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account of his always suffering from ill health. He 84; August. de Civ. Dei, iv. 11 ; Festus, p. 343,
accused and obtained the condemnation of P. ed. Müller), under which she was worshipped
Sextius, praetor designatus, for bribery at the both at Lanuvium and at Rome. (Liv. xxiv.
elections. (Cic. Brut. 48. )
10, xxvii. 3, xxxii. 30; Ov. Fast. ii. 56 ; Cic.
4. M. JUNIUS, the previous defender of Cicero's de Div. i. 2. ) On their birthday women offered
client, P. Quintius, but was absent on an embassy sacrifices to Juno surnamed natalis, just as men
when Cicero spoke on behalf of Quintius, B. c. 81. sacrificed to their genius natalis (Tibull. iv. 6.
(Cic. pro Quint. 1. )
13. 15); but the general festival, which was
5. C. Junius, presided as judex quaestionis in celebrated by all the women, in hononr of Juno,
the year of Verres's praetorship, B. c. 74, in the was called Matronalia (Dict. of Ant. s. v. ), and
court which condemned Scamander, Fabricius, and took place on the 1st of March. Her protection
Oppianicus, for having attempted to poison the of women, and especially her power of making
elder Cluentius. The opinion that this verdict was them fruitful, is further alluded to in the festival
gained by bribing the judices, and, among them, Populitugia (Dict. of Ant. s. o. ) as well as in the
Junius, was so strongly believed, and excited such surname of Februlis, Februata, Februta, or Februalis.
universal indignation, that Junius, although he had (Fest. s. u. Februarius, p. 85, ed. Müller ; comp. Ov.
been aedile, and had a good prospect of obtaining Fast. ii. 441. ) Juno was further, like Saturn, the
the praetorship, was obliged to retire from public guardian of the finances, and under the name of
life altogether, and the Judiciuin Junianum became Moneta she had a temple on the Capitoline hill,
a bye-word for a corrupt and unrighteous judgment. which contained the mint. (Liv. vi. 20. ) Some
(Cic. pro Cluent. 1, 20, 27, 29, 33, c. Verr. i, 10, Romans considered Juno Moneta as identical with
61; Pseudo-Ascon. in Verr. p. 141, ed Orelli. ) Munuocúm, but this identification undoubtedly
This Junius had a son of the same name. (Pro arose from the desire of finding in the name Moneta
Cluent. 49. )
a deeper meaning than it really contains. [Moxe-
6. M. Junius, the praetor before whom Cicero Ta. ) The inost important period in a woman's life
defended D. Matrinius. (Cic. pro Cluent. 45; is that of her marriage, and, as we have already
Plin. H. N. xxxv. 10. )
remarked, she was believed especially to preside
JU’NIUS BLAESUS. [Blaests. ]
over marriage. Hence she was called Juna or
JU'NIUS CILO. [Cilo. ]
Jugalis [JUGA), und had a variety of other


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JUPITER.
659
JUPITER.
names, alluding to the various occasions on the heavens, as rain, storms, thunder and light-
which she was invoked by newly-married people, ning, whence he had the epithets of Pluvius, Ful-
such as, Domiduca, Iterduca, Pronuba, Cinxia, gurator, Tonitruulis, Tonans, Fulminator, and Se-
Prema, Pertunda, Fluonia, and Lucina. (Virg. renator. (Appul. de Mund. 37 ; Fest. s. 0. pror-
Aen. iv. 166, 457, with Serv. note; Ov. Heroid. sum; Suet. Aug. 91. ) As the pebble or fint
vi. 43; August. de Civ. Dei, vi. 7, 11, vii. 3; Amob. stone was regarded as the symbol of lightning,
iïi. 7, 25, vi. 7, 25; Fest. s. or. ) The month of Jupiter was frequently represented with such a
June, which is said to have originally been called stone in his hand instead of a thunderbolt (Amob.
Junonius, was considered to be the most favourable vi. 25); and in ancient times a flint stone was ex:*
period for marrying. (Macrob. Sat. i. 12; Ov. hibited as a symbolic representation of the god.
Fast. vi. 56. ). Juno, however, not only presided (Serv. ad Aen. viii. 641 ; August. de Civ. Dei ii.
over the fertility of marriage, but also over its in- 29. ) In concluding a treaty, the Romans took
violable sanctity, and unchastity and inordinate the sacred symbols of Jupiter, viz. the sceptre and
love of sexual pleasures were hated by the goddess. Aint stone, together with some grass from his
Hence a law of Numa ordained that a prostitute temple, and the oath taken on such an occasion
should not touch the altar of Juno, and that if she was expressed by per Jovem Lapidem jurare.
had done so, she should with dishevelled hair offer (Fest. s. v. Feretrius ; Liv. XXX. 43 ; Appul. de
a female lamb to Juno. (Gell. iv. 3. ) Women Deo Socrat. 4; Cic. ad Fam. vii. 12; Gell. i.
in childbed invoked Juno Lucina to help them 21 ; Polyb. jï. 26. ) When the country wanted
(Plaut. Aulul. iv. 7, 11 ; Plut. Quaest. Rom. 77 ; rain, the help of Jupiter was sought by a sacrifice
Propert. v. 1, 95; Amob. iii. 9, 21, 23), and called aquilicium (Tertull. Apol. 40); and respect-
after the delivery of the child, a table was laid out ing the mode of calling down lightning, see Eli-
for her in the house for a whole week (Tertull. de CIUS. These powers exercised by the god, and
Anim. 39), for newly-born children were likewise more especially the thunderbolt, which was ever at
under her protection, whence she was sometimes his command, made him the highest and most
confounded with the Greek Artemis or Eileithyia. powerful among the gods, whence he is ordinarily
(Catull. xxxiv. 13; Dionys. Hal iv. 15; comp. called the best and most high (optimus maximus),
Matuta. )
and his temple stood on the capitol ; for he, like
As Juno has all the characteristics of her hus- the Greek Zeus, loved to erect his throne on lofty
band, in so far as they refer to the female sex, she hills. (Liv. i. 10, 38, xliii. 55. ) From the capitol,
presides over all human affairs, which are based whence he derived the surnames of Capitolinus
upon justice and faithfulness, and more especially and Tarpeius, he looked down upon the forum and
over the domestic affairs, in which women are more the city, and from the Alban and sacred mounts he
particularly concerned, though public affairs were surveyed the whole of Latium (Fest. s. v. Sacer
not beyond her sphere, as we may infer from her Mons), for he was the protector of the city and
surnames of Curiatia and Populonia. [Comp. EM- the surrounding country. As such he was wor-
PANDA.
] In Etruria, where the worship of Juno shipped by the consuls on entering upon their
was very general, she bore the surname of Cupra, office, and a general returning from a campaign had
which is said to have been derived from the name first of all to offer up his thanks to Jupiter, and it
of a town, but it may be connected with the Sabine was in honour of Jupiter that the victorious ge-
word cyprus, which, according to Varro (de L. L. neral celebrated his triumph. (Liv. xxi. 63, xli.
v. 159), signified good, and also occurs in the name 32, xlii
. 49. ) The god himself was therefore
of vicus Cyprius. At Falerii, too, her worship designated by the names of Imperator, Victor,
was of great importance (Dionys. i. 21), and so Invictus, Stator, Opitulus, Feretrius, Praedator,
also at Lanuvium, Aricia, Tibur, Praeneste, and Triumphator, and the like. (Liv. i. 12, vi 29, x.
other places. (Ov. Fast. vi. 49, 59; Liv. v. 21, x. 29 ; Ov. Fast. iv. 621 ; August. de Civ. Dei, viii.
2 ; Serv. ad Aen. vii. 739; Strab. v. p. 241. ) In 11; Serv. ad Aen. iii. 223; Appul. de Mund.
the representations of the Roman Juno that have 37 ; Festus, s. v. Opitulus ; Cic. de Leg. ii. 11, in
come down to us, the type of the Greek Hera is Verr. iv. 58. ) Under all these surnames the god
commonly adopted.
[L. S. ] had temples or statues at Rome; and two temples,
JUNÓPU'LUS (JANOPULUS. )
viz. those of Jupiter Stator at the Mucian gate and
JU'PITER, or perhaps more correctly, JUP- Jupiter Feretrius, were believed to have been
PITER, a contraction of Diovis pater, or Diespiter, built in the time of Romulus. (Liv. i. 12, 41;
and Diovis or dies, which was originally identical Dionys. ï. 34, 50. ) The Roman games and the
with divum (heaven); so that Jupiter literally Feriae Latinae were celebrated to him under the
means “ the heavenly father. ” The same meaning names of Capitolinus and Latialis.
is implied in the name Lucesius or Lucerius, by Jupiter, according to the belief of the Romans,
which he was called by the Oscans, and which was determined the course of all earthly and human
often used by the poet Naevius (Serv. ad Aen. ix. affairs : he foresaw the future, and the events hap-
570; comp. Fest. s. v. Lucetium, p. 114, ed. pening in it were the results of his will. He re-
Müller; Macrob. Sat. i. 15; Gell. v. 12. ) The vealed the future to man through signs in the
corresponding name of Juno is Lucina. It is heavens and the flight of birds, which are bence
further not impossible that the forgotten name, called the messengers of Jupiter, while the god
divus pater Falacer, mentioned by Varro (de L. L. himself is designated as Prodigialis, that is, the
v. 84, vii. 45), may be the same as Jupiter, since, sender of prodigies. (Plaut. Amphitr. ii. 2, 107. )
according to Festus (s. v. falae, p. 88, ed. Müller), For the same reason Jupiter was invoked at the
falandum was the Etruscan name for heaven. The beginning of every undertaking, whether sacred or
surname of Supinalis (August. de Civ. Dei, vii. 1)) profane, together with Janus, who blessed the be-
likewise alludes to the dome of heaven.
ginning itself (August. de Civ. Dei, vii. 8 ; Liv.
As Jupiter was the lord of heaven, the Romans viii. 9 ; Cato, de R. R. 134, 14); Macrob. Sat. i.
attributed to him powe; over all the changes in 16); and rains were sacrificed to Jupiter on the
:
UU 2


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600
JUPITER.
JUSTINIANUS.
ides of every month by his flamen, while a female , bodies into which the Roman people was divided
lamb and a pig were offered to Juno on the ka- such as the gentes and curiae, were under the
lends of every month by the wife of the rex sacro- especial protection of the king and queen of the
rum. (Macrob. Sat. i. 15; Ov. Fast. i. 587 ; Fest. gods ; and so was the whole body of the Roman
8. v. Idulis Ovis. ) Another sacrifice, consisting of people, that is, the Roman state itself. The fact
a ram, was offered to Jupiter in the regia on the of Jupiter being further considered as the watchful
nundines, that is, at the beginning of every week guardian of property, is implied in his surname of
(Macrob. Sut. i. 16; Festus. s. v. nundinas) ; and Hercius (from the ancient herctum, property), and
it may be remarked in general that the first day from his being expressly called by Dionysius (ii.
of every period of time both at Rome and in La- | 74), õpios Zevs, i. e. Jupiter Terminus, or the pro-
tium was sacred to Jupiter, and marked by festi- tector of boundaries, not only of private property,
vals, sacrifices, or libations.
but of the state.
It seems to be only a necessary consequence of As Jupiter was the prince of light, the white
what has been already said, that Jupiter was con- colour was sacred to him, white animals were sa-
sidered as the guardian of law, and as the pro- crificed to him, his chariot was believed to be
tector of justice and virtue: he maintained the drawn by four white horses, his priests wore
sanctity of an oath, and presided over all trans- white cnps, and the consuls were attired in white
actions which were based upon faithfulness and when they offered sacrifices in the capitol the day
justice. Hence Fides was his companion on the they entered on their office. (Festus, s. v. alboya-
capitol, along with Victoria ; and hence a traitor lerum pileum. ) When the Romans became ac-
to his country, and persons guilty of perjury, were quainted with the religion of the Greeks, they
thrown down the Tarpeian rock. Faithfulness is naturally identified Jupiter with Zeus, and after-
manifested in the internal relations of the state, as wards with the Egyptian Ammon, and in their
well as in its connections with foreign powers, and representations of the god they likewise adopted
in both respects Jupiter was regarded as its pro- the type of the Greek Zeus. [Zeus ; comp. Har-
Hence Jupiter and Juno were the guar- tung, Die Relig. der Röm. vol. ii. p. 8, &c. ) (L. S. ]
dians of the bond of marriage ; and when the har- JUSTI'NA. (VALENTINIANUS. )
mony between husband and wife was disturbed, JUSTINIANUS, I. FLAVIUS ANI'CIUS,
it was restored by Juno, surnamed Conciliatrix or surnamed MAGNUS, or The Great, emperor of
Viriplaca, who had a sanctuary on the Palatine. ConstANTINOPLE and Rome from A. D. 527 to
(Fest. s. v. Conciliatrix ; Val. Max. ii. 1. $ 6. ) 565. His descent and family connections are given
Not only the family, however, but all the political in the following genealogical table :
tector.
A Gothic farmer or shepherd.
1
JUSTINUS I. , FLAVIUS ANICIUS,
born A. D. 450 ; emperor in
518 ; died in 527 without
issue.
BIGLENZA, Latinised
VIGILANTIA ; m.
Istocus, Latinised
Sabatius.
A son.
JUSTINIANUS, Flavius ANICIUS, VIGILANTIA,
born probably in 483 (see the m. Dulcis-
text below); adopted by the simus.
emperor Justinus I. in 520 ;
emperor 527 ; died 14th of
November, 565; m. Theodora,
1. BARAIDES.
who died in 548, and by whom
he left no issue. Some illegi-
timate children are mentioned.
1
STUS.
2.
3. GERMANUS, Patricius,
a great general, died 541;
m. 1. Pessara ; 2. Ma-
thasuenta, daughter of
Eutharic, king of the East
Goths, and the celebrated
queen Amalasuntha.
1
1. JUSTINUS II. , Flavius
ANICIUS, surnamed
THRAX, emperor 565;
died 5th of October,
578; m. Sophia, niece
of the empress Theo-
dora.
2. BIDURIUS,
BADUARIUS,
or BAUDURIUS,
Curopalata ? , m.
Arabia? .
-3. MARCELLUS.
-1. JUSTINUS, 3.