1833, in
one and forty so-called Socratic Epistles, the same the Corpus Scriptorum Eroticorum Graecorum).
one and forty so-called Socratic Epistles, the same the Corpus Scriptorum Eroticorum Graecorum).
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
However true discuss the mode of improving the revenue by a
it may be, it is apt to be insipid and to appear better management of the Athenian silver mines,
exaggerated.
and to show that provision may thus be made for
The Hipparchicus ('InTapxikós) is a treatise on the poorer citizens and other purposes, without
the duties of a commander of cavalry, and it con- levying contributions on the allies and the subject
tains many military precepts. One would be in- states. This treatise was translated into English
clined to suppose that it was written at Athens, by Walter Moyle, 1697, 8vo. , and is reprinted in
but this conclusion, like many others from internal his works. Böckh, in his Public Economy of
evidence, is not satisfactory. A strain of devotion Athens, translated into English by G. C. Lewis,
runs through the treatise ; and on this the author has discussed this treatise of Xenoplion, and the
makes the following remark near the end : “ Now matter of it.
if any one admire that I have often used the ex- In the Memorabilia of Socrates, in four books
pression “God willing,' he must know that if he (Atournuovevuara Lwkpátous) Xenophon defends
bappen to be frequently in a state of danger, he the memory of bis master against the charge of
will admire the less ; and if he consider, that when irreligion (i. 1) and of corrupting the Athenian
there is war, the hostile parties form their designs youth. Socrates is represented as holding a series
against one another, but very seldom know what of conversations, in which be developes and in-
designs are formed against them severally. But all culcates moral doctrines in his peculiar fashion. It
these things the gods kuow, and presignify them is entirely a practical work, such as we might
to whom they please by means of sacrifices, birds, expect from the practical nature of Xenophon's
voices, and dreams. "
mind, and it professes to exhibit Socrates as he
The treatise on the Horse ('ITALÝ) was written taught. It is true that it may exhibit only one
after the Hipparchicus, to which treatise he refers side of the Socratic argumentation, and that it does
at the end of the treatise on the Horse. “ Since," not deal in those subtleties and verbal disputes
says Xenophon, at the beginning of this treatise, which occupy 80 large a space in some of Plato's
it happens that I have been accustomed to riding dialogues. Xenophon was a hearer of Socrates, an
a horse for a long time, I consider that I am well admirer of his master, and anxious to defend his
acquainted with horses, and I wish to show my memory. The charges against Socrates for which
younger friends in what way I think that they he suffered were (Mem. i. 1), that “Socrates was
may best meddle in the matter of a horse. " The guilty of not believing in the gods which the state
treatise is not limited to horsenianship, as regards believed in, and in introducing other new daemons
the rider: it shows how a man is to avoid being (dawóvia): he was also guilty of corrupting the
cheated in buying a horse, how a horse is to be youth. ” Xenophon (c. 1, 2) replies to these two
trained, and the like. In the beginning of the charges specifically ; and he then goes on to show
treatise Xenophon refers to a treatise on the same (c. 3) what Socrates' mode of life was.
The
subject by Sinon. The 'Itrikh was translated whole treatise is intended to be an answer to the
into English, and printed by Henry Denham, charge for which Socrates was executed, and it is,
London, 1584, 4to.
therefore, in its nature, not intended to be a com-
The Cynegeticus (KuvnyetikÓS) is a treatise on plete exhibition of Socrates. That it is a genuine
hunting, an amusement of which Xenophon was picture of the man, is indisputable, and it is the
very fond ; and on the dog, and the breeding and most valuable memorial that we have of the prac-
training of dogs, on the various kinds of game, and tical pbilosophy of Socrates. The Memorabiliu
the mode of taking them. It is a treatise written will always be undervalued by the lovers of the
by a genuine sportsman, who loved the exercise transcendental, who give to an unintelligible jargon
and the excitement of the chase ; and it may be of words the name of philosophy: it comes too
read with delight by any
nan who deserves near the common understanding (communis sensus)
the name.
of mankind to be valued by those who would raise
The two treatises on the Spartan and Athenian themselves above this common understanding, and
states (Λακεδαιμονίων Πολιτεία, and 'Αθηναίων | who have yet to learn that there is not a single
Noditela) were not always recognised as genuine notion of philosophy which is not expressed or in-
works of Xenophon, even by the ancients. They volved by implication in the common language of
pass, however, under his name, and there is nothing life. The Memorabilia and the Apology of So-
in the internal evidence that appears to throw any | crates (Απολογία Σωκράτους προς τους δικαστές)
doubt on the authorship. The writer clearly prefers have been translated into English by Sarah Field-
Sputan to Athenian institutions. The “Republic ing. The Apology of Socrates contains the rensolis
403
66
od the usages of Santa Fe the
of which he constricted his paim
e gropaedia is evidence estar
id nos like the perccal cec
ountry, and that a related
adom appeared to biz meste
like Atheas. The respons
conclusion, in which Setter
Persians had dexenerated by
is doubled by state cu *
e no suficient reasons
. The
the "Persians of his size, Leth
| among them, were priced a
ential to cards the gods and loss
and more dishonest to coast
Acrous in mar por that there
í ant man has a contrat 43
e looks to their acis, chai che
of what I sar. " The Curines s
mºst pleasing of Yeneroae 'Fas
as many good hints on the treated
nophon's remarks are pria; *
lis writings any thoughes that cake is
ound or new, but se z'rare este
rration of human life, fordi Reis,
pose. The dring sperc) si (1:33
1r of the pupil of Gerales, and list
ste, 2) has transferred the maxi
te bis argument for the innat
This passage mar be 2013
Penophon's belief in the erster sta
) independent of the organes det er
acts. “I nerer cond be presente
tls, that the soul ii reso
## p. 1302 (#1318) ##########################################
1302
XENOPHON.
XENOPHON.
little correc
describe it a
the constitu
ment to the
laws for a
matter, the
1
the vitale
There a
of the se
rica, the
in type 1
elder Ald
as & supi
the rent
E. Bonis
Leo X.
66
100 con
treatise
teatise
wantin
specim
of Xer
printei
all the
thoug
Reach
and 1
linge:
text
Step
and
editi
which induced Socrates to prefer death to life. It seventh chapter is on the duty of a good wife, as
is not a first-rate performance ; and because they exemplified in the case of the wife of Ischomachus.
do not consider it worthy of Xenophon, some critics The wife's duty is to look after the interior of the
would deny that he is the author ; but this is an household: the husband labours out of doors and pro-
inconclusive reason. Laërtius states that Xenophon duces that which the wiſe must use with frugality.
wrote an Apologia, and the original is as likely to The wife's duty is to stay at home, and not to gad
have come down to us as a forgery.
abroad. It is an excellent chapter, abundani in
In the Symposium (Suurboiov), or 'Banquet of good things, worthy of a woman's careful perusal,
Philosophers, Xenophon delineates the character of and adapted to practice. A wife who is perpetually
Socrates. The speakers are supposed to meet at leaving her home, is not the wife that Xenophon
the house of Callias, a rich Athenian, at the cele would have. It is a notion which one sees in some
bration of the great Panathenaea. Socrates, Cra- modern writers, that the attachment of husband
tibulus, Antisthenes, Charınides, and others are and wife, independent of the sexual passion, and
the speakers. The accessories of the entertainment their permanent love after both have grown old, is
are managed with skill, and the piece is interesting a characteristic of modern society, and that the
as a picture of an Athenian drinking party, and of men of Greece and Rome were not susceptible of
the amusement and conversation with which it that affection which survives the decay of a woman's
was diversified. The nature of love and friendship youth and beauty. The notion is too absurd to
is discussed. Some critics think that the Sym- need confutation. The duties of a wife, says
posium is a juvenile performance, and that the Ischomachus, give her great opportunities, by ex-
Symposium of Plato was written after that of Xe- ercising which she will not have to fear " that as
nophon ; but it is an old tradition that the Sympo- she grows older she will receive less respect in the
sium of Plato was written before that of Xenophon. household, but may be assured that as she advances
The Symposium was translated into English by in life, the better companion she becomes to her
James Wellwood, 1710, reprinted 1750.
husband and the better guardian of her children,
The Hiero (ʻlépwr A Tupavvikós) is a dialogue the more respect she will receive. " This is one of
between king Hiero and Simonides, in which the the best treatises of Xenophon. It has been
king speaks of the dangers and difficulties incident several times translated into English. The last
to an exalted station, and the superior happiness translation appears to be by R. Bradley, London,
of a private man. The poet, on the other hand, 1727, 8vo.
enumerates the advantages which the possession of A man's character cannot be entirely derived
power gives, and the means which it offers of oblig- from his writings, especially if they treat of exact
ing and doing services. Hiero speaks of the burden science. Yet a man's writings are some index of
of power, and answers Simonides, who wonders his character, and when they are of a popular and
why a man should keep that which is so trouble varied kind, not a bad index. Xenophon, as we
some, by saying that power is a thing which a know him from his writings, was a humane man,
man cannot safely lay down. Simonides offers at least for his age, a man of good understanding
some suggestions as to the best use of power, and and strong religious feelings : we might call bim
the way of employing it for the public interest. superstitious, if the name superstition had a well-
It is suggested by Letronne that Xenophon may defined meaning. Some modern critics, who can
have been led to write this treatise by what he judge of matters of antiquity with as much positive-
saw at the court of Dionysius ; and, as already ness as if all the evidence that exists were un-
stated, there is a story of his having visited Sicily doubted evidence, and as if they had all the evi-
in the lifetime of the tyrant of Syracuse. A trans- dence that is required, find much to object to in
lation of this piece, which is attributed to Elizabeth, Xenophon's conduct as a citizen. He did not like
queen of England, first appeared in an octavo vo Athenian institutions altogether ; but a man is
lume, published in 1743, entitled “ Miscellaneous under no moral or political obligation to like the .
Correspondence. ” It was also translated, in 1793, government under which he is born. His duty is
8vo. , by the Rev. James Graves, the translator of to conform to it, or to withdraw himself. There is
the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius.
no evidence that Xenophon, after his banishmento
The Oeconomicus (Oikovouerós) is a dialogue acted against his native country, even at the battle
between Socrates and Critobulus, in which Socrates of Coroneia. If we admit that his banishment was
begins by showing that there is an art called Oeco- merited, and that is more than can be proved, there
nomic, which relates to the administration of a is no evidence that he did any thing after his ba-
household and of a man's property. Socrates (c. nishment for which an exile can be blamed. If his
4), when speaking in praise of agriculture, quotes preference of Spartan to Athenian institutions is
the instance of the younger Cyrus, who was fond matter for blame, he is blameable indeed. If we
of horticulture, and once showed to the Spartan may form a conjecture of the man, he would have
Lysander the gardens which he had planned and made an excellent citizen and a good administrator
the trees which he had planted with his own under a constitutional monarchy ; but he was not
hands. Cicero copies this passage, in his treatise fitted for the turbulence of an Athenian democracy,
on Old Age (de Senectute, c. 17). Xenophon gives which, during a great part of his lifetime, was not
the same character of Cyrus, in this passage of more to the taste of a quiet man than France under
the Oeconomicis, which he gives in the Anabasis the Convention. All antiquity and all modern
(i. 8, 9), which tends to confirm his being the writers agree in allowing Xenophon great merit as
author of the Anabasis, if it needs confirmation. a writer of a plain, simple, perspicuous, and un-
In answer to the praises of agriculture, Critobulus affected style. His mind was not adapted for pure
speaks of the losses to which the husbandman is philosophical speculation : he looked to the practical
exposed from hail, frost, drought, and other causes. in all things; and the basis of his philosophy was
The answer of Socrates is that the husbandman a strong belief in a divine mediation in the govern-
must trust in heaven, and worship the gods. The ment of the world. His belief only requires a
8то.
the
Gai
rolu
tair
on
and
cor
Tet
Le
is
ve
(
ed
IE
0
&
:
## p. 1303 (#1319) ##########################################
XENOPHON.
1303
XENOPHON.
of a good wife, 1
fe of Khoats.
the interese
out of doon and pre-
i us with regar.
come, and not to a
chapter, aberdas:
pan's caretu perus
ife who is perpetuals
wife that Nepopean
which one was in one
ttachment of husband
De sera passion, and
both bare grond
society, and that the
were not sesceptibet
s the deas ei a Fora:)
potion is too aborda
duties of a wife, ay
reat opportunitas, by ex-
not have to fear *ibat
receive less respect a the
sured that as she ad raaces
anion she becomes to be
r guardian of her children,
I receive. " This is one of
Xenophon. It has been
led into Eng'ish The last
be by R. Brades, Lescah
,
I cannot be entirely derived
pecially if they treat of ext
is writings are some indes o
hen they are of a popular and
bad inder. Xenophen, a Fe
s writings, was a bimane mas,
, a man of good andersen
us feelings: we biskt allin
le name superstition had a ten
Some modern cities who a
of antiquity with as much positivo
le evidence that exists were ID-
4, and as if ther had all the
equired, find moch to objeet 10 i
duct as a citizen. He did out 3
tutions altogether; but a manis
W or political obligation to like the
der which he is born. His duty s
it or to withdraw bimsel There i
little correction and modification, to allow us to bability the author of a tepladous, mentioned by
describe it as a profound conviction that God, in Pliny (vii. 48; comp. Voss. de llist. Gr. p. 510,
the constitution of things, has given a moral govern- note 34).
ment to the world, as manifestly as he has given 4. A native of Antiocb, the author of an ama-
laws for the mechanical and chemical actions of tory narrative, or collection of narratives, entitled
matter, the organisation of plants and animals, and Babuwwird. (Suid. 8. v. )
the vital energies of all beings which live and move. 5. A native of Ephesus, the author of a romance,
There are numerous editions of the whole and still extant, entitled Ephesiaca, or the Loves of
of the separate works of Xenophon. The Helle- Anthia and Abrocomas (Εφεσιακά, τα κατά 'Αν.
nica, the first of Xenophon's works that appeared Olav Kal 'Alpokóun). The style of the work is
in type, was printed at Venice, 1503, fol. by the simple, and the story is conducted without confu-
elder Aldus, with the title of Paralipomena, and sion, notwithstanding the number of personnges in-
as a supplement to Thucydides, which was printed troduced. The adventures are of a very improbable
the year before. The first general edition is that of kind. Suidns is the only ancient writer who men-
E. Boninus, printed by P. Giunt, and dedicated to tions Xenophon. The age when he lived is un-
Leo X. , Florence, 1516, fol. ; but this edition does certain. Locella Assigns him to the age of the
not contain the Agesilaus, the Apology, and the Antonines. Peerlkamp regards him as the oldest
treatise on the Revenue of Athens. A part of the of the Greek romance writers, and thinks that he
treatise on the Athenian Commonwealth is also has discovered in other writers of this class traces
wanting. This edition of Giunta is a very good of an imitation of Xenophon. He also maintains
specimen of early printing, and useful to an editor that Xenophon was not the real name of the author,
of Xenophon. The edition by Andrea of Asola, and that, with the exception of Heliodorus, no
printed by Aldus at Venice, 1525, folio, contains Greek romance writer published his productions
all the works of Xenophon, except the Apology ; under liis real name.
though the Apology was already edited by J. Since Suidas, Angelus Politianus (in the 15th
Reuchlin, Hagenau, 1520, 4to. , with the Agesilaus century) was the first writer who mentioned the
and Hiero. The Basel edition, printed by N. Bry- Ephesiaca of Xenophon. But although he had
linger, 1545, fol. is the first edition of the Greek quoted a passage from the work, its existence was
text with a Latin translation. The edition of H. doubted or denied by several scholars of the 17th
Stephens, 1561, fol. , contains an amended text, century. Even after an Italian translation by A.
and the edition 1581 has a Latin version. The M. Salvini had been published (in 1723), and the
edition of Weiske, Leipzig, 1798-1804, 6 vols. Greek text had been printed in 1726, Lenglet du
8vo. , did something towards the improvement of Fresnoy, in 1734, denied the existence of the
the text. The most pretending edition is that of original.
Gail, Paris, 6 vols. 4to. 1797-1804 ; a seventh There is but a single manuscript of the work
volume, in three parts, published afterwards, con- known in the monastery of the Monte Cassino).
tains the various readings of three MSS. , notices The Greek text was first published by Ant. Cocchi,
on the MSS. and observations, literary and critical, with a Latin translation (London, 1726). This
and an Atlas of maps and plans. This edition edition contains numerous errors. A still worse
contains the Greek text, the Latin version, a French edition was published at Lucca (1781), containing,
version and notes ; the Latin version is that of besides the Latin translation of Cocchi, the Italian
Leunclavius, occasionally corrected ; and the French version of Salvini, and the French version of
is not entirely new, for the author took the French Jourdan. Xenophon was still more unfortunate in
versions already existing of various parts of Xeno his next editor, Polyzois Kontu (Vienna, 1793).
phon's works. Letronne, in his article on Xenophon | A very excellent and carefully prepared edition
(Biog. Univ. ), has given an account of this pompous was published by Baron de Locella (Vienna, 1796).
edition, which has very little merit. J. G. Schneider | He procured a fresh collation of the manuscript,
revised the edition of Zeune, and the various parts and availed himself of the critical remarks of
of the works of Xenophon appeared between 1791 Hemsterhuis, D'Abresch, and D'Orville (Miscel-
and 1815. The editions of the several works are laneae Observationes, vols. iii. —vi. ), and the labours
too numerous to be mentioned.
of F. J. Bast, who had made preparations for editing
Fabricius (Bibliotheca Graeca), Schöll (Geschichte the work. Locella also prepared a new translation
der Griechischen Literatur), Letronne (Biog. Univ. and a commentary. The Ephesiaca was reprinted
art. Xenophon), and Hoffmann (Lexicon Bibliogra- by C. W. Mitscherlich, in his Scriptores Erotici
phicum) will furnish full information about the Graeci. Another good edition is that of P. Hof-
numerous editions and translations. As to the mann Peerlkamp (Harlem, 1818). The most
seven Epistles attributed to Xenophon, among the recent edition is that of F. Passow (Lips.
1833, in
one and forty so-called Socratic Epistles, the same the Corpus Scriptorum Eroticorum Graecorum).
remark applies to them as to most of the Greek There are German translations by G. A. Bürger,
literary remains of that class ; they are mere rhe- Häuslin, E. C. Reiske (or rather his wife), in his
torical essays.
(G. L. ) collections entitled Zur Moral (Dessau and Leipzig,
XENOPHON (Eevopwv), minor literary per- 1782, and Hellas, Leipzig, 1791), and Krabinger,
80ns. 1. An Athenian, the brother of the poet besides one that appeared anonymously. In French
Pythostratus. He wrote a biography of Epaini. there are translations by P. Bauche (Paris, 1736).
nondas and Pelopidas, and some other works. and J. B. Jourdan (Paris, 1748). A translation of
(Diog. Laërt. ii. 59. )
the Ephesiaca also forms the seventh volume of the
2. An historical writer, the author of an account Bibliothèque des Romans traduits du Grec (Paris,
of Hannibal (ibid. ).
1797). An anonymous translation, with notes,
3. A native of Lampsacus, a writer on geo- was published at Paris in 1823. The Italian
graphy, mentioned by Pliny (H. N. iv. 13, vi. 31) translation of Salvini has several times been re-
and Solinus (c. 22, 60). "He was also in all pro- published. There is also an English translation by
4 04
hat Xenophon, after his barisbrest
his native country, even at the batte
If we admit that his banisheet 12
I that is more than can be proved
, toeta
oce that he did ant thing after his low
in which an esile can be based 11 23
of Spartan to Athenan institutions is
blame, be is blameable indeed. I've
3 conjecture of the man, be would be
Ncellent citizen and a good administratie
onstitutional monarcht; bat be w3 DK
the turbulence of an Athenian deputat,
uring a great part of his lifetime, vas pii
the taste of a quiet man than fra de
A vention. All antiquity and al' sadena
agree in allowing Xenophon great serti se
s of a plain, simple
, perspicuous and =>
i strle. His mind was not
phical speculation : be looked to the puzeta
things ; and the basis of his philcopes **
ng belief in a dirine mediation in the area
of the world. His belief euly reques :
adapted for per
## p. 1304 (#1320) ##########################################
1304
XERXES.
XERXES.
.
Rooke, London, 1727. (Comp. Schöll, Geschichle | Persia. Artabazanes, the eldest son of the formor
der Griech. Lilo vol. ii. p. 520, &c. ; Hoffmann, marriage, and Xerxes, the eldest son of the latter,
Icricon Bibliographicum, s. v. )
each laid claim to the succession ; bat Dareius
6. A native of Cyprus, the author of a work of decided in favour of Xerxes, no doubt through the
the same kind as the preceding, entitled Kumplakcha influence of his mother Atossa, who completely
(Suid. 8. v. )
ruled Dareius.
7. For some others of this name the reader is Xerxes succeeded his father at the beginning of
referred to Fabricius (Bill. Gr. vol. iii. p. ), note B. C. 485. Dareius had died in the midst of his
a. , p. 833 ; comp. Menag. ad Ding. Laërt. ii. preparations against Greece, which had been inter-
59).
(C. P. M. ) rupted by a revolt of the Egyptians. The first care
XE'NOPHON (Eevodov), the name of two of Xerxes was to reduce the latter people to sube
(or more probably thrce) physicians. 1. A pupil of jection. He accordingly invaded Egypt at the
Praxagoras (Oribas. Coll. Medic. xliv. 8, p. 12, in beginning of the second year of his reign (B. C. 484),
Mai's Class. Auct. e Vatic. Codic. Edit. Rom. 1831), compelled the people again to submit to the Persian
who must therefore have lived in the fourth cen- yoke, and then returned to Persia, leaving his
tury BC. , perhaps also in the third. He is pro- brother Achaemenes, governor of Egypt. The next
bably the native of Cos mentioned by Diogenes four years were devoted to preparations for the
Laërtius (ii. 6. & 59); perhaps also the physician invasion of Greece. It was his object to collect a
quoted by Caelius Aurelianus (De Morb. Chron. ii. mighty armament, which might not simply be suffi-
13, p. 416). It is also shown by M. Littré cient to conquer Europe, but which might display
(Oeuvres d'Hippocr. vol. i. pp. 75, 76) that he is the the power and magnificence of the greatest monarch
person alluded to, but not named, by Galen (Com- of the world. Troops were gathered together from
ment. in Hippocr. Prognost. i. 4, vol. xviii. pt. ii. all quarters of the wide-spread Persian empire, and
p. 19); and therefore he is perhaps also the phy- even the most distant nations subject to his sway
sician mentioned by the same author (De Dieb. were required to send their contingents. Critalla
Decret. ii. 7, vol. ix. p. 872), as having written on in Cappadocia was the place of meeting, and there
the subject of critical days.
they came pouring in, nomad hordes from the
2. One of the followers of Erasistratus, who lived steppes of central Asia, dark-coloured tribes from
somewhat earlier than Apollonius of Memphis the rivers flowing into the Indus, and negroes from
(Galen, Introd. c. 10, vol. xiv. p. 700), and there the inland parts of Africa, as well as from all the
fore in the third century B. C. , perhaps also in the intermediate countries. Immense stores of provi-
fourth. He is by some modern writers supposed sions were at the same time collected from all parts
to be the same person as the physician mentioned of the Persian empire, and deposited at suitable
above ; but it is hardly probable that the same stations along the line of march. The fleet was
person could have been pupil to both Praxagoras furnished by the Phoenicians, Ionians and other
and Erasistratus. He wrote a work on the names maritime nations subject to the Persians. An
of the parts of the human body. (Galen, l. c. ) It agreement also was made with the Carthaginians,
is not certain which of these two physicans is the that they should attack the Greek cities in Sicily
person quoted by Oribasius (ibid. xlv. 11, p. 41), and Italy, while Xerxes invaded the mother coun.
and Soranus. (De Arte Obstetr. p. 257, ed. Dietz. ) try. Two great works were at the same time
3. A native of Cos, and a descendant of the family undertaken, which might bear witness to the
of the Asclepiadae, who was a physician to the em grandeur and power of the Persian monarch. He
peror Claudius, and who obtained from him certain ordered that a bridge of boats should be thrown
privileges for his native island. He was afterwards across the Hellespont, and that a canal should be
induced by Agrippina to murder the emperor by cut through the isthmus of Mount Athos, on which
means of a poisoned feather, which he introduced the fleet of Mardonius had been wrecked in B. C.
into his mouth under the pretence of making him 492. The bridge across the Hellespont stretched
vomit, A. D. 54. (Tac. Ann. xii. 61, 67. ) (W. A. G. ] from the neighbourhood of Abydos on the Asiatic
XENOPHON, artists. 1. A sculptor, of Athens, side to the coast between Sestos and Madytus on
conteniporary with the elder Cephisodotus, in con- the European, where the strait is about an English
junction with whom he made the statue of Zeus, mile in breadth. The work was entrusted to
which is described under CEPHISODOTUS, No. 1, Phoenicians and Egyptians ; but after it had been
p. 667, b. In another passage, Pausanias mentions completed, it was destroyed by a violent storm.
the statue of Fortune, carrying her son Plutus, in Xerxes was so enraged that he caused the heads
her temple at Thebes, the face and hands of which, of the chief engineers to be cut off, and commanded
the Thebans said, were made by Xenophon of that the strait itself should be scourged, and a set
Athens, and the rest of the work by a native of fetters cast into it. A new bridge was con-
artist, named Callistonicus. (Paus. ix. 16. & 1. ) structed, of which Herodotus has left us a minute
2. A sculptor, of Paros, of whom nothing is account (viii. 36). There were in fact two bridges
known, beyond the mention of his name by Dio- formed of two lines of ships ; but our limits prevent
genes Laërtius (ii. 59).
[P. S. ] us from entering into the details of their construc-
XERXES I. (EpEms), king of Persia B. C. 485 tion. The canal cut through the isthmus of Mount
- 465. The name is said by Herodotus (vi. 98) Athos from the Strymonic to the Toronaic gulph was
to signify the warrior, but it is probably the same about a mile and a half long, and was broad and
word as the Zend ksathra and the Sanscrit kshutra, deep enough for two triremes to sail abreast. This
a king. ” Xerxes was the son of Dareius and work is said to have occupied a multitude of work-
Atossa.
it may be, it is apt to be insipid and to appear better management of the Athenian silver mines,
exaggerated.
and to show that provision may thus be made for
The Hipparchicus ('InTapxikós) is a treatise on the poorer citizens and other purposes, without
the duties of a commander of cavalry, and it con- levying contributions on the allies and the subject
tains many military precepts. One would be in- states. This treatise was translated into English
clined to suppose that it was written at Athens, by Walter Moyle, 1697, 8vo. , and is reprinted in
but this conclusion, like many others from internal his works. Böckh, in his Public Economy of
evidence, is not satisfactory. A strain of devotion Athens, translated into English by G. C. Lewis,
runs through the treatise ; and on this the author has discussed this treatise of Xenoplion, and the
makes the following remark near the end : “ Now matter of it.
if any one admire that I have often used the ex- In the Memorabilia of Socrates, in four books
pression “God willing,' he must know that if he (Atournuovevuara Lwkpátous) Xenophon defends
bappen to be frequently in a state of danger, he the memory of bis master against the charge of
will admire the less ; and if he consider, that when irreligion (i. 1) and of corrupting the Athenian
there is war, the hostile parties form their designs youth. Socrates is represented as holding a series
against one another, but very seldom know what of conversations, in which be developes and in-
designs are formed against them severally. But all culcates moral doctrines in his peculiar fashion. It
these things the gods kuow, and presignify them is entirely a practical work, such as we might
to whom they please by means of sacrifices, birds, expect from the practical nature of Xenophon's
voices, and dreams. "
mind, and it professes to exhibit Socrates as he
The treatise on the Horse ('ITALÝ) was written taught. It is true that it may exhibit only one
after the Hipparchicus, to which treatise he refers side of the Socratic argumentation, and that it does
at the end of the treatise on the Horse. “ Since," not deal in those subtleties and verbal disputes
says Xenophon, at the beginning of this treatise, which occupy 80 large a space in some of Plato's
it happens that I have been accustomed to riding dialogues. Xenophon was a hearer of Socrates, an
a horse for a long time, I consider that I am well admirer of his master, and anxious to defend his
acquainted with horses, and I wish to show my memory. The charges against Socrates for which
younger friends in what way I think that they he suffered were (Mem. i. 1), that “Socrates was
may best meddle in the matter of a horse. " The guilty of not believing in the gods which the state
treatise is not limited to horsenianship, as regards believed in, and in introducing other new daemons
the rider: it shows how a man is to avoid being (dawóvia): he was also guilty of corrupting the
cheated in buying a horse, how a horse is to be youth. ” Xenophon (c. 1, 2) replies to these two
trained, and the like. In the beginning of the charges specifically ; and he then goes on to show
treatise Xenophon refers to a treatise on the same (c. 3) what Socrates' mode of life was.
The
subject by Sinon. The 'Itrikh was translated whole treatise is intended to be an answer to the
into English, and printed by Henry Denham, charge for which Socrates was executed, and it is,
London, 1584, 4to.
therefore, in its nature, not intended to be a com-
The Cynegeticus (KuvnyetikÓS) is a treatise on plete exhibition of Socrates. That it is a genuine
hunting, an amusement of which Xenophon was picture of the man, is indisputable, and it is the
very fond ; and on the dog, and the breeding and most valuable memorial that we have of the prac-
training of dogs, on the various kinds of game, and tical pbilosophy of Socrates. The Memorabiliu
the mode of taking them. It is a treatise written will always be undervalued by the lovers of the
by a genuine sportsman, who loved the exercise transcendental, who give to an unintelligible jargon
and the excitement of the chase ; and it may be of words the name of philosophy: it comes too
read with delight by any
nan who deserves near the common understanding (communis sensus)
the name.
of mankind to be valued by those who would raise
The two treatises on the Spartan and Athenian themselves above this common understanding, and
states (Λακεδαιμονίων Πολιτεία, and 'Αθηναίων | who have yet to learn that there is not a single
Noditela) were not always recognised as genuine notion of philosophy which is not expressed or in-
works of Xenophon, even by the ancients. They volved by implication in the common language of
pass, however, under his name, and there is nothing life. The Memorabilia and the Apology of So-
in the internal evidence that appears to throw any | crates (Απολογία Σωκράτους προς τους δικαστές)
doubt on the authorship. The writer clearly prefers have been translated into English by Sarah Field-
Sputan to Athenian institutions. The “Republic ing. The Apology of Socrates contains the rensolis
403
66
od the usages of Santa Fe the
of which he constricted his paim
e gropaedia is evidence estar
id nos like the perccal cec
ountry, and that a related
adom appeared to biz meste
like Atheas. The respons
conclusion, in which Setter
Persians had dexenerated by
is doubled by state cu *
e no suficient reasons
. The
the "Persians of his size, Leth
| among them, were priced a
ential to cards the gods and loss
and more dishonest to coast
Acrous in mar por that there
í ant man has a contrat 43
e looks to their acis, chai che
of what I sar. " The Curines s
mºst pleasing of Yeneroae 'Fas
as many good hints on the treated
nophon's remarks are pria; *
lis writings any thoughes that cake is
ound or new, but se z'rare este
rration of human life, fordi Reis,
pose. The dring sperc) si (1:33
1r of the pupil of Gerales, and list
ste, 2) has transferred the maxi
te bis argument for the innat
This passage mar be 2013
Penophon's belief in the erster sta
) independent of the organes det er
acts. “I nerer cond be presente
tls, that the soul ii reso
## p. 1302 (#1318) ##########################################
1302
XENOPHON.
XENOPHON.
little correc
describe it a
the constitu
ment to the
laws for a
matter, the
1
the vitale
There a
of the se
rica, the
in type 1
elder Ald
as & supi
the rent
E. Bonis
Leo X.
66
100 con
treatise
teatise
wantin
specim
of Xer
printei
all the
thoug
Reach
and 1
linge:
text
Step
and
editi
which induced Socrates to prefer death to life. It seventh chapter is on the duty of a good wife, as
is not a first-rate performance ; and because they exemplified in the case of the wife of Ischomachus.
do not consider it worthy of Xenophon, some critics The wife's duty is to look after the interior of the
would deny that he is the author ; but this is an household: the husband labours out of doors and pro-
inconclusive reason. Laërtius states that Xenophon duces that which the wiſe must use with frugality.
wrote an Apologia, and the original is as likely to The wife's duty is to stay at home, and not to gad
have come down to us as a forgery.
abroad. It is an excellent chapter, abundani in
In the Symposium (Suurboiov), or 'Banquet of good things, worthy of a woman's careful perusal,
Philosophers, Xenophon delineates the character of and adapted to practice. A wife who is perpetually
Socrates. The speakers are supposed to meet at leaving her home, is not the wife that Xenophon
the house of Callias, a rich Athenian, at the cele would have. It is a notion which one sees in some
bration of the great Panathenaea. Socrates, Cra- modern writers, that the attachment of husband
tibulus, Antisthenes, Charınides, and others are and wife, independent of the sexual passion, and
the speakers. The accessories of the entertainment their permanent love after both have grown old, is
are managed with skill, and the piece is interesting a characteristic of modern society, and that the
as a picture of an Athenian drinking party, and of men of Greece and Rome were not susceptible of
the amusement and conversation with which it that affection which survives the decay of a woman's
was diversified. The nature of love and friendship youth and beauty. The notion is too absurd to
is discussed. Some critics think that the Sym- need confutation. The duties of a wife, says
posium is a juvenile performance, and that the Ischomachus, give her great opportunities, by ex-
Symposium of Plato was written after that of Xe- ercising which she will not have to fear " that as
nophon ; but it is an old tradition that the Sympo- she grows older she will receive less respect in the
sium of Plato was written before that of Xenophon. household, but may be assured that as she advances
The Symposium was translated into English by in life, the better companion she becomes to her
James Wellwood, 1710, reprinted 1750.
husband and the better guardian of her children,
The Hiero (ʻlépwr A Tupavvikós) is a dialogue the more respect she will receive. " This is one of
between king Hiero and Simonides, in which the the best treatises of Xenophon. It has been
king speaks of the dangers and difficulties incident several times translated into English. The last
to an exalted station, and the superior happiness translation appears to be by R. Bradley, London,
of a private man. The poet, on the other hand, 1727, 8vo.
enumerates the advantages which the possession of A man's character cannot be entirely derived
power gives, and the means which it offers of oblig- from his writings, especially if they treat of exact
ing and doing services. Hiero speaks of the burden science. Yet a man's writings are some index of
of power, and answers Simonides, who wonders his character, and when they are of a popular and
why a man should keep that which is so trouble varied kind, not a bad index. Xenophon, as we
some, by saying that power is a thing which a know him from his writings, was a humane man,
man cannot safely lay down. Simonides offers at least for his age, a man of good understanding
some suggestions as to the best use of power, and and strong religious feelings : we might call bim
the way of employing it for the public interest. superstitious, if the name superstition had a well-
It is suggested by Letronne that Xenophon may defined meaning. Some modern critics, who can
have been led to write this treatise by what he judge of matters of antiquity with as much positive-
saw at the court of Dionysius ; and, as already ness as if all the evidence that exists were un-
stated, there is a story of his having visited Sicily doubted evidence, and as if they had all the evi-
in the lifetime of the tyrant of Syracuse. A trans- dence that is required, find much to object to in
lation of this piece, which is attributed to Elizabeth, Xenophon's conduct as a citizen. He did not like
queen of England, first appeared in an octavo vo Athenian institutions altogether ; but a man is
lume, published in 1743, entitled “ Miscellaneous under no moral or political obligation to like the .
Correspondence. ” It was also translated, in 1793, government under which he is born. His duty is
8vo. , by the Rev. James Graves, the translator of to conform to it, or to withdraw himself. There is
the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius.
no evidence that Xenophon, after his banishmento
The Oeconomicus (Oikovouerós) is a dialogue acted against his native country, even at the battle
between Socrates and Critobulus, in which Socrates of Coroneia. If we admit that his banishment was
begins by showing that there is an art called Oeco- merited, and that is more than can be proved, there
nomic, which relates to the administration of a is no evidence that he did any thing after his ba-
household and of a man's property. Socrates (c. nishment for which an exile can be blamed. If his
4), when speaking in praise of agriculture, quotes preference of Spartan to Athenian institutions is
the instance of the younger Cyrus, who was fond matter for blame, he is blameable indeed. If we
of horticulture, and once showed to the Spartan may form a conjecture of the man, he would have
Lysander the gardens which he had planned and made an excellent citizen and a good administrator
the trees which he had planted with his own under a constitutional monarchy ; but he was not
hands. Cicero copies this passage, in his treatise fitted for the turbulence of an Athenian democracy,
on Old Age (de Senectute, c. 17). Xenophon gives which, during a great part of his lifetime, was not
the same character of Cyrus, in this passage of more to the taste of a quiet man than France under
the Oeconomicis, which he gives in the Anabasis the Convention. All antiquity and all modern
(i. 8, 9), which tends to confirm his being the writers agree in allowing Xenophon great merit as
author of the Anabasis, if it needs confirmation. a writer of a plain, simple, perspicuous, and un-
In answer to the praises of agriculture, Critobulus affected style. His mind was not adapted for pure
speaks of the losses to which the husbandman is philosophical speculation : he looked to the practical
exposed from hail, frost, drought, and other causes. in all things; and the basis of his philosophy was
The answer of Socrates is that the husbandman a strong belief in a divine mediation in the govern-
must trust in heaven, and worship the gods. The ment of the world. His belief only requires a
8то.
the
Gai
rolu
tair
on
and
cor
Tet
Le
is
ve
(
ed
IE
0
&
:
## p. 1303 (#1319) ##########################################
XENOPHON.
1303
XENOPHON.
of a good wife, 1
fe of Khoats.
the interese
out of doon and pre-
i us with regar.
come, and not to a
chapter, aberdas:
pan's caretu perus
ife who is perpetuals
wife that Nepopean
which one was in one
ttachment of husband
De sera passion, and
both bare grond
society, and that the
were not sesceptibet
s the deas ei a Fora:)
potion is too aborda
duties of a wife, ay
reat opportunitas, by ex-
not have to fear *ibat
receive less respect a the
sured that as she ad raaces
anion she becomes to be
r guardian of her children,
I receive. " This is one of
Xenophon. It has been
led into Eng'ish The last
be by R. Brades, Lescah
,
I cannot be entirely derived
pecially if they treat of ext
is writings are some indes o
hen they are of a popular and
bad inder. Xenophen, a Fe
s writings, was a bimane mas,
, a man of good andersen
us feelings: we biskt allin
le name superstition had a ten
Some modern cities who a
of antiquity with as much positivo
le evidence that exists were ID-
4, and as if ther had all the
equired, find moch to objeet 10 i
duct as a citizen. He did out 3
tutions altogether; but a manis
W or political obligation to like the
der which he is born. His duty s
it or to withdraw bimsel There i
little correction and modification, to allow us to bability the author of a tepladous, mentioned by
describe it as a profound conviction that God, in Pliny (vii. 48; comp. Voss. de llist. Gr. p. 510,
the constitution of things, has given a moral govern- note 34).
ment to the world, as manifestly as he has given 4. A native of Antiocb, the author of an ama-
laws for the mechanical and chemical actions of tory narrative, or collection of narratives, entitled
matter, the organisation of plants and animals, and Babuwwird. (Suid. 8. v. )
the vital energies of all beings which live and move. 5. A native of Ephesus, the author of a romance,
There are numerous editions of the whole and still extant, entitled Ephesiaca, or the Loves of
of the separate works of Xenophon. The Helle- Anthia and Abrocomas (Εφεσιακά, τα κατά 'Αν.
nica, the first of Xenophon's works that appeared Olav Kal 'Alpokóun). The style of the work is
in type, was printed at Venice, 1503, fol. by the simple, and the story is conducted without confu-
elder Aldus, with the title of Paralipomena, and sion, notwithstanding the number of personnges in-
as a supplement to Thucydides, which was printed troduced. The adventures are of a very improbable
the year before. The first general edition is that of kind. Suidns is the only ancient writer who men-
E. Boninus, printed by P. Giunt, and dedicated to tions Xenophon. The age when he lived is un-
Leo X. , Florence, 1516, fol. ; but this edition does certain. Locella Assigns him to the age of the
not contain the Agesilaus, the Apology, and the Antonines. Peerlkamp regards him as the oldest
treatise on the Revenue of Athens. A part of the of the Greek romance writers, and thinks that he
treatise on the Athenian Commonwealth is also has discovered in other writers of this class traces
wanting. This edition of Giunta is a very good of an imitation of Xenophon. He also maintains
specimen of early printing, and useful to an editor that Xenophon was not the real name of the author,
of Xenophon. The edition by Andrea of Asola, and that, with the exception of Heliodorus, no
printed by Aldus at Venice, 1525, folio, contains Greek romance writer published his productions
all the works of Xenophon, except the Apology ; under liis real name.
though the Apology was already edited by J. Since Suidas, Angelus Politianus (in the 15th
Reuchlin, Hagenau, 1520, 4to. , with the Agesilaus century) was the first writer who mentioned the
and Hiero. The Basel edition, printed by N. Bry- Ephesiaca of Xenophon. But although he had
linger, 1545, fol. is the first edition of the Greek quoted a passage from the work, its existence was
text with a Latin translation. The edition of H. doubted or denied by several scholars of the 17th
Stephens, 1561, fol. , contains an amended text, century. Even after an Italian translation by A.
and the edition 1581 has a Latin version. The M. Salvini had been published (in 1723), and the
edition of Weiske, Leipzig, 1798-1804, 6 vols. Greek text had been printed in 1726, Lenglet du
8vo. , did something towards the improvement of Fresnoy, in 1734, denied the existence of the
the text. The most pretending edition is that of original.
Gail, Paris, 6 vols. 4to. 1797-1804 ; a seventh There is but a single manuscript of the work
volume, in three parts, published afterwards, con- known in the monastery of the Monte Cassino).
tains the various readings of three MSS. , notices The Greek text was first published by Ant. Cocchi,
on the MSS. and observations, literary and critical, with a Latin translation (London, 1726). This
and an Atlas of maps and plans. This edition edition contains numerous errors. A still worse
contains the Greek text, the Latin version, a French edition was published at Lucca (1781), containing,
version and notes ; the Latin version is that of besides the Latin translation of Cocchi, the Italian
Leunclavius, occasionally corrected ; and the French version of Salvini, and the French version of
is not entirely new, for the author took the French Jourdan. Xenophon was still more unfortunate in
versions already existing of various parts of Xeno his next editor, Polyzois Kontu (Vienna, 1793).
phon's works. Letronne, in his article on Xenophon | A very excellent and carefully prepared edition
(Biog. Univ. ), has given an account of this pompous was published by Baron de Locella (Vienna, 1796).
edition, which has very little merit. J. G. Schneider | He procured a fresh collation of the manuscript,
revised the edition of Zeune, and the various parts and availed himself of the critical remarks of
of the works of Xenophon appeared between 1791 Hemsterhuis, D'Abresch, and D'Orville (Miscel-
and 1815. The editions of the several works are laneae Observationes, vols. iii. —vi. ), and the labours
too numerous to be mentioned.
of F. J. Bast, who had made preparations for editing
Fabricius (Bibliotheca Graeca), Schöll (Geschichte the work. Locella also prepared a new translation
der Griechischen Literatur), Letronne (Biog. Univ. and a commentary. The Ephesiaca was reprinted
art. Xenophon), and Hoffmann (Lexicon Bibliogra- by C. W. Mitscherlich, in his Scriptores Erotici
phicum) will furnish full information about the Graeci. Another good edition is that of P. Hof-
numerous editions and translations. As to the mann Peerlkamp (Harlem, 1818). The most
seven Epistles attributed to Xenophon, among the recent edition is that of F. Passow (Lips.
1833, in
one and forty so-called Socratic Epistles, the same the Corpus Scriptorum Eroticorum Graecorum).
remark applies to them as to most of the Greek There are German translations by G. A. Bürger,
literary remains of that class ; they are mere rhe- Häuslin, E. C. Reiske (or rather his wife), in his
torical essays.
(G. L. ) collections entitled Zur Moral (Dessau and Leipzig,
XENOPHON (Eevopwv), minor literary per- 1782, and Hellas, Leipzig, 1791), and Krabinger,
80ns. 1. An Athenian, the brother of the poet besides one that appeared anonymously. In French
Pythostratus. He wrote a biography of Epaini. there are translations by P. Bauche (Paris, 1736).
nondas and Pelopidas, and some other works. and J. B. Jourdan (Paris, 1748). A translation of
(Diog. Laërt. ii. 59. )
the Ephesiaca also forms the seventh volume of the
2. An historical writer, the author of an account Bibliothèque des Romans traduits du Grec (Paris,
of Hannibal (ibid. ).
1797). An anonymous translation, with notes,
3. A native of Lampsacus, a writer on geo- was published at Paris in 1823. The Italian
graphy, mentioned by Pliny (H. N. iv. 13, vi. 31) translation of Salvini has several times been re-
and Solinus (c. 22, 60). "He was also in all pro- published. There is also an English translation by
4 04
hat Xenophon, after his barisbrest
his native country, even at the batte
If we admit that his banisheet 12
I that is more than can be proved
, toeta
oce that he did ant thing after his low
in which an esile can be based 11 23
of Spartan to Athenan institutions is
blame, be is blameable indeed. I've
3 conjecture of the man, be would be
Ncellent citizen and a good administratie
onstitutional monarcht; bat be w3 DK
the turbulence of an Athenian deputat,
uring a great part of his lifetime, vas pii
the taste of a quiet man than fra de
A vention. All antiquity and al' sadena
agree in allowing Xenophon great serti se
s of a plain, simple
, perspicuous and =>
i strle. His mind was not
phical speculation : be looked to the puzeta
things ; and the basis of his philcopes **
ng belief in a dirine mediation in the area
of the world. His belief euly reques :
adapted for per
## p. 1304 (#1320) ##########################################
1304
XERXES.
XERXES.
.
Rooke, London, 1727. (Comp. Schöll, Geschichle | Persia. Artabazanes, the eldest son of the formor
der Griech. Lilo vol. ii. p. 520, &c. ; Hoffmann, marriage, and Xerxes, the eldest son of the latter,
Icricon Bibliographicum, s. v. )
each laid claim to the succession ; bat Dareius
6. A native of Cyprus, the author of a work of decided in favour of Xerxes, no doubt through the
the same kind as the preceding, entitled Kumplakcha influence of his mother Atossa, who completely
(Suid. 8. v. )
ruled Dareius.
7. For some others of this name the reader is Xerxes succeeded his father at the beginning of
referred to Fabricius (Bill. Gr. vol. iii. p. ), note B. C. 485. Dareius had died in the midst of his
a. , p. 833 ; comp. Menag. ad Ding. Laërt. ii. preparations against Greece, which had been inter-
59).
(C. P. M. ) rupted by a revolt of the Egyptians. The first care
XE'NOPHON (Eevodov), the name of two of Xerxes was to reduce the latter people to sube
(or more probably thrce) physicians. 1. A pupil of jection. He accordingly invaded Egypt at the
Praxagoras (Oribas. Coll. Medic. xliv. 8, p. 12, in beginning of the second year of his reign (B. C. 484),
Mai's Class. Auct. e Vatic. Codic. Edit. Rom. 1831), compelled the people again to submit to the Persian
who must therefore have lived in the fourth cen- yoke, and then returned to Persia, leaving his
tury BC. , perhaps also in the third. He is pro- brother Achaemenes, governor of Egypt. The next
bably the native of Cos mentioned by Diogenes four years were devoted to preparations for the
Laërtius (ii. 6. & 59); perhaps also the physician invasion of Greece. It was his object to collect a
quoted by Caelius Aurelianus (De Morb. Chron. ii. mighty armament, which might not simply be suffi-
13, p. 416). It is also shown by M. Littré cient to conquer Europe, but which might display
(Oeuvres d'Hippocr. vol. i. pp. 75, 76) that he is the the power and magnificence of the greatest monarch
person alluded to, but not named, by Galen (Com- of the world. Troops were gathered together from
ment. in Hippocr. Prognost. i. 4, vol. xviii. pt. ii. all quarters of the wide-spread Persian empire, and
p. 19); and therefore he is perhaps also the phy- even the most distant nations subject to his sway
sician mentioned by the same author (De Dieb. were required to send their contingents. Critalla
Decret. ii. 7, vol. ix. p. 872), as having written on in Cappadocia was the place of meeting, and there
the subject of critical days.
they came pouring in, nomad hordes from the
2. One of the followers of Erasistratus, who lived steppes of central Asia, dark-coloured tribes from
somewhat earlier than Apollonius of Memphis the rivers flowing into the Indus, and negroes from
(Galen, Introd. c. 10, vol. xiv. p. 700), and there the inland parts of Africa, as well as from all the
fore in the third century B. C. , perhaps also in the intermediate countries. Immense stores of provi-
fourth. He is by some modern writers supposed sions were at the same time collected from all parts
to be the same person as the physician mentioned of the Persian empire, and deposited at suitable
above ; but it is hardly probable that the same stations along the line of march. The fleet was
person could have been pupil to both Praxagoras furnished by the Phoenicians, Ionians and other
and Erasistratus. He wrote a work on the names maritime nations subject to the Persians. An
of the parts of the human body. (Galen, l. c. ) It agreement also was made with the Carthaginians,
is not certain which of these two physicans is the that they should attack the Greek cities in Sicily
person quoted by Oribasius (ibid. xlv. 11, p. 41), and Italy, while Xerxes invaded the mother coun.
and Soranus. (De Arte Obstetr. p. 257, ed. Dietz. ) try. Two great works were at the same time
3. A native of Cos, and a descendant of the family undertaken, which might bear witness to the
of the Asclepiadae, who was a physician to the em grandeur and power of the Persian monarch. He
peror Claudius, and who obtained from him certain ordered that a bridge of boats should be thrown
privileges for his native island. He was afterwards across the Hellespont, and that a canal should be
induced by Agrippina to murder the emperor by cut through the isthmus of Mount Athos, on which
means of a poisoned feather, which he introduced the fleet of Mardonius had been wrecked in B. C.
into his mouth under the pretence of making him 492. The bridge across the Hellespont stretched
vomit, A. D. 54. (Tac. Ann. xii. 61, 67. ) (W. A. G. ] from the neighbourhood of Abydos on the Asiatic
XENOPHON, artists. 1. A sculptor, of Athens, side to the coast between Sestos and Madytus on
conteniporary with the elder Cephisodotus, in con- the European, where the strait is about an English
junction with whom he made the statue of Zeus, mile in breadth. The work was entrusted to
which is described under CEPHISODOTUS, No. 1, Phoenicians and Egyptians ; but after it had been
p. 667, b. In another passage, Pausanias mentions completed, it was destroyed by a violent storm.
the statue of Fortune, carrying her son Plutus, in Xerxes was so enraged that he caused the heads
her temple at Thebes, the face and hands of which, of the chief engineers to be cut off, and commanded
the Thebans said, were made by Xenophon of that the strait itself should be scourged, and a set
Athens, and the rest of the work by a native of fetters cast into it. A new bridge was con-
artist, named Callistonicus. (Paus. ix. 16. & 1. ) structed, of which Herodotus has left us a minute
2. A sculptor, of Paros, of whom nothing is account (viii. 36). There were in fact two bridges
known, beyond the mention of his name by Dio- formed of two lines of ships ; but our limits prevent
genes Laërtius (ii. 59).
[P. S. ] us from entering into the details of their construc-
XERXES I. (EpEms), king of Persia B. C. 485 tion. The canal cut through the isthmus of Mount
- 465. The name is said by Herodotus (vi. 98) Athos from the Strymonic to the Toronaic gulph was
to signify the warrior, but it is probably the same about a mile and a half long, and was broad and
word as the Zend ksathra and the Sanscrit kshutra, deep enough for two triremes to sail abreast. This
a king. ” Xerxes was the son of Dareius and work is said to have occupied a multitude of work-
Atossa.
