No More Learning

principe quam largo veniat, quas inde reportet divitias, astu rabiem motura requirit. 190 ille iter ingratum, vanos deflere labores,
quos super eunuchi fastus, quae probra tulisset. continuo secat ungue genas et tempore pandit
adrepto gemitus :
" I nunc, devotus aratris
scinde solum positoque tuos mucrone sodales 195
ad rastros sudare doce. bene rura Gruthungus excolet et certo disponet sidere vites.
felices aliae, quas debellata maritis
oppida, quas magnis quaesitae viribus ornant exuviae, quibus Argivae pulchraeque ministrant 200 Thessalides, famulas et quae meruere Lacaenas.
me nimium timido, nimium iunxere remisso
fata viro, totum qui degener exuit Histrum,
qui refugit patriae ritus, quem detinet aequi
gloria concessoque cupit vixisse colonus 205 quam dominus rapto. quid pulchra vocabula pigris
198
AGAINST EUTROPIUS, II
the gentlest heart to crime, inflamed his savage breast. Taking upon her the similitude of his wife she comes to meet him ; proudly she steps forth like the barbarian queen, clothed in linen raiment. Close to her breast a brooch fastened her dress that trailed behind her ; she had bound her locks into a coil that a polished circlet Confined, and bidden her green snakes turn to gold. She hastens to greet him on his return and throws her snowy arms about his neck, instilling the poison of the furies into his soul by her kisses. Guilefully to stir his rage she asks if the great man has been generous to him ;
if he brings back rich presents. With tears he recounts his profitless journey, his useless toil, the pride and insults, moreover, which he had to bear at the eunuch's hands. At once she seized the favourable moment, and tearing her cheek with her nails, discloses her complaints.
" Go then, busy thyself with the plough, cleave the soil, bid thy followers lay aside their swords and sweat o'er the harrow. The Gruthungi will make
farmers and will plant their vines in due season. Happy those other women whose glory is seen in the towns their husbands have conquered, they whose adornment is the spoils so hardly won from an enemy, whose servants are fair captives of Argos or Thessaly, and who have won them slaves from Sparta. Fate has mated me with too timid, too indolent a husband, a degenerate who has forgotten the valour of Ister's tribes, who deserts his country's ways, whom a vain reputation
for justice attracts, while he longs to live as a hus bandman by favour rather than as a prince by plunder. Why give fair names to shameful weak
199
good
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praetentas vitiis ? probitatis inertia nomen,
iustitiae formido subit. tolerabis iniquam pauperiem, cum tela geras ? et flebis inultus,
cum pateant tantae nullis custodibus urbes ? 210
" Quippe metus poenae. pridem mos ille vigebat, ut meritos colerent impacatisque rebelles
urgerent odiis ; at nunc, qui foedera rumpit,
ditatur ; qui servat, eget. vastator Achivae
gentis et Epirum nuper populatus inultam 215 praesidet Illyrico ; iam, quos obsedit, amicos ingreditur muros illis responsa daturus,
quorum coniugibus potitur natosque peremit.
sic hostes punire solent, haec praemia solvunt
excidiis. cunctaris adhuc numerumque tuorum 220
respicis exiguamque manum ? tu rumpe quietem ; bella dabunt socios. nec te tam prona monerem, si contra paterere viros : nunc alter in armis
sexus et eunuchis se defensoribus orbis
credidit ; hos aquilae Romanaque signa sequuntur. incipe barbaricae tandem te reddere vitae, 226 te quoque iam timeant admirenturque nocentem, quem sprevere pium. spoliis praedaque repletus cum libeat Romanus eris. "
Sic fata repente
in diram se vertit avem rostroque recurvo 230
turpis et infernis tenebris obscurior alas auspicium veteri sedit ferale sepulcro.
Ille, pavor postquam resoluto corde quievit
1 Alaric was made magister militum in Illyricum : see Introduction, p. x.
200
AGAINST EUTROPIUS, II
ness ? Cowardice is called loyalty ; fear, a sense of justice. Wilt thou submit to humiliating poverty
though thou bearest arms ? Wilt thou weep un
avenged, though so many cities open to thee their undefended gates ?
" Dost thou fear the consequences ? Rome's old way was to reward merit and vent on rebels a hate that knew no bound. Now he who breaks a treaty wins riches, while he who observes one lives in want. The ravager of Achaea and recent devastator of defenceless Epirus is lord of Illyria 1 ; he now enters as a friend within the walls to which he was laying siege, and administers justice to those whose wives
he has seduced and whose children he has murdered. Such is the punishment meted out to an enemy, such the vengeance exacted for wholesale slaughter —and dost thou still hesitate ? Hast thou regard to the small numbers of thy followers ? Nay, have done with peace : war will give thee allies. Nor would I urge thee so instantly hadst thou to face men. It is another sex that is in arms
against thee ; the world has entrusted itself to the pro
tection of eunuchs ; 'tis such leaders the eagles and standards of Rome follow. Time it is thou didst return to a barbarian life ; be thou in thy turn an object of terror, and let men marvel at thy crimes who despised thy virtues. Laden with booty and plunder thou shalt be a Roman when it pleases thee. "
So saying she suddenly changed into an ill-omened bird, a loathsome sight with its hooked beak and plumage blacker than Hell's darkness, and perched, a sinister augury, on an old tomb.
So soon as repose from terror came to his freed 201
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et rigidae sedere comae, non distulit atrox
iussa deae ; sociis, quae viderat, ordine pandit 235
Coniurat barbara pubes nacta ducem Latiisque palam descivit ab armis.
Pars Phrygiae, Scythicis quaecumque Trionibus alget
proxima, Bithynos, solem quae condit, Ionas,
quae levat, attingit Galatas. utrimque propinqui 240
finibus obliquis Lydi Pisidaeque feroces continuant australe latus. gens una fuere
tot quondam populi, priscum cognomen et unum appellata Phryges ; sed (quid non longa valebit permutare dies ? ) dicti post Maeona regem 245 Maeones. Aegaeos insedit Graecia portus ;
Thyni Thraces arant quae nunc Bithynia fertur ; nuper ab Oceano Gallorum exercitus ingens
illis ante vagus tandem regionibus haesit
gaesaque deposuit, Graio iam mitis amictu, 250 pro Rheno poturus Halyn. dat cuncta vetustas principium Phrygibus ; nec rex Aegyptius ultra restitit, humani postquam puer uberis expers
in Phrygiam primum laxavit murmura vocem.
Hic cecidit Libycis iactata paludibus olim 255
tibia, foedatam cum reddidit umbra Minervam, hic et Apollinea victus testudine pastor suspensa memores inlustrat pelle Celaenas.
1 The reference is to Herodotus ii. 2. Psammetichus, King of Egypt, wishing to find out which was the most ancient nation, had two children reared in complete silence. As the first word they uttered was " Becos," the Phrygian word for " bread," Phrygia was accorded the honour.
2 Minerva is said to have thrown her pipe into the river 202
inritatque sequi.
AGAINST EUTROPIUS, II
heart, and his stiffened hair sank down again, he made all haste to carry out the commands of the goddess. He told his followers all that he had seen and invited them to follow him. Rebellious Barbary had found a champion and openly threw off the
Latin yoke.
That part of Phrygia which lies towards the north
beneath the cold constellation of the Wain borders on Bithynia ; that towards the sunset on Ionia, and that towards the sunrise on Galatia. On two sides runs the transverse boundary of Lydia while the fierce Pisidians hem it in to the south. All these peoples once formed one nation and had one name : they were of old called the Phrygians, but (what changes does time not bring about ? ) after the reign of a king Maeon, were known as Maeones. Then the Greeks settled on the shores of the Aegean, and the Thyni from Thrace cultivated the region now called Bithynia. Not long since a vast army of Gauls, nomad hitherto, came at last to rest in the district ; these laid by their spears, clothed them in the civilized robe of Greece and drank no longer from Rhine's, but from Halys', waters. All antiquity gives priority to the Phrygian, even Egypt's king had perforce to recognize it when the babe, nourished at no human breast, first opened his lips to lisp the Phrygian tongue. 1
Here fell the pipe once hurled into the marshes of Lycia, what time the stream reflected Minerva's disfigured countenance. 2 Here, too, there perished, conquered by Apollo's lyre, the shepherd Marsyas whose flayed skin brought renown to the city of
when she observed in the reflection the facial contortions apparently necessary to play it ; cf. Ovid, Fasti, vi. 699.
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quattuor hinc magnis procedunt fontibus amnes auriferi ; nec miror aquas radiare metallo, 260 quae totiens lavere Midan. diversus ad Austrum cursus et Arctoum fluviis mare. Dindyma fundunt Sangarium, vitrei puro qui gurgite Galli
auctus Amazonii defertur ad ostia Ponti.
Icarium pelagus Mycalaeaque litora iuncti 265 Marsya Maeanderque petunt ; sed Marsya velox, dum suus est, flexuque carens iam flumine mixtus mollitur, Maeandre, tuo ; contraria passus,
quam Rhodano stimulatus Arar : quos inter aprica planities Cererique favet densisque ligatur 270 vitibus et glaucae fructus attollit olivae,
dives equis, felix pecori pretiosaque picto
marmore purpureis, caedit quod Synnada, venis.
Talem tum Phrygiam Geticis populatibus uri permisere dei. securas barbarus urbes 275 inrupit facilesque capi. spes nulla salutis,
nulla fugae : putribus iam propugnacula saxis
longo corruerant aevo pacisque senecta.
Interea gelidae secretis rupibus Idae
dum sedet et thiasos spectat de more Cybebe 280 Curetumque alacres ad tympana suscitat enses, aurea sanctarum decus inmortale comarum
defluxit capiti turris summoque volutus
vertice crinalis violatur pulvere murus.
obstipuere truces omen Corybantes et uno 285 fixa metu tacitas presserunt orgia buxos.
indoluit genetrix, tum sic commota profatur : 204
AGAINST EUTROPIUS, II
Celaenae. Hence flow four broad auriferous rivers. Small wonder that the waters in which King Midas bathed so often glitter with the rare metal. Two flow north, two southwards. Dindymus gives birth to the river Sangarius, which, swollen by the clear stream of the Gallus, hastens on to the Euxine, the sea of the Amazon. The conjoined streams of
is it to the corn, thick-set with vines and displaying the fruit of the grey-green olive ; rich, too, in horses, fertile in flocks, and wealthy with the purple-veined marble that Synnada quarries.
Such was Phrygia then when the gods allowed it to be ravaged by Getic brigands. The barbarian burst in upon those cities so peaceful, so easy of capture. There was no hope of safety, no chance of escape. Long and peaceful ages had made the crumbling stones of their battlements to fall.
Meanwhile Cybele was seated amid the hallowed rocks of cold Ida, watching, as is her wont, the dance, and inciting the joyous Curetes to brandish their swords at the sound of the drum, when, lo, the golden - turreted crown, the eternal glory of her blessed hair, fell from off her head and, rolling from her brow, the castellated diadem is profaned in the dust. The Corybantes stopped in amazement at this omen ; general alarm checked their orgies and silenced their pipes. The mother of the gods wept ; then spake thus in sorrow.
205
and Meander make for the Icarian main
Marsyas
and Mycale's strand. Marsyas flows fast and straight while his course is his own ; mingled with thy waters, Meander, he goes slowly—unlike the Saone whose waters are hastened by the Rhone's inflowing. Between these rivers is a sun-kissed plain ; kindly
CLAUDIAN
" Hoc mihi iam pridem Lachesis grandaeva canebat augurium : Phrygiae casus venisse supremos delapsus testatur apex. heu sanguine qualis 290 ibit Sangarius quantasque cadavera lenti
Maeandri passura moras ! inmobilis haeret terminus, haec dudum nato placuere Tonanti.
par et finitimis luctus, frustraque Lyaei
non defensuros implorat Lydia thyrsos. 295
iamque vale Phrygiae tellus perituraque flammis moenia, conspicuas quae nunc attollitis arces,
mox campi nudumque solum ! dilecta valete
flumina ! non vestris ultra bacchabor in antris
nec iuga sulcabit noster Berecynthia currus. " 300 dixit et ad tristes convertit tympana planctus. labentem patriam sacris ululatibus Attis
personat et torvi lacrimis maduere leones. Eutropius, nequeat quamvis metuenda taceri
clades et trepidus vulgaverit omnia rumor, 305 ignorare tamen fingit regnique ruinas
dissimulat : parvam latronum errare catervam,
ad sontes tormenta magis quam tela parari
nec duce frangendas iactat, sed iudice vires :
vasta velut Libyae venantum vocibus ales 310
cum premitur calidas cursu transmittit harenas
inque modum veli sinuatis flamine pennis
pulverulenta volat ; si iam vestigia retro clara sonent, oblita fugae stat lumine clauso
(ridendum ! ) revoluta caput creditque latere, 315 quem non ipsa videt. furtim tamen ardua mittit
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AGAINST EUTROPIUS, II
" This is the portent that aged Lachesis foretold long years ago. My fallen crown assures me that Phrygia's final crisis is upon her. Alas for the blood that shall redden Sangarius' waves ; for all the
that shall retard Meander's slow stream. The hour is fixed irrevocably ; such, long since, was
son's, the Thunderer's, will. A like disaster awaits the neighbouring peoples ; in vain does Lydia invoke the thyrsus of Bacchus in her defence. Now fare thee well, land of Phrygia, farewell, walls doomed to the flames, walls that now rear aloft
proud towers but will soon be levelled with the ground and the bare earth. Farewell, dear rivers : never more shall I hold my inspired revels in your grottoes ; no more shall my chariot leave the traces of its wheels on Berecynthus' heights. " So spake she, and turned her drums to strains of mourning. Attis filled his devoted country with holy lamenta tions and Cybele's tawny lions burst into tears.
Eutropius, although this terrible revolt could not
be hid and although rumour had spread everywhere the dread news, none the less affects to ignore it and shuts his eyes to the empire's peril. 'Twas some poor troop of wandering brigands ; such wretches call for punishment not war ; a judge —so he brags —not a general should crush their strength. Even so the great Libyan bird, hard pressed by the cries of its pursuers, runs o'er the burning sands and flies through the dust, curving its wings like sails to catch the breeze ; but when it clearly hears the footsteps close behind it, it forgets its flight, standing with closed eyes and hiding its head, believing, poor fool, it cannot be seen by those whom itself cannot see. None the less Eutropius
207
corpses
my
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cum donis promissa novis, si forte rogatus
desinat. ille semel nota dulcedine praedae
se famulo servire negat, nec grata timentum
munera ; militiam nullam nec prima superbus 320 cingula dignari ; nam quis non consule tali
vilis honos ?
Postquam precibus mitescere nullis. non auro cessisse videt creberque recurrit
nuntius incassum nec spes iam foederis extat : tandem consilium belli confessus agendi 325 ad sua tecta vocat. iuvenes venere protervi lascivique senes, quibus est insignis edendi
gloria corruptasque dapes variasse decorum,
qui ventrem invitant pretio traduntque palato
sidereas Iunonis aves et si qua loquendi 330 gnara coloratis viridis defertur ab Indis,
quaesitos trans regna cibos, quorumque profundam ingluviem non Aegaeus, non alta Propontis,
non freta longinquis Maeotia piscibus explent
vestis odoratae studium ; laus maxima risum 335 per vanos movisse sales minimeque viriles
munditiae ; compti vultus ; onerique vel ipsa
serica. si Chunus feriat, si Sarmata portas,
solliciti scaenae ; Romam contemnere sueti
mirarique suas, quas Bosphorus obruat ! aedes ; 340 saltandi dociles aurigarumque periti.
Pars humili de plebe duces ; pars compede suras
1 Claudian uses the word cingulum (=a soldier's belt) as = military service — a not uncommon late use, cf. Serv. Am. viii. 724 and (frequently) cingi =to serve, in the Digests.
* i. e. the peacock. 208
AGAINST EUTROPIUS, II
sends towering promises with new gifts, if haply his foe may pause at his entreaty. But the bar barian, in whose heart was once waked the old love of plunder, refuses to submit to a slave ; for him the gifts of fear have no charm ; haughtily he disdains any rank,1 even the highest, for under such a consul what honour would not be disgrace ?
When Eutropius saw that no prayers could move him nor any gold win him over ; when messenger after messenger returned, his mission unfulfilled, and all hopes of an alliance were at an end, he at last recognized the necessity for war and summoned the council to his palace. Thither they came—wanton lads and debauched greybeards whose
greatest glory was gluttony, and whose pride it was to diver
sify the outraged banquet. Their hunger is only aroused by costly meats, and they tickle their palates with foods imported from overseas, the flesh of the
fowl of Juno,2 or of that coloured bird brought from farthest Ind that knows how to speak. Not the Aegean, not deep Propontis, not Maeotis' lake afar can sate their appetites with fish. Per fumed garments are their care, their pride to move foolish laughter with their silly jests. On their adornment and toilette they bestow a woman's care and find even the silk they wear too heavy a burden. Should the Hun, the Sarmatian, strike at the city's gates yet trouble they for nought but the theatre. Rome they despise and reserve their admiration for their own houses—may Bosporus' waters over
many-eyed
whelm them ! charioteers.
Skilful dancers they and clever
Some sprung from the dregs of the people are generals ; some magistrates —though their legs and
vol. i p
209
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cruraque signati nigro liventia ferro
iura regunt, facies quamvis inscripta repugnet
seque suo prodat titulo. sed prima potestas 345 Eutropium praefert Hosio subnixa secundo.
dulcior hie sane cunctis prudensque movendi
iuris et admoto qui temperet omnia fumo,
fervidus, accensam sed qui bene decoquat iram. considunt apices geiruni dicionis Eoae, 350 hie cocus, hie leno, defossi verbere terga,
servitio, non arte pares, hie saepius emptus,
after ad Hispanos nutritus verna penates.
Ergo ubi collecti proceres, qui rebus in artis consulerent tantisque darent solacia morbis, 355 obliti subito Phrygiae bellisque relictis
ad solitos coepere iocos et iurgia circi
tendere. nequiquam magna confligitur ira,
quis melius vibrata puer vertigine molli
membra rotet, verrat quis marmora crine supino ? 360 quis magis enodes laterum detorqueat arcus,1
quis voci digitos, oculos quis moribus aptet ?
hi tragicos meminere modos ; his fabula Tereus, his necdum commissa choro cantatur Agave.
Increpat Eutropius : non haec spectacula tempus poscere ; nunc alias armorum incumbere curas ; 366 se satis Armenio fessum pro limite cingi
1 Birt artus ; / return to the vulg. arcus
1 Hosius, by birth a Spaniard, had been a slave and a cook — whence these various double meanings. He rose to be magister officiorum at the court of Arcadius (circa 396-8).
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AGAINST EUTROPIUS, II
ankles are still scarred and livid with their wearing of the fetters of servitude and though their branded foreheads deny their owners' right to office and disclose their true title. Among them Eutropius holds the first place ; Hosius, on whom he relies, comes next. He of a truth is more popular, a cunning artificer of justice who knows well how to steam his cases ; at times boiling with anger, yet well able to render down that anger when aroused. 1 These sit enthroned, joint rulers of the eastern empire, the one a cook the other a pander. The backs of both are scarred with the whip, each was a slave though of a different kind. The one had been bought and sold a hundred times, the other brought up a dependant in a Spanish household.
When, therefore, the chief men were gathered
for consultation in this strait and to
together
comfort the sickness of the state, forthwith
they forget Phrygia and, setting aside the question of war, start their accustomed fooling and engage in disputes
about the Circus. With heat as fierce as it is point
less they wrangle what boy can best whirl quivering limbs in an easy somersault or sweep the marble floor with his drooping locks ; who can most twist his flanks into a boneless arch ; who can best suit his gestures to his words and his eyes to his character. Some recite speeches from tragedy, others chant the play of Tereus, others again that of Agave, never before staged.
Eutropius chides them ; the present moment, says he, demands other spectacles than these ; it is war which now should claim all their care. For his part (for he is an old man and a weary) it is enough to defend the frontiers of Armenia ; single
211
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nec tantis unum subsistere posse periclis ; ignoscant senio, iuvenes ad proelia mittant : qualis pauperibus nutrix invisa puellis adsidet et tela communem quaerere victum rauca monet ; festis illae lusisse diebus orant et positis aequaevas visere pensis, irataeque operi iam lasso pollice fila
—
' ' 370
turbant et teneros detergent stamine fletus. 375
Emicat extemplo cunetis trepidantibus audax crassa mole Leo, quem vix Cyclopia solum
aequatura fames, quem non ieiuna Celaeno
vinceret ; hinc nomen fertur meruisse Leonis.
acer in absentes linguae iactator, abundans 380 corporis exiguusque animi, doctissimus artis quondam lanificae, moderator pectinis unci.
non alius lanam purgatis sordibus aeque
praebuerit calathis, similis nec pinguia quisquam vellera per tenues ferri producere rimas. 385 tunc Aiax erat Eutropii lateque fremebat,
non septem vasto quatiens umbone iuvencos,
sed, quam perpetuis dapibus pigroque sedili
inter anus interque colos oneraverat, alvum.
adsurgit tandem vocemque expromit anhelam : 390
novus hie torpor, socii ? quonam usque sedemus
femineis clausi thalamis patimurque periclum gliscere desidia ? graviorum turba malorum texitur, ignavis trahimus dum tempora votis.
me petit hie sudor. numquam mea dextera segnis
ad ferrum. faveat tantum Tritonia coeptis, 396
1 Gainas and Leo were sent by Eutropius to put down the revolt of Tarbigilus. Gainas, however, never left the Hellespont and Leo, advancing into Pamphylia, there met, and was defeated by, Tarbigilus (Zosim. v. 16. 5). We gather from Claudian that he had once been a weaver.
212
" Quis
AGAINST EUTROPIUS, II
handed he cannot cope with all these perils. They must pardon his age and send younger men to the
war :—
among a crowd of poor working-girls and bidding them in her raucous voice ply the loom and gain their livelihood, while they beg to be allowed the enjoyment of a holiday, to lay aside their tasks and visit their friends ; angered at her refusal and wearied of their work they crush the threads in their hands and wipe away their gentle tears with the
cloth.
Sudden from out that trembling throng upleaps
bold Leo 1 with his vast bulk, he whose single prowess Cyclopean hunger could scarce match, whom starving
Celaeno could not outvie. Tis to this fact that he
is said to have owed his name. Bold (when his
foe was absent), brave (as a speaker), great in bulk but small of heart, once a highly skilled spinner of thread and a cunning carder, none other could so well cleanse the dirt from out the fleece and fill the baskets, none other pull the thick wool over the iron teeth of the comb as could he. He was then Eutropius' Ajax and far and near he raged, shaking not a huge shield compact of seven layers of ox-hide, but that belly of his, laden with con tinuous feastings, as he sat lazily among old dames and distaffs. At length he arose and, panting, said, " What unwonted sluggishness is this, my friends ? How long must we sit closeted in the women's apartments and suffer our perils to increase by reason of our sloth ? Fate weaves for us a net work of ill while we waste our time in useless vows. This difficult task demands my action ; never was my hand slow to use iron. Let but Minerva favour
213
it is as though a hated forewoman were sitting
inceptum peragetur opus,
CLAUDIAN
iam cuncta furorem qui gravat, efficiam leviorem pondere lanae
Tarbigilum timidum, desertoresque Gruthungos
ut miseras populabor oves et pace relata 400 pristina restituam Phrygias ad stamina matres. "
His dictis iterum sedit ; fit plausus et ingens concilii clamor, qualis resonantibus olim
exoritur caveis, quotiens crinitus ephebus
aut rigidam Nioben aut flentem Troada fingit. 405 protinus excitis iter inremeabile signis
adripit infaustoque iubet bubone moveri
agmina Mygdonias mox impletura volucres.
Pulcher et urbanae cupiens exercitus umbrae,
adsiduus ludis, avidus splendere lavacris 410 nec soles imbresve pati, multumque priori
dispar, sub clipeo Thracum qui ferre pruinas,
dum Stilicho regeret, nudoque hiemare sub axe sueverat et duris haurire bipennibus Hebrum.
cum duce mutatae vires. Byzantia robur 415 fregit luxuries Ancyranique triumphi.
non peditem praecedit eques ; non commoda castris eligitur regio ; vicibus custodia nullis
advigilat vallo ; non explorantur eundae
vitandaeque viae ; nullo se cornua flectunt 420 ordine : confusi passim per opaca vagantur
lustra, per ignotas angusto tramite valles.
1 Triumphi is ironical. Claudian refers to Eutropius' pleasure journey to Ancyra ; c/. ]. 98 of this poem.
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AGAINST EUTROPIUS, II
mine attempts and the work begun will be the work
Now will I render proud Tarbigilus, whose madness has caused all this turmoil, of less
completed.
than a ball of wool, the Gruthungi I will drive before me like a flock of wretched sheep ; and when I have restored peace I will set the women of Phrygia once more beside their ancient spinning. "
So saying he sat down again. Great clamour and applause filled the council-chamber, applause such as rises from the rows of spectators in the theatre when some curled youth impersonates Niobe turned to stone, or Hecuba in tears. Straight way Leo unfolds his banners and starts on the journey whence there is to be no return. To the accompani ment of the screech-owl's ill-omened cry he bids march the host destined so soon to feed the vultures of Mygdonia.
'Tis a well-favoured army, enamoured of the city's shade, ever present at the games, anxious to shine in the baths, not to bear sun-scorch and rain, and oh ! how different to that former army who, 'neath the
weight
of Stilicho, endured under arms the frosts of Thrace and were wont to winter in the open air and break with their axes the frozen waters of Hebrus for a draught. Changed is the leader and changed their character. Byzantium's luxury and Ancyra's pomp 1 have destroyed their vigour. No longer does the cavalry ride ahead of the foot ; suitable ground is not chosen for camps ; no constant
leadership
of sentries safeguards the ramparts, no scouts are sent forward to discover which roads to take or which to avoid ; their evolutions are performed without drill or discipline, in confusion they stray hither and thither amid dark forests, along narrow
215
change
CLAUDIAN
sic vacui rectoris equi, sic orba magistro fertur in abruptum casu, non sidere, puppis ; sic ruit in rupes amisso pisce sodali
belua, sulcandas qui praevius edocet undas
425
inmensumque pecus parvae moderamine caudae temperat et tanto coniungit foedera monstro ;
illa natat rationis inops et caeca profundi ;
iam brevibus deprensa vadis ignara reverti 430 palpitat et vanos scopulis inlidit hiatus.
Tarbigilus simulare fugam flatusque Leonis
spe nutrire leves improvisusque repente,
dum gravibus marcent epulis hostique catenas
inter vina crepant, largo sopita Lyaeo 435 castra subit. pereunt alii, dum membra cubili
tarda levant ; alii leto iunxere soporem ;
ast alios vicina palus sine more ruentes
excipit et cumulis inmanibus aggerat undas.
ipse Leo damma cervoque fugacior ibat 440 sudanti tremebundus equo : qui pondere postquam decidit, implicitus limo cunctantia pronus
per vada reptabat. caeno subnixa tenaci
mergitur et pingui suspirat corpore moles
more suis, dapibus quae iam devota futuris 445 turpe gemit, quotiens Hosius mucrone corusco armatur cingitque sinus secumque volutat,
quas figat verubus partes, quae frusta calenti
1 The balaena or whale. According to ancient naturalists the balaena entered into an alliance with the musculus or sea-mouse which, in Pliny's words, "vada praenatans demonstrat oculorumque vice fungitur" (Pliny, H. N. ix.
186). 216
AGAINST EUTROPIUS, II
paths in unexplored valleys. So goes a horse that has lost his rider, thus a ship whose helmsman
has been drowned is swept to the abyss, chance
her and not the stars. So too the sea monster 1 is dashed to pieces against the rocks when it has lost the comrade fish that swam before it and guided its course through the waves, piloting the great beast with the motion of its tiny tail according to the compact which is between it and its huge companion. Aimlessly the monster swims all unguided through the deep ; then, surprised in the shallow water and knowing not how to return to the sea, pants and to no purpose dashes its gaping
jaws against the rocks.
Tarbigilus feigns retreat and raises the presump
tuous hopes of Leo, then suddenly he bursts all unexpected upon the wine-sodden army, as, over come by the heavy feast, they brag over their cups of leading the foe in chains. Some are slain as they lift their sluggish limbs from the couch, others know not any break between sleep and death.
Others rush pell-mell into a neighbouring swamp and heap the marsh high with their dead bodies. Leo himself, swifter than deer or antelope, fled trembling on his foam-flecked horse, and it falling under his weight Leo sank in the mire and on all fours fought his way through the clinging slime. Held up at first by the thick mud, his fat body gradually settles down panting like a common pig, which, destined to grace the coming feast, squeals when Hosius arms him with flashing knife, and gathers up his garments, pondering the while what portions he will transfix with spits, which pieces of the flesh he will boil and how much sea-urchin
217
guiding
CLAUDIAN
mandet aquae quantoque cutem distendat echino. flagrat opus ; crebro pulsatus perstrepit ictu ; 1 450 contexit varius penetrans Calchedona nidor.
Ecce levis frondes a tergo concutit aura : credit tela Leo ; valuit pro vulnere terror implevitque vicem iaculi, vitamque nocentem integer et sola formidine saucius efflat.
455
hie miserande iaces ; hie, dum tua vellera vitas, 460 tandem fila tibi neverunt ultima Parcae.
Iam vaga pallentem densis terroribus aulam
fama quatit ; stratas acies, deleta canebat
agmina, Maeonios foedari caedibus agros,
Pamphylos Pisidasque rapi. metuendus ab omni 465 Tarbigilus regione tonat ; modo tendere cursum
in Galatas, modo Bithynis incumbere fertur.
sunt qui per Cilicas rupto descendere Tauro,
sunt qui correptis ratibus terraque marique adventare ferant ; geminantur vera pavoris 470
ingenio : longe spectari puppibus urbes accensas, lucere fretum ventoque citatas omnibus in pelago velis haerere favillas.
Hos inter strepitus funestior advolat alter
1 /print Birt's text ; but unless pulsatus be taken as a substantive (Baehrens' suggestion, cf. P. Lat. Min. v. p. 120 I. 169) it is untranslatable. Emendations proposed are pulso
Cos . . . icta Barthius ; pulsatus aper strepit Buecheler ; cultri sus or pulpae ius Birt. The sense demands, however, some such word as Bosporus to make a parallelism with Calchedona. Possibly the line ended pulsatur Bosporus ictu, perstrepit being a gloss on pulsatur and eventually
ousting Bosporus. 218
quis tibi tractandos pro pectine, degener, enses, quis solio campum praeponere suasit avito ? quam bene texentum laudabas carmina tutus
et matutinis pellebas frigora mensis !
AGAINST EUTROPIUS, II
stuffing will be needed to fill the empty skin. The work of preparation goes on apace, Bosporus echoes to many a blow and the savoury smell envelops Chalcedon.
Suddenly a gentle breeze stirs the foliage behind Leo's back. He thinks it an arrow, and terror, taking a missile's place, does duty for a wound. Untouched and stricken only by fear he breathes his last. Degenerate Roman, by whose advice didst thou exchange the comb for the sword, thine ancestral calling for the field of battle ? How much better to praise in safety the work of the weavers at their looms and keep out the cold by means of morning feasts. Here thou hast suffered a wretched death ; here, while thou soughtest to shirk thy spinning, the Fates have at last spun for thee the final thread.
Now spreading rumour shakes the palace, pale with terror upon terror. It told how that the army was destroyed, the troops butchered, the plain of Mygdonia red with slaughter, Pamphylia and Pisidia o'errun by the enemy. On all sides rings the dread name of Tarbigilus. He is now said to be bearing down upon Galatia, now to be meditating an attack on Bithynia. Some say he has crossed the Taurus and is descending upon Cilicia, others that he has possessed himself of a fleet and is advancing both by land and sea. Truth is doubled by panic's fancy ; they say that from the ships far cities are seen ablaze, that the straits are aglow and that ashes driven by the wind catch in the sails of every ship at sea.
Amid all this confusion comes a yet more terrible 219
CLAUDIAN
nuntius : armatam rursus Babylona minari 475 rege novo ; resides Parthos ignava perosos
otia Romanae finem iam quaerere paci.
rarus apud Medos regum cruor ; unaque cuncto poena manet generi : quamvis crudelibus aeque paretur dominis. sed quid non audeat annus 480 Eutropii ? socium nobis fidumque Saporem
perculit et Persas in regia vulnera movit
rupturasque fidem, leto pars ne qua vacaret, Eumenidum taedas trans flumina Tigridis egit.
Tum vero cecidere animi tantisque procellis 485 deficiunt. saepti latrantibus undique bellis
infensos tandem superos et consulis omen
agnovere sui, nec iam revocabile damnum
eventu stolido serum didicere magistro.
namque ferunt geminos uno de semine fratres 490
Iapetionidas generis primordia nostri
dissimili finxisse manu : quoscumque Prometheus excoluit multumque innexuit aethera limo,
hi longe ventura notant dubiisque parati
casibus occurrunt fabro meliore politi. 495
deteriore luto pravus quos edidit auctor,
quem merito Grai perhibent Epimethea vates, et nihil aetherii sparsit per membra vigoris,
hi pecudum ritu non impendentia vitant
nec res ante vident ; accepta clade queruntur 500 et seri transacta gemunt.
1 Varanes IV. , who, like his three predecessors, Artaxerxes, Sapor III. , and Varanes III. , had observed a truce with Rome, dicd in 399 and was succeeded by Isdigerdes. For all Claudian's real or simulated anxiety this monarch was as peaceably disposed as the previous Ones (see Oros. vii. 34). Claudian seems to have made an error in calling him Sapor
481). 220
(1.
AGAINST EUTROPIUS, II
rumour —that Babylon is again in arms and, under a new monarch,1 threatens our Empire ; the Parthians, long inactive, and now scorning slothful ease, seek to put an end to the peace imposed by Rome. Rare among the Medes is the murder of a king, for punishment falls on the regicide's whole family. Thus equal obedience is offered to their overlords, cruel as well as kind. But what would not the year of Eutropius' consulship dare ? 'Tis that has stricken down- our faithful ally Sapor and roused the Per sians' swords against their own king ; that has cast the torch of the Furies across the Euphrates, there to kindle rebellion, that no quarter of the globe may escape carnage.
Then indeed men's hearts failed them, their cour age ebbed away amid all these storms ; surrounded as they were on every side by the din of war, at last they recognized the wrath of heaven and their consul's evil omen, learning too late — schooled by the stubborn issue —their now irrevocable doom. They say that the twin sons of Iapetus formed our first parents of the same materials but with unequal skill. Those whom Prometheus fashioned, and with whose clay he mingled abundant ether, foresee the distant future and, thanks to their more careful making by a better workman, are thus prepared to meet what fate has in store for them. Those framed of baser clay by the sorry artificer the Greek poets so well call Epimetheus, men through whose limbs no ethereal vigour spreads —these, like sheep, cannot avoid the dangers that o'erhang them, nor foresee aught. Not till the blow has fallen do they protest and weep too late the accomplished deed.
221
CLAUDIAN
lam sola renidet in Stilichone salus, et cuius semper acerbum
ingratumque sibi factorum conscius horror
credidit adventum, quem si procedere tantum Alpibus audissent, mortem poenasque tremebant, iam cuncti venisse volunt, scelerumque priorum 506 paenitet ; hoc tantis bellorum sidus in undis
sperant, hoc pariter iusti sontesque precantur :
ceu pueri, quibus alta pater trans aequora merces devehit, intenti ludo studiisque soluti 510 latius amoto passim custode vagantur ;
si gravis auxilio vacuas invaserit aedes
vicinus laribusque suis proturbet inultos,
tum demum patrem implorant et nomen inani
voce cient frustraque oculos ad litora tendunt. 515
Omnes supplicio dignos letoque fatentur, qui se tradiderint famulis Stilichone relicto.
mutati stupuere diu sensuque reducto
paulatim proprii mirantur monstra furoris avertuntque oculos : proiectis fascibus horret 520 lictor et infames labuntur sponte secures :
quales Aonio Thebas de monte reversae
Maenades infectis Pentheo sanguine thyrsis,
cum patuit venatus atrox matrique rotatum conspexere caput, gressus caligine figunt
et rabiem desisse dolent. quin protinus ipsa
tendit ad Italiam supplex Aurora potentem
222
525
AGAINST EUTROPIUS, II
—There now shone forth but one hope of salvation Stilicho. Him the expectation of whose visits the consciousness of deeds ill-done had ever rendered bitter and unpleasant, him whose approach even as far as the Alps afflicted the Byzantines with fear
of death and punishment, all now long to come, re pentant of their former wrongdoing. To him they look as to a star amid this universal shipwreck of war ; to him innocent and guilty alike address their prayers. So children whose sire carries merchandise across the sea, wrapt up in their amusements and heedless of their studies, wander afield more joyfully now that their guardian is absent, yet, should a dangerous neighbour invade their defenceless home and seek to drive them forth unprotected as they are from their fireside, then they beg their father's help, call upon his name with useless cries and all to no purpose direct their gaze towards the
shore.
All admit that they deserve punishment and
death for deserting Stilicho and entrusting them selves to the governance of slaves. Long they stood dazed with altered thoughts, and as their senses slowly return they marvel at the results of their own madness and turn away their eyes ; flinging down his rods the lictor shudders, and the dis honoured axes fall of their own accord. Even so the Maenads returning to Thebes from the Aonian
mount, their thyrses dripping with Pentheus' blood, learning the true character of their dreadful hunting and seeing the head cast by the mother herself, hide them in the darkness and lament the end of their madness. Thereupon suppliant Aurora turned her flight towards powerful Italy, her hair no
223
CLAUDIAN
non radiis redimita comam, non flammea vultu nec croceum vestita diem ; stat livida luctu,
qualis erat Phrygio tegeret cum Memnona busto. quam simul agnovit Stilicho nec causa latebat, 531 restitit ; illa manum victricem amplexa moratur altaque vix lacrimans inter suspiria fatur :
" Tantane te nostri ceperunt taedia mundi ?
sic me ludibrium famulis risumque relinquis 535 dux quondam rectorque meus ? solamque tueris Hesperiam ? domiti nec te post bella tyranni
cernere iam licuit ? sic te victoria nobis
eripuit Gallisque dedit ? Rufinus origo
prima mali : geminas inter discordia partes 540 hoc auctore fuit. sed iam maiora moventi
occurrit iusta rediens exercitus ira,
fortis adhuc ferrique memor. brevis inde reluxit falsaque libertas ; rursum Stilichonis habenis sperabam me posse regi. pro caeca futuri 545 gaudia ! fraterno coniungi coeperat orbis
imperio (quis enim tanto terrore recentis
exempli paribus sese committeret ausis
cum subito (monstrosa mihi turpisque relatu
fabula) Rufini castratus prosilit heres, 550 et similes iterum luctus Fortuna reduxit,
ut solum domini sexum mutasse viderer.
" Hic primum thalami claustris delicta tegebat clam timideque iubens erat invidiosa potestas,
sed tamen eunuchi, necdum sibi publica iura 555
224
i. e. that of Rufinus.
1
;
? ),
AGAINST EUTROPIUS, II
longer aureole-crowned and she no more bright of countenance nor clothed with the saffron of the dawn. She stands wan with woe, even as when she buried Memnon in his Phrygian grave. Stilicho recognized her and stayed, well knowing the reason of her visit. Long time she clasped his victorious hand and at length amid tears and sighs addressed him.
" Why art thou so wearied of the world whereon
I shine ? Leavest thou me thus to be the sport and
laughing-stock of slaves and carest only for Italy, thou that wert once my guide and my leader ?
Since thy victory over the tyrant Eugenius I have not seen thee. Has victory thus robbed me of thee and given thee to Gaul ? Rufinus was the prime cause of the trouble ; 'twas he who wrought disunion between the two empires. But when he aimed at more there met him an army returning in righteous wrath, an army still strong, still mindful of its former prowess. For a moment I was dazzled
I that Stilicho hoped
for
begun to form one single empire under the rule of the two brothers (for who, with the awful example 1 so fresh in his mind, would dare embark upon a like venture ? ) when suddenly a monstrous story which scarce bears the telling) a eunuch came forward as Rufinus' heir. Thus fortune
back my former miseries with this one difference— that of changing my master's sex.
At first he kept his crimes hidden behind the doors of his chamber, an unseen and timid ruler power was his that all envied, yet only a eunuch's, nor dared he yet arrogate to himself the right of
vol. 225
by the mirage of liberty
:
would once more hold the reins of our empire. Alas
my short-sighted happiness ! The world had
brought
i
q
;
(it is
CLAUDIAN
sumere nec totas audebat vertere leges.
at postquam pulsisque bonis et faece retenta
peiores legit socios dignusque satelles
hinc Hosius stetit, inde Leo, fiducia crevit
regnandique palam flagravit aperta libido. 560 patricius, consul maculat quos vendit honores,
plus maculat quos ipse gerit. iam signa tubaeque mollescunt, ipsos ignavia fluxit in enses.
exultant merito gentes facilisque volenti
praeda sumus. iam Bistoniis Haemoque nivali 505 vastior expulsis Oriens squalescit aratris.
ei mihi, quas urbes et quanto tempore Martis
ignaras uno rapuerunt proelia cursu !
nuper ab extremo veniens equitatus Araxe
terruit Antiochi muros, ipsumque decorae 570 paene caput Syriae flammis hostilibus arsit.
utque gravis spoliis nulloque obstante profunda laetus caede redit, sequitur mucrone secundo continuum vulnus ; nec iam mihi Caucasus hostes nec mittit gelidus Phasis ; nascuntur in ipso 575
bella sinu. legio pridem Romana Gruthungi, iura quibus victis dedimus, quibus arva domusque praebuimus, Lydos Asiaeque uberrima vastant
ignibus et si quid tempestas prima reliquit.
nec vi nec numero freti ; sed inertia nutrit 580
proditioque ducum, quorum per crimina miles 226
AGAINST EUTROPIUS, II
governing the state or of trampling on the laws. But when he had banished the good and, retaining the dregs of the people, had chosen therefrom advisers of no worth ; when his creature Hosius stood on his one side and Leo on the other, then indeed his self-confidence waxed and his lust for power broke forth into open flame. Patrician and consul he brought defilement on the honours he sold ; even greater defilement on those he carried himself. The very standards and trumpets of war grew feeble ; a palsy seized upon our swords. What wonder the nations rejoiced and we became the easy prey of any who would subdue us ? Gone
are ploughs and ploughmen ; the East is more a desert than Thrace and snowy Haemus. Alas ! how many cities, how long unused to war's alarms, have perished in a single invasion ! Not long since a mounted band coming from Araxes' farthest banks threatened the walls of Antioch and all but set fire to the chief city of the fair province of Syria. Laden with spoil and rejoicing in the vast carnage it had wrought the band returned with none to bar its passage ; now it pursues its victorious career inflicting on me wound upon wound. 'Tis not now Caucasus nor cold Phasis that send forces against me ; wars arise in the very centre of my empire. Time was when the Gruthungi formed a Roman legion ; conquered we gave them laws ; fields and dwelling-places we apportioned them. Now they lay waste with fire Lydia and the richest cities of Asia, ay, and everything that
-
the earlier storm. 'Tis neither on their own valour or numbers that they rely ; it is our cowardice urges them on, cowardice and the treason of generals, through whose guilt our soldiers now
escaped
227
CLAUDIAN
captivis dat terga suis, quos teste subegit Danuvio partemque timet qui reppulit omnes.
" Aula choris epulisque vacat nec perdita curat, dum superest aliquid. ne quid tamen orbe reciso venditor amittat, provincia quaeque superstes 586 dividitur geminumque duplex passura tribunal cogitur alterius pretium sarcire peremptae.
sic mihi restituunt populos ; hac arte reperta rectorum numerum terris pereuntibus augent. 590
" In te iam spes una mihi. pro fronde Minervae has tibi protendo lacrimas : succurre ruenti,
eripe me tandem, servilibus eripe regnis.
neve adeo cunctos paucorum crimine damnes
nec nova tot meritis offensa prioribus obstet. 595
iamiam flecte animum.
dant veniam culpae. quamvis iratus et exul pro patriae flammis non distulit arma Camillus. nec te subtrahimus Latio ; defensor utrique
sufficis. armorum liceat splendore tuorum 600 in commune frui ; clipeus nos protegat idem
unaque pro gemino desudet cardine virtus. "
228
suprema pericula semper
AGAINST EUTROPIUS, II
flee before their own captives, whom, as Danube's stream well knows, they once subdued ; and those now fear a handful who once could drive back all.
Meanwhile the palace devotes its attention to dances and feastings, and cares not what be lost so
remain. But lest our salesman lose this dismemberment of the empire he has divided each remaining province into two, and forces the two halves, each under its own governor, to compensate him for the loss of other provinces.
Tis thus they give me back my lost peoples :
this ingenious device they increase the number of my rulers while the lands they should rule are lost.
something aught by
by
In thee is now my only hope ;
Minerva's supplicating branch I offer thee my tears. Help me in my distress. Save me from this tyranny of a slave master ; do not condemn all for the fault of a few, and let not a recent offence cancel former merits. Grant me now my request ; extreme danger ever exonerates from blame. Camillus, though
justly angered at his banishment, forebore not to succour his country when in flames. I seek not to draw thee away from Italy ; thou art enough defence for both empires. Let both have the benefit of thine illustrious arms ; let the same shield defend us and one hero work the salvation of a twofold world. "
229
in place of
FESCENNINA
DE NUPTIIS HONOPJI AUGUSTI
I. (XI. )
Princeps corusco sidere pulchrior,
Parthis sagittas tendere doctior,
eques Gelonis imperiosior,
quae digna mentis laus erit arduae ?
quae digna formae laus erit igneae ? 5 te Leda mallet quam dare Castorem :
praefert Achilli te proprio Thetis ;
victum fatetur Delos Apollinem ;
credit minorem Lydia Liberum.
tu cum per altas impiger ilices 10 praedo citatum cornipedem reges
ludentque ventis instabiles comae,
telis iacebunt sponte tuis ferae
gaudensque sacris vulneribus leo
admittet hastam morte superbior. 15 Venus reversum spernit Adonidem,
damnat reductum Cynthia Virbium. Cum post labores sub platani voles
virentis umbra vel gelido specu
torrentiorem fallere Sirium 20 et membra somno fessa resolveris :
o quantus uret tum Dryadas calor !
quot aestuantes ancipiti gradu
furtiva carpent oscula Naides !
230
FESCENNINE VERSES IN HONOUR OF THE MARRIAGE OF THE EMPEROR HONORIUS*
I (XI)
Prince, fairer than the day-star, who shootest thine arrows with an aim more sure than the Parthian rider more daring than the Geloni, what praise shall match thy lofty mind, what praise thy brilliant
Leda would rather have thee her son than Castor Thetis counts thee dearer than her
own Achilles Delos' isle admits thee
victor Lydia puts Bacchus second to thee. When in the heat of the chase thou guidest thy coursing steed amid the towering holm-oaks and thy tossing locks stream out upon the wind, the beasts of their own accord will fall before thine arrows and the lion, right gladly wounded by a prince's sacred hand, will welcome thy spear and be proud so to die. Venus scorns Adonis returned from the dead, Diana disapproves Hippolytus recalled to life.
When after thy toils thou seekest the shade of green plane-tree or shunnest Sirius' extreme heat in some cool grot and freest thy wearied limbs in sleep, what a passion of love will inflame the Dryads' hearts how many a Naiad will steal up with trembling foot and snatch an unmarked kiss Who,
The marriage of Honorius and Maria, daughter of Stilicho, took place at Milan, Feb. 398.
231
beauty
Apollo's
1
!