An American writer,
daughter
of Mrs.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
A long life devoted to literary
studies has resulted in (The Lovers' Punish-
ment) (1838), a comedy ; (Odes and Romances)
(1842), a collection of verse; a critical edition
of the works of Francisco de Quevedo; and
many other performances as brilliant.
Fernandez-Guerra y Orbe, Luis. A Span-
ish dramatist and verse-writer, brother of Au-
reliano; born in Granada, April 11, 1818. The
law was his first calling, but he wrote (A
Vow,! (Her Highness's Hair-Dresser,' and other
stage skits, and established himself in literature;
producing much verse, and a highly prized crit-
ical work on the eminent dramatist Alarcon
y Mendoza.
Fernandez-Lizardi, José Joaquin (fer-nän'-
deth le-thär'dē). A distinguished Mexican nov-
elist; born in the City of Mexico in 1771; died
there, June 1827. His most famous work is
(Periquillo Sarniento) (1816; new ed. , illus-
trated, 2 vols. , 1884). He also published two
novels, (Sad Nights and Gala Days) (1823)
and Life and Exploits of the Famous Knight
Don Catrin de la Facheuda' (1832).
Fernández-Madrid, José. A South-American
poet; born in Cartagena, Colombia, Feb. 9,
1789; died near London, England, June 28,
1829. He published a volume of poems, "Las
Rosas! (1822); also two tragedies, Atala)
(1822) and (Guatimozin (1827).
Fernandez y Gonzalez, Manuel (fer-nän'-
deth ë gön-thä'leth). A Spanish poet and nov.
elist; born at Seville, 1826; died Jan. 16, 1888.
A boyhood in Granada and seven years' army
service gave him varied experience of life and
men. From 1846 he gave himself to literature;
and the plays (Struggling Against Fate) (1848);
(The Cid) (1858); “A Duel on Time) (1859);
(Imperial Adventures) (1864), well constructed
and full of humor, won great popularity.
Among his more notable novels, which circu-
lated widely, are: (The Seven Children of
Lara) (1862); (The Bloody Queen' (1883);
(The Plantagenet Brothers' (1889).
Ferrand, Eduard (fe-ron'), pseudonym of
Eduard Schulz. A German poet and story-
writer; born in Landsberg-on-the-Warta, Jan.
23, 1813; died in Berlin, Oct. 23, 1842. In vari-
ous Poems) (1834), and collected (Tales!
(1835), and in Experiences of the Heart)
(1839), he shows imaginativeness, and great sus-
ceptibility to love in all its exquisite emanci-
pation from the practical.
Ferrari, Giuseppe (fer-rä're). An Italian
historian and philosophical writer; born in
Milan, 1812; died in Rome, July 1, 1876. Early
trained to an unsparingly material and real-
istic standpoint, he became noted for the vigor
and democratic impartiality of his On Error)
( 1840 ); Campanella's Religious Opinions)
(1840); Machiavelli as Judge of the Revolu-
tions of our Time) (1849); “Philosophy of Rev.
olutions) (1851); (History of Italian Revolu-
tions, or Guelphs and Ghibellines) (1856-58);
etc. , — mostly happy in style, and profoundly
influential in molding contemporary thought.
Ferrari, Paolo. An Italian dramatist; born
at Modena, April 5, 1822; died March 9, 1889.
His early comedies had little success; and his
masterpiece, (Goldoni and his Sixteen Com-
edies) (1852) was refused production for two
years, but when acted won both a popular and
a critical ovation. Its successor, Parini and
Satire) (1857), gained equal favor. Among his
others are : (The Modern Tartuffe) (1862);
(Suicide) (1875); (The Rival Friends) (1878);
(Antonietta) (1880); (Fulvio Testi) (1889).
Ferrari, Severino. An Italian poet and
scholar; born in Alberino, near Bologna, 1856.
Much study and cunning workmanship are
manifest in the verse collections (For Him and
His) (1876); New Stanzas) (1888); and in
longer experiments.
(
## p. 185 (#201) ############################################
FERRAZZI - FESZLER
185
mare.
Ferrazzi, Giuseppe Jacopo (fer-äts'ē). An
Italian critic, essayist, and Dante scholar; born
in Cartigliano, near Bassano, March 20, 1813;
died at Bassano, 1887 (not 1881). He is best
known for his invaluable Handbooks to
Dante) (1865-77); but (Torquato Tasso : a Bio-
graphical, Critical, and Bibliographical Study)
(1880), and studies of Ariosto, besides an
(Italian Anthology) (1858–59), would in them-
selves make him a conspicuous literary figure.
Ferreira, Antonio. A celebrated Portuguese
poet and dramatist; born at Lisbon in 1528;
died of the plague in 1569. He held a pro-
fessorship at the University of Coimbra; subse-
quently became judge of the supreme court at
Lisbon. During his leisure he composed son-
nets, odes, and epigrams, which earned for him
the title of the Portuguese Horace. ” His
high literary reputation, however, is due to his
(Epistles) and the tragedy of "Inez de Castro,
the second regular tragedy produced in Europe.
The subject is a popular Portuguese legend; the
play is modeled upon the Greek tragic drama.
Ferreira de Vasconcellos, Jorge (fer-rā'ē-rä
dā vas''kon-sel'osh). A Portuguese dramatist;
died 1585. His prose comedies, (Euphrosyne)
(1560), “Usilippo' (1618), (Aulegraphia' (1619),
are strictly national, and are valuable both
philologically and for the proverbs in which
they abound. He wrote also a romance of chiv-
alry, 'The Triumph of Sagramor) (1567).
Ferreras, Juan de (fer-rā'ras). A Spanish
historian and poetaster; born in Labañeza,
June 7, 1652; died (probably) near Madrid, June
8, 1735. He was a scholarly and respected
priest, whose careful History of Spain) (1700-
27) is authoritative for the period prior to
1598; his Poems) (1726) are less important.
Ferretti, Luigi (fer-et'tē). An Italian dia-
lect poet; born in Rome, Feb. 26, 1836. He is
an inspector of schools in the city of his birth,
and has studied dialect to good purpose in
"Sonnets in Roman Dialect) (1878), and one
or two other collections.
Ferreyra de la Cerda, Bernarda (fer-ri'rä
dā lä ther'da). A Portuguese poet; born in
Oporto, 1595; died in Lisbon, 1644. Highly
educated by her father, a powerful court official,
she became, when little more than twenty, a
cherished verse and play writer, of pleasing
style and great beauty of diction and imagery.
(Liberated Spain,' a sort of poetic history, ex-
emplifies her merits.
Ferrier, Susan Edmonstone. A Scotch nov-
elist (1782-1854). She wrote three tales :
Marriage) (1818); (The Inheritance) (1824);
Destiny? (1831). In them is seen a faithful
and spirited delineation of Scotch character;
and her pages are illumined by a genial wit and
a quick sense of the ludicrous. *
Ferrigni, Piero Francesco Leopoldo Coc-
coluto (fer-ēn'ye). An Italian journalist, and
topical and descriptive writer; born in Li-
vorno (Leghorn), Nov. 15, 1836. A genius for
throwing literary Aash-lights on the subjects
of the day has made him a prodigious favorite ;
among the many stepping-stones to his pop-
ularity being (Among Pictures and Statues )
(1872); “See Naples and :'; (Up and
Down in Florence (1877); (The King Is
Dead) (1878); Jousts and Tourneys) (1883).
Ferris, George Titus. An American writer
on music and musicians. His works include:
(Great German Composers) ( 1879 ); (Great
Italian and French Composers) (1879); “Great
Singers) (1880-81); (Great Violinists and Pian-
ists) (1881).
Ferry, Gabriel (fe-rē'), the Elder, pseudo-
nym of Eugène Louis Gabriel Ferry de Belle-
A French story-teller (1809-52). His
stories appeared first serially in the Revue des
Deux Mondes. He made repeated voyages to
America : in his last voyage, to California, he
lost his life in the burning at sea of the ship
Amazon. Among his tales are: (The Wood-
ranger); Hunting with Cossacks ); (Costal
the Indian); (Scenes of Military Life in Mex-
ico); “The Squatters. .
Ferry, Gabriel, the Younger. A French
dramatist and novelist, son of Gabriel the
Elder and continuing his pseudonym; born in
Paris, May 30, 1846. He has produced plays, –
(Réginah) (1874), being one of the best; while
his miscellaneous prose includes «The Last
Years of Alexandre Dumas, 1864-70) (1883);
(Balzac and his (Feminine) Friends) (1888);
and “The Exploits of Cæsar: A Parisian
Novel (1889).
Fessenden, Thomas Green. An American
who wrote partly under the name “Christopher
Caustic); born in Walpole, N. H. , April 22,
1771; died in Boston, Mass. , Nov. II, 1837. He
graduated from Dartmouth. While in college
he wrote a ballad, Jonathan's Courtship. He
went to London in 1801, and while there pub.
lished anonymously a satirical poem, "Terrible
Tractoration (1803). He returned to the United
States; did literary work in New York; went
to Boston and founded the New England
Farmer (1822). Some of his publications were
(The American Clerk's Companion) (1815);
(The Ladies' Monitor) (1818); and Laws of
Patents for New Inventions) (1822).
Feszler, Ignaz Aurelius (fes'ler). A Hun-
garian historian and novelist (1756-1839). A
Capuchin priest, his secret communication to
Joseph II. in 1781 regarding the monasteries
brought about a radical reformation of them.
Appointed professor of Oriental languages in
the Vienna University, he had to leave the post
and Austria for his atheistic and seditious
tragedy (Sidney) (1787); similar reasons cost
him a professorship in the Alexander Nevsky
Academy of St. Petersburg; afterward he be-
came general superintendent of the Lutheran
congregations in that city. He wrote the his-
torical novels (Marcus Aurelius) (1790); Aris-
tides and Themistocles) (1792); Matthias
Corvinus) (1793); (Attila) (1794). His greatest
## p. 186 (#202) ############################################
186
FET - FIBIGER
a
>
work is a History of Hungary) (10 vols. , 1812–
25). He wrote voluminously on Freemasonry,
and published an interesting autobiography, A
Review of my Seventy Years' Pilgrimage)
(1826).
Fet, A. (fet), pseudonym of Afanasy Afana-
sievitch Shenshin. A Russian poet; born in
Orel, Dec. 5, 1820; died at Moscow, Dec. 4, 1892.
A versifier almost from his cradle, he made
himself noted in early manhood by his many
charming poems: his most enduring fame rest-
ing upon the collection called Evenings and
Nights) (1883), although versions of Horace,
Juvenal, Goethe, and even Shakespeare, show
his scholarly and literary attainments.
Fétis, François Joseph (fā-tēs'). A Belgian
composer and authority on music; born at
Mons, March 25, 1784; died in Brussels, March
26, 1871. His music is admired for original
harmony and a sympathetic interpretation of
emotion; and his writings, especially the (His-
tory of Music) (1868) and Biography and Bib-
liography of Music and Musicians) (1837), are
respected by experts.
Feuchtersleben, Baron Ernst von (foich'-
ters-lā''ben). An Austrian poet and physician;
born at Vienna, April 29, 1806; died there,
Sept. 3, 1849. In medicine he stood in the
foremost rank as a practitioner; and his works,
especially on psychiatry, were widely read for
authority and lucid exposition. Among his
(Poems) (1836) is the lyric - now become a
popular melody - (It stands in God's decrees »
(Es ist bestimmt in Gottes Rat).
Feuerbach, Anselm (foi'er-bäch). A Ger-
man archæologist, brother of Ludwig; born
Sept. 9, 1798; died Sept. 8, 1851. His Vatican
Apollo) (1833), and essays and studies in classic
art and art history, are of great merit and im-
portance.
Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas. A noted Ger-
man philosopher; born in Landshut, July 28,
1804; died in the Reichenberg, near Nuremberg,
Sept. 13, 1872. He was a Hegelian and ma-
terialist whose opinions hindered a professional
career, and who devoted himself to metaphys.
ics in retirement; but in his masterpiece, (The
Essence of Christianity' (4th ed. 1883), he is no
longer a Hegelian. In his (Theogonie) (2d ed.
1866), he deals with worship from the historical
standpoint.
Feuerbach, Paul Johann Anselm von. An
eminent German criminalist and reformer of
the penal laws; born in Hainichen, near Jena,
Nov. 14, 1775; died at Frankfort-on-the-Main,
May 29, 1833. He is at his best in: (Review
of the Fundamental Principles and Ideals of
Penal Law) (1799); Exposition of Remarkable
Crimes) (1828); (Kaspar Hauser : An Instance
of a Crime against a Soul (1832).
Feuillet, Octave (fė-yā'). A distinguished
French novelist; born at St. LÔ, Aug. II, 1821 ;
died at Paris, Dec. 29, 1890. "The Great Old
Man) (1845) was his first story; but the (Ro-
mance of a Poor Young Man) (1858), which
was dramatized, first made him famous. Among
his numerous other novels are : «The History
of Sibylla) (1862), a romance of mysticism;
Julia de Trécour) (1872), dramatized as (The
Sphinx); (A Marriage in High Life) (1875);
(Story of a Parisienne); La Morte) (1886).
He was also a successful playwright: Mont-
joye) (1863) mirrored the moral rottenness of
the Second Empire. He was elected to the
Academy in 1863. Beginning as a young-girls'
novelist of the discreetest sort, he ended in
much the usual French fashion. *
Feuillet de Conches, Baron Félix Sébas-
tien (fė-yā dė konsh). A French writer of
biographical and historical miscellany; born
in Paris, Dec. 4, 1798; died there, Feb. 6, 1887.
Literary criticism is the mother of Metaphysi-
cal Meditations and Correspondence of Male-
branche) (1841) and Léopold Robert: His
Life, Labors, and Letters) (1849); while a gos-
sipy fluency imparts interest to "An Old Child's
Tales) (1860) and a History of the English
School of Painting (1883).
Féval, Paul (fā-väl'). A notable French nov-
elist; born at Rennes, Sept. 27, 1817; died at
Paris, March 8, 1887. His first story, 'The Seals'
Club) (1841), and others, having given him
some note, he was offered a large sum to write,
under the pseudonym Francis Trollope ) (as
though an Englishman), a sensational story
(The Mysteries of London,' after the manner
of Sue's Mysteries of Paris. It was done in
II vols. , was immensely successful, widely trans-
lated, and put on the stage. He remained a
very fertile, spirited, and popular writer, often
dramatized, with long runs. Especially success-
ful were : (The Son of the Devil) (1847); (The
Hunchback) (1858); Mrs. Gil Blas); (The
Last Man Alive) (1873); (The Wonders of Mt.
St. Michael (1879).
Feydeau, Ernest (fā-do'). A French novel-
ist (1821-73). His ill-famed story (Fanny)
(1858) had an unprecedented success. It was
followed by Daniel (1859); (Catherine d'Over-
meire) (1860); (Sylvie) (1861); and (A Début
at the Opera) (1863). Of his later works one
only had any marked success, (The Countess
de Chalis, or the Morals of our Day) (1868).
He tried, but with little success, to write for
the stage.
He repeatedly felt the need of
rebutting the charge of indecency: (On the
Luxury of Women ; on Morals, Literature, and
Virtue) (1866) is an elaborate apologia.
Ffraid, I. D. , pseudonym of John Evans.
A Welsh poet and essayist; born at Ty Mawr,
Llansantffraid yn Nghonwy, July 23, 1814; died
there (? ), March 4, 1876. He wrote brilliant
papers for the Baner and other journals; while
his (Mixed Poems) (Difyrwch Bechgyn Glanau
Conwy) (1835) aroused general admiration.
Fibiger, Johannes Henrik Tauber (fib'ê.
ger). A Danish poet; born at Nykjöbing, Jan.
27, 1821. He wrote dramas founded on Biblical
history, --( Jephtha's Daughter) (1849); (Jere-
miah) (1850); John the Baptist) (1857); also
## p. 187 (#203) ############################################
FICHTE - FIELDS
187
>
a few secular tragedies, the most notable among
them being 'Cross and Love) (1858) and (The
Everlasting Struggle' (1866); and a narrative
poem in 16 cantos, (The Gray Friars) (1882).
Fichte, Immanuel Hermann von (fiċh'te).
A German philosopher, son of Johann; born
in Jena, July 18, 1796; died in Stuttgart, Aug.
8, 1879. He was a mystic theist, but tried to
frame a compromise which should not exclude
disbelief in a supreme being. Speculative
Theology) (1847); “System of Ethics) (1850);
and “The Soul Question: A Philosophic Con-
fession (1859), are his typical works.
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb. A celebrated Ger-
man philosopher; born at Rammenau in Upper
Lusatia, May 19, 1762; died at Berlin, Jan. 27,
1814. He wrote his treatise (Essay toward a
Critique of All Revelation (1792) as a "letter
of introduction to Kant. He was appointed
professor of philosophy in the University of Jena
in 1794 ; and the following year published his
Doctrine of Science,' a fundamental departure
from Kant. Of his philosophical writings the
most important are: (The Doctrine of Science)
(1794); (Foundations of the Whole Doctrine of
Science) (1794); Introduction to the Doctrine
of Science) (1798); “System of Moral Doctrine)
(1798); (Man's Destiny) (1800). *
Field, Mrs. Caroline Leslie (Whitney).
An American writer, daughter of Mrs. A. D. T.
Whitney; a native of Massachusetts. She is
a resident of Guilford, Conn. Her works are :
(High Lights) (1885), a novel; “The Unseen
King, and Other Poems) (1887).
Field, Eugene. An American poet and hu-
morous journalist; born at St. Louis, Mo. , Sept.
2, 1850; died Nov. 4, 1895. His latter years
were spent in Chicago. By his poems and
tales in the press he won a high reputation
in the West, which before his death had be-
come national. His poems for children are
admirable in their simplicity and in their sym-
pathetic insight into the child's world of thought
and feeling. His complete works comprise :
Love Songs of Childhood); (A Little Book
of Western Verse); (A Second Book of Verse);
(The Holy Cross, and Other Tales); (The Love
Affairs of a Bibliomaniac. ' He made, in col-
laboration with his brother Roswell Martin
Field, some good translations from Horace -
(Echoes from the Sabine Farm. *
Field, Henry Martyn. An American clergy-
man and scholar; born in Stockbridge, Mass. ,
April 3, 1822. He is a graduate of Williams
College, and was ordained to the ministry in
1812. In 1854 he became editor and proprietor
of the New York Evangelist. He has been a
lifelong traveler. Among his works
*Summer Pictures from Copenhagen to Venice)
(1859); (History of the Atlantic Telegraph)
(1866); (From the Lakes of Killarney to the
Golden Horn) (1876); (From Egypt to Japan)
(1878); (On the Desert! (1883); Among the
Holy Hills) (1883); (The Greek Islands and
Turkey after the War) (1885); (Our West-
ern Archipelago); (The Barbary Coast); (Old
Spain and New Spain); “Gibraltar); (Bright
Skies and Dark Shadows); (The Story of the
Atlantic Cable. )
Field, Kate. (Mary Katherine Kemble. ) An
American author and lecturer; born in St. Louis,
Mo. , about 1840; died in Honolulu, Hawaii,
May 19, 1896. During several years she was
European correspondent of the New York
Tribune and other journals. She founded Kate
Field's Washington (1889), in Washington,
D. C. Among her books are: Planchette's
Diary) (1868); (Ten Days in Spain) (1875);
(History of Bell's Telephone);(Life of Fechter);
etc.
Field, Maunsell Bradhurst. An American
prose and verse writer; born in New York
city, March 26, 1822; died there, Jan. 24, 1875.
Among his published works are a volume of
poems (1869). In collaboration with G. P. R.
James he wrote (Adrian; or the Clouds of the
Mind) (1852), and Memoirs of Many Men
and Some Women) (1874).
Fielding, Henry. A celebrated English nov-
elist; born at Sharpham Park, Somersetshire,
April 22, 1707, of the blood of the Hapsburgs;
died at Lisbon, Oct. 8, 1754. After ill success
as playwright and lawyer he wrote (The Ad-
ventures of Joseph Andrews) (1742), to bur-
lesque Richardson's Pamela'; it grew in his
hands into a strong novel of a new type, and
his career and fame were determined. His
masterpiece is (Tom Jones; or the History of
a Foundling) (1749). His last novel, (Amelia)
(1752), is characteristic of his sentiments rather
than of his genius. (The History of Jonathan
Wild' is a piece of irony directed against the
professors of conventional morality.
Fielding, Sarah. An English novelist, sister
to Henry; born in East Stour, Dorsetshire,
Nov. 8, 1710; died at Bath, 1768. Contem-
poraries adjudged her to show something like
genius in her novels (The Adventures of David
Simple in Search of a Faithful Friend (1744),
and “The Governess) (1749). She also did a
few important biographies and translations.
Fields, Annie (Adams). An American poet
and essayist, wife of James T. Fields; born in
Boston, 1834. She has been a leader in char-
ity organization and work. She published :
(Under the Olive,' poems (1881); Biography
of James T. Fields) (1884); How to Help
the Poor) (1885); (The Singing Shepherd );
(Authors and their Friends); (A Shelf of Old
Books) (1896); Life and Letters of llarriet
Beecher Stowe) (1897).
Fields, James Thomas. An American pub-
lisher and author; born in Portsmouth, N. H. ,
Dec. 31, 1817; died in Boston, Mass. , April 24,
1881. The various publishing firms of which
he was partner, with Ticknor, Osgood, and
others, were of the first rank. He edited the
Atlantic Monthly in 1862–70; and was an ac-
ceptable lecturer on literary subjects and authors.
He published: (Poems) (1849); A Few Verses
are :
## p. 188 (#204) ############################################
188
FIÉVÉE – FINCK
for a Few Friends) (1858); (Yesterdays with
Authors) (1872); Hawthorne) (1875); (Old
Acquaintance: Barry Cornwall and Some of
his Friends) (1875); "In and Out of Doors
with Dickens) (1876); “Underbrush) (1881),
essays; Ballads and Other Verses) (1881);
and (with Edwin P. Whipple) edited (The
Family Library of British Poetry) (1878).
Fiévée, Joseph (fyā-vā'). A French political
writer and journalist; born in Paris, April 9,
1767; died there, May 7, 1839. His experiences
during the French Revolution were not happy,
largely in consequence of his work (On the
Necessity of a Religion (1795); but the Na-
poleonic rule proved more favorable to him.
He produced (Suzette's Dowry) and (Frede-
rick, two rather colorless fictions, besides a
variety of historical works on aspects of the
republic, consulate, and empire.
Figueroa, Cristóval Suarez de (fë-gā-roʻä).
A Spanish poet of the first half of the seven-
teenth century.
His most celebrated poems
are a translation of the Faithful Shepherd
(1602) of Guarini, and (Constant Amaryllis)
(1609). He wrote a history of “The Deeds of
Don Garcia Hurtado de Mendoza) (1613) in
the wars with the Araucanians, interesting but
written in an inflated style; also an epic,
(Spain Defended) (1612).
Figueroa, Francisco de. A Spanish poet
(1540? -1620? ). He was called by his contempo-
raries “the Divine Figueroa,” and at Rome he
won the poet's crown. He wrote verse with
equal facility and elegance in Castilian and
Italian. When dying he burned all his verses;
but they were published - including the cele-
brated volume of eclogues in blank verse, the
(Tirsi) -- from copies in the hands of his
friends.
Figueroa, Francisco. A Mexican annalist,
diarist, and theologian ; born in Toluca, 17. 30
(? ); died in the City of Mexico, 1800 (? ). He
was a Franciscan priest, and taught and lect-
ured well; but his great service to literature
consisted in the compilation of materials for
a history of Mexico, among them a History
of the Conquest of New Galicia, by Mota
Padilla, besides diaries and letters.
Figueroa, Francisco Acuña de. A Uru-
guayan poet; born in Montevideo, 1791; died
there, Oct. 6, 1862. A civil-service post af-
forded him leisure to prepare his Poetic Mo-
saic) (1857), a verse collection, and his more
notable (Paraphrases of the Psalms, and (The
Toraidas,' a series of Paraguayan notes. He
has been assigned a high rank by competent
European critics; lofty inspiration and sonor-
ous diction being his characteristics, exemplified
in the National Hymn of Uruguay. '
Figuier, Guillaume Louis. A French scien-
tific writer; born at Montpellier, Feb. 15, 1819;
died at Paris, Nov. 9, 1894. He has done much
for the popularization of science as editor of
the scientific column of the Presse, and as au-
thor of The Exposition and History of the
Principal Modern Scientific Discoveries) (1851-
53); Alchemy and Alchemists) (1854); “Great
Ancient and Modern Inventions) (1864, 3d ed. );
(The Earth before the Deluge) (1866, 5th ed. );
(Lives of Illustrious Savants) (1866); Marvels
of Science) (1867-69).
Fileti - Ramondetta, Concettina (fe-lā'tē.
ra-mon-det'ta). An Italian poet; born (Ra-
mondetta) in Palermo, Dec. 31, 1830. Although
of a distinguished family, her childhood was
passed in comparative poverty, and she had
little formal schooling. Her talent was pre-
cocious, and at sixteen she wrote verses which
captivated the public. Becoming a wife and
mother, however,- with ten children at that,-
her association with the Muse has been inter-
mittent in recent years; but she has made
even this of some literary service, as in her
later Poems) (1887).
Filicaja, Vincenzo da (fe-le-kä'yä). A dis-
tinguished Italian poet (1642-1707). He lived
several years in retirement, devoted to political
study and composition, but publishing nothing
till 1684, when appeared his grand odes on the
rescue of Vienna from the Turks, which won
for him the admiration of all Italy, and hon-
orable notice on the part of the Emperor Leo-
pold and King John Sobieski of Poland. Queen
Christina of Sweden named him a member of
her newly founded Academy. In depth and
nobility of thought, in beauty of expression,
and in the melodiousness of his verse, Filicaja
is one of the foremost lyrists of Italy; never-
theless he trusts perhaps too much to art and
less to nature and inspiration. *
Filon, Auguste (fé-lôn'). A French histo-
rian; born in Paris, June 7, 1800; died there,
Dec. I, 1875. A commanding point of view
and an alluring style are conspicuous through-
out his Comparative History of France and
England) (1832); «The Spiritual Power in its
Relations with the State) (1844); (History of
the Roman Senate) (1850); History of the
Athenian Democracy) (1854); and several other
important works.
Finch, Francis Miles. An American poet,
and a judge of the U. S. District Court; born
in Ithaca, N. Y. , June 9, 1827. He graduated
at Yale; and is the author of the well-known
lyrics (Nathan Hale) and (The Blue and the
Gray,' and of a popular college song beginning
«Floating away like the fountain's spray. ”
Finck, Henry Theophilus. An American
musical critic and author; born in Bethel, Mo. ,
Sept. 22, 1854. He graduated at Harvard in
1876; and from 1878 to 1881 studied physio-
logical psychology at Berlin, Heidelberg, and
Vienna. He is musical critic of the New York
Evening Post, and a contributor to the Nation.
His works include: (Wagner and Other Musi-
cians) (1887); Romantic Love and Personal
Beauty) (1887); (The Pacific Coast Scenic
Tour) (1890); (Chopin, and Other Musical
Essays); Lotos Time in Japan (1895); and
(Spain and Morocco.
## p. 189 (#205) ############################################
FINLAY - FISCHART
189
Finlay, George. An English historian of
the first rank; born in Faversham, Kent, of
Scotch blood, Dec. 21, 1799; died in Athens,
Greece, Jan. 26, 1875. An ardent Philhellene,
he joined Byron's company at Missolonghi in
1823 to assist in liberating Greece from the
Turks; and ended by residing there perma-
nently,-- at first a cultivator, and then a student
of and writer upon Greek history. He was for
many years the Athens correspondent of the
London Times. His "Greece under the Ro-
mans, B. C. 146 to A. D. 717) (1844) raised him
at once to a place among the few foremost
historians : Edward A. Freeman declared it to
be the most truly original historical work of
modern times; and for sound broad humanity,
acute judgment, and luminous common-sense
on both the practical and the philosophic sides
of history, it has few equals of any age. It is
not in the form of detailed annals except in
the last part, most of it being a set of essays
on the political and social conditions of Greece
as a subject province. Succeeding volumes
carried the story more in detail down to mod-
ern times, ending with two volumes on the
Greek Revolution. The whole, revised and
some volumes wholly rewritten by the author,
was published posthumously in 7 vols. (1877).
Finley, John. An American poet; born at
Brownsburg, Va. , Jan. II, 1797; died in Rich-
mond, Ind. , Dec. 23, 1866. He was one of the
editors of the Richmond Palladium, 1831-34.
His poems were collected in one volume, 'The
Hoosier's Nest, and Other Poems) (1865).
Finley, Martha. An American novelist ;
born in Chillicothe, O. , April 26, 1828. She is
the author, under the name of Martha Far-
quharson, of a number of novels, including
(Elsie Dinsmore) (1868); (Wanted - A Pedi-
gree! (1872); and (The Thorn in the Nest)
(1886). She has written in all over twenty (Elsie
Books, as well as (The Mildred Books,' etc.
Finotti, Joseph Maria. An American cler-
gyman and author; born at Ferrara, Italy, in
1817; died at Denver, Col. , in 1879. He studied
theology in the Jesuit College, Rome, and in
1845 removed to the United States.
He was
ordained priest, and stationed at Alexandria,
Va. In 1852 he left the Jesuit Society and
became literary editor of the Boston Pilot.
His health having failed, he removed to Cin-
cinnati, and afterwards to Omaha, and to Cen-
tral City, Col. His works include: A Month
of Mary) (1853); Italy in the Fifteenth Cen-
tury); (The French Zouave) (1863); (Ameri-
can Catholic Bibliography) (unfinished).
Firdausi or Firdusi (fēr-dou'sē). A cele-
brated Persian poet who lived from about 935
to about 1020. lle is the greatest of Persian
epic poets. In 1010, after 35 years of labor, was
completed his first heroic epic, the "Shāh-
Vāmah' (King's Book) in about 60,000 distichs :
it recounts the ancient Persian traditions of
heroism. His other great poem, Jussuf and
Zulikha,' a religious-romantic epos, is founded
on the Biblical story of Joseph and Potiphar's
wife. There are English translations of sun-
dry passages from the (Shāh-Nāmah,' and a
German translation of the whole of the Jussuf
and Zulikha. *
Firenzuola, Agnolo (fé-rents-woʻlä). (Prop-
erly Girolamo Giovannini. ] An Italian poet;
born in Florence, Sept. 28, 1493; died at Prato
or in Rome, about 1545. His works consist
of burlesque poems; two comedies, including
(The Shining Ones); a translation of Apu-
leius's (Golden Ass); a didactic story, Dis-
courses about Animals); Dialogue on the
Beauties of Women'; and ten (novels, mostly
stories in the vein of Boccaccio. He writes in
a style of great elegance, but with unpardon-
able lubricity. *
Firmenich-Richartz, Johannes Matthias
(fēr'men-ich-rich'ärts). A German poet, phil-
ological literary critic and student, and drama-
tist; born in Cologne, July 5, 1808; died in
Potsdam, May 10, 1889. His play (Clotilde
Montalvi) (1840), a romantic tragedy, and
After a Hundred Years,' a humorous compo-
sition in dialogue, as well as poems in vari-
ous languages, are highly meritorious; but his
monumental achievement is (Germany's Folk-
Voices: A Collection of German Dialect
Poems, Songs, Fables, Sagas, etc. ) (1843-66.
sup. 1868), showing the most profound learning
and scholarly acuteness.
Fischart, Johann (fish'ärt). A famous Ger-
man satirist (about 1545-91). He took the doc-
tor's degree in the University of Basel 1574,
and afterward was an official of the Imperial
Chamber of Justice at Spires. The period of
his literary production lies between 1575 and
1581, while he assisted his brother-in-law
Jobin, who had a printing-office in Strasburg.
He was a man of deep patriotic feeling, a
notable poet, and the greatest Protestant pub-
licist of his time. Among his compositions
in verse may be mentioned : “The Jester in
Rhyme,' a satire on the Dominicans and
Franciscans (1571); Description of the Four-
Cornered Hat) (1580), against the Jesuits; the
(Flohhatz Weibertratz) (1573), in which he
describes a contest at law between fieas and
women; Podagramic Book of Consolation)
(1577), showing how the gout (podagra) spares
the laboring poor and kindly chastens the rich,
while leaving their minds free for wit and
humor ; (The Hive of the Holy Roman Swarm)
(1579). In imitation of Rabelais's 'Gargantua,'
but giving free play to his own native humor
and wit, he wrote of (The Wondrous Deeds,
Thoughts, and Words of the Famous Heroes
and Lords Grandgusier, Gargantua, and Pan-
tagruel (1575). Here, in full accord with the
spirit of the Reformation, he contrasts the
sound human understanding with the vagaries
of idealism, the common people's bluntness
and uncouthness with the aristocratic-romantic
perversity of the upper class )); all the while
glorifying intellectual progress. As a treasury
of ingeniously contrived word compounds the
work is of great value to the philologist.
studies has resulted in (The Lovers' Punish-
ment) (1838), a comedy ; (Odes and Romances)
(1842), a collection of verse; a critical edition
of the works of Francisco de Quevedo; and
many other performances as brilliant.
Fernandez-Guerra y Orbe, Luis. A Span-
ish dramatist and verse-writer, brother of Au-
reliano; born in Granada, April 11, 1818. The
law was his first calling, but he wrote (A
Vow,! (Her Highness's Hair-Dresser,' and other
stage skits, and established himself in literature;
producing much verse, and a highly prized crit-
ical work on the eminent dramatist Alarcon
y Mendoza.
Fernandez-Lizardi, José Joaquin (fer-nän'-
deth le-thär'dē). A distinguished Mexican nov-
elist; born in the City of Mexico in 1771; died
there, June 1827. His most famous work is
(Periquillo Sarniento) (1816; new ed. , illus-
trated, 2 vols. , 1884). He also published two
novels, (Sad Nights and Gala Days) (1823)
and Life and Exploits of the Famous Knight
Don Catrin de la Facheuda' (1832).
Fernández-Madrid, José. A South-American
poet; born in Cartagena, Colombia, Feb. 9,
1789; died near London, England, June 28,
1829. He published a volume of poems, "Las
Rosas! (1822); also two tragedies, Atala)
(1822) and (Guatimozin (1827).
Fernandez y Gonzalez, Manuel (fer-nän'-
deth ë gön-thä'leth). A Spanish poet and nov.
elist; born at Seville, 1826; died Jan. 16, 1888.
A boyhood in Granada and seven years' army
service gave him varied experience of life and
men. From 1846 he gave himself to literature;
and the plays (Struggling Against Fate) (1848);
(The Cid) (1858); “A Duel on Time) (1859);
(Imperial Adventures) (1864), well constructed
and full of humor, won great popularity.
Among his more notable novels, which circu-
lated widely, are: (The Seven Children of
Lara) (1862); (The Bloody Queen' (1883);
(The Plantagenet Brothers' (1889).
Ferrand, Eduard (fe-ron'), pseudonym of
Eduard Schulz. A German poet and story-
writer; born in Landsberg-on-the-Warta, Jan.
23, 1813; died in Berlin, Oct. 23, 1842. In vari-
ous Poems) (1834), and collected (Tales!
(1835), and in Experiences of the Heart)
(1839), he shows imaginativeness, and great sus-
ceptibility to love in all its exquisite emanci-
pation from the practical.
Ferrari, Giuseppe (fer-rä're). An Italian
historian and philosophical writer; born in
Milan, 1812; died in Rome, July 1, 1876. Early
trained to an unsparingly material and real-
istic standpoint, he became noted for the vigor
and democratic impartiality of his On Error)
( 1840 ); Campanella's Religious Opinions)
(1840); Machiavelli as Judge of the Revolu-
tions of our Time) (1849); “Philosophy of Rev.
olutions) (1851); (History of Italian Revolu-
tions, or Guelphs and Ghibellines) (1856-58);
etc. , — mostly happy in style, and profoundly
influential in molding contemporary thought.
Ferrari, Paolo. An Italian dramatist; born
at Modena, April 5, 1822; died March 9, 1889.
His early comedies had little success; and his
masterpiece, (Goldoni and his Sixteen Com-
edies) (1852) was refused production for two
years, but when acted won both a popular and
a critical ovation. Its successor, Parini and
Satire) (1857), gained equal favor. Among his
others are : (The Modern Tartuffe) (1862);
(Suicide) (1875); (The Rival Friends) (1878);
(Antonietta) (1880); (Fulvio Testi) (1889).
Ferrari, Severino. An Italian poet and
scholar; born in Alberino, near Bologna, 1856.
Much study and cunning workmanship are
manifest in the verse collections (For Him and
His) (1876); New Stanzas) (1888); and in
longer experiments.
(
## p. 185 (#201) ############################################
FERRAZZI - FESZLER
185
mare.
Ferrazzi, Giuseppe Jacopo (fer-äts'ē). An
Italian critic, essayist, and Dante scholar; born
in Cartigliano, near Bassano, March 20, 1813;
died at Bassano, 1887 (not 1881). He is best
known for his invaluable Handbooks to
Dante) (1865-77); but (Torquato Tasso : a Bio-
graphical, Critical, and Bibliographical Study)
(1880), and studies of Ariosto, besides an
(Italian Anthology) (1858–59), would in them-
selves make him a conspicuous literary figure.
Ferreira, Antonio. A celebrated Portuguese
poet and dramatist; born at Lisbon in 1528;
died of the plague in 1569. He held a pro-
fessorship at the University of Coimbra; subse-
quently became judge of the supreme court at
Lisbon. During his leisure he composed son-
nets, odes, and epigrams, which earned for him
the title of the Portuguese Horace. ” His
high literary reputation, however, is due to his
(Epistles) and the tragedy of "Inez de Castro,
the second regular tragedy produced in Europe.
The subject is a popular Portuguese legend; the
play is modeled upon the Greek tragic drama.
Ferreira de Vasconcellos, Jorge (fer-rā'ē-rä
dā vas''kon-sel'osh). A Portuguese dramatist;
died 1585. His prose comedies, (Euphrosyne)
(1560), “Usilippo' (1618), (Aulegraphia' (1619),
are strictly national, and are valuable both
philologically and for the proverbs in which
they abound. He wrote also a romance of chiv-
alry, 'The Triumph of Sagramor) (1567).
Ferreras, Juan de (fer-rā'ras). A Spanish
historian and poetaster; born in Labañeza,
June 7, 1652; died (probably) near Madrid, June
8, 1735. He was a scholarly and respected
priest, whose careful History of Spain) (1700-
27) is authoritative for the period prior to
1598; his Poems) (1726) are less important.
Ferretti, Luigi (fer-et'tē). An Italian dia-
lect poet; born in Rome, Feb. 26, 1836. He is
an inspector of schools in the city of his birth,
and has studied dialect to good purpose in
"Sonnets in Roman Dialect) (1878), and one
or two other collections.
Ferreyra de la Cerda, Bernarda (fer-ri'rä
dā lä ther'da). A Portuguese poet; born in
Oporto, 1595; died in Lisbon, 1644. Highly
educated by her father, a powerful court official,
she became, when little more than twenty, a
cherished verse and play writer, of pleasing
style and great beauty of diction and imagery.
(Liberated Spain,' a sort of poetic history, ex-
emplifies her merits.
Ferrier, Susan Edmonstone. A Scotch nov-
elist (1782-1854). She wrote three tales :
Marriage) (1818); (The Inheritance) (1824);
Destiny? (1831). In them is seen a faithful
and spirited delineation of Scotch character;
and her pages are illumined by a genial wit and
a quick sense of the ludicrous. *
Ferrigni, Piero Francesco Leopoldo Coc-
coluto (fer-ēn'ye). An Italian journalist, and
topical and descriptive writer; born in Li-
vorno (Leghorn), Nov. 15, 1836. A genius for
throwing literary Aash-lights on the subjects
of the day has made him a prodigious favorite ;
among the many stepping-stones to his pop-
ularity being (Among Pictures and Statues )
(1872); “See Naples and :'; (Up and
Down in Florence (1877); (The King Is
Dead) (1878); Jousts and Tourneys) (1883).
Ferris, George Titus. An American writer
on music and musicians. His works include:
(Great German Composers) ( 1879 ); (Great
Italian and French Composers) (1879); “Great
Singers) (1880-81); (Great Violinists and Pian-
ists) (1881).
Ferry, Gabriel (fe-rē'), the Elder, pseudo-
nym of Eugène Louis Gabriel Ferry de Belle-
A French story-teller (1809-52). His
stories appeared first serially in the Revue des
Deux Mondes. He made repeated voyages to
America : in his last voyage, to California, he
lost his life in the burning at sea of the ship
Amazon. Among his tales are: (The Wood-
ranger); Hunting with Cossacks ); (Costal
the Indian); (Scenes of Military Life in Mex-
ico); “The Squatters. .
Ferry, Gabriel, the Younger. A French
dramatist and novelist, son of Gabriel the
Elder and continuing his pseudonym; born in
Paris, May 30, 1846. He has produced plays, –
(Réginah) (1874), being one of the best; while
his miscellaneous prose includes «The Last
Years of Alexandre Dumas, 1864-70) (1883);
(Balzac and his (Feminine) Friends) (1888);
and “The Exploits of Cæsar: A Parisian
Novel (1889).
Fessenden, Thomas Green. An American
who wrote partly under the name “Christopher
Caustic); born in Walpole, N. H. , April 22,
1771; died in Boston, Mass. , Nov. II, 1837. He
graduated from Dartmouth. While in college
he wrote a ballad, Jonathan's Courtship. He
went to London in 1801, and while there pub.
lished anonymously a satirical poem, "Terrible
Tractoration (1803). He returned to the United
States; did literary work in New York; went
to Boston and founded the New England
Farmer (1822). Some of his publications were
(The American Clerk's Companion) (1815);
(The Ladies' Monitor) (1818); and Laws of
Patents for New Inventions) (1822).
Feszler, Ignaz Aurelius (fes'ler). A Hun-
garian historian and novelist (1756-1839). A
Capuchin priest, his secret communication to
Joseph II. in 1781 regarding the monasteries
brought about a radical reformation of them.
Appointed professor of Oriental languages in
the Vienna University, he had to leave the post
and Austria for his atheistic and seditious
tragedy (Sidney) (1787); similar reasons cost
him a professorship in the Alexander Nevsky
Academy of St. Petersburg; afterward he be-
came general superintendent of the Lutheran
congregations in that city. He wrote the his-
torical novels (Marcus Aurelius) (1790); Aris-
tides and Themistocles) (1792); Matthias
Corvinus) (1793); (Attila) (1794). His greatest
## p. 186 (#202) ############################################
186
FET - FIBIGER
a
>
work is a History of Hungary) (10 vols. , 1812–
25). He wrote voluminously on Freemasonry,
and published an interesting autobiography, A
Review of my Seventy Years' Pilgrimage)
(1826).
Fet, A. (fet), pseudonym of Afanasy Afana-
sievitch Shenshin. A Russian poet; born in
Orel, Dec. 5, 1820; died at Moscow, Dec. 4, 1892.
A versifier almost from his cradle, he made
himself noted in early manhood by his many
charming poems: his most enduring fame rest-
ing upon the collection called Evenings and
Nights) (1883), although versions of Horace,
Juvenal, Goethe, and even Shakespeare, show
his scholarly and literary attainments.
Fétis, François Joseph (fā-tēs'). A Belgian
composer and authority on music; born at
Mons, March 25, 1784; died in Brussels, March
26, 1871. His music is admired for original
harmony and a sympathetic interpretation of
emotion; and his writings, especially the (His-
tory of Music) (1868) and Biography and Bib-
liography of Music and Musicians) (1837), are
respected by experts.
Feuchtersleben, Baron Ernst von (foich'-
ters-lā''ben). An Austrian poet and physician;
born at Vienna, April 29, 1806; died there,
Sept. 3, 1849. In medicine he stood in the
foremost rank as a practitioner; and his works,
especially on psychiatry, were widely read for
authority and lucid exposition. Among his
(Poems) (1836) is the lyric - now become a
popular melody - (It stands in God's decrees »
(Es ist bestimmt in Gottes Rat).
Feuerbach, Anselm (foi'er-bäch). A Ger-
man archæologist, brother of Ludwig; born
Sept. 9, 1798; died Sept. 8, 1851. His Vatican
Apollo) (1833), and essays and studies in classic
art and art history, are of great merit and im-
portance.
Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas. A noted Ger-
man philosopher; born in Landshut, July 28,
1804; died in the Reichenberg, near Nuremberg,
Sept. 13, 1872. He was a Hegelian and ma-
terialist whose opinions hindered a professional
career, and who devoted himself to metaphys.
ics in retirement; but in his masterpiece, (The
Essence of Christianity' (4th ed. 1883), he is no
longer a Hegelian. In his (Theogonie) (2d ed.
1866), he deals with worship from the historical
standpoint.
Feuerbach, Paul Johann Anselm von. An
eminent German criminalist and reformer of
the penal laws; born in Hainichen, near Jena,
Nov. 14, 1775; died at Frankfort-on-the-Main,
May 29, 1833. He is at his best in: (Review
of the Fundamental Principles and Ideals of
Penal Law) (1799); Exposition of Remarkable
Crimes) (1828); (Kaspar Hauser : An Instance
of a Crime against a Soul (1832).
Feuillet, Octave (fė-yā'). A distinguished
French novelist; born at St. LÔ, Aug. II, 1821 ;
died at Paris, Dec. 29, 1890. "The Great Old
Man) (1845) was his first story; but the (Ro-
mance of a Poor Young Man) (1858), which
was dramatized, first made him famous. Among
his numerous other novels are : «The History
of Sibylla) (1862), a romance of mysticism;
Julia de Trécour) (1872), dramatized as (The
Sphinx); (A Marriage in High Life) (1875);
(Story of a Parisienne); La Morte) (1886).
He was also a successful playwright: Mont-
joye) (1863) mirrored the moral rottenness of
the Second Empire. He was elected to the
Academy in 1863. Beginning as a young-girls'
novelist of the discreetest sort, he ended in
much the usual French fashion. *
Feuillet de Conches, Baron Félix Sébas-
tien (fė-yā dė konsh). A French writer of
biographical and historical miscellany; born
in Paris, Dec. 4, 1798; died there, Feb. 6, 1887.
Literary criticism is the mother of Metaphysi-
cal Meditations and Correspondence of Male-
branche) (1841) and Léopold Robert: His
Life, Labors, and Letters) (1849); while a gos-
sipy fluency imparts interest to "An Old Child's
Tales) (1860) and a History of the English
School of Painting (1883).
Féval, Paul (fā-väl'). A notable French nov-
elist; born at Rennes, Sept. 27, 1817; died at
Paris, March 8, 1887. His first story, 'The Seals'
Club) (1841), and others, having given him
some note, he was offered a large sum to write,
under the pseudonym Francis Trollope ) (as
though an Englishman), a sensational story
(The Mysteries of London,' after the manner
of Sue's Mysteries of Paris. It was done in
II vols. , was immensely successful, widely trans-
lated, and put on the stage. He remained a
very fertile, spirited, and popular writer, often
dramatized, with long runs. Especially success-
ful were : (The Son of the Devil) (1847); (The
Hunchback) (1858); Mrs. Gil Blas); (The
Last Man Alive) (1873); (The Wonders of Mt.
St. Michael (1879).
Feydeau, Ernest (fā-do'). A French novel-
ist (1821-73). His ill-famed story (Fanny)
(1858) had an unprecedented success. It was
followed by Daniel (1859); (Catherine d'Over-
meire) (1860); (Sylvie) (1861); and (A Début
at the Opera) (1863). Of his later works one
only had any marked success, (The Countess
de Chalis, or the Morals of our Day) (1868).
He tried, but with little success, to write for
the stage.
He repeatedly felt the need of
rebutting the charge of indecency: (On the
Luxury of Women ; on Morals, Literature, and
Virtue) (1866) is an elaborate apologia.
Ffraid, I. D. , pseudonym of John Evans.
A Welsh poet and essayist; born at Ty Mawr,
Llansantffraid yn Nghonwy, July 23, 1814; died
there (? ), March 4, 1876. He wrote brilliant
papers for the Baner and other journals; while
his (Mixed Poems) (Difyrwch Bechgyn Glanau
Conwy) (1835) aroused general admiration.
Fibiger, Johannes Henrik Tauber (fib'ê.
ger). A Danish poet; born at Nykjöbing, Jan.
27, 1821. He wrote dramas founded on Biblical
history, --( Jephtha's Daughter) (1849); (Jere-
miah) (1850); John the Baptist) (1857); also
## p. 187 (#203) ############################################
FICHTE - FIELDS
187
>
a few secular tragedies, the most notable among
them being 'Cross and Love) (1858) and (The
Everlasting Struggle' (1866); and a narrative
poem in 16 cantos, (The Gray Friars) (1882).
Fichte, Immanuel Hermann von (fiċh'te).
A German philosopher, son of Johann; born
in Jena, July 18, 1796; died in Stuttgart, Aug.
8, 1879. He was a mystic theist, but tried to
frame a compromise which should not exclude
disbelief in a supreme being. Speculative
Theology) (1847); “System of Ethics) (1850);
and “The Soul Question: A Philosophic Con-
fession (1859), are his typical works.
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb. A celebrated Ger-
man philosopher; born at Rammenau in Upper
Lusatia, May 19, 1762; died at Berlin, Jan. 27,
1814. He wrote his treatise (Essay toward a
Critique of All Revelation (1792) as a "letter
of introduction to Kant. He was appointed
professor of philosophy in the University of Jena
in 1794 ; and the following year published his
Doctrine of Science,' a fundamental departure
from Kant. Of his philosophical writings the
most important are: (The Doctrine of Science)
(1794); (Foundations of the Whole Doctrine of
Science) (1794); Introduction to the Doctrine
of Science) (1798); “System of Moral Doctrine)
(1798); (Man's Destiny) (1800). *
Field, Mrs. Caroline Leslie (Whitney).
An American writer, daughter of Mrs. A. D. T.
Whitney; a native of Massachusetts. She is
a resident of Guilford, Conn. Her works are :
(High Lights) (1885), a novel; “The Unseen
King, and Other Poems) (1887).
Field, Eugene. An American poet and hu-
morous journalist; born at St. Louis, Mo. , Sept.
2, 1850; died Nov. 4, 1895. His latter years
were spent in Chicago. By his poems and
tales in the press he won a high reputation
in the West, which before his death had be-
come national. His poems for children are
admirable in their simplicity and in their sym-
pathetic insight into the child's world of thought
and feeling. His complete works comprise :
Love Songs of Childhood); (A Little Book
of Western Verse); (A Second Book of Verse);
(The Holy Cross, and Other Tales); (The Love
Affairs of a Bibliomaniac. ' He made, in col-
laboration with his brother Roswell Martin
Field, some good translations from Horace -
(Echoes from the Sabine Farm. *
Field, Henry Martyn. An American clergy-
man and scholar; born in Stockbridge, Mass. ,
April 3, 1822. He is a graduate of Williams
College, and was ordained to the ministry in
1812. In 1854 he became editor and proprietor
of the New York Evangelist. He has been a
lifelong traveler. Among his works
*Summer Pictures from Copenhagen to Venice)
(1859); (History of the Atlantic Telegraph)
(1866); (From the Lakes of Killarney to the
Golden Horn) (1876); (From Egypt to Japan)
(1878); (On the Desert! (1883); Among the
Holy Hills) (1883); (The Greek Islands and
Turkey after the War) (1885); (Our West-
ern Archipelago); (The Barbary Coast); (Old
Spain and New Spain); “Gibraltar); (Bright
Skies and Dark Shadows); (The Story of the
Atlantic Cable. )
Field, Kate. (Mary Katherine Kemble. ) An
American author and lecturer; born in St. Louis,
Mo. , about 1840; died in Honolulu, Hawaii,
May 19, 1896. During several years she was
European correspondent of the New York
Tribune and other journals. She founded Kate
Field's Washington (1889), in Washington,
D. C. Among her books are: Planchette's
Diary) (1868); (Ten Days in Spain) (1875);
(History of Bell's Telephone);(Life of Fechter);
etc.
Field, Maunsell Bradhurst. An American
prose and verse writer; born in New York
city, March 26, 1822; died there, Jan. 24, 1875.
Among his published works are a volume of
poems (1869). In collaboration with G. P. R.
James he wrote (Adrian; or the Clouds of the
Mind) (1852), and Memoirs of Many Men
and Some Women) (1874).
Fielding, Henry. A celebrated English nov-
elist; born at Sharpham Park, Somersetshire,
April 22, 1707, of the blood of the Hapsburgs;
died at Lisbon, Oct. 8, 1754. After ill success
as playwright and lawyer he wrote (The Ad-
ventures of Joseph Andrews) (1742), to bur-
lesque Richardson's Pamela'; it grew in his
hands into a strong novel of a new type, and
his career and fame were determined. His
masterpiece is (Tom Jones; or the History of
a Foundling) (1749). His last novel, (Amelia)
(1752), is characteristic of his sentiments rather
than of his genius. (The History of Jonathan
Wild' is a piece of irony directed against the
professors of conventional morality.
Fielding, Sarah. An English novelist, sister
to Henry; born in East Stour, Dorsetshire,
Nov. 8, 1710; died at Bath, 1768. Contem-
poraries adjudged her to show something like
genius in her novels (The Adventures of David
Simple in Search of a Faithful Friend (1744),
and “The Governess) (1749). She also did a
few important biographies and translations.
Fields, Annie (Adams). An American poet
and essayist, wife of James T. Fields; born in
Boston, 1834. She has been a leader in char-
ity organization and work. She published :
(Under the Olive,' poems (1881); Biography
of James T. Fields) (1884); How to Help
the Poor) (1885); (The Singing Shepherd );
(Authors and their Friends); (A Shelf of Old
Books) (1896); Life and Letters of llarriet
Beecher Stowe) (1897).
Fields, James Thomas. An American pub-
lisher and author; born in Portsmouth, N. H. ,
Dec. 31, 1817; died in Boston, Mass. , April 24,
1881. The various publishing firms of which
he was partner, with Ticknor, Osgood, and
others, were of the first rank. He edited the
Atlantic Monthly in 1862–70; and was an ac-
ceptable lecturer on literary subjects and authors.
He published: (Poems) (1849); A Few Verses
are :
## p. 188 (#204) ############################################
188
FIÉVÉE – FINCK
for a Few Friends) (1858); (Yesterdays with
Authors) (1872); Hawthorne) (1875); (Old
Acquaintance: Barry Cornwall and Some of
his Friends) (1875); "In and Out of Doors
with Dickens) (1876); “Underbrush) (1881),
essays; Ballads and Other Verses) (1881);
and (with Edwin P. Whipple) edited (The
Family Library of British Poetry) (1878).
Fiévée, Joseph (fyā-vā'). A French political
writer and journalist; born in Paris, April 9,
1767; died there, May 7, 1839. His experiences
during the French Revolution were not happy,
largely in consequence of his work (On the
Necessity of a Religion (1795); but the Na-
poleonic rule proved more favorable to him.
He produced (Suzette's Dowry) and (Frede-
rick, two rather colorless fictions, besides a
variety of historical works on aspects of the
republic, consulate, and empire.
Figueroa, Cristóval Suarez de (fë-gā-roʻä).
A Spanish poet of the first half of the seven-
teenth century.
His most celebrated poems
are a translation of the Faithful Shepherd
(1602) of Guarini, and (Constant Amaryllis)
(1609). He wrote a history of “The Deeds of
Don Garcia Hurtado de Mendoza) (1613) in
the wars with the Araucanians, interesting but
written in an inflated style; also an epic,
(Spain Defended) (1612).
Figueroa, Francisco de. A Spanish poet
(1540? -1620? ). He was called by his contempo-
raries “the Divine Figueroa,” and at Rome he
won the poet's crown. He wrote verse with
equal facility and elegance in Castilian and
Italian. When dying he burned all his verses;
but they were published - including the cele-
brated volume of eclogues in blank verse, the
(Tirsi) -- from copies in the hands of his
friends.
Figueroa, Francisco. A Mexican annalist,
diarist, and theologian ; born in Toluca, 17. 30
(? ); died in the City of Mexico, 1800 (? ). He
was a Franciscan priest, and taught and lect-
ured well; but his great service to literature
consisted in the compilation of materials for
a history of Mexico, among them a History
of the Conquest of New Galicia, by Mota
Padilla, besides diaries and letters.
Figueroa, Francisco Acuña de. A Uru-
guayan poet; born in Montevideo, 1791; died
there, Oct. 6, 1862. A civil-service post af-
forded him leisure to prepare his Poetic Mo-
saic) (1857), a verse collection, and his more
notable (Paraphrases of the Psalms, and (The
Toraidas,' a series of Paraguayan notes. He
has been assigned a high rank by competent
European critics; lofty inspiration and sonor-
ous diction being his characteristics, exemplified
in the National Hymn of Uruguay. '
Figuier, Guillaume Louis. A French scien-
tific writer; born at Montpellier, Feb. 15, 1819;
died at Paris, Nov. 9, 1894. He has done much
for the popularization of science as editor of
the scientific column of the Presse, and as au-
thor of The Exposition and History of the
Principal Modern Scientific Discoveries) (1851-
53); Alchemy and Alchemists) (1854); “Great
Ancient and Modern Inventions) (1864, 3d ed. );
(The Earth before the Deluge) (1866, 5th ed. );
(Lives of Illustrious Savants) (1866); Marvels
of Science) (1867-69).
Fileti - Ramondetta, Concettina (fe-lā'tē.
ra-mon-det'ta). An Italian poet; born (Ra-
mondetta) in Palermo, Dec. 31, 1830. Although
of a distinguished family, her childhood was
passed in comparative poverty, and she had
little formal schooling. Her talent was pre-
cocious, and at sixteen she wrote verses which
captivated the public. Becoming a wife and
mother, however,- with ten children at that,-
her association with the Muse has been inter-
mittent in recent years; but she has made
even this of some literary service, as in her
later Poems) (1887).
Filicaja, Vincenzo da (fe-le-kä'yä). A dis-
tinguished Italian poet (1642-1707). He lived
several years in retirement, devoted to political
study and composition, but publishing nothing
till 1684, when appeared his grand odes on the
rescue of Vienna from the Turks, which won
for him the admiration of all Italy, and hon-
orable notice on the part of the Emperor Leo-
pold and King John Sobieski of Poland. Queen
Christina of Sweden named him a member of
her newly founded Academy. In depth and
nobility of thought, in beauty of expression,
and in the melodiousness of his verse, Filicaja
is one of the foremost lyrists of Italy; never-
theless he trusts perhaps too much to art and
less to nature and inspiration. *
Filon, Auguste (fé-lôn'). A French histo-
rian; born in Paris, June 7, 1800; died there,
Dec. I, 1875. A commanding point of view
and an alluring style are conspicuous through-
out his Comparative History of France and
England) (1832); «The Spiritual Power in its
Relations with the State) (1844); (History of
the Roman Senate) (1850); History of the
Athenian Democracy) (1854); and several other
important works.
Finch, Francis Miles. An American poet,
and a judge of the U. S. District Court; born
in Ithaca, N. Y. , June 9, 1827. He graduated
at Yale; and is the author of the well-known
lyrics (Nathan Hale) and (The Blue and the
Gray,' and of a popular college song beginning
«Floating away like the fountain's spray. ”
Finck, Henry Theophilus. An American
musical critic and author; born in Bethel, Mo. ,
Sept. 22, 1854. He graduated at Harvard in
1876; and from 1878 to 1881 studied physio-
logical psychology at Berlin, Heidelberg, and
Vienna. He is musical critic of the New York
Evening Post, and a contributor to the Nation.
His works include: (Wagner and Other Musi-
cians) (1887); Romantic Love and Personal
Beauty) (1887); (The Pacific Coast Scenic
Tour) (1890); (Chopin, and Other Musical
Essays); Lotos Time in Japan (1895); and
(Spain and Morocco.
## p. 189 (#205) ############################################
FINLAY - FISCHART
189
Finlay, George. An English historian of
the first rank; born in Faversham, Kent, of
Scotch blood, Dec. 21, 1799; died in Athens,
Greece, Jan. 26, 1875. An ardent Philhellene,
he joined Byron's company at Missolonghi in
1823 to assist in liberating Greece from the
Turks; and ended by residing there perma-
nently,-- at first a cultivator, and then a student
of and writer upon Greek history. He was for
many years the Athens correspondent of the
London Times. His "Greece under the Ro-
mans, B. C. 146 to A. D. 717) (1844) raised him
at once to a place among the few foremost
historians : Edward A. Freeman declared it to
be the most truly original historical work of
modern times; and for sound broad humanity,
acute judgment, and luminous common-sense
on both the practical and the philosophic sides
of history, it has few equals of any age. It is
not in the form of detailed annals except in
the last part, most of it being a set of essays
on the political and social conditions of Greece
as a subject province. Succeeding volumes
carried the story more in detail down to mod-
ern times, ending with two volumes on the
Greek Revolution. The whole, revised and
some volumes wholly rewritten by the author,
was published posthumously in 7 vols. (1877).
Finley, John. An American poet; born at
Brownsburg, Va. , Jan. II, 1797; died in Rich-
mond, Ind. , Dec. 23, 1866. He was one of the
editors of the Richmond Palladium, 1831-34.
His poems were collected in one volume, 'The
Hoosier's Nest, and Other Poems) (1865).
Finley, Martha. An American novelist ;
born in Chillicothe, O. , April 26, 1828. She is
the author, under the name of Martha Far-
quharson, of a number of novels, including
(Elsie Dinsmore) (1868); (Wanted - A Pedi-
gree! (1872); and (The Thorn in the Nest)
(1886). She has written in all over twenty (Elsie
Books, as well as (The Mildred Books,' etc.
Finotti, Joseph Maria. An American cler-
gyman and author; born at Ferrara, Italy, in
1817; died at Denver, Col. , in 1879. He studied
theology in the Jesuit College, Rome, and in
1845 removed to the United States.
He was
ordained priest, and stationed at Alexandria,
Va. In 1852 he left the Jesuit Society and
became literary editor of the Boston Pilot.
His health having failed, he removed to Cin-
cinnati, and afterwards to Omaha, and to Cen-
tral City, Col. His works include: A Month
of Mary) (1853); Italy in the Fifteenth Cen-
tury); (The French Zouave) (1863); (Ameri-
can Catholic Bibliography) (unfinished).
Firdausi or Firdusi (fēr-dou'sē). A cele-
brated Persian poet who lived from about 935
to about 1020. lle is the greatest of Persian
epic poets. In 1010, after 35 years of labor, was
completed his first heroic epic, the "Shāh-
Vāmah' (King's Book) in about 60,000 distichs :
it recounts the ancient Persian traditions of
heroism. His other great poem, Jussuf and
Zulikha,' a religious-romantic epos, is founded
on the Biblical story of Joseph and Potiphar's
wife. There are English translations of sun-
dry passages from the (Shāh-Nāmah,' and a
German translation of the whole of the Jussuf
and Zulikha. *
Firenzuola, Agnolo (fé-rents-woʻlä). (Prop-
erly Girolamo Giovannini. ] An Italian poet;
born in Florence, Sept. 28, 1493; died at Prato
or in Rome, about 1545. His works consist
of burlesque poems; two comedies, including
(The Shining Ones); a translation of Apu-
leius's (Golden Ass); a didactic story, Dis-
courses about Animals); Dialogue on the
Beauties of Women'; and ten (novels, mostly
stories in the vein of Boccaccio. He writes in
a style of great elegance, but with unpardon-
able lubricity. *
Firmenich-Richartz, Johannes Matthias
(fēr'men-ich-rich'ärts). A German poet, phil-
ological literary critic and student, and drama-
tist; born in Cologne, July 5, 1808; died in
Potsdam, May 10, 1889. His play (Clotilde
Montalvi) (1840), a romantic tragedy, and
After a Hundred Years,' a humorous compo-
sition in dialogue, as well as poems in vari-
ous languages, are highly meritorious; but his
monumental achievement is (Germany's Folk-
Voices: A Collection of German Dialect
Poems, Songs, Fables, Sagas, etc. ) (1843-66.
sup. 1868), showing the most profound learning
and scholarly acuteness.
Fischart, Johann (fish'ärt). A famous Ger-
man satirist (about 1545-91). He took the doc-
tor's degree in the University of Basel 1574,
and afterward was an official of the Imperial
Chamber of Justice at Spires. The period of
his literary production lies between 1575 and
1581, while he assisted his brother-in-law
Jobin, who had a printing-office in Strasburg.
He was a man of deep patriotic feeling, a
notable poet, and the greatest Protestant pub-
licist of his time. Among his compositions
in verse may be mentioned : “The Jester in
Rhyme,' a satire on the Dominicans and
Franciscans (1571); Description of the Four-
Cornered Hat) (1580), against the Jesuits; the
(Flohhatz Weibertratz) (1573), in which he
describes a contest at law between fieas and
women; Podagramic Book of Consolation)
(1577), showing how the gout (podagra) spares
the laboring poor and kindly chastens the rich,
while leaving their minds free for wit and
humor ; (The Hive of the Holy Roman Swarm)
(1579). In imitation of Rabelais's 'Gargantua,'
but giving free play to his own native humor
and wit, he wrote of (The Wondrous Deeds,
Thoughts, and Words of the Famous Heroes
and Lords Grandgusier, Gargantua, and Pan-
tagruel (1575). Here, in full accord with the
spirit of the Reformation, he contrasts the
sound human understanding with the vagaries
of idealism, the common people's bluntness
and uncouthness with the aristocratic-romantic
perversity of the upper class )); all the while
glorifying intellectual progress. As a treasury
of ingeniously contrived word compounds the
work is of great value to the philologist.
