The extent to which he has done this is best seen, or heard, in the bit of
surrealism
which represents the pianola-version of 'My Girl's a Yorkshire Girl' (Stephen's 'Dance of death').
re-joyce-a-burgess
,-
tion section o f a movement in sonata-form there are usually two mam
contrasting subjects around which cluster groups of subsidiary themes. In Ulysses we have had the equivalent of these in Bloom and Stephen, each with his many satellites of characteristic preoccupa- tions. The exposition will not make sense until it has been followed by a development section in which the subjects combine, lend each other their subsidiary motifs, swirl about each other in an area of dreamlike fantasy, bump into each other drunkenly, melt into each other on the discovery of previously unguessed affinities. Mter that- in the recapitulation section-they can appear soberly and singly, properly dressed and tidied up, but they cannot be as they were before, in the exposition. They have learned stra? ge thmgs about each other and about themselves, they have had a mght out together. That region of dreams has influenced reality.
The technique of this 'Circe' chapter is concerned les~ with dream than with hallucination. The characters are presented dIrectly to us, in dramatic form, and they meet their fantasies directly. Bloom becomes Lord Mayor of Dublin, gives birth to a number of sons, sees the building of the New Bloomusalem, turns into Ruby, Pride of the Ring, witnesses the end of the world. If he is really seeing these fantasies he is either drunk or drugged. But he is not; he is fully sober. He is exhausted, yes, but not exhausted enough to conjure such visions. The hallucinations, then, are coming from without, are
158
summoned by the author's own magic. Such magic is capable of making an apparition of Stephen's dead mother use a locutIOn from Martha Clifford's letter to Bloom, and Bloom and Stephen see, in a mirror, the same cuckolded travesty of Shakespeare burbling a line of Goldsmith. If the phantasmagorias are subjective, then Bloom and Stephen are the same person. It is easier to conclude that this is a genuine free fantasy in the manner of a sonata's development section, that the rapprochement between Stephen and Bloom is something that is made, through magic, to happen extraneously, and that this huge dramatic exercise is not dramatic at all.
Only one real, as opposed to hallucinatoty, event is of any si~ifi- cance. This is the striking down of Stephen by a couple of Bntish soldiers at the end of the section. All flee except Bloom, who then assumes responsibility for him. This could have happened as easily outside Burke's in the previous chapter and Joyce, in the interests of fictional economy, could have saved himself a great deal of work. But it is dangerous now to think in such terms. Havmg come so far with Bloom (and this is Bloom's chapter more than Stephen's), we must go all the way, uncover every conceivable fantasy of which Bloom is capable and see him-like Bottom-in a sort of grisly faity- land. No critic, to my knowledge, has yet invoked A Midsummer Night's Dream as a classical source-the uncommon common man set upon by magic. The usual comparison is with the Walpurgisnacht
scene in Goethe's Faust and Flaubert's Tentation. But Shakespeare is, first as last, the true patron of Ulysses.
Shakespeare's fairies . have comic-fantastic names. Joyc~'s th. ree whores sum up the whole physical world: Zoe stands for ammal hfe, Florry for vegetable life, and Kitty for the mineral kingdom. The presiding sorceress, Circe herself, is Bella Cohen, the brothel- madam, who, in the most masochistic part of ~he ~loom fantasy, becomes a man and changes her name to Bello. These characters, like the brutal British soldiers, are real enough, but they inhabit the same world as the many dead, fictional, and actual-though-absent persons who flutter or gibber in then off again, and they are subj1ect to the same laws. or lackof them. The vision that merely touched the fringes of Gabriel Conroy's consciousness in 'The Dead' is here not just palpable but larger than life: there is only one world, and it
belongs equally to living and dead, to animal, vegetable, mineral and,
for that matter, abstract.
The two soldiers, Privates Compton and Carr (their names taken from personal enemies ofJoyce in Zurich) appear very early, making
159
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Men into Swine
'a volleyed fart' burst from their mouths and calling 'What ho, parsonl' when they see black-garbed Stephen. In swirling fog, the companions of Gerty MacDowell, together with the sandcastle- building twins Tommy and Jacky Caffrey, are seen, debased, animal- ised. Then Bloom makes his entrance, his interior monologue now an audible soliloquy. His father and mother speak to him, Rudolph Virag a comic stage Jew ('They make you kaput, Leopoldleben. You watch them chaps') and Ellen Bloom a pantomime dame. They are hallucinations from the author's brain, not his hero's, but there is nothing vague or shadowy about them. The physical appearance of all the apparitions is most carefully described and their dress
detailed scrupulously. Poor suicidal Virag is described as follows: 'A stooped bearded figure appears garbed in the long caftan of an elder in Zion and a smoking cap with magenta tassels. Horned spectacles hang down at the wings of the nose. Yellow poison streaks are on the drawn face. ' Ellen Bloom wears a 'stringed . mobcap, crinoline and bustle, widow Twankey's blouse with muttonleg sleeves buttoned behind, grey mittens and cameo brooch, her hair plaited in a crispine net'. Under her 'reef of skirt' there is a 'striped blay petticoat' from which fall out 'a phial, an Agnus Dei,. shrivelled potato and a celluloid doll'.
Of course, this detail is characteristic of a certain kind of drugged vision, but Joyce's concern is with the symbolism of clothes in the context of magic. Clothes are what we. usually see of a person, but they are so easily changed. They are a kind of secondary body. Magic can change the external form of a creature (Circe turns men into swine) but cannot affect the deeper, God-willed, process of metem- psychosis. Bloom is perpetually changing his secondary body-his changes of costume are uncountable- but he remains the same Bloom. Here, encountering his father and mother, he appears in youth's clothes, mud-caked with racing with the harriers: '. . . smart blue Oxford suit with white vestslips, narrowshouldered, in brown Alpine hat, wearing gent's sterling silver waterbury keyless watch and double curb Albert with seal attached, one side of him coated with stiffening mud. '
As for the transformation-inta-beasts motif, this is hinted at in
animal imagery (Molly Bloom appears in Oriental dress, with camel,
'plump as a pampered pouter pigeon'; a whore, squeaking, 'flaps her
bat shawl and runs') and also more boldly expressed in terms of actual enchantment. Thus dead Paddy Dignam appears as a beagle with dachshund coat, worming his way down a coalhole; Tom Roch-
160
ford, 'robinredbreasted', executes a 'daredevil salmon leap in the air'. The human locomotor apparatus itself is enchanted.
Bloom's bestial imaginings are brought into open court-society women give hair-raising evidence and promise dire punishments: 'Thrash the mongrel within an inch of his life. That cat-o'-nine-tails. Geld him. Vivisect him. ' Bloom's masochism shows in joyous tremu- lous nakedness while a newsboy goes by: 'Messenger ofthe Sacred Heart and Evening Telegraph with Saint Patrick's Day Supplement. Containing the new addresses of all the cuckolds in Dublin. ' But Bloom is not disqualified from being crowned Leopold the First, 'His Most Catholic Majesty'. The mob turns against him, as it turned against Parnell, and, despite his miracles (including giving birth to 'eight male yellow and white children', each with 'his name printed in legible letters on his shirtfront: Nasodoro, Goldfinger, Chrysostomos, Maindoree, Silversmile, Silberselber, Vifargent, Panargyros'), he is burnt alive by the Dublin Fire Brigade. And, while all this, and more, is going on, he is being taken by Zoe to Bella Cohen's brothel.
Stephen and Lynch are ! here, as well as Zoe's 'two sister whores'.
Florry has, appropriately,' a stye on her eyelid, and Stephen tells us
where we are, tipsily erudite about 'priests haihooping round David's
that is Circe's or what am I saying Ceres' altar'. The perversion of the Christian rite in an eventual Black Mass is prefigured here. There are fresh apparitions, including an astonishing one o f Bloom's grandfather-a sort of f1y;ng weasel that comes down the chimney- before Bella Cohen, massive whoremistress, enters. Almost at once she turns into Bello, all aromatic he-man, and Bloom becomes a shuddering female. But, female or not, he is still taunted for his lack of manhood:
BELLO: . . . Can you do a man's job?
BLOOM: Eccles street . . .
BELLO: (Sarcastically) I wouldn't hurt your feelings for the world but
there's a man of brawn in possession there. The tables are turned, my gay young fellow! He is something like a fullgrown outdoor man. Well for you, you muff, if you had that weapon with knobs and lumps and warts allover it. He shot his bolt, I can tell you 1Foot to foot, knee to knee, belly to belly, bubs to breast! He's no eunuch.
Bloom's humiliation knows no limits, but it is a humiliation he secretly-here,ofcourse,notatallsecretly-desires. Soonthepractical man reasserts himself, shakes off the hallucinations, and stops
Stephen from giving all his money to the whores. But the masochist ,6,
? ? ? The Labyrillth
Men into Swine
cannot hide for long. Bloom, dressed as a flunkey, an antlered hatstand on his head, acquiesces in his cuckolding, watching Boylan and Molly in the act, urging them on to the laughter of the whores and the ecstasy of the two Sirens from the Ormond. And then:
(Stephen and Bloom gaze in the mirror. The face of William Shakespeare, beardless, appears there, rigid in facial paralysis, crowned by the reflection o/the reindeer antlered hatrack in the hall. )
SHAKESPEARE: (In dignified ventriloquy) 'Tis the loud laugh bespeaks the
vacant mind. (To Bloom) Thou thoughtest as how thou wastest invisible. Gaze. (He crow, with a black capon', laugh) ! agogo! How my Oldfellow chokit his Thursdaymomun. Iagogogo!
That vision is not possible, apparently, to either Stephen or Bloom alone-only to both together.
Stephen 'gabbles, with marionette jerks', a broken English pros-
pectus of the delights of Paris night-life: '. . . Enter gentlemen to see in mirrors every positions trapezes all that machine there besides also if desire act awfully bestial butcher's boy pollutes in warm veal liver or omelette on the belly piece de Shakespeare. ' All Stephen's dignity is gone, the intellectual imagination has been replaced by a grotesque leer. Both he and Bloom have sunk to the bottom. What is needed now is the horrid consummation o f everything in a Dance of Death. The pianola plays 'My Girl's a Yorkshire Girl' and living creatures whirl with dead, the dance ending in the sudden shocking rising from the grave of Stephen's mother 'in leper grey with a wreath of faded orange blossoms and a torn bridal veil, her face worn and noseless, green with grave mould . . . She fixes her bluecircled hol- low eyesockets on Stephen and opens her toothless mouth uttering a silent word . . . ' A choir of virgins and confessors sings without voice, while Buck Mulligan, in jester's dress on top of a tower, weeps molten butter into a split scone. Grotesquely terrible though it is, this hallucination loses something by coming after so many others: our capacity for being harrowed is somewhat blunted by this time. But Stephen's mother, after using words associated with Bloom- 'More women than men in the world' and 'I pray for you in "my other world' -identifies herself with the suffering Christ and, crying 'Beware! God's hand1', makes a 'green crab with malignant red eyes' stick its claws in Stephen's heart. Stephen shrieks his non serviam, turns himself into Siegfried so that his ashplant becomes the
sword Nothung, and smashes the chandelier of the brothel parlour. In trying to kill the butcher God, Stephen destroys both time and space-the nightmare of history and the noise in the street
162
(back to the 'Nestor' chapter) shatter in glass and toppling masonry. Stephen dashes into the street to meet a fresh mixture ofactuality and fantasy, Bloom following swiftly after. The noise which is God is not there, but the British State, in the shape of Privates Carr and Compton, is waiting. The soldiers are ttuculent, accusing Stephen of insulting their girl-friend (who happens to be also Gerty Mac-
Dowell's). Stephen, like Bloom, preaches pacifism, despite the voices that cry revenge for Ireland's wrongs. The milkwoman. of the first chapter of the book appears as 'Old Gummy Granny', but Stephen recognises 'the old sow that eats her farrow'. Edward the Seventh preaches peace more grotesquely and insincerely than Stephen, an entente cordiale bucket labelled 'Defense d'uriner' in his hand, masonic
. robes over a white jersey stitched with an image of the Sacred Heart. The Citizen confronts Major Tweedy, Molly Bloom's father; the dead of Dublin rise; witches ride the air; Armageddon is sanctified with a Black Mass. Then language cracks into violent obscenity:
PRIVATE CARR: (With firocious articulation) I'll do him in, so help me fucking Christ! I'll wring the bastard fucker's bleeding blasted fucking windpipe!
Bloom the appeaser, the man of good will and calm sense, fails to stop Carr from hitting Stephen in the face. Stephen lies stunned, the crowd clears on the coming of the police, and Bloom assumes responsibility for the dead-out poet. It is the big moment of the book.
Stephen, more drunk than hurt, murmurs words of the song he sang for his dying mother-'Who . . . drive . . . Fergns now. And pierce . . . wood's woven shade? . . . ' Bloom does not understand: 'Fergnson, I think I caught. A girl. Some girl. ' Then he too murmurs words of magical import: '. . . swear that I will always hail, ever conceal, never reveal, any part or parts, art or arts . . . in the rough sands of the sea . . . a cabletow's length from the shore . . . where the tide ebbs . . . and flows . . . ' The imposed magic ofthe sorceress has dissolved. The stumbling and capering and gibbering of men turned to animals is no more; there is a great nocturnal stillness.
Stephen and Bloom must, if they want magic, now make their own. Stephen is a poet, his art is magical. Bloom is a mason, member of an honourable and secret craft. He stands gnarding Stephen, 'his fingers at his lips in the attitude of secret master'. At once, as by the conjuration of a white and wholesome sorcery, the final vision of the night takes shape. It is of Rudy, Bloom's dead son as he might have . 163
? ? ? ? ? The Labyrinth
been had he reached eleven years (he would have been just that now), not eleven days. Bloom, wonderstruck, calls his name inaudibly. But Rudy is a fairy boy, 'a changeling, kidnapped'; he reads Hebrew, kissing the page, smiling, unseeing. The forces of life waited on Stephen's dead mother; the trappings ofdeath have been transmuted here to the fanciful dress ofresurrection- the glass and bronze ofthe little coffin have become 'glass shoes and a little bronze helmet'; the white coverlet oflamb's wool that Molly made to keep her son warm in his coffin has turned to a 'white lambkin' peeping out of his waistcoat pocket; the dead delicate mauve face is a live delicate mauve face. In his Eton suit, drawn from his impossibled future, Rudy hovers above recumbent Stephen. Only the hardest-hearted
of readers will withhold his tears.
II: Home is the Sailor
'CIRCE' ENDS THE ODYSSEY PROPER; NOW WE MUST HAVE THE Nostos, the going home. In a sense, this is less a return than a fresh start, since Bloom will be going home with Stephen and three lives will now be modified for ever. We see now another reason for the massive musical development of themes in the hallucinations of the brothel district: Joyce wanted to 'work them out' in both senses of the term-purge them by magicalising them.
The extent to which he has done this is best seen, or heard, in the bit of surrealism which represents the pianola-version of 'My Girl's a Yorkshire Girl' (Stephen's 'Dance of death'). Let us look back a little.
In the 'Wandering Rocks' episode Dilly Dedalus, Stephen's sister, sees and hears 'the lacquey by the door of Dillon's auction-rooms' shake his handbell : 'Bar. ng! ' then 'Bang! ' then, after a feeble shaking in response to Mr Dedalus's curse, a loud bang again. In the same episode a one-legged sailor swings his way to Eccles Street, singing, receiving an alms from Molly Bloom. Corny Kelleher, at the same time, 'closed his long daybook and glanced with his drooping eye at a pine coffinlid sentried in a corner'. In the 'lEolus' chapter Stephen told the story of the two 'Frauenzimmer' (this takes us back also to the 'Proteus' scene) climbing to the top of the 'onehandled adul- terer's' column and spitting down plum-stones. Bloom, near the beginning of his odyssey, saw the poster of a cycle race showing a 'cyclist doubled up like a cod in a pot'. In the 'Cyclops' episode one ofthe parodies presents the Provost-Marshal weeping over a beautiful
girl to whom a man due for hanging has said farewell: 'Blimey it makes me kind of bleeding cry, straight, it does, when I see her cause I thinks of myoid mashtub what's waiting for me down Limehouse way. ' Add Father Conmee, the Rev. Love (a minor character of the 'Wandering Rocks'), Stephen's 'Proteus' memory of exiled Kevin Egan's lighting a 'gunpowder' cigarette with 'a blue fuse match',
165
? ? ? ? ? The Labyrinth
odd beast-themes, drum-beats, and the words of 'My Girl's a
Yorkshire Girl', and you end up with the following:
(Bang fresh barang bang oflacquey's qell, ~orse, nag, steer, pigtings, Cont11;ee on Christass lame crutch and leg sador m cockboat armfolded Topepul/tng hitching stamp hornpipe through and through, Baraabum J On nags, hogs, bel/horses, Gadarene swine, Corny in coffin: Steel shark stone. onehan~/ed Nelson two trickies Frauenzimmer plumstamed from pram falling bawltng. Gum, he's a champion. Puschlue peer from bar~el re~. evensong Love on hackney jaunt Blazes blind coddoubled bicyclers Dtlly with snowcake no fancy clothes. Then in last wiswitchhack lumbertng up a! ,d down bump masktub sort ofviceroy ard reine relish [or tub/umber bumpshtre rost. Barabum 1)
A fundamental rule of sonata-form is this: never present a tune or a theme, however lowly or fragmentary, unless rou intend ~o repeat it at a- later stage-or, preferab~y, transform It, develop It,
combine it with other thematIc matenal. Joyce has fulfilled that, even to the extent of realising the comic possibilities of a mere name-as when, just before the Black Mass, we re-encounter the librarian of 'Scylla and Charybdis' like this: 'Quakerlyster ~lasters blisters'. Ulysses differs from other novels in emphaslsmg the Impor- tance o f musical pattern. If, writing straightforward. fictIOn, I prese,nt
my hero in the first chapter scratchi~g~isnose, that. Is mere naturahs- tic detail. To Joyce it would be slgmficant, not m terms of sym- bolism but in terms of a growing tapestry-a little figure that, worked into one comer of the carpet, must eventually appear in another comer for the sake of forrr. al balance. Music is a sort of tapestry realised in the medium of time. Time changes things;,h~nce the
balance achieved by identical repetition of the same motIf IS out of place; there has to be a transformation, however slight. Another way of looking at this techmcal pecuhanty of Ulysses calls on a larger symbolism, that which encloses th~ whole book. Thtoughout ~he whole period of Odysseus's wandermg,. Penelop~ has been weavmg during the day, unravelling at night. Nlghttown IS the place for un- ravelling: the complex fabric of ~e. book,. as woven from t~e Telemachia to the 'Oxen of the Sun episode, IS detroyed by magic, and we see ['. miliar elements of the pattern dissolving. Soon there
is nothing left. Penelope's trick has been found out. The essen~eof the Nostos is a kind of nakedness-no more clothes, very few tncks, all disguises tentative and easily seen through. .
The nakedness of this home-troped tnlogy takes a trIO of forms. First Stephen and Bloom go together to a cabman's shelter fo; a bun ;nd a cup of coffee. Theyare tired; wit and even understandmg
166
Home is the Sailor
go to sleep; they are a couple ofmen-one near middle age, the other
very young-with little of importance or even interest to say to each other: they are stripped to mere paradigm. The prose-style is past playing tricks of virtuosity; it is limp and clumsy though it pretends to brightness; it is fit only for a provincial newspaper or for the waste-paper basket. Our two noctambules (as they are archly called) go to NO. 7 Eccles Street for more talk and a temperance nightcap; here the nakedness is of another kind-a bare skeletal catechism in which everything is reduced to factual statistics. The final disrobing is, appropriately, conducted by Molly Bloom-no more civilised disguises, the pretensions ofmen exploded. All clothes off, we submit to this Eternal Woman who is also Mother Earth. The protean forms that life takes on dissolve utterly. We end with one word only: 'yes'.
In Joyce, though, any direct statement has to be qualified, and
metempsychosis teaches us that even nakedness may be a disguise. We strip so much away in the Nostos, but we do not discard the sense of a complex pattern. The end looks back to the beginning, and the Telemachia and Nostos exactly balance each other. The first chapter of the first section was a young man's narrative in which only one character (the milkwoman) was old. The first chapter of the last section is a narrative in which only old and middle-aged men figure, save for one character only-the young Stephen. The middle chapter of the Telemachia was a personal catechism; the middle chapter of the Nostos is an impersonal one. The final chapter of each section is a long monologue: in the Telemachia it was male (Stephen on the beach); in the Nostos it is female (Molly in bed). We end with the artist, then, the shaper; even the earth-mother is subject to the divine imagination. Or is she? Penelope is a weaver. Art may be one ofthe toys that the earth-mother gives to her children to keep them quiet-a sort of parody of reality.
Let. us go back to the beginning of the Nostos. The Homeric counferpart is the meeting between Odysseus and Telemachus in the hut of the swineherd Eumaeus. The element of deceit, of dis- guise, is fundamental, since Odysseus must not be recognised by any of the suitors he has come to Ithaca to quell. But, in this atmo- sphere of near-nakedness, Joyce cannot allow Bloom to be deceitful. Lies, false pretences abound in his 'Eumaeus' chapter, but they are all subjects of thought and conversation, hidden motifs, or else they
are practised by characters who get in the way of, rather than assist, this coming together of poet and advertising broker. And
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the prose-style itself, though it prete? ds to wide-awakeness, is flat,
weary, stale-one-in-the-mornmg wntmg:
Mr Bloom and Stephen entered the cabman's shelt:! , an unpretentiou~ wooden structure, where, prior to then, he had rarely, I f ever; been befor~, the former having previously whispered to the latter a few hl~tsan~ntthe keeper of it said to be the once famous Skin-the-Goat Fltzh~rns, t. e . . "ble 1 'though he wouldn't vouch for the actual facts, whIch qUIte mo:ls~~ly there was not one vestige of truth in. A few moments later saw ~urtwo noctambules safely seated in a discreet c~r? -er,only ~obe greeted
by_stares from the decidedly miscellaneous collectIon of waIfs and straYd and other nondescript specimens ofthe genus hO. mo, already therhengage
in eating and drinking, diversified by . co~versatlOn, for whom t ey seem- ingly formed an object of marked cunOSlty.
There is a horrid and riveting fascination about this: it holds us with
its lacklustre eye. The muscularity of ImagmatlOn. ls. spent, and only
the nerves function now (the nerves are the presldmg organ of the body). And yet a vigorous art is celebrated qmetly here-that o~
navigation, appropriate to the Hom~rlcth~meof the returned wan derer. All day long we have been mternuttently aware ofa three- masted schooner called the Rosevean sailing home from Bridgwater with a cargo of bricks. She is in haven at last, and one of her crew- W. B. Murphy-is in the cabman's shelter t? lie about hiS voyages
and shore-adventures (rather like O'Casey s Paycock): He has a monopoly of the vigour which is needed for ". nagmaMn, and he holds the chapter together. He is a sort of parodic Odysseus. . .
This ancient mariner holds our attentIOn as any. bore or har Wl;t
when we are too weary to resist. He says that he knows Stephen,s father ('He's Irish . . . All Irish. ' Stephen sa~sdrily: 'All too Irish) and insists that he saw him once m a Circus 1TI Stockholm s~ootmg
eggs off bottles over his shoulder-left-handed,. too. ThiS left- handedness has its own significance. We keep meetmg references ~o
left-handedness throughout the chapter, and Corley (one of t e 'Two Gallants' of Dubliners) seems to be introduced only because he is alleged to be a bend-sinister scion ofa noble f~mlly. The. left hand is the false hand, literally sinister and metaphOrically deceitful. Im- postors, pretenders, fit in well with the theme of return from wan-
dering and they are an important element 1TI the conversation. ~ man l~ng believed dead, comes back; how can we know that he'ls who' he says he is? And if (as one of the cabbies believes IS all too
Home is the Sailor possible) Parnell should return to Ireland, Bloom for one thinks it
'highly inadvisable':
. . . as regards return, you were a lucky dog i f they didn't set the terrier at you directly you got back. Then a lot of shillyshally usually followed. Tom for and Dick and Ha~ry against. And then, number one, you came up against the man in possession and had to produce your credentials, like the claimant in the Tichborne case . . .
Moreover, there is disappointment latent in all returns after long absences-places change, oneself changes, Rip van Winkle should have remained sleeping. Bloom, the Dublin Odysseus, does not be- lieve in wandering. Stay home with your wife (he shows Stephen, inevitably, a photograph of his own); be satisfied with the very occasional holiday trip. He remains the 'prudent member'.
But he does not seem to achieve any penetration into the workings of Stephen's more wayward, subtler, mind. Bloom is pr~sented as stupider than he really is (blame weariness, the lateness of the hour). When Stephen, using a schoolman's term, defines the soul as 'a simplesubstance', Bloom says: 'Simple? I shouldn't think that is the proper word. Of course, I grant you, to concede a point, you do knock against a simple soul once in a blue mOon . . . ' Stephen says that he is not important because he belongs to Ireland, but that Ireland is important because it belongs to him, Bloom replies: 'What belongs? Excuse me. Unfortunately I didn't catch the latter portion. What was it you . . . ? ' Stephen is, of course, an Italian scholar, but Bloom at least showed, earlier in the day, that he knows the words of Don Giovanni. Now he is totally inept, with his 'Bella poetria! ' and 'Belladonna 7JOglio'. Stephen's musical taste is excellent, but Bloom's is not too bad. Still, he is drawn here to praising 'the severe classical school such as Mendelssohn' and Meyerbeer's Seven Last Words on the Cross. Stephen talks of the great Elizabethans-Dowland, Tom- kins, John Bull-and Bloom wants to know if the last-named is the 'political celebrity of that ilk'. The near-absurdity of Bloom is pointed by the misspelling of his name in the report of the Dignam funeral in the Telegraph (pink edition, extra sporting) - 'L. Boom'. But we, the readers, can soften that blow for him. Stephen's name also appears in the list of mourners, though, as we know, he was not there. The mere proximity of'Stephen Dedalus, B. A. ' makes Bloom explode into a (Boom) Dutch tree.
The two leave the cabman's shelter at length, Bloom fatherly, Stephen what he is. What Bloom will have Stephen become is ? great singer; he listens to his 'phenomenally beautiful tenor voice'
169
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1 The 'Invincibles' were concemed W1 e and Thomas Burke in 1882.
168
Ph .
oemx
P
k murder of Lord Cavendish ar
? ? ? I II
The Labyrinth
discoursing a German ballad about the Sirens as they walk to Eccles Street through the night's quietness. The last line is 'Und aile Schiffe brucken', which fits in weJl with the petrifying by the enemy . lEolus of Odysseus's own ship on his landing on the shores of Ithaca. The ships are finished, the voyages all over. Arm in arm, Odysseus and Telemachus go to the halls of Penelope, watched by a driver, a navigator of the streets:
The driver never said a word, good, bad or indifferent. He merely watched the two figures, as he sat on his lowbacked car, both black- one full, one lean-walk towards the railway bridge . . . As they walked. they at times stopped and walked again, continuing their tete-a-tete (which of course he was utterly out of), about sirens, enemies of man's reason, mingled with a number of other topics of the same category, usurpers, historical cases ofthe kind . . .
A catalogue of subjects for discussion is here gently adumbrated. By the time we reach the next chapter (the ugly duckling ofthe whole book and hence Joyce's own favourite) there is no gentleness. The soft flesh is ripped off the skeleton and, like some eternal Gradgrind, the voice of the god of statistics asks cold questions and expects the
most comprehensive answers:
Of what did the duumvirate deliberate during their itinerary?
Music, literature, Ireland, Dublin, Paris, friendship, prostitution, diet,
the influence of gaslight or the light of arc and glowlamps on the growth
of adjoining paraheliotropic trees, exposed corporation emergency dust- buckets, the Roman catholic church, ecclesiastical celibacy, the Irish na. tion, jesuit education, careers, the study of medicine, the past day, the maleficent influence of the pre-sabbath, Stephen's collapse.
Among the facts that the inhuman catechist wants to find out are,
naturally, the 'common factors ofsimilarity between their respective like and unlike reactions to experience'. The facts are, as we ex- pected, not all that enlightening: Bloom and Stephen have not been summoned from opposite ends of the earth to meet in an ecstasy of affinity.
Was there one point on which their views were equal and negative?
The influence of gaslight or electric light on the growth of adjoining
paraheliotropic trees.
But the rapprochement is there and, when Bloom, who has forgotten his key, enters his own house by a stratagem (he climbs over the area railings and opens the area door), enabling Stephen to make a more orthodox entrance, we can settle to a long and irrelevant
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Home is the Sailor
analysis of race, temperament, education, family-exhaustive and
exhausting-which runs parallel to the truth. The truth, which has nothing to do with statistics, is that Bloom and Stephen can talk together and get on, that they will meet again and modify each other's lives, that Bloom will gain a suitor-conquering power from his contact with the intellectual imagination, and that Stephen will some day be able to write Ulysses.
T h e comic impertinence o f the catechism is best seen when
Bloom turns on the kitchen tap for water to make cocoa for his
guest:
Did it flow?
Yes. From Roundwood reservoir in county Wicklow of a cubic capacity o f 2 , 4 0 0 . million . gallons, percolatin& through a subterranean aqueduct o f filter mams of smgle and double plpeage constructed at an initial plant cost of ? 5 per linear yard by way of the Dargle, Rathdown, Glen of the Downs and ~allowhtll to the 26 acre reservoir at Stillorgan, a distance o f 22 s~atute mdes, and then~e, through a system of relieving tanks, by a gradient of 2 5 0 feet to the CIty boundary at Eustace bridge, upper Leeson st~e::t, though from prolonged summer drouth and daily supply o f I 2 t mllhon gallons the water had fallen below the sill o f the overflow weir for which reason the bor? ugh su~eyor and waterworks engineer, Mr Spencer Harty, C. E. , on the mstructlons of the waterworks committee had pro- hibited the use of municipal water for purposes other than thdse of con- sumption (envisaging the possibility o f recourse being had to the impotable water of th~ Grand . and Royal Canals as in 1893) particularly as the South Dubhn Guard~ans, notwithsta! lding their ration of IS gallons per dayperpaupersupphedthrougha6lllchmeter hadbeenconvictedofa wastage. of 2 0 , 0 0 0 gallons per night by a readi~g of their meter on the affirmatl(~m--? f t h e l a w a g e n t . o f t h e c o r p o r a t i o n , M r I g n a t i u s R i c e , s o l i c i t o r , thereby actmg to the detrIment of another section of the public self-
supporting taxpayers, solvent, sound.
J
All this to get a couple of cups of cocoa.
Yet the statistics do remind us of the unconscious groping towards
each other that Bloom and Stephen have, usually off their guard, in the margins of thought, exhibited all day-the 'postexilic eminence' of Moses of Egypt and Moses Maimonides (Stephen has mused briefly on both), to whom Bloom adds Moses Mendelssohn' the Jewish father-and-daughter theme in the National Library, "':hich leads Stephen to sing the anti-semitic ballad of Hugh ofLincoln;1 the parallel between oppressed Jews and oppressed Irish that was rhetorically expounded in the 'JEolus' scene. And yet all this has when all is said and done, little to do with Bloom and Stephen:
1 In a setting too low for Stephen's tenor voice.
tion section o f a movement in sonata-form there are usually two mam
contrasting subjects around which cluster groups of subsidiary themes. In Ulysses we have had the equivalent of these in Bloom and Stephen, each with his many satellites of characteristic preoccupa- tions. The exposition will not make sense until it has been followed by a development section in which the subjects combine, lend each other their subsidiary motifs, swirl about each other in an area of dreamlike fantasy, bump into each other drunkenly, melt into each other on the discovery of previously unguessed affinities. Mter that- in the recapitulation section-they can appear soberly and singly, properly dressed and tidied up, but they cannot be as they were before, in the exposition. They have learned stra? ge thmgs about each other and about themselves, they have had a mght out together. That region of dreams has influenced reality.
The technique of this 'Circe' chapter is concerned les~ with dream than with hallucination. The characters are presented dIrectly to us, in dramatic form, and they meet their fantasies directly. Bloom becomes Lord Mayor of Dublin, gives birth to a number of sons, sees the building of the New Bloomusalem, turns into Ruby, Pride of the Ring, witnesses the end of the world. If he is really seeing these fantasies he is either drunk or drugged. But he is not; he is fully sober. He is exhausted, yes, but not exhausted enough to conjure such visions. The hallucinations, then, are coming from without, are
158
summoned by the author's own magic. Such magic is capable of making an apparition of Stephen's dead mother use a locutIOn from Martha Clifford's letter to Bloom, and Bloom and Stephen see, in a mirror, the same cuckolded travesty of Shakespeare burbling a line of Goldsmith. If the phantasmagorias are subjective, then Bloom and Stephen are the same person. It is easier to conclude that this is a genuine free fantasy in the manner of a sonata's development section, that the rapprochement between Stephen and Bloom is something that is made, through magic, to happen extraneously, and that this huge dramatic exercise is not dramatic at all.
Only one real, as opposed to hallucinatoty, event is of any si~ifi- cance. This is the striking down of Stephen by a couple of Bntish soldiers at the end of the section. All flee except Bloom, who then assumes responsibility for him. This could have happened as easily outside Burke's in the previous chapter and Joyce, in the interests of fictional economy, could have saved himself a great deal of work. But it is dangerous now to think in such terms. Havmg come so far with Bloom (and this is Bloom's chapter more than Stephen's), we must go all the way, uncover every conceivable fantasy of which Bloom is capable and see him-like Bottom-in a sort of grisly faity- land. No critic, to my knowledge, has yet invoked A Midsummer Night's Dream as a classical source-the uncommon common man set upon by magic. The usual comparison is with the Walpurgisnacht
scene in Goethe's Faust and Flaubert's Tentation. But Shakespeare is, first as last, the true patron of Ulysses.
Shakespeare's fairies . have comic-fantastic names. Joyc~'s th. ree whores sum up the whole physical world: Zoe stands for ammal hfe, Florry for vegetable life, and Kitty for the mineral kingdom. The presiding sorceress, Circe herself, is Bella Cohen, the brothel- madam, who, in the most masochistic part of ~he ~loom fantasy, becomes a man and changes her name to Bello. These characters, like the brutal British soldiers, are real enough, but they inhabit the same world as the many dead, fictional, and actual-though-absent persons who flutter or gibber in then off again, and they are subj1ect to the same laws. or lackof them. The vision that merely touched the fringes of Gabriel Conroy's consciousness in 'The Dead' is here not just palpable but larger than life: there is only one world, and it
belongs equally to living and dead, to animal, vegetable, mineral and,
for that matter, abstract.
The two soldiers, Privates Compton and Carr (their names taken from personal enemies ofJoyce in Zurich) appear very early, making
159
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Men into Swine
'a volleyed fart' burst from their mouths and calling 'What ho, parsonl' when they see black-garbed Stephen. In swirling fog, the companions of Gerty MacDowell, together with the sandcastle- building twins Tommy and Jacky Caffrey, are seen, debased, animal- ised. Then Bloom makes his entrance, his interior monologue now an audible soliloquy. His father and mother speak to him, Rudolph Virag a comic stage Jew ('They make you kaput, Leopoldleben. You watch them chaps') and Ellen Bloom a pantomime dame. They are hallucinations from the author's brain, not his hero's, but there is nothing vague or shadowy about them. The physical appearance of all the apparitions is most carefully described and their dress
detailed scrupulously. Poor suicidal Virag is described as follows: 'A stooped bearded figure appears garbed in the long caftan of an elder in Zion and a smoking cap with magenta tassels. Horned spectacles hang down at the wings of the nose. Yellow poison streaks are on the drawn face. ' Ellen Bloom wears a 'stringed . mobcap, crinoline and bustle, widow Twankey's blouse with muttonleg sleeves buttoned behind, grey mittens and cameo brooch, her hair plaited in a crispine net'. Under her 'reef of skirt' there is a 'striped blay petticoat' from which fall out 'a phial, an Agnus Dei,. shrivelled potato and a celluloid doll'.
Of course, this detail is characteristic of a certain kind of drugged vision, but Joyce's concern is with the symbolism of clothes in the context of magic. Clothes are what we. usually see of a person, but they are so easily changed. They are a kind of secondary body. Magic can change the external form of a creature (Circe turns men into swine) but cannot affect the deeper, God-willed, process of metem- psychosis. Bloom is perpetually changing his secondary body-his changes of costume are uncountable- but he remains the same Bloom. Here, encountering his father and mother, he appears in youth's clothes, mud-caked with racing with the harriers: '. . . smart blue Oxford suit with white vestslips, narrowshouldered, in brown Alpine hat, wearing gent's sterling silver waterbury keyless watch and double curb Albert with seal attached, one side of him coated with stiffening mud. '
As for the transformation-inta-beasts motif, this is hinted at in
animal imagery (Molly Bloom appears in Oriental dress, with camel,
'plump as a pampered pouter pigeon'; a whore, squeaking, 'flaps her
bat shawl and runs') and also more boldly expressed in terms of actual enchantment. Thus dead Paddy Dignam appears as a beagle with dachshund coat, worming his way down a coalhole; Tom Roch-
160
ford, 'robinredbreasted', executes a 'daredevil salmon leap in the air'. The human locomotor apparatus itself is enchanted.
Bloom's bestial imaginings are brought into open court-society women give hair-raising evidence and promise dire punishments: 'Thrash the mongrel within an inch of his life. That cat-o'-nine-tails. Geld him. Vivisect him. ' Bloom's masochism shows in joyous tremu- lous nakedness while a newsboy goes by: 'Messenger ofthe Sacred Heart and Evening Telegraph with Saint Patrick's Day Supplement. Containing the new addresses of all the cuckolds in Dublin. ' But Bloom is not disqualified from being crowned Leopold the First, 'His Most Catholic Majesty'. The mob turns against him, as it turned against Parnell, and, despite his miracles (including giving birth to 'eight male yellow and white children', each with 'his name printed in legible letters on his shirtfront: Nasodoro, Goldfinger, Chrysostomos, Maindoree, Silversmile, Silberselber, Vifargent, Panargyros'), he is burnt alive by the Dublin Fire Brigade. And, while all this, and more, is going on, he is being taken by Zoe to Bella Cohen's brothel.
Stephen and Lynch are ! here, as well as Zoe's 'two sister whores'.
Florry has, appropriately,' a stye on her eyelid, and Stephen tells us
where we are, tipsily erudite about 'priests haihooping round David's
that is Circe's or what am I saying Ceres' altar'. The perversion of the Christian rite in an eventual Black Mass is prefigured here. There are fresh apparitions, including an astonishing one o f Bloom's grandfather-a sort of f1y;ng weasel that comes down the chimney- before Bella Cohen, massive whoremistress, enters. Almost at once she turns into Bello, all aromatic he-man, and Bloom becomes a shuddering female. But, female or not, he is still taunted for his lack of manhood:
BELLO: . . . Can you do a man's job?
BLOOM: Eccles street . . .
BELLO: (Sarcastically) I wouldn't hurt your feelings for the world but
there's a man of brawn in possession there. The tables are turned, my gay young fellow! He is something like a fullgrown outdoor man. Well for you, you muff, if you had that weapon with knobs and lumps and warts allover it. He shot his bolt, I can tell you 1Foot to foot, knee to knee, belly to belly, bubs to breast! He's no eunuch.
Bloom's humiliation knows no limits, but it is a humiliation he secretly-here,ofcourse,notatallsecretly-desires. Soonthepractical man reasserts himself, shakes off the hallucinations, and stops
Stephen from giving all his money to the whores. But the masochist ,6,
? ? ? The Labyrillth
Men into Swine
cannot hide for long. Bloom, dressed as a flunkey, an antlered hatstand on his head, acquiesces in his cuckolding, watching Boylan and Molly in the act, urging them on to the laughter of the whores and the ecstasy of the two Sirens from the Ormond. And then:
(Stephen and Bloom gaze in the mirror. The face of William Shakespeare, beardless, appears there, rigid in facial paralysis, crowned by the reflection o/the reindeer antlered hatrack in the hall. )
SHAKESPEARE: (In dignified ventriloquy) 'Tis the loud laugh bespeaks the
vacant mind. (To Bloom) Thou thoughtest as how thou wastest invisible. Gaze. (He crow, with a black capon', laugh) ! agogo! How my Oldfellow chokit his Thursdaymomun. Iagogogo!
That vision is not possible, apparently, to either Stephen or Bloom alone-only to both together.
Stephen 'gabbles, with marionette jerks', a broken English pros-
pectus of the delights of Paris night-life: '. . . Enter gentlemen to see in mirrors every positions trapezes all that machine there besides also if desire act awfully bestial butcher's boy pollutes in warm veal liver or omelette on the belly piece de Shakespeare. ' All Stephen's dignity is gone, the intellectual imagination has been replaced by a grotesque leer. Both he and Bloom have sunk to the bottom. What is needed now is the horrid consummation o f everything in a Dance of Death. The pianola plays 'My Girl's a Yorkshire Girl' and living creatures whirl with dead, the dance ending in the sudden shocking rising from the grave of Stephen's mother 'in leper grey with a wreath of faded orange blossoms and a torn bridal veil, her face worn and noseless, green with grave mould . . . She fixes her bluecircled hol- low eyesockets on Stephen and opens her toothless mouth uttering a silent word . . . ' A choir of virgins and confessors sings without voice, while Buck Mulligan, in jester's dress on top of a tower, weeps molten butter into a split scone. Grotesquely terrible though it is, this hallucination loses something by coming after so many others: our capacity for being harrowed is somewhat blunted by this time. But Stephen's mother, after using words associated with Bloom- 'More women than men in the world' and 'I pray for you in "my other world' -identifies herself with the suffering Christ and, crying 'Beware! God's hand1', makes a 'green crab with malignant red eyes' stick its claws in Stephen's heart. Stephen shrieks his non serviam, turns himself into Siegfried so that his ashplant becomes the
sword Nothung, and smashes the chandelier of the brothel parlour. In trying to kill the butcher God, Stephen destroys both time and space-the nightmare of history and the noise in the street
162
(back to the 'Nestor' chapter) shatter in glass and toppling masonry. Stephen dashes into the street to meet a fresh mixture ofactuality and fantasy, Bloom following swiftly after. The noise which is God is not there, but the British State, in the shape of Privates Carr and Compton, is waiting. The soldiers are ttuculent, accusing Stephen of insulting their girl-friend (who happens to be also Gerty Mac-
Dowell's). Stephen, like Bloom, preaches pacifism, despite the voices that cry revenge for Ireland's wrongs. The milkwoman. of the first chapter of the book appears as 'Old Gummy Granny', but Stephen recognises 'the old sow that eats her farrow'. Edward the Seventh preaches peace more grotesquely and insincerely than Stephen, an entente cordiale bucket labelled 'Defense d'uriner' in his hand, masonic
. robes over a white jersey stitched with an image of the Sacred Heart. The Citizen confronts Major Tweedy, Molly Bloom's father; the dead of Dublin rise; witches ride the air; Armageddon is sanctified with a Black Mass. Then language cracks into violent obscenity:
PRIVATE CARR: (With firocious articulation) I'll do him in, so help me fucking Christ! I'll wring the bastard fucker's bleeding blasted fucking windpipe!
Bloom the appeaser, the man of good will and calm sense, fails to stop Carr from hitting Stephen in the face. Stephen lies stunned, the crowd clears on the coming of the police, and Bloom assumes responsibility for the dead-out poet. It is the big moment of the book.
Stephen, more drunk than hurt, murmurs words of the song he sang for his dying mother-'Who . . . drive . . . Fergns now. And pierce . . . wood's woven shade? . . . ' Bloom does not understand: 'Fergnson, I think I caught. A girl. Some girl. ' Then he too murmurs words of magical import: '. . . swear that I will always hail, ever conceal, never reveal, any part or parts, art or arts . . . in the rough sands of the sea . . . a cabletow's length from the shore . . . where the tide ebbs . . . and flows . . . ' The imposed magic ofthe sorceress has dissolved. The stumbling and capering and gibbering of men turned to animals is no more; there is a great nocturnal stillness.
Stephen and Bloom must, if they want magic, now make their own. Stephen is a poet, his art is magical. Bloom is a mason, member of an honourable and secret craft. He stands gnarding Stephen, 'his fingers at his lips in the attitude of secret master'. At once, as by the conjuration of a white and wholesome sorcery, the final vision of the night takes shape. It is of Rudy, Bloom's dead son as he might have . 163
? ? ? ? ? The Labyrinth
been had he reached eleven years (he would have been just that now), not eleven days. Bloom, wonderstruck, calls his name inaudibly. But Rudy is a fairy boy, 'a changeling, kidnapped'; he reads Hebrew, kissing the page, smiling, unseeing. The forces of life waited on Stephen's dead mother; the trappings ofdeath have been transmuted here to the fanciful dress ofresurrection- the glass and bronze ofthe little coffin have become 'glass shoes and a little bronze helmet'; the white coverlet oflamb's wool that Molly made to keep her son warm in his coffin has turned to a 'white lambkin' peeping out of his waistcoat pocket; the dead delicate mauve face is a live delicate mauve face. In his Eton suit, drawn from his impossibled future, Rudy hovers above recumbent Stephen. Only the hardest-hearted
of readers will withhold his tears.
II: Home is the Sailor
'CIRCE' ENDS THE ODYSSEY PROPER; NOW WE MUST HAVE THE Nostos, the going home. In a sense, this is less a return than a fresh start, since Bloom will be going home with Stephen and three lives will now be modified for ever. We see now another reason for the massive musical development of themes in the hallucinations of the brothel district: Joyce wanted to 'work them out' in both senses of the term-purge them by magicalising them.
The extent to which he has done this is best seen, or heard, in the bit of surrealism which represents the pianola-version of 'My Girl's a Yorkshire Girl' (Stephen's 'Dance of death'). Let us look back a little.
In the 'Wandering Rocks' episode Dilly Dedalus, Stephen's sister, sees and hears 'the lacquey by the door of Dillon's auction-rooms' shake his handbell : 'Bar. ng! ' then 'Bang! ' then, after a feeble shaking in response to Mr Dedalus's curse, a loud bang again. In the same episode a one-legged sailor swings his way to Eccles Street, singing, receiving an alms from Molly Bloom. Corny Kelleher, at the same time, 'closed his long daybook and glanced with his drooping eye at a pine coffinlid sentried in a corner'. In the 'lEolus' chapter Stephen told the story of the two 'Frauenzimmer' (this takes us back also to the 'Proteus' scene) climbing to the top of the 'onehandled adul- terer's' column and spitting down plum-stones. Bloom, near the beginning of his odyssey, saw the poster of a cycle race showing a 'cyclist doubled up like a cod in a pot'. In the 'Cyclops' episode one ofthe parodies presents the Provost-Marshal weeping over a beautiful
girl to whom a man due for hanging has said farewell: 'Blimey it makes me kind of bleeding cry, straight, it does, when I see her cause I thinks of myoid mashtub what's waiting for me down Limehouse way. ' Add Father Conmee, the Rev. Love (a minor character of the 'Wandering Rocks'), Stephen's 'Proteus' memory of exiled Kevin Egan's lighting a 'gunpowder' cigarette with 'a blue fuse match',
165
? ? ? ? ? The Labyrinth
odd beast-themes, drum-beats, and the words of 'My Girl's a
Yorkshire Girl', and you end up with the following:
(Bang fresh barang bang oflacquey's qell, ~orse, nag, steer, pigtings, Cont11;ee on Christass lame crutch and leg sador m cockboat armfolded Topepul/tng hitching stamp hornpipe through and through, Baraabum J On nags, hogs, bel/horses, Gadarene swine, Corny in coffin: Steel shark stone. onehan~/ed Nelson two trickies Frauenzimmer plumstamed from pram falling bawltng. Gum, he's a champion. Puschlue peer from bar~el re~. evensong Love on hackney jaunt Blazes blind coddoubled bicyclers Dtlly with snowcake no fancy clothes. Then in last wiswitchhack lumbertng up a! ,d down bump masktub sort ofviceroy ard reine relish [or tub/umber bumpshtre rost. Barabum 1)
A fundamental rule of sonata-form is this: never present a tune or a theme, however lowly or fragmentary, unless rou intend ~o repeat it at a- later stage-or, preferab~y, transform It, develop It,
combine it with other thematIc matenal. Joyce has fulfilled that, even to the extent of realising the comic possibilities of a mere name-as when, just before the Black Mass, we re-encounter the librarian of 'Scylla and Charybdis' like this: 'Quakerlyster ~lasters blisters'. Ulysses differs from other novels in emphaslsmg the Impor- tance o f musical pattern. If, writing straightforward. fictIOn, I prese,nt
my hero in the first chapter scratchi~g~isnose, that. Is mere naturahs- tic detail. To Joyce it would be slgmficant, not m terms of sym- bolism but in terms of a growing tapestry-a little figure that, worked into one comer of the carpet, must eventually appear in another comer for the sake of forrr. al balance. Music is a sort of tapestry realised in the medium of time. Time changes things;,h~nce the
balance achieved by identical repetition of the same motIf IS out of place; there has to be a transformation, however slight. Another way of looking at this techmcal pecuhanty of Ulysses calls on a larger symbolism, that which encloses th~ whole book. Thtoughout ~he whole period of Odysseus's wandermg,. Penelop~ has been weavmg during the day, unravelling at night. Nlghttown IS the place for un- ravelling: the complex fabric of ~e. book,. as woven from t~e Telemachia to the 'Oxen of the Sun episode, IS detroyed by magic, and we see ['. miliar elements of the pattern dissolving. Soon there
is nothing left. Penelope's trick has been found out. The essen~eof the Nostos is a kind of nakedness-no more clothes, very few tncks, all disguises tentative and easily seen through. .
The nakedness of this home-troped tnlogy takes a trIO of forms. First Stephen and Bloom go together to a cabman's shelter fo; a bun ;nd a cup of coffee. Theyare tired; wit and even understandmg
166
Home is the Sailor
go to sleep; they are a couple ofmen-one near middle age, the other
very young-with little of importance or even interest to say to each other: they are stripped to mere paradigm. The prose-style is past playing tricks of virtuosity; it is limp and clumsy though it pretends to brightness; it is fit only for a provincial newspaper or for the waste-paper basket. Our two noctambules (as they are archly called) go to NO. 7 Eccles Street for more talk and a temperance nightcap; here the nakedness is of another kind-a bare skeletal catechism in which everything is reduced to factual statistics. The final disrobing is, appropriately, conducted by Molly Bloom-no more civilised disguises, the pretensions ofmen exploded. All clothes off, we submit to this Eternal Woman who is also Mother Earth. The protean forms that life takes on dissolve utterly. We end with one word only: 'yes'.
In Joyce, though, any direct statement has to be qualified, and
metempsychosis teaches us that even nakedness may be a disguise. We strip so much away in the Nostos, but we do not discard the sense of a complex pattern. The end looks back to the beginning, and the Telemachia and Nostos exactly balance each other. The first chapter of the first section was a young man's narrative in which only one character (the milkwoman) was old. The first chapter of the last section is a narrative in which only old and middle-aged men figure, save for one character only-the young Stephen. The middle chapter of the Telemachia was a personal catechism; the middle chapter of the Nostos is an impersonal one. The final chapter of each section is a long monologue: in the Telemachia it was male (Stephen on the beach); in the Nostos it is female (Molly in bed). We end with the artist, then, the shaper; even the earth-mother is subject to the divine imagination. Or is she? Penelope is a weaver. Art may be one ofthe toys that the earth-mother gives to her children to keep them quiet-a sort of parody of reality.
Let. us go back to the beginning of the Nostos. The Homeric counferpart is the meeting between Odysseus and Telemachus in the hut of the swineherd Eumaeus. The element of deceit, of dis- guise, is fundamental, since Odysseus must not be recognised by any of the suitors he has come to Ithaca to quell. But, in this atmo- sphere of near-nakedness, Joyce cannot allow Bloom to be deceitful. Lies, false pretences abound in his 'Eumaeus' chapter, but they are all subjects of thought and conversation, hidden motifs, or else they
are practised by characters who get in the way of, rather than assist, this coming together of poet and advertising broker. And
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the prose-style itself, though it prete? ds to wide-awakeness, is flat,
weary, stale-one-in-the-mornmg wntmg:
Mr Bloom and Stephen entered the cabman's shelt:! , an unpretentiou~ wooden structure, where, prior to then, he had rarely, I f ever; been befor~, the former having previously whispered to the latter a few hl~tsan~ntthe keeper of it said to be the once famous Skin-the-Goat Fltzh~rns, t. e . . "ble 1 'though he wouldn't vouch for the actual facts, whIch qUIte mo:ls~~ly there was not one vestige of truth in. A few moments later saw ~urtwo noctambules safely seated in a discreet c~r? -er,only ~obe greeted
by_stares from the decidedly miscellaneous collectIon of waIfs and straYd and other nondescript specimens ofthe genus hO. mo, already therhengage
in eating and drinking, diversified by . co~versatlOn, for whom t ey seem- ingly formed an object of marked cunOSlty.
There is a horrid and riveting fascination about this: it holds us with
its lacklustre eye. The muscularity of ImagmatlOn. ls. spent, and only
the nerves function now (the nerves are the presldmg organ of the body). And yet a vigorous art is celebrated qmetly here-that o~
navigation, appropriate to the Hom~rlcth~meof the returned wan derer. All day long we have been mternuttently aware ofa three- masted schooner called the Rosevean sailing home from Bridgwater with a cargo of bricks. She is in haven at last, and one of her crew- W. B. Murphy-is in the cabman's shelter t? lie about hiS voyages
and shore-adventures (rather like O'Casey s Paycock): He has a monopoly of the vigour which is needed for ". nagmaMn, and he holds the chapter together. He is a sort of parodic Odysseus. . .
This ancient mariner holds our attentIOn as any. bore or har Wl;t
when we are too weary to resist. He says that he knows Stephen,s father ('He's Irish . . . All Irish. ' Stephen sa~sdrily: 'All too Irish) and insists that he saw him once m a Circus 1TI Stockholm s~ootmg
eggs off bottles over his shoulder-left-handed,. too. ThiS left- handedness has its own significance. We keep meetmg references ~o
left-handedness throughout the chapter, and Corley (one of t e 'Two Gallants' of Dubliners) seems to be introduced only because he is alleged to be a bend-sinister scion ofa noble f~mlly. The. left hand is the false hand, literally sinister and metaphOrically deceitful. Im- postors, pretenders, fit in well with the theme of return from wan-
dering and they are an important element 1TI the conversation. ~ man l~ng believed dead, comes back; how can we know that he'ls who' he says he is? And if (as one of the cabbies believes IS all too
Home is the Sailor possible) Parnell should return to Ireland, Bloom for one thinks it
'highly inadvisable':
. . . as regards return, you were a lucky dog i f they didn't set the terrier at you directly you got back. Then a lot of shillyshally usually followed. Tom for and Dick and Ha~ry against. And then, number one, you came up against the man in possession and had to produce your credentials, like the claimant in the Tichborne case . . .
Moreover, there is disappointment latent in all returns after long absences-places change, oneself changes, Rip van Winkle should have remained sleeping. Bloom, the Dublin Odysseus, does not be- lieve in wandering. Stay home with your wife (he shows Stephen, inevitably, a photograph of his own); be satisfied with the very occasional holiday trip. He remains the 'prudent member'.
But he does not seem to achieve any penetration into the workings of Stephen's more wayward, subtler, mind. Bloom is pr~sented as stupider than he really is (blame weariness, the lateness of the hour). When Stephen, using a schoolman's term, defines the soul as 'a simplesubstance', Bloom says: 'Simple? I shouldn't think that is the proper word. Of course, I grant you, to concede a point, you do knock against a simple soul once in a blue mOon . . . ' Stephen says that he is not important because he belongs to Ireland, but that Ireland is important because it belongs to him, Bloom replies: 'What belongs? Excuse me. Unfortunately I didn't catch the latter portion. What was it you . . . ? ' Stephen is, of course, an Italian scholar, but Bloom at least showed, earlier in the day, that he knows the words of Don Giovanni. Now he is totally inept, with his 'Bella poetria! ' and 'Belladonna 7JOglio'. Stephen's musical taste is excellent, but Bloom's is not too bad. Still, he is drawn here to praising 'the severe classical school such as Mendelssohn' and Meyerbeer's Seven Last Words on the Cross. Stephen talks of the great Elizabethans-Dowland, Tom- kins, John Bull-and Bloom wants to know if the last-named is the 'political celebrity of that ilk'. The near-absurdity of Bloom is pointed by the misspelling of his name in the report of the Dignam funeral in the Telegraph (pink edition, extra sporting) - 'L. Boom'. But we, the readers, can soften that blow for him. Stephen's name also appears in the list of mourners, though, as we know, he was not there. The mere proximity of'Stephen Dedalus, B. A. ' makes Bloom explode into a (Boom) Dutch tree.
The two leave the cabman's shelter at length, Bloom fatherly, Stephen what he is. What Bloom will have Stephen become is ? great singer; he listens to his 'phenomenally beautiful tenor voice'
169
? th th
1 The 'Invincibles' were concemed W1 e and Thomas Burke in 1882.
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Ph .
oemx
P
k murder of Lord Cavendish ar
? ? ? I II
The Labyrinth
discoursing a German ballad about the Sirens as they walk to Eccles Street through the night's quietness. The last line is 'Und aile Schiffe brucken', which fits in weJl with the petrifying by the enemy . lEolus of Odysseus's own ship on his landing on the shores of Ithaca. The ships are finished, the voyages all over. Arm in arm, Odysseus and Telemachus go to the halls of Penelope, watched by a driver, a navigator of the streets:
The driver never said a word, good, bad or indifferent. He merely watched the two figures, as he sat on his lowbacked car, both black- one full, one lean-walk towards the railway bridge . . . As they walked. they at times stopped and walked again, continuing their tete-a-tete (which of course he was utterly out of), about sirens, enemies of man's reason, mingled with a number of other topics of the same category, usurpers, historical cases ofthe kind . . .
A catalogue of subjects for discussion is here gently adumbrated. By the time we reach the next chapter (the ugly duckling ofthe whole book and hence Joyce's own favourite) there is no gentleness. The soft flesh is ripped off the skeleton and, like some eternal Gradgrind, the voice of the god of statistics asks cold questions and expects the
most comprehensive answers:
Of what did the duumvirate deliberate during their itinerary?
Music, literature, Ireland, Dublin, Paris, friendship, prostitution, diet,
the influence of gaslight or the light of arc and glowlamps on the growth
of adjoining paraheliotropic trees, exposed corporation emergency dust- buckets, the Roman catholic church, ecclesiastical celibacy, the Irish na. tion, jesuit education, careers, the study of medicine, the past day, the maleficent influence of the pre-sabbath, Stephen's collapse.
Among the facts that the inhuman catechist wants to find out are,
naturally, the 'common factors ofsimilarity between their respective like and unlike reactions to experience'. The facts are, as we ex- pected, not all that enlightening: Bloom and Stephen have not been summoned from opposite ends of the earth to meet in an ecstasy of affinity.
Was there one point on which their views were equal and negative?
The influence of gaslight or electric light on the growth of adjoining
paraheliotropic trees.
But the rapprochement is there and, when Bloom, who has forgotten his key, enters his own house by a stratagem (he climbs over the area railings and opens the area door), enabling Stephen to make a more orthodox entrance, we can settle to a long and irrelevant
170
Home is the Sailor
analysis of race, temperament, education, family-exhaustive and
exhausting-which runs parallel to the truth. The truth, which has nothing to do with statistics, is that Bloom and Stephen can talk together and get on, that they will meet again and modify each other's lives, that Bloom will gain a suitor-conquering power from his contact with the intellectual imagination, and that Stephen will some day be able to write Ulysses.
T h e comic impertinence o f the catechism is best seen when
Bloom turns on the kitchen tap for water to make cocoa for his
guest:
Did it flow?
Yes. From Roundwood reservoir in county Wicklow of a cubic capacity o f 2 , 4 0 0 . million . gallons, percolatin& through a subterranean aqueduct o f filter mams of smgle and double plpeage constructed at an initial plant cost of ? 5 per linear yard by way of the Dargle, Rathdown, Glen of the Downs and ~allowhtll to the 26 acre reservoir at Stillorgan, a distance o f 22 s~atute mdes, and then~e, through a system of relieving tanks, by a gradient of 2 5 0 feet to the CIty boundary at Eustace bridge, upper Leeson st~e::t, though from prolonged summer drouth and daily supply o f I 2 t mllhon gallons the water had fallen below the sill o f the overflow weir for which reason the bor? ugh su~eyor and waterworks engineer, Mr Spencer Harty, C. E. , on the mstructlons of the waterworks committee had pro- hibited the use of municipal water for purposes other than thdse of con- sumption (envisaging the possibility o f recourse being had to the impotable water of th~ Grand . and Royal Canals as in 1893) particularly as the South Dubhn Guard~ans, notwithsta! lding their ration of IS gallons per dayperpaupersupphedthrougha6lllchmeter hadbeenconvictedofa wastage. of 2 0 , 0 0 0 gallons per night by a readi~g of their meter on the affirmatl(~m--? f t h e l a w a g e n t . o f t h e c o r p o r a t i o n , M r I g n a t i u s R i c e , s o l i c i t o r , thereby actmg to the detrIment of another section of the public self-
supporting taxpayers, solvent, sound.
J
All this to get a couple of cups of cocoa.
Yet the statistics do remind us of the unconscious groping towards
each other that Bloom and Stephen have, usually off their guard, in the margins of thought, exhibited all day-the 'postexilic eminence' of Moses of Egypt and Moses Maimonides (Stephen has mused briefly on both), to whom Bloom adds Moses Mendelssohn' the Jewish father-and-daughter theme in the National Library, "':hich leads Stephen to sing the anti-semitic ballad of Hugh ofLincoln;1 the parallel between oppressed Jews and oppressed Irish that was rhetorically expounded in the 'JEolus' scene. And yet all this has when all is said and done, little to do with Bloom and Stephen:
1 In a setting too low for Stephen's tenor voice.
