over Greece ? What
D d d 2 Advice
(6) We have here another Inftance of The Doftor imagines it a different Read-
Doftor Taylor's critical Sagacity, not un- ing taken from the firil and earlieft Edi-
like that in Page 364. There appears in tions of our Authors. Upon his Au-
all our Editions and Manufcripts a tedi- thority, and the Arguments, with which
ous Repetition of the fame Sentiments, it is fupported, the prefent Tranflation.
although fomewhat differently exprefled.
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? ,88 DEMOSTHENES
Advice ought I to have given ; what Decree fhould I have pre-
ferred, efpecially in Athens ? (for this Circumftance is of
higheft Importance) I was confcious, that through all Time,
to the very Day upon which I firft afcended this Tribunal, my
Country had ever contended for Sovereignty, for Fame and
Honour ; that fhe had expended more Blood, and more Trea-
fures in her Zeal for the Glory and Interefts of the Grecians,
than any Tingle State of thofe Grecians had ever expended for
its own particular Safety. I faw Philip himfelf, with whom
we maintained this Conteft, after having loft an Eye, his
Collar-bone broken, his Arm, his Leg maimed, yet ftill
with Ardour purfuing his Projeds of Empire and Dominion,
and abandoning to Fortune, with Chearfulnefs and Alacrity,
any other Part of his Body {he pleafed, fb that he might enjoy
the Remainder with Honour. Belides, no Mortal could have
ever ventured to affert, that a Man educated in Pella, an ob-
fcure and inconfiderable Village, could have been animated
with a Spirit capable of afpiring to the Sovereignty of Greece,
or that fuch a Defign could have ever entered into his Imagi-
nation ; while you, Athenians as you are, and inftru(? l:ed in
your earlieft Education to behold and admire the glorious Ex-
amples of your Anceftors, could of your own meer Motion
make a Surrender. of the Liberties of Greece to Philip. No
Man living would have ventured fuch an AlTertion. It there-
fore of Ncceftity remained to oppofe his Ufurpations with Re-
folution. Thus did you adl at the Beginning, with Juftice, and
with
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 389
with Dignity. Thus did I decree, and advife, while I con-
tinued in Adminiftration. I confefs it ; but indeed in what
other Manner could I have a6led ? I afk you this Qucftion,
^Ichines, without mentioning Amphipolis, Pydna, Potida-a,
Halonefus: I do not mention them; Serrium, DorifcuSj the
taking Peparethus by Storm, and every other Inftance of In-
juftice, with which the Republic had been treated, I will not
even know whether they ever exifted. You have however af^
ferted, iEfchines, as you can indeed very dextroufly affert
whatever you think proper, that I had often mentioned them,
meerly with an Intention of provoking Philip's Refentment ;
whereas in Fa6t, all the Decrees relating to them were prefer-
red not by me, but by Eubulus, Ariftophon and Diopithes.
But I fhall not fpeak at prefent to thofe Decrees. However,
when Philip had made himfelf Mafter of Euboea, and fortified
that Ifland with a Defign of making a Defcent upon Attica ;
when he meditated his Expedition again ft Megara ; feized up-
on Oreum, difmantled Porthmus, eftabliflied the Tyrant Phi-
liftides in Oreum, and Clitarchus in Eretria ; when he had
fubdued the Hellefpont, befieged Byzantium, and among the
Cities of Greece, had abfolutely deftroyed fomc, and obliged
others to reftore their Exiles ; : in all this Condudl did he com-
mit any real Adl of Hoftility ; did he diffolve the Treaties be-
tween us? Did he violate the Peace, or not ? i Should any of
the Grecian States have appeared in Oppofition to thefe Acts
of Violence, or not ? If they really ought not, and Greece,
according
o
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? 390 DEMOSTHENES
according to the Proverb, fliould have been given up Uke a
Myfian Conqueft (7) to the firfl: Invader, while the People of
Athens were yet in Being, and even beheld thefe Tranfa<5lions,
I then confefs, that I was trivially employed, when I gave my
Advice, and the Republic was as trivially employed, when fhe
followed that Advice. Be mine therefore all the Faults and
Errors of her Condudl ; yet it ever any Oppofition were to have
been formed againft thefe Ufurpations, whom could fuch an
Oppofition better have become, than the Athenian People ?
Such was my Condudt in Adminiftration during that Period>>
When I faw this Oppreflbr enflaving all Mankind, I oppofed
him; I foretold the Event, and remonftrated to you not to
abandon the World to his Ambition. With regard to the
Peace, it certainly was not violated by the Republic, iEfchines,
but by Philip, when he feized our Ships. Read the Decrees
themfelves, and Philip's Letter concerning that Tranfadion, in
their proper Order ; for by examining them both with Attention,
it will manifeflly appear, who was blameable in every parti-
cular of that Affair.
The Decree.
Under the Archonfhip of Neocles, in the Month of Sep-
tember, an extraordinary Affembly being convened by the
Generals,
{"]) A Myfian Conquefi was a Proverb their King, went by Advice of an Oracle
to exprefs the Weakntfs of a State, fuch to Achilles, to be cured of a Wound,
as that of the Myfians, when Telephus, that Hero himfclf had given him.
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? IN DEFENCE OF C T E S I P H O N. 391
Generals, Eubulus the Cytherian, delivered his Opinion :
Whereas the Generals have made Report to the AfTembly, that
Philip's Admiral Amyntas hath carried into Macedonia, and
there detains in Cuftody, our Admiral Laodamas, with tvv^enty
Veflels fent to the Hellefpont for the Importation of Corn ; be
it decreed, that the Prefidents of the Senate, and the Generals
take Care to convene the Senate, and that Ambafladors be fent
to Philip, who fhall remonftrate to him upon his relcafing
the Admiral, the VefTels and the Soldiers : that if Amyntas
hath indeed a6led in this Matter through Ignorance, the Athe-
nian People will not prefer any Complaint againft him ; or if
Laodamas fhall be found to have a6led in any Thing contrary
to his Inftrudlions, the Athenian People will take Cognizance
of the Affair, and punifli him according to the Nature of his
Offence : but if neither of thefe appear to be the real State of
the Cafe, but that fome intentioned Injuftice hath been com-
mitted either by Philip or his Admiral ; then the Ambaffadors
fhall return an Account of the Affair, that the People may de-
liberate upon proper Meafures. Eubulus therefore, not De-
mofthenes, preferred this Decree j Ariftophon another ; after-
wards Hegefippus; Ariftophon a fecond Time; then Philocra-
tes, Cephifophon, and many others. I never had any Con-
cernment in thefe Meafures. Read the Decree.
The Decree.
Under the Archonfhip of Neocles, on the thirtieth of Sep-
tember,
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? 392 DEMOSTHENES
tember, witli Confent of the Senate ; the Magiftrates and Generals,
having firft made Report to the Senate of what had paffed in
the Aflembly, declared that the People had determined, Am-
bafladors fhall be fent to Philip to folicit the Reftitution of
their Ships, and that proper Inftrudions be given them, be-
fides this Decree of the Aflembly. Cephifophon, Democritus
and Polycritus were eleded ; the Tribe Hyppothoon prefided
in the Senate, Ariftophon, the Prefident, made the Motion for
this Decree.
As I produce thefe Decrees, fo fhould you, iEfchines, pro-
duce thol'e, that I have preferred, by which you may convid
me of having been the Occafion of the War. But impofTible.
If you had any fuch Decrees, it was your Intereft to have im-
mediately fliewn them. Neither indeed does Philip himfelf
impute any Blame to me with regard to the War, although he
complains of others moft feverely. Read his Letter.
Philip's Letter.
Philip, King of the Macedonians, to the Senate and People
of Athens, Greeting. Your Ambafladors are arrived here, and
have remonftrated to me concerning the Difmiflion of thofe
Ships, that Leodamas commanded. Upon the whole of this
Matter, you appear to me to have adled with uncommon Weak-
nefs, if you could imagine, I am ignorant of the real Defti-
nation of thefe Ships, or their being fent under Pretence of
traniporting
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTE SIPHON. 393
tranfporting Corn from the Helkfpont to Lemnos, but in Re-
ality with Deiign to fuccour the Selymbrians, then beficgcd by
me, and not comprehended in our Treaties. Thefe Orders
were given to your Admiral, without the Confcnt of the Athe-
nian People, by certain of your Magiftrates and others, who
now are private Citizens, and have refolved by every poflible
Method to violate the Peace fubfifliing between us, and to re-
new the War. This Refolution they purfue with much more
Earneftnefs, than that of fuccouring the Selymbrians, imagining,
that fuch an Event will be an ample Revenue to them. I can-
not however conceive, how it can promote our mutual Advan-
tage. For thefe Reafons I reftore the Ships brought into our
Harbours ; and if you are willing no longer to fufFer thefe Mi-
nifters, by whom you are impelled to commit fuch Adls of
Injuftice ; if you punifh them, as they really merit, I fhall en-
deavour to preferve our Treaties. Farewell.
The Name of Demofthenes never once appears in this Letter,
nor hath he charged me with having any Share in this Tranf-
adion. But wherefore, while he cenfures others, doth he not
mention my Adminiftration ? ' Becaufe, he muftthen have men-
tioned his own Ufurpations. For upon them I had unmove-
ably fixed my Attention, and made them the principal Objedls
of my Oppofition. I firft decreed an Embafly to Peloponnefus,
when he firft fecretly marched againft Peloponnefus : then to
Euboea, when he attempted Eubnea : afterwards I propofed,
Vol. II. E e e not
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? 394 DEMOSTHENES
not an Embafly, but an Expedition to Oreum, and Eretria,
when he had eftabliflied his Tyrants in thofe Cities. Laflly,
the Fleets, by which Cherfonefus was preferv^d, and Byzantium,
and all our Confederates, were appointed by my Decrees. A
Meafure from which you received the faireft cf all Rewards j
Praifes, Fame, Honours, Crowns, and Gratitude from thofe,
who were indebted to you for their Prefervation. Among the
Nations, opprefTed by this Ufurper, they, who were dire6ted
by your Counfels, found in them their Deliverance: they, who
fjightly regarded your Advice, have had frequent Reafons to
remember what you foretold, and to be convinced, that you
were not only well affeded to their Interefts, but endowed with
fuperior Wifdom, and even with a Spirit of Prophecy ; for cer-
tainly whatever you predicted, the Event hath verified.
That Philiftides would have purchafed at any Rate the
PoffefTion of Oreum, and Clitarchus of Eretria ; that Philip
would have given a mighty Sum to have made himfelf Mafter
of thofe Cities, from whence he might have annoyed the Coafts
of Attica ; and paid any Price, to have been fecure againft a
Convidllon of his other Ufurpations, or to prevent an Inquiry
into the numberlefs A6ls of Hoftility committed againft us,
every Man is perfedlly confcious, and you, jEfchines, can leaft
of all Mankind be ignorant. For the Ambafladors, who came
hither from Clitarchus and Philiftides, took up their Refidence
in your Houfe, and you entertained them at the Expence of the
Pub-^
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 395
Public ; thofe very Ambaffadors, whom the Athenians violent-
ly drove out of the City, and confidered as Enemies, who
neither offered Propofals juft in themfelves, or advantageous to
the Commonwealth. Thefe Enemies, however, of the Re-
public, were the Friends of iEfchines. Are not thefe Things
true, thou Slanderer ? Thou, who haft afferted, that I re-
ceive my Bribe, and am filent, but grow clamorous, when I
have laviflied it away. Not fuch however is your Pradlice.
You are clamourous, even when you receive, nor will ever ftop
thofe clamours, unlefs our Judges impofe an eternal Silence
upon you, by branding you this Day with Infamy. (8)
'But when I was crowned for thefe Services by your Order;
when Ariftonicus propofed a Decree, in the very fame Terms,
that Ctefiphon hath now ufed (for this is the fecond Time thefe
Honours have been conferred upon me) iEfchines, though
prefent, never oppofed it, or indided the Perfon, who prefer-
red it. Read the Decree.
The Decree.
Under the Archonfhip of Chaerondas, on the twenty-fifth Day
of January, the Leontidean Tribe prefidingin the Senate, Ari-
ftonicus delivered this Opinion : Whereas Demofthenes hath
rendered many and important Services to the People of Athens ;
E e e 2 main-
(8) The Perfon, condemned under the ble of pleading in any CourC of Judi-
Penalty of Infamy, was for ever incapa- cature.
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? 396 DEMOSTHENES
maintained the Interefts of their Confederates both in Times
pafl:, dnd in the prefent by his Decrees; reftored fome of the
Euboean Cities to their Liberty ; given conftant Proof of his
Affedtion to the Athenian People, and, to the utmoft of his
Power, promoted their Interefts and thofe of the other States of
Greece in all his Words and Adions ; it feemeth good to the
Senate and People of Athens, that Demofthenes fhall receive
the Praifes due to his Defervings ; that he fhall be crowned
with a golden Crown, and the Crown itfelf be proclaimed in
the Theatre, when the Feftival of Bacchus is folemnized, and
when the new Tragedians appear upon the Stage ; that the
Proclamation fhall be committed to the Care of the prefiding
Tribe, and the Diredor of the public Games. Thus Ariftoni-
cus delivered his Opinion.
Where then is the Difhonour, the Deriiion and Laughter,
or whatever elfe he afTures us fhall attend the Republic, as a
Confequence of my being crowned at prefent ? Certainly,
when Affairs are recent, and univerfally known, if they have
been happily conduced, they fhall be rewarded with Thanks ;
if otherwife, ftigmatized with Punifhment. It is however
apparent, that I was then rewarded with the general Thanks
of my Fellow-Citizens, not ftigmatized with Punifhment or
Cenfure.
During the Period therefore in which thefe Tranfadlions
hap-
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 397
happened, it muft be univerfally confefTed, that I managed
the Affairs of the Republic in the beft manner, bccaufc what-
ever I propofed, whether fpeaking or writing, prevailed in your
Councils ; becaufe my Decrees, by which the Commonwealth,
and I, and every Citizen of Athens were honoured with
Crowns by the other States of Greece, were always carried into
Execution ; becaufe you folemnized Sacrifices and Proceffions
to the Gods, for the wife and happy Condud: of your Affairs. /
When Philip therefore was driven out of Euboea, by your Arms
indeed, but by my Pohtics, (and though fome, who liear me,,
fliould even burft with Spleen) by my Decrees, he attempted
to raife another Battery againft: the Republic. Obferving that
we imported a greater Quantity of Corn, than any other State,
he determined to make himfelf Mafter of the Exportation of
it from the Hellefpont, and marching into Thrace endeavoured
to prevail upon the Byzantians, who were at that Time his
Confederates, to unite their Forces with him, and to declare
War againft us. When they refufed, and afferted (as they
might with utmoft Truth affert) that they had not entered
into an Alliance with him upon fuch Conditions, he inverted
their City ; eredled Batteries againft it, and befieged it in Form.
I fhall not aik in what Manner we ought to have adled in fuch
a Conjundture. It is univerfally manifeft. 5 But who fuccoured
the Byzantians and preferved them ? Who prevented the Hel-
lefpont from being at that Time fubdued to a foreign Power ?
You did, O Men of Athens j when I fay you, I fay the Re-
public.
4
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? 398 DEMOSTHENES
public. But who was he, that in all his Orations, Decrees
and Adions, with Simplicity of Heart, and without Referve,
devoted himfelf to the Service of that Republic ? I.
? 376 DEMOSTHENES
Afiembly being convened, on the twenty- firfl Day of Novem-
ber, by the Generals, with the Confent of the civil Magiftrates
and the Senate, Callifthenes thus delivered his Opinion : Let
no Athenian, upon any Pretence whatfoever lye a Night out
of Athens, excepting thofe, who are ordered to ferve in Garri-
fon : of thefe let every Man guard the Poft afligned him, nor
be abfent either Day, or Night. Whoever (hall difobey this
Decree, let him incur the Penalties ordained for Treafon, un-
lefs he can prove the ImpofTibility of his Obedience. Let the
General of Foot in Command, and the Magiflrate, to whom
is committed the Care of the City, and the Secretary of the
Senate, be Judges of that Impoflibility. Let all Effedls, with-
in a hundred and twenty Furlongs, be brought into Athens,
and the Pyrxeum : let all beyond that Diftance be carried into
the neighbouring Cities. Thus Callifthenes delivered his O-
pinion. But did you really conclude the Peace upon thefe
Hopes, or were thefe the Promifes made you by this Merce-
nary ? Now read the Letter, that Philip fent hither, after he
had fubdued Phocis.
Philip's Letter.
Philip, King of the Macedonians, to the Senate and Peo-
ple of Athens, Greeting. Know, that We have entered the
Streights of Thermopyl^, and reduced Phocis to our Obedi-
ence. We have placed Garrifons in the Cities, that voluntarily
lubniitted to us, and thofe that refufed to furrender. We have
taken
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 377
taken by Force ; made their Inhabitants Slaves, and rafed
their Foundations. Being informed, that you were preparing
to march to their AfTiftance, I have written to you, to prevent
your giving yourfelves any farther Trouble concerning thefe
Matters. Upon the whole, you appear to me to have aded
beyond all Meafure irregularly, in concluding a Peace with me,
and yet marching an Army againft me, in Defence of a People
who were not comprehended in our Convention. If however
you are determined not to maintain thofe Treaties, to which
we mutually agreed, be aflured, that you fliall gain no other
Advantage by this Adt of Injuftice, than that of being the
firft Aggrefibrs.
You hear how plainly he difcovers ; how exprefsly he de-
clares to his Confederates, in this Letter, "' I have adled thus
" in Defpite of the Athenians, and their Refentments. If
*' therefore, O Thebans and Theflalians, you wifely confult
" your own Interefts, you muft efteem them your Enemies,
" and place your Confidence in me. " He has not indeed
made ufe of thefe very Words in his Letter, but he would wil-
lingly be thus underflood. l By thefe Expreffions therefore did
he fo impofe upon their Credulity, as not only to render them
unfufpeding and infenlible to whatever might afterwards happen,
but even to fuffer him to fubdue every Thing to his Ambition.
Thus were the unhappy Thebans reduced to thofe Misfortune? ,
which even at this Moment they endure. But Philip's Agent
Vol. II. C c c and
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? 378 DEMOSTHENES
and ftrenuous AfTiftant in gaining him this fatal Confidence ;
he, who reported his Falfehoods here, and impofed upon you
fo grofsly ; he, who now laments the Calamities of the The-
bans, and fadly numbers over their Diftreffes, hath been the fole
Author of whatever Miferies that People, and the Phocaeans,
and Greece in general have fuffered. For it appears moft ma-
nifedly, that although you have large PofTefTions, ^fchines,
in BoEotia, and cultivate the Lands of the unhappy Thebans,
yet you are miferably affedled at thefe Events, and fincerely
weep over their Mifortunes; while I, whom PhiHp, who per-
petrated thefe Mifchiefs, demanded fhould inftantly be delivered
up to his Refentment, now certainly rejoice in their De-
fl:ru6lion.
But I have accidentally fallen upon a Subje(3:, which perhaps
I can more conveniently fpeak to hereafter. I therefore return
to the Proofs, that the Venality and Guilt of your AmbafTadors
have occafioned the prefent Situation of your Affairs. For after
Philip had impofed upon you by their Perfidy, who during their
Embally had fold themfelves to his Service, and had never made
you a Report of your real Circumftances ; ,when the wretched
Phocasans had alfo been deceived, and their Cities rafed to the
Ground, what followed? The abominable Theffalians, and
ftupid Thebans imagined him their Friend, their Benefadlor,
their Saviour. He was every thing to them ; nor would they
liften to the Man, who feeraed to infinuate the contrary. Al-
1 though
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 379
though you fufpe6ted, and refented his Condu6t, yet you con-
tinued to maintain your Treaties (for impoflible you could have
attempted any thing alone with Succefs) and the other States
of Greece, deceived like you, and difappointed of their Ex-
pectations, were unwilling to violate the Peace, although Phi-
lip had treated them, in numberlefs Inftances, as it he had
a6lually declared War againft them. For when, extending his
Conquefts on every Side, he had fubdued the Treballians and
Illyrians, and even fome Nations of Greece ; when he com-
manded a very numerous and formidable Army, and when
fome particular Citizens of almoft every Grecian State, who
under Favour of the Peace had travelled into Macedonia, were
corrupted by him (among which Number iEfchines was one)
then did he really commit Hoftilities againft thofe, for whofe
Deftrudion he had formed thefe Preparations. Whether they
were fenlible of his Defigns, is another Queftion, in which
I have no Concernment. I foretold ; I conflantly protefted
againft his Proceedings, both here in Athens, and in every
Country, where I was appointed an Ambafiador. But all
our Republics were infedled with one common Diftemper. The
Magiftratcs of our Oligarchies were venal and corrupt. (4)
The
(4) This PafTage is here tranflatccl in The Inftances therefore, which he gives
a Senfe very different from that, in which in Proof of this AiTertion, fliould in
it is undcrrtood by all our TranQators and ftricft reafoning be taken from the Con-
Commentators. Our Orator lays down dudl of different Republics, not from
this Pofition, thut the Republia of Greece the Citizens in any one State. They
were dijeofed. ui Si TroXug Ivoimv. will be then direct and conclulive. LeC
C c c 2 us
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? 38o DEMOSTHENES
The Citizens of our Democracies were either infenfible of
their Danger, or dilTolved in continual Idlenefs and Luxury.
Thus were they affedled in general ; while each of them in
particular imagined, that the Mifchief could never reach them-
lelves, but that whenever they pleafed they might eftablifli their
own Authority upon the Ruin of that of others. From thence,
in my Opinion, it came to pafs, that many democratical Re-
publics, by an exceflive and ill-timed Indolence, loft their Li-
berty ; while the Oligarchical Magiftrates, who intended to fell
every thing but themfclves, were fenliblc, that they themfelves
were firft fold. For inftead of the Names of Friends and
Guefts, by which they were ufually diftinguifhed, when they
were receiving the Price of their Perfidy, they now hear them-
felves called Flatterers, and Enemies to the Gods, with every
other Appellation of Abhorrence and Infamy, which they re-
ally deferve. For no Man ever lavifhed away his Treafures,
O Men of Athens, with a View to the Advantage of thofe
whom he corrupts ; or when he has made himfelf Mafter of
what he hath purchafed, ever admits them again into his
Coun-
iis now confider the Words, in which cratical Republic. Doflor Taylor tells us,
he hath expreffed himfelf. tuv fA. lv, Iv iroXXuv is not in the Harleian Manu>-
Tw 7roX(reu'? (r5<<; k<<j tt^cctIuv, muft ne- fcript, and that perhaps it was at firfl:
ceflarily mean the Magiftrates, hi whom ^ Gloflary of tuv lliUTuv. Here feems.
the 'DirctVwn of all ? political /iffairs, and the the original Miftake, twi/ i(5';wTwJ/ is
executive Part of an oligarchical Govern- rather the Gloflary of rwy ttoXKuv. The
inetJt are placed; 3. ^ rrroXXuv ^^(^ 7rXr,^i(nv Pafllige thus underftood, the Conclufion
are Terms, by which our Author ufually is juft and regular. Eit' o-ujw^eSijJce ro7(;
exprefles, not Multitudes or Numbers, but ^l^ vrXriBia-ii/ roTg Se 7rj(j? ri3<<oV<<j
/he zvhole Body of Citizens. , in whom re- o^>>
fide the Power and Authority of a demo-
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 381
Counfels. Otherwife, nothing could be happier, than the Condi-
tion of thele Traitors ; but this, certainly this, is not their
Condition. For whoever aims at arbitrary Power, and is fuc-
cefsful in his Ambition, inftantly becomes the Tyrant ofthofe,
who have given him his Authority, and by his own Experience
confcious of their Wickednefs, he then, certainly then, detefts,
diftrufts, defpifes. But conlider the Circumftances of this Af-
fair ; for although the Time, in which it happened, be really
paiTed, yet the Time of knowing it with Certainty is always
prefent to the Wife. How long was Lafthenes called the
Friend of Philip ? untill he had betrayed Olynthus. How long
was Timolaus ? untill he had deftroyed the Thebans. How
long Eudemus and Simus? untill they had reduced ThefTaly
under the Power of Philip. Then driven into Exile, and treated
with Ignominy, what Indignities did they not fufFer ? The
whole World is full of thofe Traitors. Ariflratus at Sicyon ?
Perilaus at Megara ? are they not moft abjed and defpifed ?
From thefe Inftances it is eafy to perceive, that whoever moft
zealoufly defends his Country, and forms the moft powerful
Oppofition to fuch Villainies, gives to you, ^fchines, to thefe
Traitors and Mercenaries, an Opportunity of receiving the Wages
of Corruption; and when the Number is conftderable, and
the Oppofition to your pernicious Counfels fupported with Ar-
dour, you then continue in perfeft Security, and enjoy your
Penfions ; for left to yourfelves, you had been long fince totally
undone.
Al-
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? 382 DEMOSTHENES
Although I might greatly enlarge upon the Tranfadions of
thofe Times, yet I imagine I have already faid more than fuffici-
ent. His however be the Blame, v^ho by pouring upon me,
like a Drunkard in the Excefs of his laft Night's Wine, the
Filthinefs of his Malevolence and Villainy, hath compelled me
to the Neceflity of purifying myfelf before many of our Citizens,
who were bornfince thefe Affairs were tranfadled. But perhaps
you are already tired, and before I fpoke were confcious of his
Venality, which however he fpecioufly calls Friendfliip and
Hofpitality. He juft now fomewhere diftinguifhed me by
this Charadler, " He, who reproaches me with being the Gueft
*' of Alexander. " I reproach thee with being the Gueft of
Alexander ? Whence couldft thou obtain, whence merit fuch
an Honour ? I never called thee Philip's Friend, or Alexan-
der's Gueft. I am not fo abfurd ; unlefs we could with Proprie-
ty call our Mowers, or thofe, who labour for their Wages,
the Friends and Guefts of their Paymafters. But this were
impofTible. Yet I formerly called you the Hireling of Philip,
and now of Alexander ; as does this whole Aftembly. If you
difbelieve, afk them the Queftion ; or let me afk it for you.
Whether then, O Men of Athens, does iEfchines appear to
you the Hireling, or the Gueft of Alexander ? Do you hear
their Anfwer. ? (5)
I SHALL now regularly make my Defence againft this In-
didment,
(5) Our Orator was probably hurried on by his natural Impetuofity to afl; this
hazardous
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 383
diriment, and recount to you my Conduct in Adminiftration,
that iEfchines, however confcious of their Truth aheady, may
hear upon what Reafons I hold myfelf worthy not only of this
Decree of the Senate, but even of greater Honours. Read the
Indidment.
The Indictment.
Under the Archonfhip of Chaerondas, the fixth of March,
^fchines laid before the Arclion an Indictment againft Cte-
fiphon, for a Decree prelcrred by him in Oppofition to our
eftabliihed Laws, and importing, " that Demofthenes fhould
" be crowned with a golden Crown, and Proclamation thereof
" made in the Theatre, during the Feflival of Bacchus, when
the new Tragedians were to appear upon the Stage : that the
" People crowned him for his lingular Merit ; for the Zeal he
hath conftantly preferved towards the States of Greece in
general, and particularly the Athenian People : laftly, for
his Magnanimity, and becaufe in all his Words and Adions
*' he hath endeavoured with Ardour and Alacrity to fupport
" the Conftitution to the utmoft of his Abilities. " This In-
didment affirms, that every Article of this Decree is falfe, and
a dired Violation of thofe Laws, which forbid any Falsehood
to be inferted in our public Records ; or that the Perfon fhould
be crowned, who hath not yot given in his Accounts : that
Demoft-
Iiazardous Queftion, which, it feems, other Accounts of this Matter are un-
was anfwered, as he wiflied, by feme of worthy of our Author, and ridiculous
the Judges, who afterwards condemned in themfclves ; confequently not worth;
^fchines, or perhaps by fome of our repeating,.
Orator's Party among the People. All
(C
it
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? 384 DEMOSTHENES
Demofthenes is at this Moment Surveyor of our Walls, and
Diredor of our theatrical Funds : that the Crown fhould not
be proclaimed in the Theatre, during the Feftival of Bacchus,
when the new Tragedians are entering upon the Stage : that if
the Senate decrees a Crown, it fhall be proclaimed in the Se-
nate-Houfe ; if the People, in their own AlTembly, in the
Citadel. This Indidment is marked at fifty Talents. The
WitnefTes Cephifophon and Cleon.
These, O Men of Athens, are the Articles, to which iEf-
chines hath objeded. But even from thefe Articles themfelves,
I principally hope the Juftice of my future Defence will appear.
I fhall follow the fame Method he has purfued in his Indid-
ment, and fpeak to them feparately and in order, nor fhall de-
fignedly leave any of them unmentioned. When Ctefiphon
therefore affirms, that in all my Words and Actions, I con-
ftantly fupported the Intercfts of the People ; that I was always
ready with the utmofl: Alacrity to render them every Service,
to the utmoft of my Abilities ; and that upon thefe Accounts
I am worthy of being prailed, I imagine, the Decifion of the
Queftion will depend upon my Condudl in Adminiftration ;
for when that hath been examined with Attention, it will be
found, whether he hath pronounced concerning me with Truth
and Candour, or with Partiality and Falfehood. That he hath
not added, " he fhall be crowned after having given in his
Accounts j" that he hath ordered, " the Crown fliall be pro-
*' claimed
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON.
85
" claimed in the Theatre;" thefe Articles alfo, I conceive,
belong in common to my Adminiftration ; whether I am really-
worthy of the Crown, and Proclamation, with thefe peculiar
Exceptions in my Favour. I belides acknowledge, it is in-
cumbent upon me to produce the Laws, that impower Cte-
fiphon to prefer this Decree. Thus equitable, O Men of A-
thens, thus fmiple is the Method, I propofe to follow in this
Apology. I fhall now proceed to my Condu6l in Miniflry ;
nor let any Man fufpetSt, that I purpofe to evade the Force of
this Indidment, if I enter into a general Account of all the
Services I have performed, and all the Orations I have made,
for the common Interefts of Greece. He, who arraigns this
particular Article of the Decree, " that I had conftantly pur-
" fued the wifeft and moft honourable Meafures;" he, who
hath affirmed in his Indidlment, that thefe Aflertions are falfe ;
this Man hath rendered it proper and necelTary for me to give
an Account of my whole Syftem of Adminiftration. Befides, as
there are many different Provinces in public Bufinefs ; and as
I had cholen that Department, which fuperintends the general
Affairs of Greece, I may juftly be permitted to deduce from
them the Proofs and Arguments of my Defence.
The Conquefts and Uflirpations of Philip before I was en-
gaged in Adminiftration, I fhall pafs over unmentioned ; be-
caufe I do not imagine, I can have any Concernment in them.
But all the Defigns, from the Day I entered into Miniftry,
Vol. II. D d d which
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?
386 DEMOSTHENES
which he was hindered from executing; thefe I fliall now de-
fire you to recolka ; of thefe I fhall render an Account, and
only premife at prefent, that Philip, O Men of Athens, was
pofleffed of one important Advantage againft us. Never, with-
in the Memory of Man, appeared in Greece, not in any par-
ticular State, but equally in all, fuch an abundant Harveft of
Traitors, and Mercenaries ; Wretches, devoted to divine Ven-
geance. Thefe Wretches Philip employed as his Affiftants, and
Affociates in the Work of Tyranny, and by their Means ren-
dered the Grecians, ill difpofed already towards each other,
more violent in their DifTentions. Some he deluded ; to feme
he laviflied out his Treafures; others by every poflible
Method he corrupted ; and thus divided thofe Nations into a
thoufand Fadlions, whofe common Intereft fhould have united
them in oppofing his Power. In fuch a Situation ; in fuch
univerfal Ignorance of the imminent and ftill increafing Mif-
chief, it is your Duty, O Men of Athens, to confider, what
Meafures, what Conduct it became the Republic to purfue,
and of thefe to demand from mc an exadb and pundual
Account, becaufe I then engaged in the Diredion of Affairs.
Tell me therefore, jiEfchines, fbould the Republic have for-
gotten her wonted Magnanimity, and her ancient Glory, (o
far as to enlift under the iame Banners with the Theflalians
and Dolopians to promote the Tyranny of Philip over Greece,
and thus deface all the glorious and honourable Monuments of
2 the
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? IN DEFENCE OF C T E S I P H O N. 387
the Virtues of their Anceflors ? Or if this condud: muft have
been deemed unworthy of her (it indeed would have been
moft ignominious) yet ought fhe to have indolently negleded
all Oppofition to the Mifchiefs, that {he faw muft neceflarily
happen, if not prevented, and which fhe probably had long
forefeen ? (6) Yet many of the Nations, who have aded in this
Manner, or rather all of them, have been treated with great-
er feverity, than us, by the Conqueror. But if Philip, im-
mediately after his Vidtories, had retired into Macedonia ;
had he there continued in Peace, nor offered either to his own
Allies, or to the reft of Greece, any farther Injuries or Infults,
yet whoever had not oppofed the Execution of his Projedls,
would now be juftly liable to Reproach and Cenfure. But
iince he hath equally defpoiled us all of Dignity, Power, Li-
berty, or rather, as far as was poftible, even of the very Being
of our civil Polity, did you not, when guided by my Counfels,
confefledly maintain the moft honourable Conduct ? But I re-
turn from this DifrrefTion.
What Meafures therefore, ^fchines, did it become the Dig-
nity of the Republic to purfue, when ftie beheld Philip prepa-
ring to extend his Dominion and Tyranny over Greece ? What
D d d 2 Advice
(6) We have here another Inftance of The Doftor imagines it a different Read-
Doftor Taylor's critical Sagacity, not un- ing taken from the firil and earlieft Edi-
like that in Page 364. There appears in tions of our Authors. Upon his Au-
all our Editions and Manufcripts a tedi- thority, and the Arguments, with which
ous Repetition of the fame Sentiments, it is fupported, the prefent Tranflation.
although fomewhat differently exprefled.
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? ,88 DEMOSTHENES
Advice ought I to have given ; what Decree fhould I have pre-
ferred, efpecially in Athens ? (for this Circumftance is of
higheft Importance) I was confcious, that through all Time,
to the very Day upon which I firft afcended this Tribunal, my
Country had ever contended for Sovereignty, for Fame and
Honour ; that fhe had expended more Blood, and more Trea-
fures in her Zeal for the Glory and Interefts of the Grecians,
than any Tingle State of thofe Grecians had ever expended for
its own particular Safety. I faw Philip himfelf, with whom
we maintained this Conteft, after having loft an Eye, his
Collar-bone broken, his Arm, his Leg maimed, yet ftill
with Ardour purfuing his Projeds of Empire and Dominion,
and abandoning to Fortune, with Chearfulnefs and Alacrity,
any other Part of his Body {he pleafed, fb that he might enjoy
the Remainder with Honour. Belides, no Mortal could have
ever ventured to affert, that a Man educated in Pella, an ob-
fcure and inconfiderable Village, could have been animated
with a Spirit capable of afpiring to the Sovereignty of Greece,
or that fuch a Defign could have ever entered into his Imagi-
nation ; while you, Athenians as you are, and inftru(? l:ed in
your earlieft Education to behold and admire the glorious Ex-
amples of your Anceftors, could of your own meer Motion
make a Surrender. of the Liberties of Greece to Philip. No
Man living would have ventured fuch an AlTertion. It there-
fore of Ncceftity remained to oppofe his Ufurpations with Re-
folution. Thus did you adl at the Beginning, with Juftice, and
with
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 389
with Dignity. Thus did I decree, and advife, while I con-
tinued in Adminiftration. I confefs it ; but indeed in what
other Manner could I have a6led ? I afk you this Qucftion,
^Ichines, without mentioning Amphipolis, Pydna, Potida-a,
Halonefus: I do not mention them; Serrium, DorifcuSj the
taking Peparethus by Storm, and every other Inftance of In-
juftice, with which the Republic had been treated, I will not
even know whether they ever exifted. You have however af^
ferted, iEfchines, as you can indeed very dextroufly affert
whatever you think proper, that I had often mentioned them,
meerly with an Intention of provoking Philip's Refentment ;
whereas in Fa6t, all the Decrees relating to them were prefer-
red not by me, but by Eubulus, Ariftophon and Diopithes.
But I fhall not fpeak at prefent to thofe Decrees. However,
when Philip had made himfelf Mafter of Euboea, and fortified
that Ifland with a Defign of making a Defcent upon Attica ;
when he meditated his Expedition again ft Megara ; feized up-
on Oreum, difmantled Porthmus, eftabliflied the Tyrant Phi-
liftides in Oreum, and Clitarchus in Eretria ; when he had
fubdued the Hellefpont, befieged Byzantium, and among the
Cities of Greece, had abfolutely deftroyed fomc, and obliged
others to reftore their Exiles ; : in all this Condudl did he com-
mit any real Adl of Hoftility ; did he diffolve the Treaties be-
tween us? Did he violate the Peace, or not ? i Should any of
the Grecian States have appeared in Oppofition to thefe Acts
of Violence, or not ? If they really ought not, and Greece,
according
o
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? 390 DEMOSTHENES
according to the Proverb, fliould have been given up Uke a
Myfian Conqueft (7) to the firfl: Invader, while the People of
Athens were yet in Being, and even beheld thefe Tranfa<5lions,
I then confefs, that I was trivially employed, when I gave my
Advice, and the Republic was as trivially employed, when fhe
followed that Advice. Be mine therefore all the Faults and
Errors of her Condudl ; yet it ever any Oppofition were to have
been formed againft thefe Ufurpations, whom could fuch an
Oppofition better have become, than the Athenian People ?
Such was my Condudt in Adminiftration during that Period>>
When I faw this Oppreflbr enflaving all Mankind, I oppofed
him; I foretold the Event, and remonftrated to you not to
abandon the World to his Ambition. With regard to the
Peace, it certainly was not violated by the Republic, iEfchines,
but by Philip, when he feized our Ships. Read the Decrees
themfelves, and Philip's Letter concerning that Tranfadion, in
their proper Order ; for by examining them both with Attention,
it will manifeflly appear, who was blameable in every parti-
cular of that Affair.
The Decree.
Under the Archonfhip of Neocles, in the Month of Sep-
tember, an extraordinary Affembly being convened by the
Generals,
{"]) A Myfian Conquefi was a Proverb their King, went by Advice of an Oracle
to exprefs the Weakntfs of a State, fuch to Achilles, to be cured of a Wound,
as that of the Myfians, when Telephus, that Hero himfclf had given him.
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? IN DEFENCE OF C T E S I P H O N. 391
Generals, Eubulus the Cytherian, delivered his Opinion :
Whereas the Generals have made Report to the AfTembly, that
Philip's Admiral Amyntas hath carried into Macedonia, and
there detains in Cuftody, our Admiral Laodamas, with tvv^enty
Veflels fent to the Hellefpont for the Importation of Corn ; be
it decreed, that the Prefidents of the Senate, and the Generals
take Care to convene the Senate, and that Ambafladors be fent
to Philip, who fhall remonftrate to him upon his relcafing
the Admiral, the VefTels and the Soldiers : that if Amyntas
hath indeed a6led in this Matter through Ignorance, the Athe-
nian People will not prefer any Complaint againft him ; or if
Laodamas fhall be found to have a6led in any Thing contrary
to his Inftrudlions, the Athenian People will take Cognizance
of the Affair, and punifli him according to the Nature of his
Offence : but if neither of thefe appear to be the real State of
the Cafe, but that fome intentioned Injuftice hath been com-
mitted either by Philip or his Admiral ; then the Ambaffadors
fhall return an Account of the Affair, that the People may de-
liberate upon proper Meafures. Eubulus therefore, not De-
mofthenes, preferred this Decree j Ariftophon another ; after-
wards Hegefippus; Ariftophon a fecond Time; then Philocra-
tes, Cephifophon, and many others. I never had any Con-
cernment in thefe Meafures. Read the Decree.
The Decree.
Under the Archonfhip of Neocles, on the thirtieth of Sep-
tember,
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? 392 DEMOSTHENES
tember, witli Confent of the Senate ; the Magiftrates and Generals,
having firft made Report to the Senate of what had paffed in
the Aflembly, declared that the People had determined, Am-
bafladors fhall be fent to Philip to folicit the Reftitution of
their Ships, and that proper Inftrudions be given them, be-
fides this Decree of the Aflembly. Cephifophon, Democritus
and Polycritus were eleded ; the Tribe Hyppothoon prefided
in the Senate, Ariftophon, the Prefident, made the Motion for
this Decree.
As I produce thefe Decrees, fo fhould you, iEfchines, pro-
duce thol'e, that I have preferred, by which you may convid
me of having been the Occafion of the War. But impofTible.
If you had any fuch Decrees, it was your Intereft to have im-
mediately fliewn them. Neither indeed does Philip himfelf
impute any Blame to me with regard to the War, although he
complains of others moft feverely. Read his Letter.
Philip's Letter.
Philip, King of the Macedonians, to the Senate and People
of Athens, Greeting. Your Ambafladors are arrived here, and
have remonftrated to me concerning the Difmiflion of thofe
Ships, that Leodamas commanded. Upon the whole of this
Matter, you appear to me to have adled with uncommon Weak-
nefs, if you could imagine, I am ignorant of the real Defti-
nation of thefe Ships, or their being fent under Pretence of
traniporting
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTE SIPHON. 393
tranfporting Corn from the Helkfpont to Lemnos, but in Re-
ality with Deiign to fuccour the Selymbrians, then beficgcd by
me, and not comprehended in our Treaties. Thefe Orders
were given to your Admiral, without the Confcnt of the Athe-
nian People, by certain of your Magiftrates and others, who
now are private Citizens, and have refolved by every poflible
Method to violate the Peace fubfifliing between us, and to re-
new the War. This Refolution they purfue with much more
Earneftnefs, than that of fuccouring the Selymbrians, imagining,
that fuch an Event will be an ample Revenue to them. I can-
not however conceive, how it can promote our mutual Advan-
tage. For thefe Reafons I reftore the Ships brought into our
Harbours ; and if you are willing no longer to fufFer thefe Mi-
nifters, by whom you are impelled to commit fuch Adls of
Injuftice ; if you punifh them, as they really merit, I fhall en-
deavour to preferve our Treaties. Farewell.
The Name of Demofthenes never once appears in this Letter,
nor hath he charged me with having any Share in this Tranf-
adion. But wherefore, while he cenfures others, doth he not
mention my Adminiftration ? ' Becaufe, he muftthen have men-
tioned his own Ufurpations. For upon them I had unmove-
ably fixed my Attention, and made them the principal Objedls
of my Oppofition. I firft decreed an Embafly to Peloponnefus,
when he firft fecretly marched againft Peloponnefus : then to
Euboea, when he attempted Eubnea : afterwards I propofed,
Vol. II. E e e not
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? 394 DEMOSTHENES
not an Embafly, but an Expedition to Oreum, and Eretria,
when he had eftabliflied his Tyrants in thofe Cities. Laflly,
the Fleets, by which Cherfonefus was preferv^d, and Byzantium,
and all our Confederates, were appointed by my Decrees. A
Meafure from which you received the faireft cf all Rewards j
Praifes, Fame, Honours, Crowns, and Gratitude from thofe,
who were indebted to you for their Prefervation. Among the
Nations, opprefTed by this Ufurper, they, who were dire6ted
by your Counfels, found in them their Deliverance: they, who
fjightly regarded your Advice, have had frequent Reafons to
remember what you foretold, and to be convinced, that you
were not only well affeded to their Interefts, but endowed with
fuperior Wifdom, and even with a Spirit of Prophecy ; for cer-
tainly whatever you predicted, the Event hath verified.
That Philiftides would have purchafed at any Rate the
PoffefTion of Oreum, and Clitarchus of Eretria ; that Philip
would have given a mighty Sum to have made himfelf Mafter
of thofe Cities, from whence he might have annoyed the Coafts
of Attica ; and paid any Price, to have been fecure againft a
Convidllon of his other Ufurpations, or to prevent an Inquiry
into the numberlefs A6ls of Hoftility committed againft us,
every Man is perfedlly confcious, and you, jEfchines, can leaft
of all Mankind be ignorant. For the Ambafladors, who came
hither from Clitarchus and Philiftides, took up their Refidence
in your Houfe, and you entertained them at the Expence of the
Pub-^
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 395
Public ; thofe very Ambaffadors, whom the Athenians violent-
ly drove out of the City, and confidered as Enemies, who
neither offered Propofals juft in themfelves, or advantageous to
the Commonwealth. Thefe Enemies, however, of the Re-
public, were the Friends of iEfchines. Are not thefe Things
true, thou Slanderer ? Thou, who haft afferted, that I re-
ceive my Bribe, and am filent, but grow clamorous, when I
have laviflied it away. Not fuch however is your Pradlice.
You are clamourous, even when you receive, nor will ever ftop
thofe clamours, unlefs our Judges impofe an eternal Silence
upon you, by branding you this Day with Infamy. (8)
'But when I was crowned for thefe Services by your Order;
when Ariftonicus propofed a Decree, in the very fame Terms,
that Ctefiphon hath now ufed (for this is the fecond Time thefe
Honours have been conferred upon me) iEfchines, though
prefent, never oppofed it, or indided the Perfon, who prefer-
red it. Read the Decree.
The Decree.
Under the Archonfhip of Chaerondas, on the twenty-fifth Day
of January, the Leontidean Tribe prefidingin the Senate, Ari-
ftonicus delivered this Opinion : Whereas Demofthenes hath
rendered many and important Services to the People of Athens ;
E e e 2 main-
(8) The Perfon, condemned under the ble of pleading in any CourC of Judi-
Penalty of Infamy, was for ever incapa- cature.
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? 396 DEMOSTHENES
maintained the Interefts of their Confederates both in Times
pafl:, dnd in the prefent by his Decrees; reftored fome of the
Euboean Cities to their Liberty ; given conftant Proof of his
Affedtion to the Athenian People, and, to the utmoft of his
Power, promoted their Interefts and thofe of the other States of
Greece in all his Words and Adions ; it feemeth good to the
Senate and People of Athens, that Demofthenes fhall receive
the Praifes due to his Defervings ; that he fhall be crowned
with a golden Crown, and the Crown itfelf be proclaimed in
the Theatre, when the Feftival of Bacchus is folemnized, and
when the new Tragedians appear upon the Stage ; that the
Proclamation fhall be committed to the Care of the prefiding
Tribe, and the Diredor of the public Games. Thus Ariftoni-
cus delivered his Opinion.
Where then is the Difhonour, the Deriiion and Laughter,
or whatever elfe he afTures us fhall attend the Republic, as a
Confequence of my being crowned at prefent ? Certainly,
when Affairs are recent, and univerfally known, if they have
been happily conduced, they fhall be rewarded with Thanks ;
if otherwife, ftigmatized with Punifhment. It is however
apparent, that I was then rewarded with the general Thanks
of my Fellow-Citizens, not ftigmatized with Punifhment or
Cenfure.
During the Period therefore in which thefe Tranfadlions
hap-
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? IN DEFENCE OF CTESIPHON. 397
happened, it muft be univerfally confefTed, that I managed
the Affairs of the Republic in the beft manner, bccaufc what-
ever I propofed, whether fpeaking or writing, prevailed in your
Councils ; becaufe my Decrees, by which the Commonwealth,
and I, and every Citizen of Athens were honoured with
Crowns by the other States of Greece, were always carried into
Execution ; becaufe you folemnized Sacrifices and Proceffions
to the Gods, for the wife and happy Condud: of your Affairs. /
When Philip therefore was driven out of Euboea, by your Arms
indeed, but by my Pohtics, (and though fome, who liear me,,
fliould even burft with Spleen) by my Decrees, he attempted
to raife another Battery againft: the Republic. Obferving that
we imported a greater Quantity of Corn, than any other State,
he determined to make himfelf Mafter of the Exportation of
it from the Hellefpont, and marching into Thrace endeavoured
to prevail upon the Byzantians, who were at that Time his
Confederates, to unite their Forces with him, and to declare
War againft us. When they refufed, and afferted (as they
might with utmoft Truth affert) that they had not entered
into an Alliance with him upon fuch Conditions, he inverted
their City ; eredled Batteries againft it, and befieged it in Form.
I fhall not aik in what Manner we ought to have adled in fuch
a Conjundture. It is univerfally manifeft. 5 But who fuccoured
the Byzantians and preferved them ? Who prevented the Hel-
lefpont from being at that Time fubdued to a foreign Power ?
You did, O Men of Athens j when I fay you, I fay the Re-
public.
4
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? 398 DEMOSTHENES
public. But who was he, that in all his Orations, Decrees
and Adions, with Simplicity of Heart, and without Referve,
devoted himfelf to the Service of that Republic ? I.
