" This practice is the combining of the lama's mind with one's own mind
believing
completely that one's mind is completely inseparable so that whatever qualities, realizations and experiences the lama's mind has are now one's own realization and experience.
Khenchen-Thrangu-Rinpoche-The-Spiritual-Song-of-Lodro-Thaye
Even though I am an undisciplined, vile ordinary person
231. As I am holding the sign ofyour noble lineage,
232. Please lead me quickly to the kingdom ofnon-meditation.
233. Kind ones, please completely purify my rigid mind in the dhatu. 234. Fruition Mahamudra is concerned with
235. The ground is introduced as one's own foce, the innate three
kayas;
236. The path consists in concentrating on the view and meditation; 237. And thefruition is the manifestation ofthe immaculate
three kayas.
238. The dharmakaya is the basis, emptiness without any elaboration. 239. The sambhogakaya is its brilliance, the naturally luminous.
240. The nirmanakaya is the unceasing play o fvarious manifestations 241. Encompassing all things,
242. The nature ofMahamudra is coincidence.
243. The realm o fdharmas free from accepting or rejecting.
244. Possessing the beauty ofunconditioned bliss,
245. It is the great and vast wealth ofwisdom.
246. It is the naturalform o fkindness transcending thought.
247. Because ofwisdom, one does not stay in samsara
248. Because o fcompassion, one does not stay in nirvana
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THE SPIRITUAL SONG OF LODRO THAYE
249. Activities are spontaneously accomplished without effort. 250. The luminosities o fground and path, combine like mother
and child.
251. Ground andfruition will be joined together
252. Buddhahood is found in one's own mind.
253. The treasure that fulfills all wishes is revealed
254. E rna! What a great wonder!
255. Regarding the view o fMahamudra
256. Analysis cannot define it.
257. Therefore, throw knowledge ofmental constructions away! 258. Regarding the meditation o fMahamudra
259. Concentration on a thought cannot get through
260. Therefore abandon artificial resting in meditative equipoise. 261. Regarding the action o fMahamudra
262. Rules do not apply.
263. Therefore free yourselffrom notions o facting and not acting. 264. Regardingthefruition ofMahamudra
265. Nothing new can be attained.
266. Therefore cast away hoping, fearing, and desiring.
267. This is the profound intention o fall Kagyupas.
268. It is the only path used by all the Buddhas and bodhisattvas. 269. It is the method to turn away the confused circle o fexistence 210. It is dharma for obtaining Buddhahood in one lifetime, 271. The heart essence ofthe sutra and tantra teachings.
271. May I and all sentient beings reaching as for as space
212. Simultaneously attain realization and be liberated.
273. May we reach the supreme Mahamudra state.
? ? The Song of Lodro Thaye
commentary by
KHABJE I<HENCHEN THRANGU RINPOCHE
? ? 1
The Importance of the Lineage Lamas
IN THE WORDS OF THE BUDDHA or the sutras and the practices of Mahamudra it is especially important to supplicate the root and lineage lamas. It was said that it is most important to supplicate one's own root or main lama so that one will receive the blessings. The most important method to receive blessing is through devotion (Tib. mogu).
In the sutras of the Buddha, there were predictions stating that in later times when the dharma would degenerate, there would be ways to prevent the degeneration ofthe dharma and make it flourish. One prediction was that there would be a special individual named Lodro who would prevent or forestall this degeneration. It is said he would prevent the degeneration of the dharma "in five ways"1 and make it flourish. This was foretold by the Buddha in the King of Samadhi sutra and elsewhere.
The glorious, holy guru Lodro Thaye, also called KarmaNgakwang Yonten Gyatso, after having accomplished the realization of Mahamudra composed this spiritual song (Skt. doha, Tib. gyur). It is entitled, The Self-Arising Innate Song upon Acquiring a Mere Glimpse o f Certainty in the View and Meditation o fthe Incomparable Dakpo Kagyu. This spiritual song discusses the practice of Mahamudra meditation.
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THE SPIRITUAL SONG OF LODRO THAYE
The most important aspect of this practice is the supplication of the root and lineage lamas. From the root guru one receives blessings. Most important in receiving blessings is to have devotion. Therefore the song begins by praising the lineage of these teachings.
I. Vajradhara, the illustrious one,
2. Said to possess eight enlightened qualities
At the very beginning ofthis spiritual song, it says that Vajradhara was exceptional because he is endowed with eight special qualities. Vajradhara is the dharmakaya and therefore has the eight qualities or aspects. On the ordinary level these are of the five elements of (1) earth, (2) water, (3) fire, (4) air or wind, and (5) space, to which are added (6) red and (7) white elements from the mother and father and (8) consciousness. 2 In the case of the dharmakaya Vajradhara, these are completely pure.
In general, our experience is that our body consists of the eight elements. To us they appear to provide our vitality and life-force. But these substances are really a cause of bewildered appearances and keep us limited, unable to develop. For instance, the earth element gives us strength, the power ofour body. But it is not vast so there is a limit to our physical strength because the earth element has a limiting quality. However, when the earth element is pure at the level of dharmakaya Vajradhara, then the siddhis and enlightened activities are unimaginable. Similarly, the water element gives us illness and experiences of happiness and sadness and so on. When it is completely pure at the level ofa Buddha, however, it is naturally free from illness, sadness, and pain. The fire element gives us the ability to have bodily warmth and vigor, but it is not unlimited either. If it is pure, the dharmakaya and the sambhogakaya have the ability to radiate light unimaginable and vast throughout all the Buddha realms
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with no limit. The wind element gives us the ability to move and perform activities and actions. But again this is not unlimited activity. On the level of the dharmakaya this purified element has the ability ofendless, unimaginable miraculous powers. The space element adds a quality oflightness to our being and we would just kind ofimplode if we didn't have the space element as part of us. But still it is a restriction. In the purified aspect ofdharmakaya, it makes complete and total unobstructed manifestation of everything possible. In addition to these five main elements there is a red element and a white element. The red element allows us to have a body: it allows for the development and existence of a body. But it does not have the power to emanate bodies. With the purification of the red element endless emanations ofthe body are possible. The white element gives us a feeling of happiness or bliss. This bliss is a very limited kind of bliss and is not the limitless bliss that is experienced when the white element is completely purified. The eighth element is consciousness which allows us to understand, to see, to hear, smell, taste, and so on. But essentially it is ignorant knowing in a limited way, that consciousness cannot know fully. When the element ofconsciousness is purified and wisdom (Skt. jnana, Tib. yeshe) arises, one attains the state of understanding all phenomena or omniscience. When these eight qualities are completely pure, then the enlightened activities of the dharmakaya of a Buddha are endless and boundless.
3. Appears to me, an ordinary person,
4. As a man called Padma, the protector, foil ofblessings.
Although Vajradhara is widely known as the dharmakaya possessed with these eight qualities, to Jamgon Kongtrul he doesn't appear in this way, but in a human form, i. e. , his guru. Jamgon Kongtrul received all of the instructions and all the blessings from
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his root guru, the ninth Situ, Perna Nyingche Wangpo, and therefore he supplicates him as the lord named Padma who is endowed with the blessing. Jamgon Kongtrul had exceptional faith and devotion to his lama, Perna Nyingche Wangpo, and regarded him as actually being Vajradhara. Even though he had human form, Jamgon Kongtrul thought that he actually was Vajradhara with all the eight qualities and so the qualities of devotion arose in his stream of being. We as disciples should do likewise by having absolute faith in our root lama so much so that we regard him or her as Vajradhara. Whether our lama is exceptionally learned or has extraordinary qualities or not, we should still think he or she is definitely Vajradhara.
With sacred outlook or pure vision, Jamgon Kongtrul regarded his lama as Vajradhara even though he appeared to look like a human being. So Jamgon Kongtrul says, "To me he appears to be only a human, but in fact he is actually Vajradhara. " In the same way, through our sacred outlook, we should regard our root lama without faults, and if there are no spiritual qualities, we should regard him or her as having spiritual qualities. With pure vision we should see the lama with faults as without faults, and the lama without good qualities as with good qualities. 3
5. I supplicateyou: neverfor a moment leave 6. The eight-petaled lotus-dome ofmy heart.
We should regard the lama as being Vajradhara with the eight qualities and also we should constantly keep in mind and pray one- pointedly and supplicate the lama. It says that in one's heart, visualized in a tent of an eight-petaled lotus, there dwells the lama and the lama is there constantly. So not even for a second are we separated from the lama and so we can continuously recall the root lama.
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33
In the practice of Mahamudra devotion is crucial. It is said in the Kagyu lineage prayer (Tib. Dorje Chang Thungma) that "devotion is the head ofmeditation. " Ifsomeone doesn't have a head, they can't eat food, can't listen to anything, and can't see anything, and so on. But if they have a head, then they can eat and talk and see and hear. Devotion is like this because with devotion one develops one's meditation and then is able to receive the blessings of the lama. The method of bringing about devotion is supplication. That is why in Mahamudra practices, we rely on guru yoga as the method to develop devotion. Jamgon Kongtrul shows that he has devotion in this way and that we should also supplicate the lama and arouse devotion. In the case of Chogyam Trungpa Rinpoche, for instance, his guru yoga practice was a sadhana practice combining Karma Pakshi (the second Karmapa) and Dorje Trollo (the wrathful aspect of Guru Rinpoche) arising from his pure vision.
7. ThoughIamnotgracedwithsimultaneousliberationandrealization, 8. I am blessed with just recognizing my own true nature.
What are the benefits ofsupplicating and meditating on the lamas and arousing devotion? It is possible to attain realization and liberation, instantaneously, such as happened with King Indrabhuti who received the Mahamudra teachings, attained realization, and instantly became liberated at the same time. Jamgon Kongtrul says that he's not as fortunate as King Indrabhuti who attained realization and was liberated instantly through his devotion. However, through his devotion and meditation on the lama, Jamgon Kongtrul received enough blessing to understand the essence of his mind.
9. Obsession with the eight worldly concerns has decreased.
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THE SPIRITUAL SONG OF LODRO THAYE
What is the sign that Jamgon Kongtrul understood something of the nature of his mind through the power of his supplication and devotion? First, his attention to and attachment to the eight worldly concerns has diminished. The eight worldly concerns are phenomena which contradict dharma and keep one from dharma practice. They are (I) to be happy with pleasing things and (2) to be displeased with unpleasant phenomena; (3) to be happy with wealth and prosperity; and (4) to be displeased when not having it; (5) to be happy with praise and (6) to be displeased when one is not praised or slandered; and (7) to be happy when one has fame and (8) unhappy when one is not well known. Having excessive attachment to these can be an obstacle to the practice of dharma. But if one practices dharma well, one's attachments are diminished. So Jamgon Kongtrul is saying although he has a small understanding of his own nature, based on the lama's blessing his tendency for attachment to the eight worldly concerns is diminished.
10. By mixing my mind with the guru's
11. I have seen clearly that famous "luminous dharmakaya. "
This describes the result of his supplication, devotion, and understanding of his mind. Similarly, the next line "That famous 'luminous dharmakaya'" is about the nature ofclarity or luminosity (Tib. salwa) that everybody's heard so much about. Jamgon Kongtrul is saying, "I have seen it. I have realized it," through the kindness of his root lama, Perna Nyingche Wangpo. This was done in meditation by visualizing Perna Nyingche Wangpo on his head and receiving the four empowerments from him. In this visualization white, red, blue, and yellow light emanated from the four chakras (the forehead, the throat, the heart, and the navel) ofhis guru and entered into the four chakras ofJamgon Kongtrul. By meditating this way, he was
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35
completely filled with light and received the four empowerments: the vase empowerment, the secret empowerment, wisdom empowerment, and the name empowerment. The blessings of body, speech, and mind entered. Then the entire being ofPema Nyingche Wangpo dissolved into light and melted into Jamgon Kongtrul making him and his guru inseparable. The mind of the guru and the mind ofJamgon Kongtrul completely mixed, which is called "mixing mind and mind.
" This practice is the combining of the lama's mind with one's own mind believing completely that one's mind is completely inseparable so that whatever qualities, realizations and experiences the lama's mind has are now one's own realization and experience. By just thinking and believing in this experience of the mixing of the minds, realization actually arises. Jamgon Kongtrul says, "Mind and mind mixing, I see it transparently. " This means he saw the dharmakaya. Based on the teachings of mixing the lama's mind with one's own, he is saying that we also need to practice in this way.
12. Non-thought was found amidst discursive thought 13. Wisdom dawned within non-conceptualization.
At first we are completely involved by many discursive thoughts, then gradually the thoughts clear away and we attain a state of non- thought through this practice. Even though there are many thoughts, with practice we develop the beginning of non-thought and the result of that development of reduced thought is that pristine wisdom gradually dawns.
14. Delighted to become a lineage heir ofthe Dakpo Buddhas, 15. I am moved to lift my voice in appreciation.
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THE SPIRITUAL SONG OF LODRO THAYE
Having first met and supplicated Perna Nyingche Wangpo, Jamgon Kongtrul was able to enter into the teachings of the Dakpo Kagyu and able to do these practices. 4 Through his devotion and supplication and receiving these blessings and receiving the indications of the blessings, Jamgon Kongtrul Rinpoche feels like a child of the lineage, a possessor, or almost successor, of this lineage, and realizing this he is extremely pleased and very happy and joyful.
So Jamgon Kongtrul made supplications to the lama, and based on the supplications he received blessing, then through the blessing realization dawned. After attaining realization he reflected on how realization had arisen due to faith and how one needs to mix one's mind with the lama's, and how if one doesn't, then experience and realization won't arise. It was not really enough for these experiences to have arisen in him alone, so he explains this to everybody so that they will receive the blessing of the lama and practice in this same way. Then the desire to compose this song arose in him.
16. From the dakini's secret treasure in Uddiyana in the West, 17. The great siddha Tilo
18. Opened the treasure chest o fthe three gems.
Up to this point Jamgon Kongtrul has been talking about his root lama and the benefits ofthe practice ofthe lama. After describing the great blessing ofthe root lama, he goes on to describe the lineage lamas who are the source of these powerful oral instructions and practices. "In Uddiyana in the West" is a poetic devise in which "West" means west to Bodhgaya in India. As described in the spiritual biography of Tilopa, he traveled miraculously to Uddiyana, the dakini's land and received three special or pith instructions from Uddiyana and these are the Three Gems (Tib. norbu sum) ofTilopa. The first special instruction ofTilopa was the "wish-fulfilling jewel
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37
oflineage," the second "the wish-fulfilling jewel ofmaturation," and the third "the wish-fulfilling jewel of the path of liberation. " The first jewel deals with the instructions, supplication, and devotion in the guru yoga practice. The second one explains the Six Yogas of Naropa, for developing the channels, winds, and energies5 in order to attain liberation. The third path of liberation is Mahamudra practice which doesn't involve practice of the channels, winds, or energies, but involves meditating naturally in samadhi, and based on this meditation, realization arises.
So, the founder of the Kagyu lineage, Tilopa, brought from Uddiyana, from Chakrasamvara, and from Vajradhara these special instructions called the Three Gems.
Of the two approaches (the path of method and the path of liberation), the path of liberation is doing very hard meditation and the path of method is employing various means for developing the life-giving energy of the body or the prana. When one has some control over the prana by being able to restrict or bind it, the experience ofheat arises. With the experience ofheat, the experience of bliss arises. With the experience of bliss, one's realization and experience becomes clearer and clearer. When this clarity is attained through the path of method, eventually wisdom or prajna will dawn.
19. A t the monastery o fSplendid Ravishing Flowers in the North 20. The learnedgreatpandita Naropa
21. Engendered the sign o fattainment o finseparable prana-mind.
The second holder of the Kagyu lineage is Naropa. He is in the north in a place called "Illustrious, Seductive Flowers" which in Sanskrit is "Pupahari. " The north here indicates the University of Nalanda, a very important and special place where the Buddhadharma flourished. Here Marpa first met Naropa and received many
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THE SPIRITUAL SONG OF LODRO THAYE
teachings. There the learned one, the great pandita Naropa, displayed signs which indicated that he was a siddha whose prana and mind had become inseparable. This sign results from the exceptional practice of the Six Yogas ofNaropa. 6
Normally, "subtle wind" which is called prana in Sanskrit or lung in Tibetan is pretty much synonymous with breath. We think of prana as the inhalation and exhalation of breath, moving in and out with the body. This is our feeling or experience of prana. What we call "mind" is the movement ofdiscursive thought that we perceive. There are two kinds of prana. On the grosser level it seems simply that prana is this feeling of the body inhaling and exhaling. But on a closer examination, prana is the moving of the mind which creates the feeling ofprana. The mind and thoughts are connected with the prana because they are both moving. We believe inhalation is one thing and our thought process is another. But in fact they are inseparable. For instance, the feeling of lung, the feeling of wind being exhaled and inhaled, is actually just a perception of mind. If we try to locate exactly where this prana is by asking, "Is it in our body? Is it outside our body? and so on, we simply can't find it solidly existing like a typhoon. The exhalations and inhalations are mental phenomena.
The experience of the inseparability of prana and mind begins to happen with the practice ofsubtle heat (Tib. tummo) in which we are working on our breath, particularly holding the breath. When we hold the breath we start to notice that the mind also stays. Then the physical obscurations are cleared and bliss is generated. When this happens, there is more and more clarity and insight into the nature of mind. This engenders the realization of the inseparability of mind and prana. By changing the mind we can change the prana, by changing the prana we can change the mind. This is why there are so many meditations based on the breath; they show this inseparability
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of mind and breath. In the beginning of tranquility (Skt. Shamatha) meditation we focus on our exhalation and inhalation. By calming the breath, we calm the mind and less thoughts arise. All the way up to the practice of subtle heat where we hold the breath and cultivate the prana, we meditate on breath. Even in the visualization practice ofVajrayogini, the vajra recitation of this practice is based on the breath.
22. In the valley ofherbs, Drowolung, in the South, 23. The translator, an emanation ofHevajra,
24. Established the wellspring o fall siddhas.
The next lineage holder is Marpa Lotsawa. The line, "In the valley of herbs, Drowolung, in the South" means that it is a very isolated area where many different plants and medicinal herbs grow which wouldn't grow in populated areas. So this really means in the wilderness. Marpa (who came from the Trowo valley in Tibet) was actually an emanation ofHevajra and being an emanation ofHevajra, his main activity was to translate books from the Indian languages into Tibetan. He is called a lotsawa, which means "a translator. " He stayed in Trowolung which was an isolated place but the "wellspring of all siddhas" means that although it was isolated, many disciples came and because the special teachings were so profound, they attained siddhi. They in turn transmitted these teachings to others who also became siddhas. Therefore it is said that Marpa established the source of the river, which is a spring, from which many siddhas have arisen. The reason is that the special teachings were so profound.
25. In the Lachi snow mountains o fthe "West 26. The excellent being, Laughing Vajra,
27. Attained the state o funity in one lifetime.
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THE SPIRITUAL SONG OF LODRO THAYE
Then the lineage continues to Milarepa whose main abode was the snow mountain range of Lachi. The fact that a cold region was his main abode is an indication of his practice of subtle heat. He is called Shepa Dorje or "Laughing Vajra," because when Marpa bestowed the empowerment of Chakrasamvara on him, Chakrasamvara was seen actually appearing and giving the name "Laughing Vajra" to Milarepa. Because he had these exceptional teachings and put them into practice, Milarepa attained the ability to reach the state of union (enlightenment) in a single lifetime.
28. In the pure land ofDhaklha Campo in the East
29. The honorable doctor, the second Buddha,
30. Actualized the samadhi o fthe tenth bodhisattva level
Milarepa passed on these special and exceptional teachings to Gampopa who was like a second Buddha. By putting these exceptional teachings from Milarepa into practice, Gampopa was able to actualize the samadhi of the tenth bodhisattva level (Skt. bhumi). In the East in the pure land called Dhaklha Gampo, Gampopa established Dhaklha Gampo Monastery as his main seat and continued the lineage. So there were these first lineage holders: Tilopa, Naropa, Marpa, Milarepa, and Gampopa.
31. In the holy places ofthe body, speech, and mind centers, 32. The many siddhas ofthefour great and eight lesser lineages 33. Gained the essential power o fMahamudra
34. And couldn't help but reach Buddhahood.
The line "in the holy places of body, speech, and mind centers" refers to the three main seats begun by Dusum Khyenpa (the first Karmapa) where the Karma Kagyu teachings flourished. The
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monasteries referred to are Gampo (body), Karma Gon (speech), and Tsurphu (mind) monasteries. These are the three sources or three original seats o f the Karma Kagyu teachings which Jamgon Kongtrul says are like the purified aspects of the chakras of body, speech, and mind, and that many siddhas arose from these centers.
Gampopa had many disciples and in these places ofbody, speech, and mind arose the four greater and eight lesser lineages ofthe Kagyu tradition. He gave some teachings to some disciples and other teachings to other disciples. He had twelve main disciples each of whom in turn completely passed on the special instructions they had received. In this way, they developed an unbroken lineage o f the four greater and the eight lesser Kagyu schools. 7
So in this way all the way down to one's root lama there have been unimaginable siddhas. All these various lamas of the Kagyu lineage are like siddhas or Buddhas because they practiced and mastered the Mahamudra. There was no way for them not to attain Buddhahood.
35. Expert in the attracting power through bodhichitta, 36. They couldn't help but bring benefit to beings.
These lineage lamas were able to benefit an unimaginable number ofbeings. Each one had many, many disciples who were very special individuals who were naturally drawn to them. The reason that they had these many disciples and were able to spread their teachings so widely was that they had bodhichitta. They had the aspiration to attain enlightenment which came from their desire to benefit beings. If one has bodhichitta, then automatically beings are drawn to one because of the bodhichitta. However, it will be very noticeable if someone with the desire to be surrounded by an entourage tries to promote him or hersel( People can usually tell if something is not
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THE SPIRITUAL SONG OF LODRO THAYE
very straightforward or honest and nobody comes. But if one has a sincere wish to help beings, then just from the power of the bodhichitta, beings gather around and there is an automatic ability to help many beings. The text says that because the lineage lamas are skilled in bodhichitta, there is no way beings will not be spontaneously or automatically helped through this bodhichitta, and there is no way not to help beings.
37. Having perfected the two accumulations, this profound attainment ofwealth,
38. They could not help but experience enjoyment.
These lineage lamas also naturally acquired a great deal ofwealth and necessities. If one thinks that there is something wrong with dharma practitioners acquiring wealth, then this is not quite a correct view. These genuine beings have no choice. These things are simply accumulated because they had completely accomplished the two accumulations of merit and wisdom. Having completed their accumulation of merit and wisdom, wealth and possessions automatically followed.
39. Developing the knowledge that "understanding one liberates all. " 40. They couldn't help but fulfill their great prophecies.
Because these lamas all had great transcendent wisdom or prajna, all had received prophecies by the Buddha. For instance, the appearance of Gampopa and Jamgon Kongtrul were predicted in the sutras. They had prophecies due to their great insight and wisdom. This did not come about through many studies and working really hard but by developing the knowledge that "understanding one liberates all. " Ifone really knows the meaning ofdharmata, the nature
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43
oftrue being, then one knows everything, so for this reason they had transcendental wisdom (Tib. yeshe).
So up to this point this spiritual song has reviewed the necessity of faith and devotion in the root and lineage lamas.
Questions
Question: What is unobstructed mind?
Rinpoche: Unobstructed means first of all unborn. If something is not born, there is no ceasing. then when you see that it is empty of essence, then there is no obstruction. If something were solid and corporeal it would be an obstruction. If at first there is emptiness, then there can be no thing to obstruct.
Mind's very nature is empty, therefore, the appearances that arrive from within that emptiness are also by nature empty, they basically have no intrinsic reality.
Question: What is mind? Is it opposed to objects?
Rinpoche: To our perception it seems that mind arises based on objects. But really, objects arise based on mind. Without investigating it, mind seems to arise in response to objects. But ifyou really examine mind when it seems to arise, you see it is empty ofessence. Therefore, it is called unborn and unceasing. Sometimes the terms "unobstructed," "unmoving," "primordially permanent" and "undemonstratable" and so forth are used. The reason is that its essential nature is non-existent. There is no way to say, "here it is," or "it is like this. "
Question: If mind is unobstructed, how does karma fit in? Rinpoche: As we discussed previously, there is the way it is and the way it is confused (or appears). Mind being permanent, unchanging,
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THE SPIRITUAL SONG OF LODRO THAYE
etc. These are statements in relation to the way it is. Karmic cause and effect are used in terms of the confusion. From the perspective ofconfusion, anything can arise. When anything arises, karma takes place. As is said, "awareness is the selfand intrinsic radiance is the effect. " There is the perception of the existence of self and outer objects, and based on that actions are accumulated, and based on that their results occur, then the essential nature is completely lost. The root ofall that, however, is the mind and in it there is not even a bit ofexistence. This is the whole point ofmeditating on the nature ofmind-it is the root ofthe whole thing.
For example, on television we can watch the news from India or Russia or anything. But when we turn off the television it is basically dumb and speechless and can't show anything at all. Like this, anything that arises does so in basic bewilderment, but if you really look at the root or source, if you meditate on the mind, you see it is empty of anything. If you just look at the turned off television nothing is there.
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231. As I am holding the sign ofyour noble lineage,
232. Please lead me quickly to the kingdom ofnon-meditation.
233. Kind ones, please completely purify my rigid mind in the dhatu. 234. Fruition Mahamudra is concerned with
235. The ground is introduced as one's own foce, the innate three
kayas;
236. The path consists in concentrating on the view and meditation; 237. And thefruition is the manifestation ofthe immaculate
three kayas.
238. The dharmakaya is the basis, emptiness without any elaboration. 239. The sambhogakaya is its brilliance, the naturally luminous.
240. The nirmanakaya is the unceasing play o fvarious manifestations 241. Encompassing all things,
242. The nature ofMahamudra is coincidence.
243. The realm o fdharmas free from accepting or rejecting.
244. Possessing the beauty ofunconditioned bliss,
245. It is the great and vast wealth ofwisdom.
246. It is the naturalform o fkindness transcending thought.
247. Because ofwisdom, one does not stay in samsara
248. Because o fcompassion, one does not stay in nirvana
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THE SPIRITUAL SONG OF LODRO THAYE
249. Activities are spontaneously accomplished without effort. 250. The luminosities o fground and path, combine like mother
and child.
251. Ground andfruition will be joined together
252. Buddhahood is found in one's own mind.
253. The treasure that fulfills all wishes is revealed
254. E rna! What a great wonder!
255. Regarding the view o fMahamudra
256. Analysis cannot define it.
257. Therefore, throw knowledge ofmental constructions away! 258. Regarding the meditation o fMahamudra
259. Concentration on a thought cannot get through
260. Therefore abandon artificial resting in meditative equipoise. 261. Regarding the action o fMahamudra
262. Rules do not apply.
263. Therefore free yourselffrom notions o facting and not acting. 264. Regardingthefruition ofMahamudra
265. Nothing new can be attained.
266. Therefore cast away hoping, fearing, and desiring.
267. This is the profound intention o fall Kagyupas.
268. It is the only path used by all the Buddhas and bodhisattvas. 269. It is the method to turn away the confused circle o fexistence 210. It is dharma for obtaining Buddhahood in one lifetime, 271. The heart essence ofthe sutra and tantra teachings.
271. May I and all sentient beings reaching as for as space
212. Simultaneously attain realization and be liberated.
273. May we reach the supreme Mahamudra state.
? ? The Song of Lodro Thaye
commentary by
KHABJE I<HENCHEN THRANGU RINPOCHE
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The Importance of the Lineage Lamas
IN THE WORDS OF THE BUDDHA or the sutras and the practices of Mahamudra it is especially important to supplicate the root and lineage lamas. It was said that it is most important to supplicate one's own root or main lama so that one will receive the blessings. The most important method to receive blessing is through devotion (Tib. mogu).
In the sutras of the Buddha, there were predictions stating that in later times when the dharma would degenerate, there would be ways to prevent the degeneration ofthe dharma and make it flourish. One prediction was that there would be a special individual named Lodro who would prevent or forestall this degeneration. It is said he would prevent the degeneration of the dharma "in five ways"1 and make it flourish. This was foretold by the Buddha in the King of Samadhi sutra and elsewhere.
The glorious, holy guru Lodro Thaye, also called KarmaNgakwang Yonten Gyatso, after having accomplished the realization of Mahamudra composed this spiritual song (Skt. doha, Tib. gyur). It is entitled, The Self-Arising Innate Song upon Acquiring a Mere Glimpse o f Certainty in the View and Meditation o fthe Incomparable Dakpo Kagyu. This spiritual song discusses the practice of Mahamudra meditation.
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THE SPIRITUAL SONG OF LODRO THAYE
The most important aspect of this practice is the supplication of the root and lineage lamas. From the root guru one receives blessings. Most important in receiving blessings is to have devotion. Therefore the song begins by praising the lineage of these teachings.
I. Vajradhara, the illustrious one,
2. Said to possess eight enlightened qualities
At the very beginning ofthis spiritual song, it says that Vajradhara was exceptional because he is endowed with eight special qualities. Vajradhara is the dharmakaya and therefore has the eight qualities or aspects. On the ordinary level these are of the five elements of (1) earth, (2) water, (3) fire, (4) air or wind, and (5) space, to which are added (6) red and (7) white elements from the mother and father and (8) consciousness. 2 In the case of the dharmakaya Vajradhara, these are completely pure.
In general, our experience is that our body consists of the eight elements. To us they appear to provide our vitality and life-force. But these substances are really a cause of bewildered appearances and keep us limited, unable to develop. For instance, the earth element gives us strength, the power ofour body. But it is not vast so there is a limit to our physical strength because the earth element has a limiting quality. However, when the earth element is pure at the level of dharmakaya Vajradhara, then the siddhis and enlightened activities are unimaginable. Similarly, the water element gives us illness and experiences of happiness and sadness and so on. When it is completely pure at the level ofa Buddha, however, it is naturally free from illness, sadness, and pain. The fire element gives us the ability to have bodily warmth and vigor, but it is not unlimited either. If it is pure, the dharmakaya and the sambhogakaya have the ability to radiate light unimaginable and vast throughout all the Buddha realms
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with no limit. The wind element gives us the ability to move and perform activities and actions. But again this is not unlimited activity. On the level of the dharmakaya this purified element has the ability ofendless, unimaginable miraculous powers. The space element adds a quality oflightness to our being and we would just kind ofimplode if we didn't have the space element as part of us. But still it is a restriction. In the purified aspect ofdharmakaya, it makes complete and total unobstructed manifestation of everything possible. In addition to these five main elements there is a red element and a white element. The red element allows us to have a body: it allows for the development and existence of a body. But it does not have the power to emanate bodies. With the purification of the red element endless emanations ofthe body are possible. The white element gives us a feeling of happiness or bliss. This bliss is a very limited kind of bliss and is not the limitless bliss that is experienced when the white element is completely purified. The eighth element is consciousness which allows us to understand, to see, to hear, smell, taste, and so on. But essentially it is ignorant knowing in a limited way, that consciousness cannot know fully. When the element ofconsciousness is purified and wisdom (Skt. jnana, Tib. yeshe) arises, one attains the state of understanding all phenomena or omniscience. When these eight qualities are completely pure, then the enlightened activities of the dharmakaya of a Buddha are endless and boundless.
3. Appears to me, an ordinary person,
4. As a man called Padma, the protector, foil ofblessings.
Although Vajradhara is widely known as the dharmakaya possessed with these eight qualities, to Jamgon Kongtrul he doesn't appear in this way, but in a human form, i. e. , his guru. Jamgon Kongtrul received all of the instructions and all the blessings from
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his root guru, the ninth Situ, Perna Nyingche Wangpo, and therefore he supplicates him as the lord named Padma who is endowed with the blessing. Jamgon Kongtrul had exceptional faith and devotion to his lama, Perna Nyingche Wangpo, and regarded him as actually being Vajradhara. Even though he had human form, Jamgon Kongtrul thought that he actually was Vajradhara with all the eight qualities and so the qualities of devotion arose in his stream of being. We as disciples should do likewise by having absolute faith in our root lama so much so that we regard him or her as Vajradhara. Whether our lama is exceptionally learned or has extraordinary qualities or not, we should still think he or she is definitely Vajradhara.
With sacred outlook or pure vision, Jamgon Kongtrul regarded his lama as Vajradhara even though he appeared to look like a human being. So Jamgon Kongtrul says, "To me he appears to be only a human, but in fact he is actually Vajradhara. " In the same way, through our sacred outlook, we should regard our root lama without faults, and if there are no spiritual qualities, we should regard him or her as having spiritual qualities. With pure vision we should see the lama with faults as without faults, and the lama without good qualities as with good qualities. 3
5. I supplicateyou: neverfor a moment leave 6. The eight-petaled lotus-dome ofmy heart.
We should regard the lama as being Vajradhara with the eight qualities and also we should constantly keep in mind and pray one- pointedly and supplicate the lama. It says that in one's heart, visualized in a tent of an eight-petaled lotus, there dwells the lama and the lama is there constantly. So not even for a second are we separated from the lama and so we can continuously recall the root lama.
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In the practice of Mahamudra devotion is crucial. It is said in the Kagyu lineage prayer (Tib. Dorje Chang Thungma) that "devotion is the head ofmeditation. " Ifsomeone doesn't have a head, they can't eat food, can't listen to anything, and can't see anything, and so on. But if they have a head, then they can eat and talk and see and hear. Devotion is like this because with devotion one develops one's meditation and then is able to receive the blessings of the lama. The method of bringing about devotion is supplication. That is why in Mahamudra practices, we rely on guru yoga as the method to develop devotion. Jamgon Kongtrul shows that he has devotion in this way and that we should also supplicate the lama and arouse devotion. In the case of Chogyam Trungpa Rinpoche, for instance, his guru yoga practice was a sadhana practice combining Karma Pakshi (the second Karmapa) and Dorje Trollo (the wrathful aspect of Guru Rinpoche) arising from his pure vision.
7. ThoughIamnotgracedwithsimultaneousliberationandrealization, 8. I am blessed with just recognizing my own true nature.
What are the benefits ofsupplicating and meditating on the lamas and arousing devotion? It is possible to attain realization and liberation, instantaneously, such as happened with King Indrabhuti who received the Mahamudra teachings, attained realization, and instantly became liberated at the same time. Jamgon Kongtrul says that he's not as fortunate as King Indrabhuti who attained realization and was liberated instantly through his devotion. However, through his devotion and meditation on the lama, Jamgon Kongtrul received enough blessing to understand the essence of his mind.
9. Obsession with the eight worldly concerns has decreased.
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THE SPIRITUAL SONG OF LODRO THAYE
What is the sign that Jamgon Kongtrul understood something of the nature of his mind through the power of his supplication and devotion? First, his attention to and attachment to the eight worldly concerns has diminished. The eight worldly concerns are phenomena which contradict dharma and keep one from dharma practice. They are (I) to be happy with pleasing things and (2) to be displeased with unpleasant phenomena; (3) to be happy with wealth and prosperity; and (4) to be displeased when not having it; (5) to be happy with praise and (6) to be displeased when one is not praised or slandered; and (7) to be happy when one has fame and (8) unhappy when one is not well known. Having excessive attachment to these can be an obstacle to the practice of dharma. But if one practices dharma well, one's attachments are diminished. So Jamgon Kongtrul is saying although he has a small understanding of his own nature, based on the lama's blessing his tendency for attachment to the eight worldly concerns is diminished.
10. By mixing my mind with the guru's
11. I have seen clearly that famous "luminous dharmakaya. "
This describes the result of his supplication, devotion, and understanding of his mind. Similarly, the next line "That famous 'luminous dharmakaya'" is about the nature ofclarity or luminosity (Tib. salwa) that everybody's heard so much about. Jamgon Kongtrul is saying, "I have seen it. I have realized it," through the kindness of his root lama, Perna Nyingche Wangpo. This was done in meditation by visualizing Perna Nyingche Wangpo on his head and receiving the four empowerments from him. In this visualization white, red, blue, and yellow light emanated from the four chakras (the forehead, the throat, the heart, and the navel) ofhis guru and entered into the four chakras ofJamgon Kongtrul. By meditating this way, he was
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completely filled with light and received the four empowerments: the vase empowerment, the secret empowerment, wisdom empowerment, and the name empowerment. The blessings of body, speech, and mind entered. Then the entire being ofPema Nyingche Wangpo dissolved into light and melted into Jamgon Kongtrul making him and his guru inseparable. The mind of the guru and the mind ofJamgon Kongtrul completely mixed, which is called "mixing mind and mind.
" This practice is the combining of the lama's mind with one's own mind believing completely that one's mind is completely inseparable so that whatever qualities, realizations and experiences the lama's mind has are now one's own realization and experience. By just thinking and believing in this experience of the mixing of the minds, realization actually arises. Jamgon Kongtrul says, "Mind and mind mixing, I see it transparently. " This means he saw the dharmakaya. Based on the teachings of mixing the lama's mind with one's own, he is saying that we also need to practice in this way.
12. Non-thought was found amidst discursive thought 13. Wisdom dawned within non-conceptualization.
At first we are completely involved by many discursive thoughts, then gradually the thoughts clear away and we attain a state of non- thought through this practice. Even though there are many thoughts, with practice we develop the beginning of non-thought and the result of that development of reduced thought is that pristine wisdom gradually dawns.
14. Delighted to become a lineage heir ofthe Dakpo Buddhas, 15. I am moved to lift my voice in appreciation.
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THE SPIRITUAL SONG OF LODRO THAYE
Having first met and supplicated Perna Nyingche Wangpo, Jamgon Kongtrul was able to enter into the teachings of the Dakpo Kagyu and able to do these practices. 4 Through his devotion and supplication and receiving these blessings and receiving the indications of the blessings, Jamgon Kongtrul Rinpoche feels like a child of the lineage, a possessor, or almost successor, of this lineage, and realizing this he is extremely pleased and very happy and joyful.
So Jamgon Kongtrul made supplications to the lama, and based on the supplications he received blessing, then through the blessing realization dawned. After attaining realization he reflected on how realization had arisen due to faith and how one needs to mix one's mind with the lama's, and how if one doesn't, then experience and realization won't arise. It was not really enough for these experiences to have arisen in him alone, so he explains this to everybody so that they will receive the blessing of the lama and practice in this same way. Then the desire to compose this song arose in him.
16. From the dakini's secret treasure in Uddiyana in the West, 17. The great siddha Tilo
18. Opened the treasure chest o fthe three gems.
Up to this point Jamgon Kongtrul has been talking about his root lama and the benefits ofthe practice ofthe lama. After describing the great blessing ofthe root lama, he goes on to describe the lineage lamas who are the source of these powerful oral instructions and practices. "In Uddiyana in the West" is a poetic devise in which "West" means west to Bodhgaya in India. As described in the spiritual biography of Tilopa, he traveled miraculously to Uddiyana, the dakini's land and received three special or pith instructions from Uddiyana and these are the Three Gems (Tib. norbu sum) ofTilopa. The first special instruction ofTilopa was the "wish-fulfilling jewel
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oflineage," the second "the wish-fulfilling jewel ofmaturation," and the third "the wish-fulfilling jewel of the path of liberation. " The first jewel deals with the instructions, supplication, and devotion in the guru yoga practice. The second one explains the Six Yogas of Naropa, for developing the channels, winds, and energies5 in order to attain liberation. The third path of liberation is Mahamudra practice which doesn't involve practice of the channels, winds, or energies, but involves meditating naturally in samadhi, and based on this meditation, realization arises.
So, the founder of the Kagyu lineage, Tilopa, brought from Uddiyana, from Chakrasamvara, and from Vajradhara these special instructions called the Three Gems.
Of the two approaches (the path of method and the path of liberation), the path of liberation is doing very hard meditation and the path of method is employing various means for developing the life-giving energy of the body or the prana. When one has some control over the prana by being able to restrict or bind it, the experience ofheat arises. With the experience ofheat, the experience of bliss arises. With the experience of bliss, one's realization and experience becomes clearer and clearer. When this clarity is attained through the path of method, eventually wisdom or prajna will dawn.
19. A t the monastery o fSplendid Ravishing Flowers in the North 20. The learnedgreatpandita Naropa
21. Engendered the sign o fattainment o finseparable prana-mind.
The second holder of the Kagyu lineage is Naropa. He is in the north in a place called "Illustrious, Seductive Flowers" which in Sanskrit is "Pupahari. " The north here indicates the University of Nalanda, a very important and special place where the Buddhadharma flourished. Here Marpa first met Naropa and received many
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THE SPIRITUAL SONG OF LODRO THAYE
teachings. There the learned one, the great pandita Naropa, displayed signs which indicated that he was a siddha whose prana and mind had become inseparable. This sign results from the exceptional practice of the Six Yogas ofNaropa. 6
Normally, "subtle wind" which is called prana in Sanskrit or lung in Tibetan is pretty much synonymous with breath. We think of prana as the inhalation and exhalation of breath, moving in and out with the body. This is our feeling or experience of prana. What we call "mind" is the movement ofdiscursive thought that we perceive. There are two kinds of prana. On the grosser level it seems simply that prana is this feeling of the body inhaling and exhaling. But on a closer examination, prana is the moving of the mind which creates the feeling ofprana. The mind and thoughts are connected with the prana because they are both moving. We believe inhalation is one thing and our thought process is another. But in fact they are inseparable. For instance, the feeling of lung, the feeling of wind being exhaled and inhaled, is actually just a perception of mind. If we try to locate exactly where this prana is by asking, "Is it in our body? Is it outside our body? and so on, we simply can't find it solidly existing like a typhoon. The exhalations and inhalations are mental phenomena.
The experience of the inseparability of prana and mind begins to happen with the practice ofsubtle heat (Tib. tummo) in which we are working on our breath, particularly holding the breath. When we hold the breath we start to notice that the mind also stays. Then the physical obscurations are cleared and bliss is generated. When this happens, there is more and more clarity and insight into the nature of mind. This engenders the realization of the inseparability of mind and prana. By changing the mind we can change the prana, by changing the prana we can change the mind. This is why there are so many meditations based on the breath; they show this inseparability
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of mind and breath. In the beginning of tranquility (Skt. Shamatha) meditation we focus on our exhalation and inhalation. By calming the breath, we calm the mind and less thoughts arise. All the way up to the practice of subtle heat where we hold the breath and cultivate the prana, we meditate on breath. Even in the visualization practice ofVajrayogini, the vajra recitation of this practice is based on the breath.
22. In the valley ofherbs, Drowolung, in the South, 23. The translator, an emanation ofHevajra,
24. Established the wellspring o fall siddhas.
The next lineage holder is Marpa Lotsawa. The line, "In the valley of herbs, Drowolung, in the South" means that it is a very isolated area where many different plants and medicinal herbs grow which wouldn't grow in populated areas. So this really means in the wilderness. Marpa (who came from the Trowo valley in Tibet) was actually an emanation ofHevajra and being an emanation ofHevajra, his main activity was to translate books from the Indian languages into Tibetan. He is called a lotsawa, which means "a translator. " He stayed in Trowolung which was an isolated place but the "wellspring of all siddhas" means that although it was isolated, many disciples came and because the special teachings were so profound, they attained siddhi. They in turn transmitted these teachings to others who also became siddhas. Therefore it is said that Marpa established the source of the river, which is a spring, from which many siddhas have arisen. The reason is that the special teachings were so profound.
25. In the Lachi snow mountains o fthe "West 26. The excellent being, Laughing Vajra,
27. Attained the state o funity in one lifetime.
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THE SPIRITUAL SONG OF LODRO THAYE
Then the lineage continues to Milarepa whose main abode was the snow mountain range of Lachi. The fact that a cold region was his main abode is an indication of his practice of subtle heat. He is called Shepa Dorje or "Laughing Vajra," because when Marpa bestowed the empowerment of Chakrasamvara on him, Chakrasamvara was seen actually appearing and giving the name "Laughing Vajra" to Milarepa. Because he had these exceptional teachings and put them into practice, Milarepa attained the ability to reach the state of union (enlightenment) in a single lifetime.
28. In the pure land ofDhaklha Campo in the East
29. The honorable doctor, the second Buddha,
30. Actualized the samadhi o fthe tenth bodhisattva level
Milarepa passed on these special and exceptional teachings to Gampopa who was like a second Buddha. By putting these exceptional teachings from Milarepa into practice, Gampopa was able to actualize the samadhi of the tenth bodhisattva level (Skt. bhumi). In the East in the pure land called Dhaklha Gampo, Gampopa established Dhaklha Gampo Monastery as his main seat and continued the lineage. So there were these first lineage holders: Tilopa, Naropa, Marpa, Milarepa, and Gampopa.
31. In the holy places ofthe body, speech, and mind centers, 32. The many siddhas ofthefour great and eight lesser lineages 33. Gained the essential power o fMahamudra
34. And couldn't help but reach Buddhahood.
The line "in the holy places of body, speech, and mind centers" refers to the three main seats begun by Dusum Khyenpa (the first Karmapa) where the Karma Kagyu teachings flourished. The
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monasteries referred to are Gampo (body), Karma Gon (speech), and Tsurphu (mind) monasteries. These are the three sources or three original seats o f the Karma Kagyu teachings which Jamgon Kongtrul says are like the purified aspects of the chakras of body, speech, and mind, and that many siddhas arose from these centers.
Gampopa had many disciples and in these places ofbody, speech, and mind arose the four greater and eight lesser lineages ofthe Kagyu tradition. He gave some teachings to some disciples and other teachings to other disciples. He had twelve main disciples each of whom in turn completely passed on the special instructions they had received. In this way, they developed an unbroken lineage o f the four greater and the eight lesser Kagyu schools. 7
So in this way all the way down to one's root lama there have been unimaginable siddhas. All these various lamas of the Kagyu lineage are like siddhas or Buddhas because they practiced and mastered the Mahamudra. There was no way for them not to attain Buddhahood.
35. Expert in the attracting power through bodhichitta, 36. They couldn't help but bring benefit to beings.
These lineage lamas were able to benefit an unimaginable number ofbeings. Each one had many, many disciples who were very special individuals who were naturally drawn to them. The reason that they had these many disciples and were able to spread their teachings so widely was that they had bodhichitta. They had the aspiration to attain enlightenment which came from their desire to benefit beings. If one has bodhichitta, then automatically beings are drawn to one because of the bodhichitta. However, it will be very noticeable if someone with the desire to be surrounded by an entourage tries to promote him or hersel( People can usually tell if something is not
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THE SPIRITUAL SONG OF LODRO THAYE
very straightforward or honest and nobody comes. But if one has a sincere wish to help beings, then just from the power of the bodhichitta, beings gather around and there is an automatic ability to help many beings. The text says that because the lineage lamas are skilled in bodhichitta, there is no way beings will not be spontaneously or automatically helped through this bodhichitta, and there is no way not to help beings.
37. Having perfected the two accumulations, this profound attainment ofwealth,
38. They could not help but experience enjoyment.
These lineage lamas also naturally acquired a great deal ofwealth and necessities. If one thinks that there is something wrong with dharma practitioners acquiring wealth, then this is not quite a correct view. These genuine beings have no choice. These things are simply accumulated because they had completely accomplished the two accumulations of merit and wisdom. Having completed their accumulation of merit and wisdom, wealth and possessions automatically followed.
39. Developing the knowledge that "understanding one liberates all. " 40. They couldn't help but fulfill their great prophecies.
Because these lamas all had great transcendent wisdom or prajna, all had received prophecies by the Buddha. For instance, the appearance of Gampopa and Jamgon Kongtrul were predicted in the sutras. They had prophecies due to their great insight and wisdom. This did not come about through many studies and working really hard but by developing the knowledge that "understanding one liberates all. " Ifone really knows the meaning ofdharmata, the nature
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oftrue being, then one knows everything, so for this reason they had transcendental wisdom (Tib. yeshe).
So up to this point this spiritual song has reviewed the necessity of faith and devotion in the root and lineage lamas.
Questions
Question: What is unobstructed mind?
Rinpoche: Unobstructed means first of all unborn. If something is not born, there is no ceasing. then when you see that it is empty of essence, then there is no obstruction. If something were solid and corporeal it would be an obstruction. If at first there is emptiness, then there can be no thing to obstruct.
Mind's very nature is empty, therefore, the appearances that arrive from within that emptiness are also by nature empty, they basically have no intrinsic reality.
Question: What is mind? Is it opposed to objects?
Rinpoche: To our perception it seems that mind arises based on objects. But really, objects arise based on mind. Without investigating it, mind seems to arise in response to objects. But ifyou really examine mind when it seems to arise, you see it is empty ofessence. Therefore, it is called unborn and unceasing. Sometimes the terms "unobstructed," "unmoving," "primordially permanent" and "undemonstratable" and so forth are used. The reason is that its essential nature is non-existent. There is no way to say, "here it is," or "it is like this. "
Question: If mind is unobstructed, how does karma fit in? Rinpoche: As we discussed previously, there is the way it is and the way it is confused (or appears). Mind being permanent, unchanging,
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etc. These are statements in relation to the way it is. Karmic cause and effect are used in terms of the confusion. From the perspective ofconfusion, anything can arise. When anything arises, karma takes place. As is said, "awareness is the selfand intrinsic radiance is the effect. " There is the perception of the existence of self and outer objects, and based on that actions are accumulated, and based on that their results occur, then the essential nature is completely lost. The root ofall that, however, is the mind and in it there is not even a bit ofexistence. This is the whole point ofmeditating on the nature ofmind-it is the root ofthe whole thing.
For example, on television we can watch the news from India or Russia or anything. But when we turn off the television it is basically dumb and speechless and can't show anything at all. Like this, anything that arises does so in basic bewilderment, but if you really look at the root or source, if you meditate on the mind, you see it is empty of anything. If you just look at the turned off television nothing is there.
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