No More Learning

At this moment it would have been impossible to detect the
least trace of the amiable, good-natured Gudmar Guldbrandsson,
the favorite of all the ladies, with his light yellow curls and
his slightly arched forehead, and the beautiful dark blue eyes,
which when not enlivened by the power of some passion, some-
times revealed that half-dreamy expression that women so often
admire.
Majke ought to have seen her commander now, as he stood
for а moment on the deck, leaning on his gun, his glass in his
hand.
« Row, boys, row with all your might! I will not allow — »
The remainder of the sentence was lost in inarticulate tones.
Once more he raised the glass to his eyes.
The chase lasted some time, without any increase of the inter-
vening distance, or any hope of its diminution. It was a grave,
a terrible chase.
Meantime new and strange intentions had occurred to the
commander of the smugglers' boat. From what dark source
could he have received the inspiration that dictated the com-
mand?
“Knock out the bung of the top brandy-barrel, and let us
drink; that will refresh our courage and rejoice our hearts. Be
merry and drink as long as you like. "
And now ensued a wild bacchanalia. The men drank out of
large mugs, they drank out of cans, and the result was not
wanting, while the boat was nearing the entrance to the sea.
"Now, my men," began Olagus in powerful penetrating tones,
as he stroked his reddish beard, "shall we allow one of those
government fools to force us to go a different way from the one
we ourselves wish to go? "
“Olagus,” Tuve ventured to interpose,- for Tuve still pos-
sessed full consciousness, as he had only made a pretense of
drinking,-"dear Olagus, let us be content if we can place the
goods in safety. I think I perceive that you mean something
else something dangerous. "
« Coward!
weave nets.
You ought to sit at home and help your father
If you are afraid, creep under the tarpaulin; there
are others here who do not get the cramp when they are to fol-
low the Mörkö Bears. "


## p. 3228 (#198) ###########################################

3228
EMILIA FLYGARE-CARLEN
"For my part," thought Börje, as he bent over his oar, "I
should like to keep away from this hunt. But who dare speak a
word? I feel as though I were already in the fortress, the ship
and crew in the service of the Crown. "
Perhaps Ragnar thought so too; but the great man was so
much feared that when he commanded no contradiction was ever
heard.
It was almost the first time that Tuve had made an objection,
and his brother's scornful rebuke had roused his blood also; but
still he controlled himself.
What was resolved on meantime will be seen from what
follows.
"Why, what is that? " exclaimed the lieutenant of the yacht.
"The oars are drawn in! He is turning,- on my life, he is
turning! "
"He knew that we should catch him up," said Sven, delighted
once more to be able to indulge in his usual humor. "Fists and
sinews like mine are worth as much as four of them; and if we
take Pelle into account, they might easily recognize that the
best thing they can do is to surrender at once. "
"Silence, you conceited idiot! " commanded the lieutenant;
"this is no matter of parley. He is making straight for us.
The wind is falling; it is becoming calm. "
"What does the lieutenant think, Pelle? " asked Sven, in a
loud whisper. "Can Olagus have weapons on board and want
to attack us? "
"It almost looks like it," answered Pelle shortly.
Meantime the two boats approached one another with alarm-
ing speed.
"Whatever happens," said the lieutenant, with icy calm,-
"and the game looks suspicious, you know, my friends,— would
that the coast-guardsman may not look behind him! The flag of
the Crown may wave over living or dead men; that is no matter
so long as it does not wave over one who has not done his duty. "
"Yes," answered Pelle.
Sven spread out his arms in a significant gesture.
"They may be excited by drink,- their copper-colored faces
show that; but here stands a man who will not forget that his
name is Sven Dillhufvud. There, I have spoken! But, dear sir,
do take care of yourself. They have torn up the boards, and are
fetching up stones and pieces of iron. "


## p. 3229 (#199) ###########################################

EMILIA FLYGARE-CARLÉN
3229
"Yes, I see. If they attack us, take care of the oars. Do
not lay-to on the long side; but row past, and then turn. If
they throw, watch their movements carefully; in that way you
can escape the danger. "
The boats, which were only a few fathoms apart, glided gently
towards one another.
The lieutenant's command was punctually executed by his
people.
"Olagus Esbjörnsson," exclaimed the commander of the Cus-
tom-house yacht, "I charge you once more in the King's name
to surrender! "
"O dear, yes," exclaimed the worthy descendant of the Vik-
ings. "I have come back just with that intention. Perhaps I
also wanted to fulfill an old vow. Do you remember what I
vowed that night by the Oternnest ? »
At the same moment a whole shower of pieces of iron whis-
tled through the air, and fell rattling on to the yacht; but the
sharp piece of iron thrown by Olagus's own hands was aimed at
the lieutenant himself. He however darted aside so quickly
that he was not wounded, although it flew so close past him that
it tore off his straw hat and dashed it into the sea.
་་
Olagus, and you others," sounded his voice, in all its youth-
ful power, (( consider what you do; consider the price of an
attack on
a royal boat and crew! The responsibility may cost
you dear. I charge you to cease at once. "
"What! Are you frightened, you Crown slaves? " roared
Olagus, whose sparkling eyes and flushed face, so different from
his usual calm in peaceful circumstances, lent increased wildness
to his form and gestures. "Come, will this warm you? " And
at the same moment another piece of iron flew past, aimed with
such certainty that it would have cut off the thread of the lieu-
tenant's life if he had not taken shelter behind the mast. The
iron was firmly fixed in the mast.
The yacht was now bombarded on all sides. Here hung a
torn sail, there an end of rope; and the side planks had already
received a good deal of injury, so that the yacht was threatened
with a leak.
But now was heard for the last time the young
commander's warning:-
་་
Stop, Olagus, and tell your people to put aside their
wretched arms; for, on my life, this gun is loaded with a ball,
and the first of you who throws another piece shall be shot down
like a stag. "


## p. 3230 (#200) ###########################################

EMILIA FLYGARE-CARLÉN
3230
"Do it if you dare! But there, see, miserable Custom-house
dog, how the Mörkö Bears respect your threats! "
The third piece of iron was just about to be thrown; but at
the same moment the lieutenant took aim.
The shot was fired.
During the long chase and the attack which followed it, the
sun had been approaching the horizon, and now might be seen
one of those beautiful sunsets which so often delight the eye on
this blue-green sea. They are the counterpart of the autumn
apparitions during the dark fogs, when the ships wander about
seeking their way among the cliffs, then glimmering whitely, and
now shining red.
Worthy the inspiration of poet and painter, this warm, divinely
peaceful, and lovely scene of nature offered a new, bitter con-
trast to the terrible picture which human passion and the claims
of duty had conjured with lightning speed into these two spots
in the sea- the smugglers' boat and the Custom-house yacht.
The shot was fired, and the mighty giant of Mörkö, Olagus
Esbjörnsson, sank back into the tarpaulin.
"The accursed devil has shot right into my heart! "
Pale as death, Tuve sprang forward, and wanted to stay the
blood.
Give my
"Leave it alone," panted Olagus. "It is no use.
love to father and Britje; she was a good wife. You must be a
father to my boy. The business may cease. "
The subduing touch of death had already extinguished the
wild light which the fire of hatred had kindled in these eyes.
And the last glance that sought his brother's gaze was gentle.
Suddenly he was once more fired by the remembrance of the
earthly life which was fast retreating from him.
"Quickly away with the cargo! No one must know that
Olagus Esbjörnsson fell from a shot out of the Custom-house
yacht. I-I-fell upon them. "
-
They were his last words.
Tuve's head fell, sobbing, on the man whom he had so com-
pletely honored as his superior.
Tuve was now the first in Mörkö, and as though a stronger
spirit had come over him, he began to feel his duty.
He rose,
and gave orders to turn toward the sea, but the crew stood
motionless with terror.


## p. 3230 (#201) ###########################################



## p. 3230 (#202) ###########################################


THOMAS CARLYLE.
Crasch


## p. 3230 (#203) ###########################################

3431
3. 1
זי
157
:
hundre that niversary of the nth of Thomas Carlyle
de ca er 4th, 17957 -WAS ately commemorated. The
Dise in Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, wich he had overpicd
544 11 his death (1)bruary 4, 1885, was handed over to
to be preserved as a pubic memort à No house in the
Is has more remarkable associations. Thither Carlyle
ne in his thirty-eighth year. still hardy recognized by the
Teltie, though dreadly regarded by a smal circle as a
འ . '1
inary powers. There He went the gh the concludrg
the long struggle whien ended by a hard won and scarcely
Victory There he had been visited by almost al. the m»t
"shen of letters of his time: by Joftrov, Southey, and J. S.
Tenison and Browning, the greatest poets, and by Thack-
Dcles, the greatest novelists of his generation; by the
erds of his youth. Ing vd Emerson and John Sterling,
The last folowers, Froude and Ruskin. There too nad ved
To the woman who had shared his struggies, whom he loved
ired without stint, and whom he was yet destined to remem-
many bitter pangs of remorse, Ineir story, laid are with
fless, has invested the scene of their joys and sorrows,
tion and reconciliations, with extraordinary interest. Every
he has read the Reminiscences' and the later mass of bio-
matter must be glad to see the "sound-proof" room, and
Korden haunted by the "demon-fowls," and the other dumb wit-
LI
a lorg tragi-comedy No one was so keenly sensitive a
to the interest of the Ble gleams of Hght which reveal our
"ང༌
not only stirred by the great passions, but absorbed like
by the trivialities of the day. A similar interest will long
to the scene of his own trials.
he's fe was a struggle 1 a warfare. Each of his Tooke
enned from him, like the tale of the Ancient Marine", by
wy my. The early bocks exerted the wrath of his conferape-
when they were not ridiculed as the grotesque on pourings of
Centric humorist. His teaching was intended to oppose what
ge, le take to be the general tendency of thought, and yet
Who share that tendency gladly acknowledge that they owe to
If
THOMAS CARLYLE
41795 Les)
BY LESLIE STEPH'N


## p. 3230 (#204) ###########################################

17443 MRLYLE


## p. 3231 (#205) ###########################################

3231
THOMAS CARLYLE
(1795-1881)
BY LESLIE STEPHEN
HE hundredth anniversary of the birth of Thomas Carlyle —
(December 4th, 1795)—was lately commemorated. The
house in Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, which he had occupied
from 1834 till his death (February 4th, 1881), was handed over to
trustees to be preserved as a public memorial. No house in the
British islands has more remarkable associations. Thither Carlyle
had come in his thirty-eighth year, still hardly recognized by the
general public, though already regarded by a small circle as a man
of extraordinary powers. There he went through the concluding
years of the long struggle which ended by a hard-won and scarcely
enjoyed victory. There he had been visited by almost all the most
conspicuous men of letters of his time: by Jeffrey, Southey, and J. S.
Mill; by Tennyson and Browning, the greatest poets, and by Thack-
eray and Dickens, the greatest novelists of his generation; by the
dearest friends of his youth, Irving and Emerson and John Sterling,
and by his last followers, Froude and Ruskin. There too had lived
until 1866 the woman who had shared his struggles, whom he loved
and admired without stint, and whom he was yet destined to remem-
ber with many bitter pangs of remorse. Their story, laid bare with
singular fullness, has invested the scene of their joys and sorrows,
their alienation and reconciliations, with extraordinary interest. Every
one who has read the 'Reminiscences' and the later mass of bio-
graphical matter must be glad to see the "sound-proof» room, and
the garden haunted by the "demon-fowls," and the other dumb wit-
nesses of a long tragi-comedy. No one was so keenly sensitive as
Carlyle to the interest of the little gleams of light which reveal our
ancestors not only stirred by the great passions, but absorbed like
ourselves by the trivialities of the day. A similar interest will long
attach to the scene of his own trials.
Carlyle's life was a struggle and a warfare. Each of his books
was wrenched from him, like the tale of the 'Ancient Mariner,' by a
spiritual agony. The early books excited the wrath of his contempo-
raries, when they were not ridiculed as the grotesque outpourings of
an eccentric humorist. His teaching was intended to oppose what
most people take to be the general tendency of thought, and yet
many who share that tendency gladly acknowledge that they owe to


## p. 3232 (#206) ###########################################

THOMAS CARLYLE
3232
Carlyle a more powerful intellectual stimulus than they can attribute
even to their accepted teachers. I shall try briefly to indicate the
general nature of his message to mankind, without attempting to con-
sider the soundness or otherwise of particular views.
Carlyle describes what kind of person people went to see in
Cheyne Row. "The very sound of my voice," he says, "has got
something savage-prophetic: I am as a John the Baptist girt about
with a leather girdle, whose food is locusts and wild honey. " Re-
spectable literary society at "æsthetic tea-parties" regarded him as
the Scribes and Pharisees regarded the Hebrew prophet. He came
among them to tear the mask from their hypocritical cant. Carlyle
was not externally a Diogenes. Though the son of peasants, he had
the appearance and manner of a thorough gentleman in spite of all
his irritable outbreaks. But he was not the less penetrated to the
core with the idiosyncrasies of his class. The father, a Davie Deans
of real life, had impressed the son profoundly. Carlyle had begun
life on the same terms as innumerable young Scots. Strict frugality
had enabled him to get a college training and reach the threshold of
the ministry. His mother could look forward to the exquisite pleas-
ure of seeing "her own bairn wag his head in a pulpit! " But at
this point Carlyle's individuality first asserted itself. He could not
step into any of the ordinary grooves. His college teachers appeared
to him to offer "sawdust» instead of manna from heaven. The
sacred formulæ of their ancestral creed had lost their savor. Words
once expressive of the strongest faith were either used to utter the
bigotry of narrow pedants, or were adopted only to be explained away
into insipid commonplace. Carlyle shared the intellectual movement
of his time too much to profess any reverence for what he called
the "Hebrew old-clothes. " Philosophers and critics had torn them
to rags.
His quarrel however was with the accidental embodiment,
not with the spirit of the old creeds. The old morality was ingrained
in his very nature; nor was he shocked, like some of his fellows, by
the sternness of the Calvinistic views of the universe and life. The
whole problem was with him precisely to save this living spirit.
The skeptics, he thought, were, in the German phrase, "emptying out
the baby with the bath. " They were at war with the spirit as well
as with the letter; trying to construct a Godless universe; to substi-
tute a dead mechanism for the living organism; and therefore to
kill down at the root every noble aspiration which could stimulate
the conscience, or strengthen a man to bear the spectacle of the
wrongs and sufferings of mankind.
The crisis of this struggle happened in 1821. After giving up the
ministry, Carlyle had tried "schoolmastering," and found himself to
be least fitted of mankind for a function which demands patience


## p. 3233 (#207) ###########################################

THOMAS CARLYLE
3233
with stupidity. He had just glanced at the legal profession only to
be disgusted with its chicaneries. Hack authorship was his only
chance. The dyspeptic disorder which tormented him through life
was tormenting him. "A rat was gnawing at the pit of his stom-
ach. " Then he was embittered by the general distress of his own
class. Men out of work were threatening riots and the yeomanry
being called out to suppress them. Carlyle was asked by a friend
why he too did not come out with a musket. "Hm! yes," he
replied, "but I haven't quite settled on which side. " It was while
thus distracted, that after three weeks of sleeplessness he experi-
enced what he called his "conversion. " The universe had seemed to
him "void of life, of purpose, of volition, even of hostility; it was
one huge and immeasurable steam-engine, rolling on in its dead
indifference, to grind me limb from limb. Oh, the vast, gloomy,
solitary Golgotha and mill of death! " And then he suddenly re-
solved to resist. Why go on trembling like a coward? "As I so
thought, there rushed a stream of fire over my whole soul, and I
shook base fear away from me for ever. I was strong, of unknown
strength; a spirit; almost a god: ever from that time the temper of
my misery was changed; not fear or whining sorrow was in it, but
indignation and grim, fell-eyed defiance. " These are the phrases of
his imaginary hero in Sartor Resartus. In the 'Reminiscences' he
repeats the statement in his own person. He had won "an immense
victory »; he had escaped from the "foul mud gods" and soared into
the "eternal blue of ether" where he had "for the spiritual part
ever since lived. " He could look down upon his fellow creatures
still weltering in that fatal element," "pitying the religious part
of them and indignant against the frivolous "; enjoying an inward
and supreme happiness which still remained to him, though often
"eclipsed" in later years.
«<
To understand this crisis is to understand his whole attitude.
The change was not of the purely logical kind. Carlyle was not
converted by any philosophical system. Coleridge, not long before,
had found in Kant and Schelling an answer to similar perplexities.
Carlyle, though he respected the German metaphysicians, could never
find their dogmas satisfactory to his shrewd Scottish sense. His
great helper, he tells us, in the strait, was not Kant but Goethe.
The contrast between that serene prophet of culture and the rugged
Scottish Puritan is so marked that one may be tempted to explain
the influence partly by personal accident. Carlyle grew up at a time
when the British public was just awaking to the existence of Ger-
many; and not only promoted the awakening but was recognized
by the great Goethe himself. He may well have been inclined in
years to exaggerate a debt due to so welcome a recognition.
later
VI-203


## p. 3234 (#208) ###########################################

THOMAS CARLYLE
3234
And yet it is intelligible that in Goethe, Carlyle saw what he most
required.
A man of the highest genius and a full representative of
the most advanced thought could yet recognize what was elevating
in the past as clearly as what was the true line of progress for us to
pursue; and while casting aside the dead trappings as decidedly as
Carlyle, could reach serene heights above the petty controversies
where men wrangled over extinct issues. Goethe had solved the
problem which vexed Carlyle's soul, and set an inspiring example of
the true spirit and its great reward.
Carlyle, however, was not qualified by temperament or mental
characteristics to follow Goethe's steps. If not primarily a reasoner,
and too impatient perhaps for slow logical processes, he was also
not a poet. Some of the greatest English teachers of his period
embodied their conceptions of the world in poetry. Wordsworth and
Shelley and Byron, in particular, were more effective representatives
of the chief spiritual influences of the day than the few speculative
writers. Carlyle thought for a time that he could utter himself in
verse, or at least in prose fiction. He tried, only to feel his incom-
petence. As Froude observes, he had little ear for metrical composi-
tion. There were other and perhaps greater obstacles. A poet must
be capable of detachment from the actual world in which he lives,
however profound his interest in its great problems. He must be
able to dwell with "seraph contemplation" and stand aside from
the actual contest. To Carlyle such an attitude was partly impos-
sible, partly contemptible. He had imbibed the Puritan aversion to
æsthetic enjoyments. He had been brought up in circles where
it was thought wrong for a child to read the 'Arabian Nights,' and
where Milton could only obtain a doubtful admission as a versifier of
the Scriptural narrative. Carlyle retained
Carlyle retained the prejudice. He always
looked askance at poetry which had no immediate bearing upon con-
duct, and regarded "æsthetic" as equivalent to frivolous. "May the
devil fly away with the fine arts" is a sentiment which he quotes
with cordial sympathy. This view was congenial to his inborn char-
acteristics.
One striking peculiarity was his extraordinary "receptivity" of all
outward impressions. The strange irritability which he set down to
the "hag Dyspepsia" made him resemble a patient in whom disease
has produced a morbidly excessive sensibility. Little annoyances
were magnified into tragic dimensions. The noises in a next-door
house affected him as an earthquake might affect others. His
memory was as retentive as his impressions were strong. Froude
testifies that his account of a little trip to Paris, written forty years
later without reference to memoranda, is verified down to the
minutest details by contemporary letters. Scenes instantaneously


## p. 3235 (#209) ###########################################

THOMAS CARLYLE
3235
photographed on his memory never faded. No one had a keener
eye for country. When he visited Germany he brought back pictures
of the scenes of Frederick's battles, which enabled him to reproduce
them with such startling veracity that after reading you seem to
remember the reality, not the book. In history he seeks to place
before us a series of visions as distinct as actual eyesight: to show
us Cromwell watching the descent of the Scottish army at Dunbar,
or the human whirlpool raging round the walls of the Bastille. We
-the commonplace spectators - should not, it is true, even at
present see what was visible to Carlyle, any more than we see a
landscape as Turner saw it. We may wish that we could.
At any
rate, we have the conviction of absolute truthfulness to the impres-
sion made on a powerful idiosyncrasy. We perceive, as by the help
of a Rembrandt, vast chaotic breadths of gloomy confusion, with
central figures thrown out by a light of extraordinary brilliancy.
Carlyle, indeed, always has it in mind that what we call reality is
but a film on the surface of mysterious depths. We are such stuff,
to repeat his favorite quotation, as dreams are made of. Past
history is a series of dreams; the magic of memory may restore
them for an instant to our present consciousness. But the most
vivid picture of whatever is not irrecoverably lost always brings, too,
the pathetic sense that we are after all but ephemeral appearances
in the midst of the eternities and infinities. Overwhelmed by this
sense of the unsubstantiality even of the most real objects, Carlyle
clutches, as it were with the energy of despair, every fading image;
and tries to invest it with something of its old brightness. Carlyle was
so desirous to gain this distinctness of vision that he could not be
happy in personal descriptions till, if possible, he had examined the
portrait of his hero and satisfied himself that he could reproduce the
actual bodily appearance. The face, he holds, shows the soul. And
then his shrewd Scottish sagacity never deserts him. If the hero
sometimes becomes, like most heroes, a little too free from human
infirmities, the actors in his dramas never become mere walking
gentlemen. In Dryasdust he gives us lay figures, bedizened at
times with shallow paradoxes; but Carlyle always deals in genuine
human nature. His judgment may not be impartial, but at least it
is not nugatory. He sees the man from within and makes him a
credible individual, not a mere bit of machinery worked by colorless
formulæ. With this eye for character goes the keen sense of grim
humor which keeps him in touch with reality. Little incidents bring
out the absurd side of even the heroic. The most exciting scenes
of his 'French Revolution' are heightened by the vision of the
shivering usher who "accords the grand entries" when the ferocious
mob is rushing into the palace-not "finding it convenient," as


## p. 3236 (#210) ###########################################

3236
THOMAS CARLYLE
-
Carlyle observes, "to refuse them"; and of the gentleman who
continues for an hour to "demand the arrestment of knaves and
dastards" — a most comprehensive of all known petitions. Carlyle's
"mannerism" is one result of this strain to be graphic. It has been
attributed to readings of Jean Paul, and by Carlyle himself, partly
to Irving and partly to the early talk in his father's home. It
appears at any rate as soon as Carlyle gets confidence enough in
himself to trust to his own modes of impression; and if it may fairly
be called a mannerism, was not an affectation. It was struck out in
the attempt to give most effective utterance to his genuine thought,
and may be compared, as Burke said of Johnson's conversation, to the
"contortions of the Sibyl. "
It is time, however, to try to say what was the prophetic message
thus delivered. Carlyle, I have said, had no logical system of phi-
losophy, and was too much of a "realist" (in one sense) to find
poetry congenial. He has to preach by pictures of the past; by
giving us history, though history transfused with poetry; an account
of the external fact which shall reveal the real animating principle,
quietly omitted by statisticians and constitutional historians. The
doctrine so delivered appears to be vague. What, the ordinary
believer may ask, would be left of a religion if its historical state-
ments should turn out to be mere figments and its framework of
dogmas to be nonsense? He would naturally reply, Nothing. Carlyle
replies, Everything. The spirit may survive, though its whole visible
embodiment should be dissolved into fiction and fallacy. But to
define this spirit is obviously impossible. It represents a tone of
thought, a mode of contemplating life and the world, not any dis-
tinct set of definite propositions. Carlyle was called a "mystic," and
even, as he says, was made into a "mystic school. " We may accept
the phrase, so far as mysticism means the substitution of a "logic of
the heart" for a "logic of the head"-an appeal to sentiment rather
than to any definite reasoning process. The "mystic" naturally
recognizes the inner light as shining through many different and
even apparently contradictory forms. But most mystics retain, in a
new sense perhaps, the ancient formulæ. Carlyle rejected them so
markedly that he shocked many believers, otherwise sympathetic.
His early friend Irving, who tried to restore life to the old forms,
and many who accepted Coleridge as their spiritual guide, were
scandalized by his utterances. He thought, conversely, that they
were still masquerading in "Hebrew old-clothes,» or were even
like the apes who went on chattering by the banks of the Dead Sea,
till they ceased to be human. He regards the "Oxford movement"
with simple contempt. His dictum that Newman had "no more
brain than a moderate-sized rabbit" must have been followed, as no


## p. 3237 (#211) ###########################################

THOMAS CARLYLE
3237
one will doubt who heard him talk, by one of those gigantic explos-
ions of laughter which were signals of humorous exaggeration. But
it meant in all seriousness that he held Newman to be reviving
superstitions unworthy of the smallest allowance of brain.
Yet Carlyle's untiring denunciation of "shams" and " unrealities"
of this, as of other varieties, does not mean unqualified antipathy.
He feels that the attempt to link the living spirit to the dead ex-
ternals is a fatal enterprise. That may be now a stifling incum-
brance, which was once the only possible symbol of a living belief.
Accordingly, though Carlyle's insistence upon the value of absolute
intellectual truthfulness is directed against this mode of thought, his
attack upon the opposite error is more passionate and characteristic.
The Sartor Resartus,' his first complete book (1833-4), announced
and tried to explain his "conversion. " To many readers it still
seems his best work, as it certainly contains some of his noblest
passages. It was unpopular in England, and (an Englishman must
say it with regret) seems to have been first appreciated in America.
It gave indeed many sharp blows at English society: it expresses his
contempt for the upper literary strata, who like Jeffrey complained
of him for being so "desperately in earnest "; and for the authors,
who were not "prophets," but mere caterers to ephemeral amuse-
ment. But the satire, I cannot but think, is not quite happy. The
humor of the "Clothes Philosophy" is a little strained; to me, I
confess, rather tiresome: and the impressive passages just those
where he forgets it.
His real power became obvious beyond all cavil on the publica-
tion of the 'French Revolution' (1837). Not for a hundred years, he
declared, had the public received any book that " came more direct
and flamingly from the heart of a living man. " That expresses, as
I think, the truth. The book is not to be "read for information. "
The facts would now require much restatement; and moreover, the
narrative is too apt to overleap prosaic but necessary facts in order
to fasten upon the picturesque passages. But considered as what
it is, a "prose epic," a moving panorama, drawn with astonishing
force and perception of the tremendous tragi-comedy involved, it is
unequaled in English literature. The doctrine inculcated is signifi-
cant. Carlyle's sympathies were in one sense with the Revolution.
He felt, he says, that the Radicals were "guild-brothers," while the
Whigs were mere "amateurs. " He was even more thoroughly con-
vinced than the Radicals that a thoroughgoing demolition of the old
order was essential. The Revolution was but the first volcanic out-
burst of the great forces still active below the surface. Europe, he
says (Chartism), lay "hag-ridden" and "quack-ridden. " The quack
is the most hideous of hags; he is a "falsehood incarnate. » To


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3238
THOMAS CARLYLE
blow him and his to the four winds was the first necessity. The
French Revolution was "the inevitable stern end of much: the fear-
ful but also wonderful, indispensable, and sternly beneficent begin-
ning of much. » So far, Carlyle was far more in agreement with
Paine than with Burke. But what was to follow when the ground
was cleared? When you have cut off your king's head and con-
fiscated the estates of the nobility and the church, you have only
begun. A new period is to be born with death-throes and birth-
throes, and there are, he guesses (French Revolution,' Book iv. ,
chapter 4), some two centuries of fighting before "Democracy go
through its dire, most baleful stage of Quackocracy. › » The radi-
cals represent this coming "Quackocracy. " What was their root
error? Briefly (I try to expound, not to enlarge), that they were
materialists. Their aim was low. They desired simply a multipli-
cation of physical comforts, or as he puts it, a boundless supply of
"pigs-wash. " Their means too were futile. Society, on their showing,
was a selfish herd hungering for an equal distribution of pigs-wash.
They put unlimited faith in the mere mechanism of constitution-
mongering; in ballot-boxes and manipulation of votes and contriv-
ances by which a number of mean and selfish passions might be
somehow so directed as to balance each other. It is not by any such
devices that society can really be regenerated. You must raise men's
souls, not alter their conventions. They must not simply abolish
kings, but learn to recognize the true king, the man who has the
really divine right of superior strength and wisdom, not the sham
divine right of obsolete tradition. You require not paper rules, but
a new spirit which spontaneously recognizes the voice of God. The
true secret of life must be to him, as to every "mystic," that we
should follow the dictates of the inner light which speaks in differ-
ent dialects to all of us.
But this implies a difficulty. Carlyle, spite of his emergence into
"blue ether," was constitutionally gloomy. He was more alive than
any man since Swift to the dark side of human nature. The dull-
ness of mankind weighed upon him like a nightmare. "Mostly
fools" is his pithy verdict upon the race at large. Nothing then
could be more idle than the dream of the revolutionists that the
voice of the people could be itself the voice of God. From millions
of fools you can by no constitutional machinery extract anything but
folly. Where then is the escape? The millions, he says (essay on
Johnson), "roll hither and thither, whithersoever they are led"; they
seem "all sightless and slavish," with little but "animal instincts. "
The hope is that, here and there, are scattered the men of power
and of insight, the heaven-sent leaders; and it is upon loyalty to
them and capacity for recognizing and obeying them that the future


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THOMAS CARLYLE
3239
of the race really depends. This was the moral of the lectures on
'Hero-Worship' (1840). Odin, Mahomet, Dante, Shakespeare, Luther,
Cromwell, and Napoleon, are types of the great men who now and
then visit the earth as prophets or rulers. They are the brilliant
centres of light in the midst of the surrounding darkness; and in
loyal recognition of their claims lies our security for all external
progress. By what signs, do you ask, can they be recognized?
There can be no sign. You can see the light if you have eyes; but
no other faculty can supply the want of eyesight. And hence arise
some remarkable points both of difference from and coincidence with
popular beliefs.
>
In the 'Chartism,' 'Past and Present,' and 'Latter-Day Pamphlets ›
(1839, 1843, and 1850), Carlyle applied his theories to the problems of
the day. They had the disadvantage which generally attaches to the
writings of an outsider in politics. They were, said the average
reader, "unpractical. " Carlyle could not recommend any definite
measures; an objection easy to bring against a man who urges rather
a change of spirit than of particular measures. Yet it is noticeable
that he recommends much that has since become popular. Much of
his language might be used by modern Socialists. In 'Past and
Present, for example (Book iii. , Chapter 8), he gives the princi-
ple of land nationalization. " The great capitalist is to be turned
into a "captain of industry," and government is to undertake to
organize labor, to protect health, and to enforce education. Carlyle
so far sympathizes with the Socialist, not only as agreeing that the
great end of government is the raising of the poor, but as denoun-
cing the laissez-faire doctrine. The old-fashioned English Radical had
regarded all government as a necessary evil, to be minimized as
much as possible. When it had armed the policemen, it had fulfilled
its whole duty. But this, according to Carlyle, was to leave the
"dull multitude" to drift into chaos. Government should rest upon
the loyalty of the lower to the higher. Order is essential; and good
order means the spontaneous obedience to the heaven-sent hero.
He, when found, must supply the guiding and stimulating force.
The Socialist, like Carlyle, desires a strong government, but not the
government of the "hero. " Government of which the moving force
comes from above instead of below will be, he thinks, a government
of mere force. And here occurs the awkward problem to which
Carlyle is constantly referring. He was generally accused of identi-
fying "right" with "might"> Against this interpretation he always
protested. Right and Might, he says often, are in the long run
identical. That which is right and that alone is ultimately lasting.
Your rights are the expression of the divine will; and for that rea-
son, whatever endures must be right. Work lasts so far as it is based


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THOMAS CARLYLE
3240
upon eternal foundations. The might, therefore, is in the long run
the expression of the right. The Napoleonic empire, according to a
favorite illustration, could not last because it was founded upon
injustice. The two tests then must coincide: what is good proves
itself by lasting, and what lasts, lasts because good; but the test of
endurance cannot, it is clear, be applied when it is wanted. Hence
arises an ambiguity which often gives to Carlyle the air of a man
worshiping mere success; when, if we take his own interpretation,
he takes the success to be the consequence, not the cause, of the
rightness. The hero is the man who sees the fact and disregards
the conventional fiction; but for the moment he looks very like the
man who disregards principles and attends to his own interest.
Here again Carlyle approximates to a doctrine to which he was
most averse, the theory of the struggle for existence and the survival
of the fittest. The Darwinian answers in this way Carlyle's prob-
lem, how it is to come to pass that the stupidity of the masses comes
to blunder into a better order? Here and there, as in his accounts
of the way in which the intensely stupid British public managed to
blunder into the establishment of a great empire, Carlyle seems to
fall in with the Darwinian view. That view shocked him because
he thought it mechanical. To him the essence of history was to be
found not in the blind striving of the dull, but in the lives of great
men. They represent the incarnate wisdom which must guide all
wholesome aspiration. History is really the biography of the heroes.
All so-called philosophies of history, attempts to discover general
laws and to dispense with the agency of great men, are tainted with
materialism. They would substitute "blind laws" for the living spirit
which really guides the development of the race. But if you ask how
your hero is to be known, the only answer can be, Know him at
your peril.
Carlyle's most elaborate books, the 'Cromwell' and the 'Fred-
erick,' are designed to give an explicit answer to the "right" and
"might" problem. Carlyle in both cases seems to be toiling amidst
the dust-heaps of some ancient ruin, painfully disinterring the shat-
tered and defaced fragments of a noble statue and reconstructing it
to be hereafter placed in a worthy Valhalla. Cromwell, according
to the vulgar legend, was a mere hypocrite, and Frederick a mere
cynical conqueror. The success of both - that is his intended moral-
was in proportion to the clearness with which they recognized the
eternal laws of the universe. Cromwell probably is the more satis-
factory hero, as more really sympathetic to his admirer. But each
requires an interpreter. Cromwell's gifts did not lie in the direction
of lucid utterance; and Frederick, if he could have read, would cer-
tainly have scorned, the doctrine of his eulogist. Carlyle, that is, has


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THOMAS CARLYLE
3241
to dig out in the actions of great men a true significance, certainly
not obvious to the actors themselves. Their recognition of the
eternal laws was in one case embodied in obsolete formulæ, and in
the other, it might seem, altogether unconscious.
The hero's recog-
nition of divine purposes does not imply then that his own vision is
purged from error, or that his aim is distinctly realized.
He may,
like Mahomet or the Abbot Sampson, be full of superstition. His
"veracity" does not mean that his beliefs are true; only that they
are sincere and such a version of the truth as is possible in his
dialect. This is connected with Carlyle's constant insistence upon
the superiority of silence to speech. The divine light shines through.
many distracting media; it enlightens many who do not consciously
perceive it. It may be recognized because it gives life; because the
work to which it prompts is lasting. But even the hero who tries to
utter himself is sure to interpolate much that is ephemeral, con-
fused, and imperfect; and speech in general represents the mere per-
plexed gabble of men who take words for thought, and raise a
hopeless clamor which drowns the still small voice of true inspira-
tion. If men are mostly fools, their talk is mostly folly; forming a
wild incoherent Babel in which it is hard to pick out the few scat-
tered words of real meaning. Carlyle has been ridiculed for preach-
ing silence in so many words; but then Carlyle was speaking the
truth; and of that, he fully admits, we can never have too much.
The hero may be a prophet, or a man of letters. He is bound to
speak seriously, though not to be literally silent; and his words must
be judged not by the momentary pleasure, but by their ultimate
influence on life.
Carlyle's message to his fellows, which I have tried imperfectly
to summarize, may be condemned on grounds of taste and of moral-
ity. Translated into logical formulæ it becomes inconsistent, and
it embodies some narrow prejudices in exaggerated terms.