No More Learning

The magazine, on the other hand, was a miscellany. Though
it contained reviews and criticisms of books, it did not confine
itself to reviewing. To its pages, authors and poets sent original
contributions. It admitted correspondence from the outside world;
and it aimed at the entertainment of its readers rather than at
the advocacy of views. Through the instrumentality of the
magazine, much valuable and permanent literary matter first
came before the public. In the first quarter of the nineteenth
century, the two great reviews-The Edinburgh and The
Quarterly—and two brilliant magazines— Blackwood's and The
London-sprang to life, and, on the whole, they have conformed
to the original distinctions of type.
With these reviews and magazines and their many imitators, a
substantially new form was originated and developed in which
literature of a high class was to find its opportunities. An aspiring
author, in this way, might, and did, obtain a hearing without
undergoing the risk and expense of publishing a book or a
pamphlet. From the reception given to the new reviews, it is
clear that, on the part of the general community, an intellectual
thirst, once confined to the very few, was now keenly felt. Men
wanted to know about books, and events, and to find them
discussed; yet, till the eighteenth century had struck, it is hardly
too much to say that able, honest and independent literary
criticism was unknown. The spurious criticism of periodicals,
notoriously kept alive by publishers to promote the sale of their
own books, was, virtually, all that existed. In all these respects,
a great and momentous change was at hand.
The system of anonymous reviewing in periodicals under the
guidance and control of responsible editors, themselves men of
strong individuality, soon led to the review acquiring a distinct
personality of its own. By ninety-nine out of every hundred
readers, the criticism expressed would be accepted as that of the
>


## p. 142 (#166) ############################################

142
[CH.
Reviews and Magazines
review-of The Edinburgh or The Quarterly—and they would
enquire no further. Among regular contributors, as, of course,
with the editor, the feeling prevailed that articles in the review
represented something more than the opinion, at the moment, of
the individual writer. They were intended, in some sort, to give
expression to the views of able and intelligent men who, gene-
rally speaking, had the same outlook on public affairs. Naturally,
some contributors would gravitate towards Jeffrey and The
Edinburgh, whilst others would turn to Gifford and The Quarterly.
Without the practice of anonymity, combined with responsible
and vigorous editorship, a lasting corporate personality could not
have been acquired; and the chief reviews, though they would
still have fulfilled a useful purpose, could not have become in-
fluential organs of public opinion.
The issue, in October 1802, of the first number of The Edin-
burgh Review and Critical Journal, published by Constable of
Edinburgh and Longman and Rees of London, was an event of
great significance, making a new departure in literary criticism,
and opening a pathway, much trodden since, whereby men of
ability and independence, of learning and of practical knowledge,
have been enabled to render services to their countrymen and to
literature, which it would be difficult to overestimate. To enlighten
the mind of the public, and to guide its judgments in matters of
literature, science and art, was the aspiration of the early Edin-
burgh reviewers; and, at the same time, in the region of politics,
to promote what seemed to them to be a more liberal and popular
system of government.
The name chosen for this contemplated organ of opinion was
not new. Nearly half a century earlier, an Edinburgh Review, 'to
be published every six months,' had made its appearance. It was
to give some account of all books published in Scotland in the
preceding half year, and of the most remarkable books published
in England and elsewhere in the same period. In its anonymous
pages, Robertson (afterwards principal Robertson), Adam Smith
and Alexander Wedderburn (afterwards lord chancellor Lough-
borough) first made their appearance in print; but, notwithstanding
the eminent ability of its contributors, The Edinburgh Review of
1755 lived through only two numbers, its liberal tone, in matters
of philosophy, and in matters considered to trench on theology,
proving distasteful to the prevailing narrow orthodoxy of that
day'.
i The Edinburgh Review for the year 1755, 2nd edition with preface, 1818.
1


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VI]
143
The Edinburgh Review
6
The Edinburgh Review, “to be continued quarterly,' of 1802,
which was to become famous and permanent as an exponent of
literary and political criticism, abandoned the idea of noticing all
the productions of the press, and proposed to confine its attentions
to the most important. The new journal, it was hoped, would be
distinguished for the selection rather than for the number of its
articles To three young men, then quite unknown to fame,
belongs the honour of originating The Edinburgh Review, and of
winning for it its high place in English literature, namely–Francis
Jeffrey, a Scottish advocate, still almost briefless, who had been
educated at the universities of Glasgow and Oxford ; Sydney
Smith, a distinguished Wykehamist and Oxonian, who, while
waiting for an English living, was in Edinburgh as the private
tutor of young Michael Hicks Beach, then attending classes in the
university; and Henry Brougham, the future lord chancellor, who
had only lately been called to the Scottish bar, and who, with
abundant leisure, was, like Jeffrey, still treading the floor of the
parliament house.
The history of the birth and early years of The Edinburgh is
well known. Nothing of the kind, with the exception of the dis-
couraging precedent already mentioned, had ever been attempted
in Scotland It was easy to say on the title page of the first
number that it was 'to be continued quarterly'; yet, Jeffrey
himself, who was to edit the Review for the next seven and twenty
years, was full of anxiety as to whether it would pay its expenses
for the one year for which he and his friends had bound them-
selves to the publishers. His apprehensions were quickly dispelled.
By all accounts, the effect on the public mind of the appearance
of the first number (10 October 1802) was electrical. ' The little
literary criticism then existing was lifeless-mere hackwork, sub-
sidised by publishers to puff their own wares. Here was a review
showing upon every page, whether the reader agreed with, or
differed from, its expressions of opinion, conspicuous ability, vigour
and independence. Succeeding numbers added to the popularity
and the fame of The Edinburgh. In half-a-dozen years, its
circulation rose from 800 to 9000; in ten years, it had grown to
about 10,000; and, by 1818, it had attained a circulation of nearly
14,000, which was never exceeded. Even these figures do not
show the number of copies ultimately bought by the public, for
each volume (containing two numbers) had 'a book value’; and
many volumes ran through a large number of editions. For
1 See advertisement to the first number of The Edinburgh Review, October 1802.


## p. 144 (#168) ############################################

144
Reviews and Magazines [CH.
example, in the years 1814 and 1815, there were published
the tenth and seventh editions of volume I and volume II
respectively.
The first number contained no fewer than 29 articles, and 252
pages. Nine articles were written by Sydney Smith, six by
Jeffrey, four by Francis Horner, three by Brougham and others
by Thomson, Murray and Hamilton. Some of the contributions
were so short that they were rather notices of books than
serious and critical reviews. During the first three years,
the list of contributors was increased by the names of Walter
Scott, Playfair, John Allen, George Ellis, Henry Hallam and
others. Jeffrey and his friends did not long maintain their
original intention of declining all remuneration for their
contributions; and only the first two numbers were written
without reward. As a matter of fact, Sydney Smith had
edited the first number; and he quickly saw that, if permanency
was sought, the Review would have to be conducted on business
principles. Thus, he assured Constable the publisher that a pay-
ment of £200 a year to the editor and ten guineas a sheet for
contributions would render him the possessor of the best Review
in Europe. The system of 'all gentlemen and no pay' thus
quickly came to an end, for, though the publisher considered the
rate of pay suggested was unprecedented, he recognised that so,
too, was the success of the Review, and, in later days, it was very
largely increased. In the twentieth century, it is not easy to
understand the coyness with which, a hundred years ago, men
accepted payment for literary services. Jeffrey, who became
editor under the new arrangement, satisfied himself by enquiry
that none of his men would reject the £10 honorarium, and,
under the sanction of their example,' he thought he might him-
self accept the offered salary 'without being supposed to have
suffered any degradation? '
The first three or four numbers indicated clearly enough the
political and literary tendencies which were to characterise the
Review. The first article of all, written by Jeffrey, reviewed a
book by Mounier, late president of the French national assembly,
on the causes of the revolution. Jeffrey held what were called
popular principles, but he was no revolutionist, and he looked
forward to the time when men on both sides would be able to
take calmer views of that great convulsion than was possible to
most Englishmen in 1802. Francis Horner, in later years regarded
* Jeffrey to Horner, May 1803.
>
6
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## p. 145 (#169) ############################################

VI]
145
The Edinburgh Review
6
as one of the greatest authorities on political economy, wrote on
“The Paper Credit of Great Britain,' whilst Brougham discussed
'The Crisis in the Sugar Colonies. ' The literary article in the first
number—on Southey's Thalaba-indicated the spirit of much of
the future literary criticism of the Review. Jeffrey seems anxious
to show that the stern motto of The Edinburgh-Judex damnatur
cum nocens absolvitur-had, in the eyes of its editor, a very real
meaning.
Those who look back to the earlier numbers of The Edinburgh
will perceive, not without amusement, that nothing so greatly
roused the ire of these advanced reformers in the world political
as the slightest new departure from ancient ways in the world of
letters. Southey, it was urged, was nothing less than a cham-
pion and apostle' of a new sect of poets. They were all of them
dissenters from the established system in poetry and criticism. . . . Southey is
the first of these brought before us for judgment, and we cannot discharge
our inquisitorial office conscientiously without pronouncing a few words upon
the nature and tendency of the tenets he has helped to propagate.
The Review protested against the representation of vulgar
manners in vulgar language,' and would recall its generation to
'the vigilance and labour which sustained the loftiness of Milton,
and gave energy and directness to the pointed and fine propriety
of Pope. ' The article, however, was by no means entirely con-
demnatory; but enough has been quoted to show that already the
note of battle had been sounded in that long war with the lakers'
whom, half a generation later, the Review was still denouncing as
'a puling and self-admiring race? . '
The literary judgments of The Edinburgh Review have, in a
large number of instances, not been confirmed by the judgment of
posterity. In many other instances, on the other hand, their
criticisms have been amply vindicated. Jeffrey and his friends, in
short, were not infallible, though they arrogated to themselves an
authority hardly less than pontifical. Still, there was always
something robust and manly in the tone they adopted. They
were men of the world, engaged in the active occupations of life ;
of wide reading, it is true, and gifted with great literary acumen;
but, perhaps, with too little leisure to appreciate contemplative
poetry at its true value. They were prone to despise those whom
they considered mere penmen and nothing else, and they were
exasperated at the notion that any small literary coterie, holding
itself aloof from the active world, should lay down laws for the
>
1 Article on Childe Harold, December 1816.
E. L, XII.
CH. VI.
10


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146
[CH.
Reviews and Magazines
>
regulation of poetry and taste, and give itself airs of superiority
even towards the great masters of the English language. In his
later life, Jeffrey, in republishing a selection of his articles in the
Review, admits that the manner in which he treated the lake
poets was not such as commended itself to his matured judgment
and taste. It is not likely that his famous article of 1814 on
Wordsworth's Escursion, opening with the words, This will
never do,' can have been altogether pleasant reading to its author
in his old age. There was, however, in Wordsworth's poetry,
much for which Jeffrey had always felt and expressed admiration,
and he has declared that, though he repented of the vivacities'
of manner in this much censured paper, with the substance of his
articles on the poetry of the lake school (taking account of both
praise and censure) he had little fault to find.
Far the most eminent of Jeffrey's contributors was Walter
Scott, for whose patronage, though he had not yet published
The Lay of the Last Minstrel, or written a page of fiction,
Scottish and English publishers were eagerly striving.
The
first number of the second year of The Edinburgh contained
two articles from his pen; and, before the end of 1806, he had
contributed ten more. Among these were papers on Ellis's Early
English Poets, on Godwin's Life of Chaucer, on Chatterton's
Works and on Froissart's Chronicles. After that year, he with-
drew his countenance and support from The Edinburgh, though,
throughout his life, he remained on terms of friendship and
intimacy with Jeffrey. Indeed, in 1818, he once more returned to
its pages, publishing, in the June number, an elaborate review of
a novel by Maturin, Women, or Pour et Contre, a tale by the
author of Bertram.
It was impossible that hearty cooperation in what was becom-
ing more and more an organ of political party should long continue
between the whiggism of Jeffrey, Brougham and Sydney Smith,
and the toryism of Walter Scott. The latter had already re-
monstrated with the editor on the excessive partisanship which
now marked every issue of the Review. "The Edinburgh,' Jeffrey
had replied, 'has but two legs to stand on. Literature is one
of them, but its right leg is politics. Next to Jeffrey himself,
the Review, from its origin for a quarter of a century onward,
was mainly dependent on Sydney Smith and Henry Brougham,
each of whom contributed a marvellous number of articles on a
vast variety of subjects. Sydney Smith, the only Englishman
1 Jeffrey's Contributions to the Edinburgh Review, vol. II, p. 233.
1
6
1
1
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## p. 147 (#171) ############################################

vi]
Brougham
147
among the founders of the Review, and famous throughout his life
as the most brilliant of humourists, knew how to utilise his great
gifts in the forwarding of many a good cause and serious reform.
Some who delighted in the clever jesting and rollicking high
spirits which distinguished him, alike in social intercourse and in
the written page, failed to recognise, as did his real intimates, the
thoroughness and sincerity of his character, and his genuine
desire to leave the world a better place than he found it. Henry
Brougham, the youngest of the three, was to become, in a few
years and for a time, by dint of extraordinary energy and ability,
one of the most powerful political leaders in England. His services
to the Review, in its early days, had been quite invaluable.
Hardly any public man of the nineteenth century approached
more nearly to the possession of genius. But his great gifts were
weighted with very serious faults of character and temper; and, as
the years went on, he earned for himself universal distrust among
his fellow-workers-editors of, and contributors to, The Edin-
burgh, or statesmen engaged in the wider field of British politics.
It was long a tradition among Edinburgh reviewers that, on one
occasion, a complete number of the Review, with its dozen or
more of articles, was, from cover to cover, written by the pen
of
Brougham, and the story, whether true or not, is illustrative of the
universality of capacity generally attributed to him.
Many years afterwards, when Jeffrey had retired from The
Edinburgh, Brougham was to make the life of his successor,
Macvey Napier, burdensome by persistent efforts to run the
Review as his own organ—to make it the instrument of his
personal ambitions and interests, of his personal prejudices and
dislikes. He did not recognise that times had changed, and that
he, and his position in the country, had changed with them.
It was an article by Brougham that, in very early days, had
brought Byron into the field with his fierce attack upon critics in
general and The Edinburgh Review in particular. According to
Sir Mountstuart Grant Duff, Brougham, in later days, confessed
to the authorship of the article on Hours of Idleness in the
January number for 1808—the moving cause of that most brilliant
of satires-English Bards and Scotch Reviewers. The poet with
equal zeal scourged both his critics and his rivals—indeed, so
far as criticism goes, he was as severe on contemporary poets
and on 'lakers' as were Edinburgh reviewers themselves. Like
them, also, while shaking his head over the poetry of Scott and
Wordsworth and Coleridge, he was ready to bow before the
10_2


## p. 148 (#172) ############################################

148
[ch.
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poetical genius of Campbell and Rogers. It certainly is a singular
circumstance that Jeffrey, by general acknowledgment, in his own
day, the first of literary critics, should have made so strange a
selection of the poetry which deserved to achieve immortality.
A man must serve his time to every trade
Save Censure-critics all are ready made.
a
Assuredly, the history of literature abounds with the mistakes
of critics. An author, possibly a man of genius, very probably one
who has toiled for years to make himself master of his subject, a
man whose merits a later age will freely acknowledge, is brought
up for judgment,' as Jeffrey would say, before some clever writer
whose youth and inexperience are hidden from the author and the
public by the veil of anonymity. Can hurried judgments so
pronounced tend to good results as regards progress in the
appreciation of literature and art ? On the other hand, all criti-
cism would be at an end if the statesman, the poet, the author, the
painter were only to be 'brought up for judgment' before a wiser
statesman, a truer poet, a greater author or artist than himself.
The experience of the world surely goes to show that any criticism
better than none. It may be that critics are often mistaken;
but, so long as criticism is honest and able and independent, it
can hardly be that it will not, in the long run, serve a useful
purpose in enlightening the public mind. Edinburgh reviewers, in
Jeffrey's day, doubtless thought, in their conceit, that it was their
business to 'place' contemporary authors and poets, i. e. to deter-
mine their claim to immortality and their order of merit for all
time in the judgment of the world. And, in this, they often
failed. Their true function was, however, not this ; but, rather,
by their ability and acumen to stir the minds of men on those
multifarious subjects with which the Review dealt, to provoke
discussion and to enlist in it the most capable men of the day.
This work, the great reviews of the early nineteenth century
nobly performed. Their criticisms were written for their own
age, and dealt, and were intended to deal for the benefit of con-
temporaries, with passing subjects of interest. As Sir Leslie
Stephen has rightly said, 'Criticism is a still more perishable
commodity than Poetry? Time, and time alone, can establish
the claim of any author or of any artist to take rank among
the immortals.
It was the strong distaste of a large portion of the public, not
1 Half Hours in a Library, 1909 edn, vol. , p. 237.
6
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## p. 149 (#173) ############################################

vi] The Quarterly Review 149
for the literary, but for the political, criticisms of The Edinburgh,
that, in February 1809, brought a new and most powerful rival
into the field. The article on 'Don Cevallos, and the French
Usurpation in Spain' was written by Jeffrey himself, and it had,
undoubtedly, an exasperating effect on his political opponents.
Anyone who chooses to read the article today will probably
wonder that this should have been so; and he will certainly not
find in it any traces of the unpatriotic feeling with which the
writer was charged. The expression of what were considered
popular sentiments' in days when the French revolution was very
recent history was always sure to rouse warm indignation. Lord
Buchan, the eccentric elder brother of those eminent whigs Tom?
and Harry' Erskine, solemnly kicked the offending number of the
Review from his hall door into the middle of George street. More
sober men, with Walter Scott at the head of them, were genuinely
scandalised. It is said, moreover, that the personal hostility of
Scott had been stimulated by the article, six months earlier, on
Marmion, which was also written by Jeffrey; though it is probable
that it was the poet's worshippers, resenting the disparagement of
their hero, rather than the poet himself, who were offended by a
review which, while criticising the poem sharply enough in parts
and not always wisely, after all placed Scott on a very high
pedestal among the great poets of the world.
The true causes that brought The Quarterly Review into!
existence are clear enough. The time had come, and the man,
to challenge and dispute vigorously the domination of the great
Scottish whig organ. Scott had good reason to fear that whig
politics, by its instrumentality, were being disseminated in the
most jealously guarded of tory preserves. “No genteel family,'
he writes to George Ellis, 'can pretend to be without the Edin-
burgh Review ; because, independent of its politics, it gives the
only valuable literary criticisms that can be met with. ' It was,
indeed, high time, in the public interest, that the arrogant dicta-
torship of The Edinburgh, on all subjects literary and political,
should be disputed by some able antagonist worthy of its steel.
Thus, it happened that The Quarterly, unlike The Edinburgh,
was founded with a distinctly political object and by party
politicians of high standing, to avert the dangers, threatened by
the spread of the doctrines of whigs and reformers, to church
and state. The first move had already been made by John
Murray the publisher, who, in September 1807, had written to
1 In later days, respectively, lord chancellor and lord advocate.
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## p. 150 (#174) ############################################

150
Reviews and Magazines [CH.
$
Canning that the time was favourable for starting a new political
organ. Canning, at that time, made no reply. Now, however,
Scott made a strong appeal to Canning and George Ellis and
Croker to give their direct assistance to the new venture and to
gain for it the countenance and help of other party leaders
in London. Scott was himself much pressed to undertake the
editorship. This he declined, successfully pressing its acceptance
on Gifford, who, with Canning and Ellis, at the end of the
century, had been a main supporter of The Anti-Jacobin. "The
real reason,' wrote Scott to Gifford, in October 1808, 'for institu-
}
ting the new publication is the disgusting and deleterious doctrines
with which the most popular of our Reviews disgraces its pages. '
But Scott, though a strong tory, could never have become a
narrow or servile partisan ; and he adjured the new editor to
remember that they were fighting for principles they held dear, and
against doctrines they disapproved ; and that their ends would
not be best promoted by mere political subserviency to any
administration or party.
Indeed, Scott, writing to George Ellis, went so far as to say
that he did not wish the projected review to be principally or
exclusively political. That might even tend to defeat its purpose.
What he wanted was to institute a review in London, conducted
totally independent of book-selling influence, on a plan as liberal
as that of The Edinburgh, its literature as well supported and its
principles English and constitutional? Scott worked assiduously
to make the first number a success, writing himself four articles,
making nearly a third of the whole, and recruiting to the
standard of The Quarterly, Southey, Kirkpatrick Sharpe, Rogers,
Moore and others whose reputations Jeffrey had murdered, and
who are rising to cry woe upon him, like the ghosts in King
Richard? ' Southey, the poet laureate, was a most voluminous
contributor, and Gifford suffered much from him for having
to compress his essays within the necessary limits, giving, thereby,
no little offence to one whom, nevertheless, he regarded as the
sheet anchor of the Review. '
There could be no question from the first as to the ability of
the new journal. Yet, its first number (February 1809) met no
such reception as had greeted the birth of The Edinburgh. Its
tone was literary rather than political. It contained much that
was well worth reading, little to dazzle or startle the world. The
1 2 November 1808.
? Walter Scott to Kirkpatrick Sharpe. See Memoir of John Murray, vol. I, p. 104.
6


## p. 151 (#175) ############################################

VI]
Gifford and Scott
151
publisher was not without anxiety for the future; and his editor
Gifford, great as was his literary ability, was certainly one of the
least businesslike and most unpunctual of men. The second number
was not ready till the end of May, the third till the end of August,
when it was found by Ellis (a very candid friend and supporter)
to be, though profound, notoriously and unequivocally dull. '
Murray asserted that The Quarterly was not yet paying its
expenses; and it was not till the fourth number (which was some
six weeks behind time) that an article appeared which excited
general admiration, and which, in the publisher's opinion, largely in-
creased the demand for the Review. This, strangely enough, was an
article, and by no means a condemnatory one, on the character
of Charles James Fox. Henceforward, the circulation grew
steadily, and, in the years 1818 and 1819, when it appears that
each of the great reviews reached its maximum circulation, The
Edinburgh and The Quarterly sold almost the same number of
copies, namely, 14,000.
The editorship of Gifford lasted till 1824. During those fifteen
years, he wrote few articles himself, but he dealt strenuously with
the papers sent him by contributors, in the way of compression,
addition and amendment, to the no small dissatisfaction of the
writers. It is interesting to know that Jane Austen derived her
first real encouragement as a writer of fiction from an article on
Emma in The Quarterly by Walter Scott, who remarked with
approval on the introduction of a new class of novel, drawing the
characters and incidents from the current of ordinary life, as
contrasted with the adventures and improbabilities of the old
school of romance. Still more interesting is it to be told that
Walter Scott himself reviewed Tales of my Landlord in The
Quarterly Review for January 1817, venturing to attribute them
to the author of Waverley and Guy Mannering and The Anti-
quary !
Whilst wishing their author every success, he was
solemnly warned that he must correct certain very evident defects
in his romances if he expected his fame as a writer of fiction to
endure.
A leading fault in these novels is the total want of interest felt by the
reader in the character of the hero. Waverley, Bertram, etc. , are all brethren
of a family-very amiable and very insipid sort of young men.
Few critics are, in truth, so competent to discuss the merits
and defects of books as the authors who produce them. Many an
author has felt, when reading a criticism of his work, whether


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152
[ch.
Reviews and Magazines
1
favourable or the reverse, how much more tellingly he could
himself have administered the praise or the blame. The centenary
number of The Quarterly Review—April 1909-attributes, no
doubt correctly, the concluding laudatory paragraphs of this
article, not to Scott himself, but to the editorial activities of
Gifford
The two great literary and critical journals had now become
the recognised standard-bearers of their respective political parties.
Neither entirely excluded from its pages occasional contributions
from the opposite camp; but, as a general rule, writers on any
subject who were in sympathy with the political objects of liberal-
ism or conservatism rallied respectively to The Edinburgh or The
Quarterly Review. As might have been expected, the recognised
position that each now held and its close connection with states-
men—the responsible leaders of parties served to strengthen
strict party-ties whilst, perhaps, lessening political independence.
As the years went on, the change that had come over the character
of The Edinburgh_was strongly marked. “It is odd to hear,'
wrote Walter Bagehot in 1855, ‘that the Edinburgh Review was
once thought an incendiary publication.
' After half-a-century of
existence, the belief had become general, he says jokingly, that it
was written by privy councillors only? . It had long been engaged
not only in fighting political conservatism, but in a scarcely less
fierce struggle against the extreme men, as it considered those
who formed the left wing of the liberal party. In its first half
century, Jeffrey and Macaulay were the two men whose character
was most deeply impressed both upon the political and literary
habits of thought of The Edinburgh Review. It now stood for
moderate reform : Macaulay being equally happy in pouring
broadsides (1829) into the radical philosophers headed by Bentham
and James Mill and their organ The Westminster Review, and in
turning his fire, ten years later, against the obscurantist views of
the ultra-tory party represented by Gladstone's book on church
and state.
Contributions, of course, were always anonymous; but there
was not, nor could there be, any concealment of the authorship of
such papers as Macaulay, for a series of years, sent to the Review
essays which have taken their permanent place in English
literature. In many other cases, the veil of anonymity was a
,
thin one.
In 1846, just before Lord John Russell formed his
1 Literary Studies, Walter Bagehot, The First Edinburgh Reviewers. '


## p. 153 (#177) ############################################

vi] Editors of the Reviews 153
first administration, the whig orthodoxy of the Review was
unimpeachable, as may be seen from the list of subjects and
authors in the April number. It was as follows:
1. Parliament and the Courts, by Lord Denman.
2. Shakespeare in Paris, by Mrs Austin.
3. Legislation for the Working Class, by Sir George C. Lewis.
4. The Religious Movement in Germany, by Henry Rogers.
5. Lyall's Travels in North America, by Herman Merivale.
6. European and American State Confederacies, by Nassau Senior.
7. Scottish Criminal Jurisprudence, by Lord Cockburn.
8. The Political State of Prussia, by R. M. Milnes (afterwards Lord
Houghton).
9. Earls Grey and Spencer, by Lord John Russell.
As regards matters of political, ecclesiastical and religious
interest, the tendency of The Edinburgh was consistently in favour
of broad and liberal views. Jeffrey and Macaulay, Thomas Arnold,
Henry Rogers, Sir James Stephen and, later in the century,
Arthur Stanley and Henry Reeve, were among those who, over
a long course of years, represented the thoughts and sentiments
of the Review.
Neither The Edinburgh nor The Quarterly was at any time
carried on by what could be called a regular staff. Each was under
the control of its editor, who selected his contributors, and made
up each number as he thought best. Jeffrey and his successor
Macvey Napier held the editorship of The Edinburgh till close
upon the middle of the century; while, during the first fifty years
of The Quarterly, Gifford and Lockhart ruled, save for the couple
of years (1824-6) during which Sir J. T. Coleridge, nephew of
the poet, and friend of Keble, occupied the editorial chair. It
was not till October 1853 that Lockhart resigned in favour of an
old contributor, Whitwell Elwin, the scholarly rector of a parish
in Norfolk where he continued to reside. The hot youth of The
Quarterly was now a thing of the past. The Edinburgh had
ceased to be a firebrand; Maga had long added respectability to
its other strong claims upon the public; and, under the new
editorship, 'moderation' became the distinguishing mark of The
Quarterly. Elwin was a high church rector, but a moderate one ;
a tory but with whiggish leanings. 'He had not a drop of party
feeling in him,' he said of himself in 1854, nor any political
antipathies. Literature had been through life ‘his first and only
love’; and many admirable essays he himself contributed to the
Review. His taste, however, had been formed and stereotyped in
his youth ; and he had little appreciation for rising genius, or any
>
a


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154
[CH.
Reviews and Magazines
6
inclination to welcome, or even to try to understand, modern
thought
'He could not read, so The Quarterly centenary article tells us, ‘Brown-
ing or George Eliot, and he thought little of Tennyson. Matthew
Arnold, Swinburne, and Rossetti were mere names to him. He knew little
and read less of modern French and German authors, and he disliked the
Preraphaelite school of painting. He considered Darwinism a wild and
discredited hypothesis; he believed in Paley, condemned Ecce Homo, and
dismissed the “Higher Criticism” with scorn l';
but this lack of appreciation for the sentiments of his own age did
not prevent his enjoying the friendship and intimacy of the
principal literary and scientific men of his day.
Gifford and Lockhart had both been fighting men, who were
not open to the reproach (as they would have thought it) of a
deficiency of party zeal, or of lukewarmness in their political
antipathies. Still, Lockhart, the editor of The Quarterly, was a
different man from the Lockhart of the early days of Blackwood.
The passing years and the intimate life of Abbotsford had done
much to soften and widen the character of the brilliant and
mischief-loving freelance of Maga. Andrew Lang has done good
service in greatly modifying the severe estimate formed by many
of his contemporaries of the character of 'The Scorpion’; and has
shown that he possessed a far more generous and more genial
temperament than posterity had given him credit for. In the
editorial chair, he ruled as a constitutional monarch, advised by
his chief ministers Croker and Southey and Barrow? ; while
Murray himself—the publisher and owner of The Quarterly—took
no small part in the direction of its energies. Lockhart's own
political instincts were far less inclined to the older toryism than
were those of Southey and Croker, to whose vehemence should be
mainly ascribed the violent opposition of the Review to catholic
emancipation and reform. Doubtless, it was Lockhart's own wiser
temperament that led The Quarterly to support the liberal con-
servatism of the Tamworth manifesto, and to uphold Peel till the
general bouleversement of tory politics which followed his repeal of
the corn laws.
From its very birth, John Wilson Croker, then a young member
of parliament, and already a friend of Sir Arthur Wellesley, gave
strenuous support to The Quarterly, and, by constant contributions,
down to the time of the Crimean war, did much to impress upon it
1 Centenary article, The Quarterly Review, July 1909.
* Sir John Barrow, for forty years second secretary to the admiralty. He con-
tributed nearly 200 articles to The Quarterly, between 1809 and his death in 1848.


## p. 155 (#179) ############################################

vi]
Blackwood's Magazine 155
his own strong spirit of toryism. It may well be that he does not
deserve that reputation for the worst political self-seeking which
was the result of Lord Macaulay's vigorous denunciation, and of
the fact that it was from Croker that Disraeli, in Coningsby, drew
the portrait of Rigby. The Quarterly itself has recently defended
him, and not unsuccessfully, against such an extreme charge. That
he was a prejudiced, a bitter and a violent, political partisan is
beyond dispute.
The later political developments of the two great Reviews,
however interesting, when W. E. Gladstone was an occasional
contributor to The Edinburgh and The Quarterly (his topics
being by no means exclusively political), and when Lord Salisbury
was lending his brilliant and polemical pen to the conservative
cause in The Quarterly, do not concern us here, though they seem
to deserve passing mention.
The birth and early growth of The Quarterly Review were, as
we have seen, the direct result of the political animosities called
forth by the reforming, and, as was then considered, the dangerous,
doctrines, which, for the previous half dozen years, The Edinburgh
had been spreading through the land. The rise of Blackwood's
Magazine was mainly due to a quite different cause, though a
conservative or tory spirit (to use the then current expression)
animated its principal supporters as strongly as it did those whom
Scott and Canning had summoned to the launch of The Quarterly
on its distinguished career. Constable was the publisher, not the
real founder, of The Edinburgh; Murray stood in the same rela-
tion to The Quarterly. But the new magazine which appeared in
1817 was brought into life by the energy, ability and acumen of
the spirited publisher whose name it bore. In 1802, The Edin-
burgh-a new departure in this class of literature resulted from
the association, at that time, in Edinburgh, for the purpose of
literary and political criticism, of a group of gifted and ardent and
independent young men, none of whom was then known to fame.
In 1809, its great rival, The Quarterly, had, in a less adventurous
fashion, taken the field. It had behind it, from the beginning, the
patronage and support of the leading statesmen of the prevailing
political party in the state, and it was assisted by some of the most
distinguished literary men of the day. Both these reviews had
prospered. Their circulation was believed to be, and was, very
large. The great position and prosperity of Constable, especially,
known in Edinburgh as 'the Crafty,' largely due to the wonderful
success of The Edinburgh, naturally attracted the attention of


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156
[CH.
Reviews and Magazines
aspiring rivals in the trade. At this time, moreover, Blackwood
was feeling keenly the defeat of a well-grounded hope that he
had established a lasting connection with Scott by the publica-
tion of The Black Dwarf, which, however, after the fourth
edition, had been, somewhat roughly, transferred to Constable.
His feelings, as a high tory in politics, and as a rival in trade,
concurred in stirring him to make a great effort to lower whig
ascendency, tackle The Edinburgh Review and establish and
promote the publishing fame of the house of Blackwood.
In Blackwood's opinion, The Quarterly, however sound its
principles, was too ponderous and dignified and middle-aged to
counteract the mischief done by the brilliant and dashing organ
of Jeffrey. He was in search of something lighter-an Edinburgh
magazine ‘more nimble, more frequent, more familiar. His first
start was disappointing, and, by the time that the third number of
his monthly had been published, its insipidity, want of spirit and
lack of party zeal had determined him to place its management in
new hands. He saw the necessity of making a sensation. To
begin with, at all events, it would be better to startle, and even to
shock, the public than merely to win its respectful applause. And
the three, in their different ways very gifted men, to whom he now
turned were admirably suited for his purpose-Lockhart, in later
days to become famous as editor of The Quarterly Review, and
the biographer of Scott; Wilson, afterwards professor of moral
philosophy and destined to live in English literature as 'Christo-
pher North’; and Hogg, the Ettrick shepherd. The result of their
joint lucubrations was the famous ‘Chaldee MS. ,' which, in
language parodied from Scripture, overwhelmed, with scathing
satire and personal ridicule, the best known and most respected
notabilities of the Scottish metropolis. Blackwood was reckoning
upon the outrageousness of his new number to advertise it. And
he had not reckoned in vain, for its bitter personalities and strong
flavour of irreverence at once roused a storm, and offended the
literary world of Edinburgh. It is surprising that the excitement
should have spread far beyond the bounds of Edinburgh and
Scotland, where, alone, the personal and local allusions of this
famous satire could have been appreciated. Blackwood and his
friends had, in their immediate object, succeeded magnificently,
for the October number had made Maga, as its supporters loved
to call it, famous throughout the land.
Still, notoriety and fame, thus achieved, brought down upon
the heads of Blackwood and his coadjutors no little trouble.
6


## p. 157 (#181) ############################################

VI]
157
Lockhart
Libel actions and challenges to mortal combat filled the air. No
one would own to being responsible editor; and, as to the
Chaldee MS. ,' it would seem to have slipped in almost unawares,
if we can believe the account which Blackwood gave to those who
threatened him. After a large number of copies had been sold,
the magazine was suppressed, and future copies were published
without the famous paper. In the eyes of readers of a century later,
there are two articles in the same number that deserve even more
serious condemnation: namely, the violent attack on Coleridge and
his Biographia Literaria, written by Wilson, and the still more
virulent attack on Leigh Hunt and the Cockney school of poetry,
written by Lockhart. With Blackwoods Magazine, hatred of the
school,' giving it an extended signification, became an obsession.
Leigh Hunt, editor of the radical Examiner, was, doubtless, a red
rag to the young tory writers of Maga; but they must have been
blind indeed when they threatened with their wrath the 'minor
adherents' of the school—the Shelleys, the Keats's and the
Webbes. '
The only excuse Lockhart could make for himself in later years
was his extreme youth at the time when he first entered the service
of Maga. He had fallen under the influence of Wilson-a dozen
years his senior-whose enthusiastic temperament and social charm,
united with literary ability of a very high order, had, from the
beginning, greatly impressed him. Lockhart consoled himself
with the reflection that, in all probability, the reckless violence
and personalities of his friend and himself had done no harm to
anyone but themselves. The Magazine was sowing its wild oats,
and it was some time before Blackwood and his merry men
exerted themselves to acquire for it a respected and responsible
character. Lockhart's best friends, including Walter Scott, re-
gretted his close connection with what seemed to them to be a
species of literary rowdyism ; but Lockhart, though age moderated
and softened him, ever remained unshaken in his allegiance to
Maga.
In 1819, the indefatigable publisher found another recruit for
his turbulent monthly, in some ways no less remarkable than
Lockhart and Wilson-the Irishman Maginn. A more brilliant
trio of singular individualities have seldom been united in literary
enterprise. Lockhart, a son of the manse, had won distinction in
scholarship at the universities of Glasgow and Oxford. A born
linguist, he had betaken himself to the study of German and
Spanish literature. He had made the acquaintance of Goethe


## p. 158 (#182) ############################################

158
[CH.
Reviews and Magazines
not a
at Weimar, and, on his return home, he must at once have found a
position in the best literary circles of Edinburgh. Though he was
called to the bar, it was soon evident that his activities would find
their development rather in the pursuit of literature than in the
practice of the law. Lockhart was exceedingly clever with his pencil
as well as with his pen; and, in the exercise of both, he
gave
little amusement and offence to the good people of Edinburgh by
the pungency of his clever caricatures and vivid word-sketches,
which form part of Peter's Letters to his Kinsfolk, published
in 1819.
Wilson was a man of means, who, like Lockhart, had received
his education at the universities of Glasgow and Oxford, and, in
both, had won distinction as a scholar. As gentleman-commoner of
Magdalen, he had, moreover, achieved fame among undergraduates
as an athlete of great prowess, and some of his feats of strength
and agility, especially a long-jump in Christchurch meadows, were
long remembered. On leaving Oxford, he had bought the property
of Elleray on lake Windermere, where he had soon become
intimate with his poetical neighbours, Wordsworth, Coleridge and
Southey; but the sudden loss of a large portion of his fortune
compelled him to abandon the life of a country gentleman, and to
seek remunerative employment in Edinburgh. His poems, The
Isle of Palms and The City of the Plague, had already made him
known there. Jeffrey was ready to welcome him, and, in 1818,
inserted in The Edinburgh a very able article from his pen on the
fourth canto of Childe Harold. But political differences in those
days counted for much, and the energies of Wilson, withdrawn
from The Edinburgh, were quickly absorbed in fighting the battles
of toryism and Maga. The Edinburgh town council elected him
in 1819 to the chair of moral philosophy in the university, over Sir
William Hamilton-a startling and even outrageous proceeding,
only, of course, to be accounted for by the fact that the party
preferences of the town councillors dictated the selection. Never-
theless, Wilson was to prove a very good and stimulating professor.
Lockhart and Wilson were now fast friends, differing greatly in
personal characteristics, but alike in their recklessness and in the
violence of their language and in the mischievous delight with
which they assailed their foes and provoked commotion : Lockhart,
the Scorpion which delighted to sting the faces of men,' Wilson,
overflowing with boisterous animal spirits, warmhearted and
generous, but heedless as to the strength of his blows, or as
to restraining the violent outpouring of his feelings.
>


## p. 159 (#183) ############################################

vi]
Noctes Ambrosianae
159
To these two Scotsmen-'the Great Twin Brethren,' as they
are admiringly called in Annals of a Publishing House (Black-
wood)—there was added a typical Irishman, the brilliant, rol-
licking, reckless Maginn, once a schoolmaster in Cork, a man of
wit and learning, to whom Trinity college, Dublin, had given an
honorary degree. Taken into the utmost confidence by the inner
circle of Maga, Maginn, before long, was contributing a large
portion of its articles and almost all its verse; and he did it a yet
greater service, if it is true that the suggestion of the famous
Noctes Ambrosianae came from him. It was from Maginn that
Thackeray drew the portrait of captain Shandon in Pendennis.
Garnett has described him as
8 man of undoubtedly extraordinary faculties. They were those of an accom-
plished scholar grafted on a brilliant improvisatore—the compound consti-
tuting a perfectly ideal magazinist.
But, with all his endowments, his faults and failings were many.
In 1830, he did good work in founding Fraser's Magazine (on the
same lines as Blackwood), which, with the cooperation of such men
as Coleridge and Thackeray and Carlyle, was for years to stand
in the front rank of the monthlies. His connection with the news-
paper press, however, tended to become less reputable, and his
intemperate habits hastened the way downhill of a man who had
many admirers, and no enemy but himself.
The Blackwood group, however much their behaviour may have
occasionally shocked public sensibilities, contained men of very
remarkable genius. Through Wilson, De Quincey, now settled
in Edinburgh, obtained his introduction to Blackwood, and it
was as early as 7 January 1821 that he described himself, in a
letter to the startled editor, as the Atlas of the Magazine,' who
could alone 'save it from the fate which its stupidity deserved ! '
Coleridge, also an occasional contributor, was full of advice as to
its proper management. Lockhart, Hogg, Wilson, De Quincey,
Maginn would have been an awkward team for an editor or
publisher of less commanding qualities than Blackwood to control.
Noctes Ambrosianae added for many years greatly to the fame
and popularity of Maga. Striking out a new line, these papers
reported imaginary dialogues and conversations on questions and
events of the day, on remarkable books and the characters of
public men, carried on, at social gatherings and suppers at
Ambrose's, with all the freedom of familiar intercourse between
intimate friends. They were, to begin with, the composition of
several authors, of Lockhart or Hogg, of Wilson or Maginn; but,


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160
[CH.
Reviews and Magazines
after two or three years, they became almost wholly the work of
Wilson. Beginning in 1822, they continued till 1835, and number
71 papers. Of these, 41, Wilson's own composition, have been
included in his collected works, edited by Ferrier, of which
they form the first four volumes. The characters who occupy the
stage are Christopher North (Wilson himself), Hogg, the Ettrick
shepherd, Timothy Tickler, more or less an impersonation of a
maternal uncle of Wilson, and, in a few papers, De Quincey—the
English Opium Eater,' and O'Doherty, representing Maginn.
Sometimes, personages wholly fictitious are introduced, while,
sometimes, real persons, without any consent of their own, are
pressed into the service at the good pleasure of Maga. The
inimitable wit and humour of these discussions, the freshness of
thought and criticism, and the racy language of the talkers, have
given Noctes a place in English literature. The impersonation of
Hogg, in particular, is a realistic triumph, and in that vivid
portraiture the Ettrick shepherd will live hardly less than in the
records of his actual life and work.
Another periodical of the nimbler and more familiar' kind
came to life very soon after the start of Blackwood, and very warm
grew the rivalry between the northern and the southern monthly.
The London Magazine (1820—9) had a short but very dis-
tinguished career, during which it introduced to its readers the
works of men who were to take a very high place in British
literature. Leigh Hunt and Lamb and Hazlitt were, in a special
degree, selected for denunciation by Maga and the hostile critics
of the northern metropolis, as representative of what they,
with lofty superiority, denominated 'the Cockney school. ' In
September 1821 appeared the first instalment of De Quincey's
Confessions of an Opium Eater, which stimulated public curiosity,
and which, as time went on, attracted a vast multitude of readers.
In the September following was published that Dissertation on
Roast Pig which ever since has been one of the most widely
appreciated and frequently quoted of all the Essays of Elia.
Keats, shortly before his death, published two poems in The
London; but, neither in its poetry nor in its prose, could 'the
Mohock Magazine' (for so the cockneys had nicknamed Maga) find
anything in The London to mitigate the violence of its hostility.
Maga was but slightly the senior of the conflicting magazines,
The London's first number having appeared only a couple of years
after the Chaldee MS. ' had rendered Blackwood famous. As
regards recourse to personalities and insults, there was little to
1


## p. 161 (#185) ############################################

vi] Colburn's New Monthly Magazine 161
choose between them. Literary criticism on either side became
submerged in torrents of personal abuse; and, in accordance with
the fashion of that day, it very soon became necessary for Lock-
hart and John Scott (the first editor of The London) to seek
satisfaction by meeting each other on the sod. ' A duel between
them having, at the last moment, been averted by a clumsily
managed and misapprehended arrangement, Lockhart returned to
Scotland, only to hear from his friend and second, Christie, that
he had himself felt bound to engage Scott in deadly combat at
Chalk farm, and had left him mortally wounded on the field of battle.
These unhappy events produced a great effect upon Lockhart,
whom his wisest and truest friends, Walter Scott, Christie and
others had in vain attempted to withdraw from intimate associa-
tion with Mohock methods. Jeffrey, indeed,
Jeffrey, indeed, had felt himself
compelled unwillingly to drop all connection with Maga's con-
tributors. Political differences may, perhaps, have counted for
something in bringing him to that determination; but that
Murray, who was in strong political sympathy, and had, with
Blackwood himself, a direct interest in the publication, should
have withdrawn all countenance from it, and that Walter Scott
should have remonstrated, indicate that, quite irrespective of
party leanings, violence and personality had exceeded even the
wide limits which the public sentiment of the day permitted.
When, in 1821, Thomas Campbell undertook the editorship of
Colburn's New Monthly Magazine, he declared in his preface that
its main object would be literary, not political. It reported the
news of the day, furnished a chronicle and register of events and
contained valuable original papers, prose and poetry, covering a
vast variety of subjects. Campbell's own Lectures on Poetry,
and several of his most admired poems, such as The Last Man,
first appeared in its pages. It was a miscellany, not a review or a
critical journal at all; and, though he obtained the services of
some distinguished men as contributors, Campbell's editorship,
which lasted nine years, was hardly successful. And now a new
era was opening for the monthlies, when the greatest masters of
English fiction were to turn to them as providing the readiest
access to the public ear, and when, for a magazine, there would be
no such 'sheet anchor' as a great novelist.
No one can take a broad survey of the work accomplished by
the English reviews and magazines that came into existence in
the earlier part of the nineteenth century, and by their successors,
without being impressed by the immense service they have
11
a
2
E. L. XII.
CH. VI.


## p. 162 (#186) ############################################

162
(CH.
Reviews and Magazines
7
rendered to English literature, both by direct contribution, and by
the support they have given (often essential support) to men in
their younger days, who were to achieve future literary eminence.
At the same time, it is difficult not to be struck by the strange
fatality under which their criticism, in very conspicuous instances,
went hopelessly astray. Especially in the hostile reception given
to new poetical works of real genius, the leaders of English
criticism appear, to the eyes of a later generation, to have been
singularly blind. We have already noticed the attitude assumed
by The Edinburgh towards Wordsworth and the ‘lakers. The
Quarterly, in 1818, showed as little discrimination, in that well-
known article by the redoubtable Croker which has been popularly,
į but erroneously, made responsible for the death of Keats. In its
centenary number, The Quarterly justly observed that a worse
choice could not have been made than that of Croker for dis-
cussing the merits or demerits of 'the poet's poet'; since, though
some poetry may have been within his range, and though he
admired Scott and Byron, Croker was a thoroughly unpoetical
person. ' This is true ; but, if an explanation, it is certainly no
excuse for the choice. Inasmuch as Lockhart saw in Keats merely
'a cuckney follower' of Leigh Hunt, and as Shelley, at this period,
seems almost to have shared Lockhart's sentiments, it seems safer
to fall back upon Andrew Lang's comment :
6
Shelley's letter to Leigh Hunt, with Lockhart's obiter dicta, prove that
poet and writer alike may fail fully to know contemporary genius when they
meet it, and may as in Shelley's preference for Leigh Hunt to Keats prefer
contemporary mediocrity,
It is not given to all men—even to all editors—to recognise
'genius when they meet it. ' On the other hand, editors and
critics have very often discovered, and enabled to win fame, quite
unknown men, possessed, as the world in later days has recognised,
of real ability, men who, but for them, might have had great diffi-
culty in emerging from obscurity at all. Moreover, the editor of
a periodical has often a difficult task in building up, out of varied
and excellent material, a complete and effective whole. It is not
surprising that the relations between Carlyle and his editors were,
notwithstanding his indisputable genius, sometimes strained. He
could not stand 'editorial hacking and hewing,' he wrote to
Macvey Napier of The Edinburgh, for, surely, he, of all men, might
be trusted to write quietly, without hysterical vehemence, as one
a
1 See Andrew Lang's Life of Lockhart, vol. I.


## p. 163 (#187) ############################################

VI]
163
Periodical Literature
Literature
who not merely supposed but knew. Lockhart, of The Quarterly,
was compelled to decline an article from Carlyle on chartism,
partly, because he stood in awe of his powerful lieutenant, Croker,
and, partly, because the article almost assumed the dimensions of a
book. In the years 1833 and 1834, Sartor Resartus was appearing
in Fraser; but the editor was hurrying it to a close, finding that
it did not meet the taste of his readers.
A century and more has passed since Walter Scott declared)
there was no literary criticism to be found outside The Edinburgh.
In quantity, at all events, the deficiency was soon supplied ; and
quarterlies and monthlies and weekly and daily newspapers
poured out a never ceasing flood of comment on almost every
publication that saw the light Reviews and magazines soon
outgrew the extravagance of their stormy youth, and the excessive
violence of language and the gross personalities once in fashion
passed away almost as completely as the habit of duelling. The
meeting between Jeffrey and Moore, and the more tragical en-
counter between Christie and Scott, brought credit to no one.
Personal animosity and private dislike continued occasionally to
colour criticism and to make it more scathing and pungent, as when
Macaulay and Croker, in their respective organs, dusted each
other's jackets’; but, differences between men of the pen were
now left to the pen to settle ; so, even the courts of law ceased
to be invoked in their quarrels. The extraordinary develop-
ment of periodical literature, as of journalism, in recent times,
has greatly changed the character of literary criticism and the
public to which it appealed—so much so that it is difficult for us,
nowadays, to understand the thrill of emotion with which the
first number of The Edinburgh was received, or the violent
excitement created throughout the country by the extravagancies
and absurdities of the Chaldee MS. '
Yet, the great services rendered, in the early years of the
nineteenth century, by the pioneers of the new advance of
periodical literature in this country, and of independent criticism
in many fields, in that of literature more especially, will, neverthe-
less, remain unforgotten.