,
Professor of Literature, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, New York City.
Professor of Literature, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, New York City.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v22 - Sac to Sha
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Title: Library of the world's best literature, ancient and modern;
Charles Dudley Warner, editor; Hamilton Wright Mabie, Lucia
Gilbert Runkle, George H. Warner, associate editors . . .
Publisher: New York, R. S. Peale and J. A. Hill [c1896-97]
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## p. 12587 (#1) ############################################
INDINIA
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Lit 2020,18
VERI
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barvard College Library
FROM
the library of
Prof. Charles S. Thomas
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## p. 12589 (#3) ############################################
## p. 12590 (#4) ############################################
T
## p. 12591 (#5) ############################################
!
## p. 12592 (#6) ############################################
SHAKESPEARE.
## p. 12593 (#7) ############################################
LIBRARY
TORLD'S BEST
↑
Ancient 3. 0
CH FLA
VOL
1.
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AND
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+
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LIBRARY
OF THE
WORLD'S BEST LITERATURE
Ancient and Modern
CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER
EDITOR
HAMILTON WRIGHT MABIE, LUCIA GILBERT RUNKLE,
GEORGE H. WARNER
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
THIRTY VOLUMES
VOL. XXII
NEW YORK
R. S. PEALE AND J. A. HILL
PUBLISHERS
## p. 12596 (#10) ###########################################
3. /2
HARVARD
UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
COPYRIGHT 1897
BY R. S. PEALE AND J. A. HILL
All rights reserved
ME WERNER
PRINTERS
COMPANY
BINDERS
47
7. 1?
1
矚
1
## p. 12597 (#11) ###########################################
THE ADVISORY COUNCIL
CRAWFORD H. TOY, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Professor of Hebrew, HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Cambridge, Mass.
THOMAS R. LOUNSBURY, LL. D. , L. H. D. ,
Professor of English in the Sheffield Scientific School of
YALE UNIVERSITY, New Haven, Conn.
WILLIAM M. SLOANE, PH. D. , L. H. D. ,
Professor of History and Political Science,
BRANDER MATTHEWS, A. M. , LL. B. ,
Professor of Literature, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, New York City.
JAMES B. ANGELL, LL. D. ,
President of the
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, Princeton, N. J.
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Ann Arbor, Mich.
WILLARD FISKE, A. M. , PH. D. ,
Late Professor of the Germanic and Scandinavian Languages
and Literatures,
CORNELL UNIVERSITY, Ithaca, N. Y.
EDWARD S. HOLDEN, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Director of the Lick Observatory, and Astronomer,
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Berkeley, Cal.
ALCÉE FORTIER, LIT. D. ,
Professor of the Romance Languages,
TULANE UNIVERSITY, New Orleans, La.
WILLIAM P. TRENT, M. A. ,
Dean of the Department of Arts and Sciences, and Professor of
English and History,
UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH, Sewanee, Tenn.
PAUL SHOREY, PH. D. ,
Professor of Greek and Latin Literature,
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, Chicago, Ill.
WILLIAM T. HARRIS, LL. D. ,
United States Commissioner of Education,
BUREAU OF EDUCATION, Washington, D. C.
MAURICE FRANCIS EGAN, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Professor of Literature in the
CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA, Washington, D. C.
## p. 12598 (#12) ###########################################
1
## p. 12599 (#13) ###########################################
HANS SACHS
SA'Dİ
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Tale.
VOL. XXII
BY CHARLES HARVEY GENUNG
Under the Pressure of Care or Poverty
The Nightingale of Wittenberg
The Unlike Children of Eve: How God the Lord Talks
to Them
How the Devil took to Himself an Old Wife
A Meditation (Garden of Perfume')
The Orphan (same)
LIVED
1494-1576
(1184-1291? )
BY A. V. WILLIAMS JACKSON
Humility (same)
Moral Education and Self-Control (same)
Keep Your Own Secret (same)
Bringing up a Son (same)
Humanity (same)
Sa'di and the Ring (same)
Sa'di at the Grave of his Child (same)
Sa'di the Captive Gets a Wife (Rose Garden')
How the Student Saved Time (same)
A Powerful Voice (same)
A Valuable Voice (same)
For God's Sake! Read Not (same)
The Grass and the Rose (same)
A Witty Philosopher Rewarded (same)
The Penalty of Stupidity (same)
The Death of the Poor is Repose (same)
Thy Worst Enemy (same)
PAGE
12609
12634
## p. 12600 (#14) ###########################################
SA'DI Continued:
――――
Maxims (Rose Garden')
Shabli and the Ant ('Garden of Perfume')
Sa'di's Interview with Sultan Abāqā-ān ('The Risalahs')
Supplication (Garden of Perfume')
Be Content (Rose Garden')
CHARLES AUGUSTIN SAINTE-BEUVE
vi
JOSEPH XAVIER BONIFACE SAINTINE
From
Picciola'
BERNARDIN DE SAINT-PIERRE
BY BENJAMIN W. WELLS
A Critic's Account of his Own Critical Method ('Nou-
veaux Lundis')
Alfred de Musset ('Causeries du Lundi')
Goethe: and Bettina Brentano (Portraits of Men')
1798-1865
1737-1814
The Home in Martinique (Paul and Virginia')
The Shipwreck (same)
A Paragon of Politeness (same)
A Modern Harpy (same)
ADAM DE SAINT VICTOR
DUKE OF SAINT-SIMON (Louis de Rouvroy) 1675-1755
The Marriage (Memoirs')
The Portrait (same)
Madame de Maintenon at the Review (same)
LIVED
1804-1869
SAINT FRANCIS DE SALES
BY MAURICE FRANCIS EGAN
De Resurrectione Domine
Translation of the Preceding
De Sancto Spiritu (On the Holy Spirit)
Twelfth Century
BY Y. BLAZE DE BURY
1567-1622
St. Paul's Admirable Exhortation to the Supernatural and
Ecstatic Life ('A Treatise on the Love of God')
An Account of the Extraordinary Death of a Gentleman
who Died of Love on Mount Olivet (same)
PAGE
12659
12678
12695
12709
12727
12732
## p. 12601 (#15) ###########################################
vii
SALLUST (Gaius Sallustius Crispus)
Catiline and his Plot (History of Catiline's Conspiracy')
Catiline's Address to his Soldiers before the Battle of
Pistoria (same)
A Numidian Defeat (History of the War against Ju-
gurtha')
Speech of Marius (same)
GEORGE SAND (Baronne Dudevant: Born Amantine Lu-
cile Aurore Dupin)
1804-1876
Lélia
A Traveler's Letters
BY TH. BENTZON (MADAME THÉRÈSE BLANC)
The Convent of the English Augustines (Story of my
Life')
Simon
François the Field-Foundling (François le Champi')
The Budding Author (Story of my Life')
LÉONARD SYLVAIN JULES SANDEAU
LIVED
86? -34? B. C.
SAPPHO
1811-1883
How the History of Penarvan was Written (The House
of Penarvan')
To Aphrodite
To the Beloved
FRANCISQUE SARCEY
JOSEPH VICTOR VON SCHEFFEL
612 B. C. -?
BY THOMAS DAVIDSON
1828-
How a Lecture is Prepared (Recollections of Middle
Life')
Further Hints on Lecturing (same)
1826-1886
Rejection and Flight (Ekkehard')
Song of the Ichthyosaurus (Gaudeamus')
Declaration and Departure (The Trumpeter of Säk-
kingen ')
Song: Farewell (same)
Songs of Hiddigeigei, the Tom-Cat (same)
PAGE
12743
12759
12806
12817
12825
12837
## p. 12602 (#16) ###########################################
EDMOND SCHERER
BY VICTOR CHARBONNEL
The Eighteenth Century (From Review of Woman in the
Eighteenth Century' by the Goncourts)
JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH SCHILLER
To Laura (Rapture)
The Knight Toggenburg
The Sharing of the Earth
The Best State
German Art
The Maiden's Lament
The Maiden from Afar
Punch Song
Worth of Women
Riddles -
(1) The Rainbow
(2) The Moon and Stars
FRIEDRICH VON SCHLEGEL
viii
BY E. P. EVANS
ARTHUR SCHOPENHAUER
From
LIVED
1815-1889
The Iconoclasts (History of the Revolt of the United
Netherlands': date 1556)
The Last Interview of Orange with Egmont (same: date
1567)
On the Esthetic Education of Man (Extract from Letter
No. 9)
The World as Will
and Idea'
On Books and Reading
OLIVE SCHREINER
1759-1805
The Power of Song
Hymn to Joy
The Gods of Greece
The Artists
1772-1829
Of Romance: Spenser and Shakespeare (Lectures on the
History of Literature')
The Epic Hexameter
The Distich
Extracts from The Song of
the Bell'
My Creed
Kant and his Interpreters
From
Wallenstein's Death'
BY WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE
1788–1860
PAGE
12865
On Criticism
On Authorship
The Value of Personality
1867-
Shadows from Child Life (Story of an African Farm'):
The Watch; The Sacrifice; The Confession
Three Dreams in a Desert (Dreams')
12877
12913
12923
12957
"
## p. 12603 (#17) ###########################################
ix
CARL SCHURZ
SIR WALTER SCOTT
BY JAMES FORD RHODES
Clay the Citizen (Life of Henry Clay')
Clay the Statesman (same)
Two Popular Leaders (same)
The First American ('Abraham Lincoln: an Essay')
1771-1832
BY ANDREW LANG
LIVED
1829-
The meeting of Jeanie and Effie Deans (The Heart of
Mid-Lothian')
Cheapening Fish: and the Village Post-Office ('Antiquary')
The Covenanter (Old Mortality')
A Royal Rival (Kenilworth')
The Tournament ('Ivanhoe ')
The Hermit - Friar Tuck (same)
Richard and Saladin (The Talisman')
The Last Minstrel (Prelude to the 'Lay of the Last
Minstrel')
Song: Brignall Banks (Rokeby')
Bonny Dundee
Flora MacIvor's Song
AUGUSTIN EUGÈNE SCRIBE
Merlin's Pet Fairy
The Price of Life
JOHN SELDEN
Lochinvar (Marmion ')
Ellen Douglas's Bower ('Lady of the Lake')
The Disclosure (same)
Song: Jock o' Hazeldean
Highland Song: Pibroch of Donuil Dhu
The Ballad of the Red Harlaw ('Antiquary')
1791-1861
PAGE
12974
1584-1654
From the Table-Talk': The Scriptures; The Bishops;
Books; Ceremony; Clergy; The House of Commons;
Competency; Conscience; Consecrated Places; Councils;
Devils; Friends; Humility; Jews; The King; The Court
of England; Language; Libels; Marriage; Measure of
Things; Number; Oaths; Opinion; Peace; Pleasure;
Prayer; Preaching; Preferment; Reason; Religion;
Thanksgiving; Wife; Wisdom
12995
13083
13099
## p. 12604 (#18) ###########################################
ÉTIENNE PIVERT DE SENANCOur
Alpine Scenery (Obermann')
Conditions of Happiness (same)
Obermann's Isolation (same)
SENECA
X
MATILDE SERAO
Time Wasted
Independence in Action.
Praises of the Rival School in Philosophy
Inconsistency
On Leisure (Otium)
Accommodation to Circumstances
ABOUT 4 B. C. -65 A. D.
From 'A Midsummer Night's Dream'
The Boarding-School (Fantasy")
The Schoolgirls' Vow (same)
SHAKESPEARE (THE POET)
LIVED
1770-1846
MADAME DE SÉVIGNÉ
Letters:
To her Cousin, M. de Coulanges, Dec. 15th, 1670; Dec.
19th, 1670
To her Daughter, Madame de Grignan, March 24th,
1671; April 24th, 1671; April 26th, 1671; Sept. 30th,
1671; March 16th, 1672; Dec. 20th, 1672; Oct. 5th,
1673; Dec. 8th, 1673; Dec. 25th, 1673; Jan. 5th, 1674
1564-1616
BY EDWARD DOWDEN
Ariel (The Tempest')
Ariel's Songs (same)
SHAKESPEARE (THE MAN AND the Actor)
BY JOHN MALONE
1856-
1627-1696
Marriage Song (same)
Sylvia (Two Gentlemen of Verona)
Falstaff Tormented by the Supposed Fairies (Merry
Wives of Windsor'
Song: Take, oh! Take (Measure for Measure')
Balthazar's Song (Much Ado about Nothing')
Lady Hero's Epitaph (same)
PAGE
13111
13119
13133
13153
13167
## p. 12605 (#19) ###########################################
xi
SHAKESPEARE Continued:
――
White and Red ('Love's Labour's Lost')
Love's Rhapsody (same)
Song: Spring and Winter (same)
Puck: (Midsummer Night's Dream')
The Diversions of the Fairies (same)
The Fairies' Wedding Charm (same)
Where is Fancy Bred (Merchant of Venice')
Under the Greenwood Tree ('As You Like It')
Blow, Blow, Thou Winter Wind (same)
Love in Springtime (same)
One in Ten (All's Well that Ends Well')
Sweet and Twenty (Twelfth Night')
Love's Lament (same)
The Rain it Raineth (same)
When Daffodils Begin to Peer (Winter's Tale')
What Maids Lack (same)
Sweet Music (King Henry VIII. ')
Doubt Not (Hamlet')
Dead and Gone (same)
Ophelia's Lament (same)
In the Church-Yard (same)
Iago's Soldier-Songs ('Othello")
Desdemona's Last Song (same)
Hark! Hark! the Lark (Cymbeline")
Fear No More (same)
Time's Glory (Rape of Lucrece')
Sonnets
Crabbed Age and Youth (The Passionate Pilgrim')
Beauty (same)
Live with Me (same)
The Merry Month of May (same)
## p. 12606 (#20) ###########################################
## p. 12607 (#21) ###########################################
LIST OF PORTRAITS
IN VOL. XXII
Hans Sachs
Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve
Joseph Xavier Boniface Saintine
Bernardin de Saint-Pierre
Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus)
George Sand
Jules Sandeau
Sappho
Francisque Sarcey
Joseph Victor von Scheffel
Johann Christoph Friedrich Schiller
Friedrich von Schlegel
Arthur Schopenhauer
Olive Schreiner
Carl Schurz
Sir Walter Scott
Augustin Eugène Scribe
John Selden
Seneca
Madame De Sévigné
Shakespeare
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Full page
Full page
## p. 12608 (#22) ###########################################
## p. 12609 (#23) ###########################################
12609
HANS SACHS
(1494-1576)
BY CHARLES HARVEY GENUNG
ETWEEN the brilliant age of Walther von der Vogelweide and
the classic period of Goethe, the most national as well as
the most winsome figure in the annals of German literature
is Hans Sachs. He was a complete abstract of what his time actually
contained, although he lacked the prophetic vision to see that he
was living at the dawn of a new era. He represented the sixteenth
century, and combined in himself all the
homely virtues and amiable limitations of
the burghers, who constituted the democ-
racy in which the modern world took its
rise. He was born on November 5th, 1494,
at Nuremberg. His father was a tailor,
and from the first Hans was destined for a
trade. In his seventh year, nevertheless, he
was sent to a Latin school, and passed
through a rigid course of instruction. The
knowledge thus acquired kept alive his
sympathy with the Humanists, although he
was himself deflected into the intellectually
reactionary movement of Luther. At the
age of fifteen he was apprenticed to a shoe-
maker, and it was from a linen-weaver that he received his first
lessons in the mastersinger's art. In 1511 he went forth upon his
travels as a journeyman; but upon his return five years later he
settled in his native town, and there lived to celebrate his eighty-
first birthday. He died on January 19th, 1576. During these sixty
years he seems never to have left Nuremberg. His life ran the hon-
orable, uneventful course of a citizen diligent in business and pros-
perous. He became master in his guild in 1517. In 1519 he married
Kunigunde Kreuzer, who was so entirely a woman of human mold
that in 'The Bitter-Sweet of Wedded Life,' Sachs is obliged to
describe her by antitheses,- she was all things to him, at once his
woe and weal; but the simple pathos of his sorrow when she died,
in 1560, is very touching. Untrue, however, to the cautious principles
XXII-789
HANS SACHS
## p. 12610 (#24) ###########################################
12610
HANS SACHS
that Wagner has put into his mouth, the real Sachs married, one
year and a half after his first wife's death, a widow of twenty-seven,
whose charms he celebrates in song with refreshing frankness. He
was then a hale and healthy man of sixty-eight. He continued to
write with unremitting energy until 1573. His mastersongs numbered
between four and five thousand; of tales and farces there were some
seventeen hundred, besides two hundred and eight dramas. These
writings filled thirty-four manuscript volumes, of which twenty have
been preserved. Three volumes of a handsome folio edition of his
complete works appeared before his death, and two more afterwards.
This in itself is an evidence of the high esteem in which he was
held. No citizen of Nuremberg except Dürer ever won more honor-
able distinction in the annals of that ancient city than
"Hans Sachs, the Shoe-
Maker and Poet, too. "
The rise of cities, and of the bourgeoisie, had placed Germany in
the front rank of commercial nations. For the products of the Orient,
coming by way of Venice to the west, Nuremberg had become the
mart and dépôt. With material wealth came luxury for merchants
as well as nobles, and a higher cultivation in the arts of living.
Through the Humanistic movement and the Reformation, Germany
also assumed the spiritual leadership of Europe. Everywhere there
was a deepening of the national consciousness. Of all these elements
in their clearest manifestations, Hans Sachs was the representative.
,
Professor of Literature, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, New York City.
JAMES B. ANGELL, LL. D. ,
President of the
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, Princeton, N. J.
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Ann Arbor, Mich.
WILLARD FISKE, A. M. , PH. D. ,
Late Professor of the Germanic and Scandinavian Languages
and Literatures,
CORNELL UNIVERSITY, Ithaca, N. Y.
EDWARD S. HOLDEN, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Director of the Lick Observatory, and Astronomer,
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Berkeley, Cal.
ALCÉE FORTIER, LIT. D. ,
Professor of the Romance Languages,
TULANE UNIVERSITY, New Orleans, La.
WILLIAM P. TRENT, M. A. ,
Dean of the Department of Arts and Sciences, and Professor of
English and History,
UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH, Sewanee, Tenn.
PAUL SHOREY, PH. D. ,
Professor of Greek and Latin Literature,
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, Chicago, Ill.
WILLIAM T. HARRIS, LL. D. ,
United States Commissioner of Education,
BUREAU OF EDUCATION, Washington, D. C.
MAURICE FRANCIS EGAN, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Professor of Literature in the
CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA, Washington, D. C.
## p. 12598 (#12) ###########################################
1
## p. 12599 (#13) ###########################################
HANS SACHS
SA'Dİ
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Tale.
VOL. XXII
BY CHARLES HARVEY GENUNG
Under the Pressure of Care or Poverty
The Nightingale of Wittenberg
The Unlike Children of Eve: How God the Lord Talks
to Them
How the Devil took to Himself an Old Wife
A Meditation (Garden of Perfume')
The Orphan (same)
LIVED
1494-1576
(1184-1291? )
BY A. V. WILLIAMS JACKSON
Humility (same)
Moral Education and Self-Control (same)
Keep Your Own Secret (same)
Bringing up a Son (same)
Humanity (same)
Sa'di and the Ring (same)
Sa'di at the Grave of his Child (same)
Sa'di the Captive Gets a Wife (Rose Garden')
How the Student Saved Time (same)
A Powerful Voice (same)
A Valuable Voice (same)
For God's Sake! Read Not (same)
The Grass and the Rose (same)
A Witty Philosopher Rewarded (same)
The Penalty of Stupidity (same)
The Death of the Poor is Repose (same)
Thy Worst Enemy (same)
PAGE
12609
12634
## p. 12600 (#14) ###########################################
SA'DI Continued:
――――
Maxims (Rose Garden')
Shabli and the Ant ('Garden of Perfume')
Sa'di's Interview with Sultan Abāqā-ān ('The Risalahs')
Supplication (Garden of Perfume')
Be Content (Rose Garden')
CHARLES AUGUSTIN SAINTE-BEUVE
vi
JOSEPH XAVIER BONIFACE SAINTINE
From
Picciola'
BERNARDIN DE SAINT-PIERRE
BY BENJAMIN W. WELLS
A Critic's Account of his Own Critical Method ('Nou-
veaux Lundis')
Alfred de Musset ('Causeries du Lundi')
Goethe: and Bettina Brentano (Portraits of Men')
1798-1865
1737-1814
The Home in Martinique (Paul and Virginia')
The Shipwreck (same)
A Paragon of Politeness (same)
A Modern Harpy (same)
ADAM DE SAINT VICTOR
DUKE OF SAINT-SIMON (Louis de Rouvroy) 1675-1755
The Marriage (Memoirs')
The Portrait (same)
Madame de Maintenon at the Review (same)
LIVED
1804-1869
SAINT FRANCIS DE SALES
BY MAURICE FRANCIS EGAN
De Resurrectione Domine
Translation of the Preceding
De Sancto Spiritu (On the Holy Spirit)
Twelfth Century
BY Y. BLAZE DE BURY
1567-1622
St. Paul's Admirable Exhortation to the Supernatural and
Ecstatic Life ('A Treatise on the Love of God')
An Account of the Extraordinary Death of a Gentleman
who Died of Love on Mount Olivet (same)
PAGE
12659
12678
12695
12709
12727
12732
## p. 12601 (#15) ###########################################
vii
SALLUST (Gaius Sallustius Crispus)
Catiline and his Plot (History of Catiline's Conspiracy')
Catiline's Address to his Soldiers before the Battle of
Pistoria (same)
A Numidian Defeat (History of the War against Ju-
gurtha')
Speech of Marius (same)
GEORGE SAND (Baronne Dudevant: Born Amantine Lu-
cile Aurore Dupin)
1804-1876
Lélia
A Traveler's Letters
BY TH. BENTZON (MADAME THÉRÈSE BLANC)
The Convent of the English Augustines (Story of my
Life')
Simon
François the Field-Foundling (François le Champi')
The Budding Author (Story of my Life')
LÉONARD SYLVAIN JULES SANDEAU
LIVED
86? -34? B. C.
SAPPHO
1811-1883
How the History of Penarvan was Written (The House
of Penarvan')
To Aphrodite
To the Beloved
FRANCISQUE SARCEY
JOSEPH VICTOR VON SCHEFFEL
612 B. C. -?
BY THOMAS DAVIDSON
1828-
How a Lecture is Prepared (Recollections of Middle
Life')
Further Hints on Lecturing (same)
1826-1886
Rejection and Flight (Ekkehard')
Song of the Ichthyosaurus (Gaudeamus')
Declaration and Departure (The Trumpeter of Säk-
kingen ')
Song: Farewell (same)
Songs of Hiddigeigei, the Tom-Cat (same)
PAGE
12743
12759
12806
12817
12825
12837
## p. 12602 (#16) ###########################################
EDMOND SCHERER
BY VICTOR CHARBONNEL
The Eighteenth Century (From Review of Woman in the
Eighteenth Century' by the Goncourts)
JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH SCHILLER
To Laura (Rapture)
The Knight Toggenburg
The Sharing of the Earth
The Best State
German Art
The Maiden's Lament
The Maiden from Afar
Punch Song
Worth of Women
Riddles -
(1) The Rainbow
(2) The Moon and Stars
FRIEDRICH VON SCHLEGEL
viii
BY E. P. EVANS
ARTHUR SCHOPENHAUER
From
LIVED
1815-1889
The Iconoclasts (History of the Revolt of the United
Netherlands': date 1556)
The Last Interview of Orange with Egmont (same: date
1567)
On the Esthetic Education of Man (Extract from Letter
No. 9)
The World as Will
and Idea'
On Books and Reading
OLIVE SCHREINER
1759-1805
The Power of Song
Hymn to Joy
The Gods of Greece
The Artists
1772-1829
Of Romance: Spenser and Shakespeare (Lectures on the
History of Literature')
The Epic Hexameter
The Distich
Extracts from The Song of
the Bell'
My Creed
Kant and his Interpreters
From
Wallenstein's Death'
BY WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE
1788–1860
PAGE
12865
On Criticism
On Authorship
The Value of Personality
1867-
Shadows from Child Life (Story of an African Farm'):
The Watch; The Sacrifice; The Confession
Three Dreams in a Desert (Dreams')
12877
12913
12923
12957
"
## p. 12603 (#17) ###########################################
ix
CARL SCHURZ
SIR WALTER SCOTT
BY JAMES FORD RHODES
Clay the Citizen (Life of Henry Clay')
Clay the Statesman (same)
Two Popular Leaders (same)
The First American ('Abraham Lincoln: an Essay')
1771-1832
BY ANDREW LANG
LIVED
1829-
The meeting of Jeanie and Effie Deans (The Heart of
Mid-Lothian')
Cheapening Fish: and the Village Post-Office ('Antiquary')
The Covenanter (Old Mortality')
A Royal Rival (Kenilworth')
The Tournament ('Ivanhoe ')
The Hermit - Friar Tuck (same)
Richard and Saladin (The Talisman')
The Last Minstrel (Prelude to the 'Lay of the Last
Minstrel')
Song: Brignall Banks (Rokeby')
Bonny Dundee
Flora MacIvor's Song
AUGUSTIN EUGÈNE SCRIBE
Merlin's Pet Fairy
The Price of Life
JOHN SELDEN
Lochinvar (Marmion ')
Ellen Douglas's Bower ('Lady of the Lake')
The Disclosure (same)
Song: Jock o' Hazeldean
Highland Song: Pibroch of Donuil Dhu
The Ballad of the Red Harlaw ('Antiquary')
1791-1861
PAGE
12974
1584-1654
From the Table-Talk': The Scriptures; The Bishops;
Books; Ceremony; Clergy; The House of Commons;
Competency; Conscience; Consecrated Places; Councils;
Devils; Friends; Humility; Jews; The King; The Court
of England; Language; Libels; Marriage; Measure of
Things; Number; Oaths; Opinion; Peace; Pleasure;
Prayer; Preaching; Preferment; Reason; Religion;
Thanksgiving; Wife; Wisdom
12995
13083
13099
## p. 12604 (#18) ###########################################
ÉTIENNE PIVERT DE SENANCOur
Alpine Scenery (Obermann')
Conditions of Happiness (same)
Obermann's Isolation (same)
SENECA
X
MATILDE SERAO
Time Wasted
Independence in Action.
Praises of the Rival School in Philosophy
Inconsistency
On Leisure (Otium)
Accommodation to Circumstances
ABOUT 4 B. C. -65 A. D.
From 'A Midsummer Night's Dream'
The Boarding-School (Fantasy")
The Schoolgirls' Vow (same)
SHAKESPEARE (THE POET)
LIVED
1770-1846
MADAME DE SÉVIGNÉ
Letters:
To her Cousin, M. de Coulanges, Dec. 15th, 1670; Dec.
19th, 1670
To her Daughter, Madame de Grignan, March 24th,
1671; April 24th, 1671; April 26th, 1671; Sept. 30th,
1671; March 16th, 1672; Dec. 20th, 1672; Oct. 5th,
1673; Dec. 8th, 1673; Dec. 25th, 1673; Jan. 5th, 1674
1564-1616
BY EDWARD DOWDEN
Ariel (The Tempest')
Ariel's Songs (same)
SHAKESPEARE (THE MAN AND the Actor)
BY JOHN MALONE
1856-
1627-1696
Marriage Song (same)
Sylvia (Two Gentlemen of Verona)
Falstaff Tormented by the Supposed Fairies (Merry
Wives of Windsor'
Song: Take, oh! Take (Measure for Measure')
Balthazar's Song (Much Ado about Nothing')
Lady Hero's Epitaph (same)
PAGE
13111
13119
13133
13153
13167
## p. 12605 (#19) ###########################################
xi
SHAKESPEARE Continued:
――
White and Red ('Love's Labour's Lost')
Love's Rhapsody (same)
Song: Spring and Winter (same)
Puck: (Midsummer Night's Dream')
The Diversions of the Fairies (same)
The Fairies' Wedding Charm (same)
Where is Fancy Bred (Merchant of Venice')
Under the Greenwood Tree ('As You Like It')
Blow, Blow, Thou Winter Wind (same)
Love in Springtime (same)
One in Ten (All's Well that Ends Well')
Sweet and Twenty (Twelfth Night')
Love's Lament (same)
The Rain it Raineth (same)
When Daffodils Begin to Peer (Winter's Tale')
What Maids Lack (same)
Sweet Music (King Henry VIII. ')
Doubt Not (Hamlet')
Dead and Gone (same)
Ophelia's Lament (same)
In the Church-Yard (same)
Iago's Soldier-Songs ('Othello")
Desdemona's Last Song (same)
Hark! Hark! the Lark (Cymbeline")
Fear No More (same)
Time's Glory (Rape of Lucrece')
Sonnets
Crabbed Age and Youth (The Passionate Pilgrim')
Beauty (same)
Live with Me (same)
The Merry Month of May (same)
## p. 12606 (#20) ###########################################
## p. 12607 (#21) ###########################################
LIST OF PORTRAITS
IN VOL. XXII
Hans Sachs
Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve
Joseph Xavier Boniface Saintine
Bernardin de Saint-Pierre
Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus)
George Sand
Jules Sandeau
Sappho
Francisque Sarcey
Joseph Victor von Scheffel
Johann Christoph Friedrich Schiller
Friedrich von Schlegel
Arthur Schopenhauer
Olive Schreiner
Carl Schurz
Sir Walter Scott
Augustin Eugène Scribe
John Selden
Seneca
Madame De Sévigné
Shakespeare
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Full page
Full page
## p. 12608 (#22) ###########################################
## p. 12609 (#23) ###########################################
12609
HANS SACHS
(1494-1576)
BY CHARLES HARVEY GENUNG
ETWEEN the brilliant age of Walther von der Vogelweide and
the classic period of Goethe, the most national as well as
the most winsome figure in the annals of German literature
is Hans Sachs. He was a complete abstract of what his time actually
contained, although he lacked the prophetic vision to see that he
was living at the dawn of a new era. He represented the sixteenth
century, and combined in himself all the
homely virtues and amiable limitations of
the burghers, who constituted the democ-
racy in which the modern world took its
rise. He was born on November 5th, 1494,
at Nuremberg. His father was a tailor,
and from the first Hans was destined for a
trade. In his seventh year, nevertheless, he
was sent to a Latin school, and passed
through a rigid course of instruction. The
knowledge thus acquired kept alive his
sympathy with the Humanists, although he
was himself deflected into the intellectually
reactionary movement of Luther. At the
age of fifteen he was apprenticed to a shoe-
maker, and it was from a linen-weaver that he received his first
lessons in the mastersinger's art. In 1511 he went forth upon his
travels as a journeyman; but upon his return five years later he
settled in his native town, and there lived to celebrate his eighty-
first birthday. He died on January 19th, 1576. During these sixty
years he seems never to have left Nuremberg. His life ran the hon-
orable, uneventful course of a citizen diligent in business and pros-
perous. He became master in his guild in 1517. In 1519 he married
Kunigunde Kreuzer, who was so entirely a woman of human mold
that in 'The Bitter-Sweet of Wedded Life,' Sachs is obliged to
describe her by antitheses,- she was all things to him, at once his
woe and weal; but the simple pathos of his sorrow when she died,
in 1560, is very touching. Untrue, however, to the cautious principles
XXII-789
HANS SACHS
## p. 12610 (#24) ###########################################
12610
HANS SACHS
that Wagner has put into his mouth, the real Sachs married, one
year and a half after his first wife's death, a widow of twenty-seven,
whose charms he celebrates in song with refreshing frankness. He
was then a hale and healthy man of sixty-eight. He continued to
write with unremitting energy until 1573. His mastersongs numbered
between four and five thousand; of tales and farces there were some
seventeen hundred, besides two hundred and eight dramas. These
writings filled thirty-four manuscript volumes, of which twenty have
been preserved. Three volumes of a handsome folio edition of his
complete works appeared before his death, and two more afterwards.
This in itself is an evidence of the high esteem in which he was
held. No citizen of Nuremberg except Dürer ever won more honor-
able distinction in the annals of that ancient city than
"Hans Sachs, the Shoe-
Maker and Poet, too. "
The rise of cities, and of the bourgeoisie, had placed Germany in
the front rank of commercial nations. For the products of the Orient,
coming by way of Venice to the west, Nuremberg had become the
mart and dépôt. With material wealth came luxury for merchants
as well as nobles, and a higher cultivation in the arts of living.
Through the Humanistic movement and the Reformation, Germany
also assumed the spiritual leadership of Europe. Everywhere there
was a deepening of the national consciousness. Of all these elements
in their clearest manifestations, Hans Sachs was the representative.
He was the type of the well-to-do, patriarchal citizen of the wealthi-
est among German cities. He had had glimpses of the austere charms
of scholarship, and had himself translated Reuchlin's 'Henno' and
Macropedius's 'Hecastus. ' The Humanists therefore, although their
successors despised the cobbler-bard, spoke to him in an intelligible
tongue. And he stood in the forefront of the Reformation. Finally,
Sachs was wholly and quintessentially German. In him that "incom-
prehensible century" found its most complete and characteristic ex-
pression.
And yet, although it was in the full flower of that municipal
democracy that the seed of our modern civilization lay, Hans Sachs
was a mediæval man. It is in this respect that he, and even Luther,
were inferior to men like Dürer, Hutten, and Reuchlin. The Reforma-
tion was a matter of ecclesiastical administration: it marked no im-
portant intellectual advance. The man of the sixteenth century was
interested in the Here and Now; he delighted in his daily life, and it
presented no problems; theology was accepted as a fact, and no ques-
tions were asked. It was only in the souls of the Humanists that the
future lay mirrored; and it was through them that the revival of the
## p. 12611 (#25) ###########################################
HANS SACHS
12611
eighteenth century was made possible. Sachs was the last of a pass-
ing generation. He did indeed advance the German drama until it
far surpassed the contemporary drama of England; but he left behind
him only the banal imitator of the English, Jacob Ayrer: while in
England, before Sachs died, Shakespeare had been born. In Sachs
the literary traditions of three centuries came to an end. Walther
von der Vogelweide had lived to deplore the gradual degradation of
courtly poetry: the peasants' life and love became the poet's theme.
In the years that followed, it sank into hopeless vulgarity. From this
it was rescued by Sachs. But the world meanwhile had traveled a
long road: poetry had left the court and castle for the cottage and
the chapel; the praise of women was superseded by the praise of
God. It is a striking contrast between the knightly figure of Wal-
ther, with the exquisite music of his love lyrics, and the dignified
but simple shoemaker, with the tame jog-trot of his homely couplets.
But Walther was chief among the twelve masters whose traditions
the mastersingers pretended to preserve; and the mastersong itself
was the mechanical attempt of a matter-of-fact age to reproduce the
melodious beauty of the old minnesang. Thus Hans Sachs, the great-
est of the mastersingers, was in a sense the last of the minnesingers;
and German literature, which had waited three centuries, had two
more yet to wait before it should again bloom as in those dazzling
days of the Hohenstaufen bards.
Hans Sachs was a most prolific and many-sided poet. Before his
twentieth year he had fulfilled the exacting conditions of the master-
singers, and had invented a new air, which, after the affected manner of
the guild, he called 'Die Silberweise' (Silver Air). Sixty years of un-
interrupted productivity followed, during which he filled sixteen folios.
with mastersongs. These he never published, but kept for the use of
the guild, of which he was the most zealous and distinguished member.
But the strait-jacket of form imposed by the leathern rules of the
"Tabulatur» impeded the free movement of the poet. The real
Sachs is in the dramas and poetic tales. All are written in rhymed
couplets. He read omnivorously; and chose his subjects from all
regions of human interest and inquiry. He often treated the same
theme in several forms. Die Ungleichen Kinder Eva' (Eve's Unlike
Children), for instance, he took from a prose fable of Melanchthon's,
and rendered in four different versions. It seeks to account for and
justify the existence of class distinctions; and is perhaps the best as
it is the most delightfully characteristic of all his compositions. It is
one of the chief merits of Sachs that he purified the popular Fast-
nachtspiele (Shrovetide Plays). Of these plays Nuremberg was the
cradle; and those of Hans Sachs are by far the best that German
literature has to show. He shunned the vulgarity that had character-
ized them; and made them the medium of his homely wisdom, of
## p. 12612 (#26) ###########################################
12612
HANS SACHS
his humorous and shrewd observation of life, and of his simple phi-
losophy. Each is a delicious genre picture of permanent historic
interest.
As the Reformation advanced, there came a deeper tone into the
poetry of Hans Sachs. He read Luther's writings as early as 1521,
and two years later publicly avowed his adherence in the famous
poem of 'Die Wittenbergisch Nachtigall' (The Nightingale of Witten-
berg). It was a powerful aid in the spread of Lutheran ideas. The
dialogue, so closely allied in form with the drama, was a popular
form of propaganda in that age; and the four dialogues that Sachs
wrote are among his most important contributions to literature.
Their influence was as great as that of Luther's own pamphlets; and
in form they were inferior only to the brilliant and incisive dialogues
of Hutten. One of them was translated into English in 1548. The
city council, alarmed at the strongly Lutheran character of these
writings, bade the cobbler stick to his last; but the council itself
soon turned Lutheran, and Sachs continued his work amid ever-
increasing popular applause.
The impression made by Hans Sachs upon his time was ephem-
eral: his imitators were few and feeble; all literary traditions were
obliterated by the Thirty Years' War. Goethe at last revived the
popular interest in him by his poem, 'The Poetical Vocation of Hans
Sachs'; and Wagner's beautiful characterization in The Master-
singers' has endeared him to thousands that have never read a
single couplet from his pen. There is a natural tendency to over-
estimate a man whose real worth has long lain unrecognized; but
when all deductions have been made, there remains a man lovable
and steadfast, applying the wisdom of a long experience to the hap-
penings of each common day, exhibiting a contagious joy in his work,
and avowedly working for "the glory of God, the praise of virtue,
the blame of vice, the instruction of youth, and the delight of sorrow-
ing hearts. " It is the manifest genuineness of the man, his amiable
roguishness, his shrewd practical sense, that give to his writings
their vitality, and to his cheerful hobbling measures their best charm.
But the appeal is not direct; one must project oneself back into the
sixteenth century, and live the life of Nuremberg in her palmiest
days. That city was for Hans Sachs the world; in this concentra-
tion of his mind upon his immediate surroundings lay at once his
strength and his limitations. He is at his best when he relates what
he has himself seen and experienced. His humorous pictures have a
sparkling vivacity, beneath which lurks an obvious moral purpose.
The popularity of these simply conceited tales gives point to the
description of the German peasant's condition at the time of the
Reformation as "misery solaced by anecdote. " It was such solace
that Hans Sachs supplied in a larger quantity and of a better quality
## p. 12613 (#27) ###########################################
HANS SACHS
12613
than any other man of his time. A grateful posterity, upon the
occasion of the four-hundredth anniversary of his birth, erected to
his memory a stately statue in the once imperial city; and his hum-
bler fame is as indissolubly associated with Nuremberg as is the
renown of his greater contemporary.
"Not thy councils, not thy kaisers, win for thee the world's regard,
But thy painter Albrecht Dürer, and Hans Sachs thy cobbler-bard. »
Chase Guing
UNDER THE PRESSURE OF CARE OR POVERTY
WHY
HY art thou cast down, my heart?
Why troubled, why dost mourn apart,
O'er naught but earthly wealth?
Trust in thy God; be not afraid:
He is thy Friend, who all things made.
Dost think thy prayers he doth not heed?
He knows full well what thou dost need,
And heaven and earth are his;
My Father and my God, who still
Is with my soul in
every ill.
Since thou my God and Father art,
I know thy faithful loving heart
Will ne'er forget thy child;
See, I am poor; I am but dust;
On earth is none whom I can trust.
The rich man in his wealth confides,
But in my God my trust abides;
Laugh as ye will, I hold
This one thing fast that he hath taught,-
Who trusts in God shall want for naught.
•
## p. 12614 (#28) ###########################################
12614
HANS SACHS
Yes, Lord, thou art as rich to-day
As thou hast been and shalt be aye:
I rest on thee alone;
Thy riches to my soul be given,
And 'tis enough for earth and heaven.
What here may shine I all resign,
If the eternal crown be mine,
That through thy bitter death
Thou gainedst, O Lord Christ, for me:
For this, for this, I cry to thee!
All wealth, all glories, here below,
The best that this world can bestow,
Silver or gold or lands,
But for a little time is given,
And helps us not to enter heaven.
I thank thee, Christ, Eternal Lord,
That thou hast taught me by thy word
To know this truth and thee;
Oh, grant me also steadfastness
Thy heavenly kingdom not to miss.
Praise, honor, thanks, to thee be brought,
For all things in and for me wrought
By thy great mercy, Christ.
This one thing only still I pray,-
Oh, cast me ne'er from thee away.
Translation of Catherine Winkworth.
FROM THE NIGHTINGALE OF WITTENBERG'
WAKE, it is the dawn of day!
A
I hear a-singing in green byway.
The joy-o'erflowing nightingale;
Her song rings over hill and dale.
The night sinks down the occident,
The day mounts up the orient,
The ruddiness of morning red
Glows through the leaden clouds o'erhead.
Thereout the shining sun doth peep,
The moon doth lay herself to sleep;
## p. 12615 (#29) ###########################################
HANS SACHS
12615
For she is pale, and dim her beam,
Though once with her deceptive gleam
The sheep she all had blinded,
That they no longer cared or minded
About their shepherd or their fold,
But left both them and pastures old,
To follow in the moon's wan wake,
To the wilderness, to the break:
There they have heard the lion roar,
And this misled them more and more;
By his dark tricks they were beguiled
From the true path to deserts wild.
But there they could find no pasturage good,
Fed on rankest weeds of the wood;
The lion laid for them many a snare
Into which they fell with care;
When there the lion found them tangled,
His helpless prey he cruelly mangled.
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## p. 12587 (#1) ############################################
INDINIA
घ
## p. 12588 (#2) ############################################
Lit 2020,18
VERI
STASH
barvard College Library
FROM
the library of
Prof. Charles S. Thomas
1
•
## p. 12589 (#3) ############################################
## p. 12590 (#4) ############################################
T
## p. 12591 (#5) ############################################
!
## p. 12592 (#6) ############################################
SHAKESPEARE.
## p. 12593 (#7) ############################################
LIBRARY
TORLD'S BEST
↑
Ancient 3. 0
CH FLA
VOL
1.
P
AND
## p. 12594 (#8) ############################################
+
C
## p. 12595 (#9) ############################################
LIBRARY
OF THE
WORLD'S BEST LITERATURE
Ancient and Modern
CHARLES DUDLEY WARNER
EDITOR
HAMILTON WRIGHT MABIE, LUCIA GILBERT RUNKLE,
GEORGE H. WARNER
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
THIRTY VOLUMES
VOL. XXII
NEW YORK
R. S. PEALE AND J. A. HILL
PUBLISHERS
## p. 12596 (#10) ###########################################
3. /2
HARVARD
UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
COPYRIGHT 1897
BY R. S. PEALE AND J. A. HILL
All rights reserved
ME WERNER
PRINTERS
COMPANY
BINDERS
47
7. 1?
1
矚
1
## p. 12597 (#11) ###########################################
THE ADVISORY COUNCIL
CRAWFORD H. TOY, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Professor of Hebrew, HARVARD UNIVERSITY, Cambridge, Mass.
THOMAS R. LOUNSBURY, LL. D. , L. H. D. ,
Professor of English in the Sheffield Scientific School of
YALE UNIVERSITY, New Haven, Conn.
WILLIAM M. SLOANE, PH. D. , L. H. D. ,
Professor of History and Political Science,
BRANDER MATTHEWS, A. M. , LL. B. ,
Professor of Literature, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, New York City.
JAMES B. ANGELL, LL. D. ,
President of the
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, Princeton, N. J.
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Ann Arbor, Mich.
WILLARD FISKE, A. M. , PH. D. ,
Late Professor of the Germanic and Scandinavian Languages
and Literatures,
CORNELL UNIVERSITY, Ithaca, N. Y.
EDWARD S. HOLDEN, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Director of the Lick Observatory, and Astronomer,
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Berkeley, Cal.
ALCÉE FORTIER, LIT. D. ,
Professor of the Romance Languages,
TULANE UNIVERSITY, New Orleans, La.
WILLIAM P. TRENT, M. A. ,
Dean of the Department of Arts and Sciences, and Professor of
English and History,
UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH, Sewanee, Tenn.
PAUL SHOREY, PH. D. ,
Professor of Greek and Latin Literature,
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, Chicago, Ill.
WILLIAM T. HARRIS, LL. D. ,
United States Commissioner of Education,
BUREAU OF EDUCATION, Washington, D. C.
MAURICE FRANCIS EGAN, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Professor of Literature in the
CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA, Washington, D. C.
## p. 12598 (#12) ###########################################
1
## p. 12599 (#13) ###########################################
HANS SACHS
SA'Dİ
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Tale.
VOL. XXII
BY CHARLES HARVEY GENUNG
Under the Pressure of Care or Poverty
The Nightingale of Wittenberg
The Unlike Children of Eve: How God the Lord Talks
to Them
How the Devil took to Himself an Old Wife
A Meditation (Garden of Perfume')
The Orphan (same)
LIVED
1494-1576
(1184-1291? )
BY A. V. WILLIAMS JACKSON
Humility (same)
Moral Education and Self-Control (same)
Keep Your Own Secret (same)
Bringing up a Son (same)
Humanity (same)
Sa'di and the Ring (same)
Sa'di at the Grave of his Child (same)
Sa'di the Captive Gets a Wife (Rose Garden')
How the Student Saved Time (same)
A Powerful Voice (same)
A Valuable Voice (same)
For God's Sake! Read Not (same)
The Grass and the Rose (same)
A Witty Philosopher Rewarded (same)
The Penalty of Stupidity (same)
The Death of the Poor is Repose (same)
Thy Worst Enemy (same)
PAGE
12609
12634
## p. 12600 (#14) ###########################################
SA'DI Continued:
――――
Maxims (Rose Garden')
Shabli and the Ant ('Garden of Perfume')
Sa'di's Interview with Sultan Abāqā-ān ('The Risalahs')
Supplication (Garden of Perfume')
Be Content (Rose Garden')
CHARLES AUGUSTIN SAINTE-BEUVE
vi
JOSEPH XAVIER BONIFACE SAINTINE
From
Picciola'
BERNARDIN DE SAINT-PIERRE
BY BENJAMIN W. WELLS
A Critic's Account of his Own Critical Method ('Nou-
veaux Lundis')
Alfred de Musset ('Causeries du Lundi')
Goethe: and Bettina Brentano (Portraits of Men')
1798-1865
1737-1814
The Home in Martinique (Paul and Virginia')
The Shipwreck (same)
A Paragon of Politeness (same)
A Modern Harpy (same)
ADAM DE SAINT VICTOR
DUKE OF SAINT-SIMON (Louis de Rouvroy) 1675-1755
The Marriage (Memoirs')
The Portrait (same)
Madame de Maintenon at the Review (same)
LIVED
1804-1869
SAINT FRANCIS DE SALES
BY MAURICE FRANCIS EGAN
De Resurrectione Domine
Translation of the Preceding
De Sancto Spiritu (On the Holy Spirit)
Twelfth Century
BY Y. BLAZE DE BURY
1567-1622
St. Paul's Admirable Exhortation to the Supernatural and
Ecstatic Life ('A Treatise on the Love of God')
An Account of the Extraordinary Death of a Gentleman
who Died of Love on Mount Olivet (same)
PAGE
12659
12678
12695
12709
12727
12732
## p. 12601 (#15) ###########################################
vii
SALLUST (Gaius Sallustius Crispus)
Catiline and his Plot (History of Catiline's Conspiracy')
Catiline's Address to his Soldiers before the Battle of
Pistoria (same)
A Numidian Defeat (History of the War against Ju-
gurtha')
Speech of Marius (same)
GEORGE SAND (Baronne Dudevant: Born Amantine Lu-
cile Aurore Dupin)
1804-1876
Lélia
A Traveler's Letters
BY TH. BENTZON (MADAME THÉRÈSE BLANC)
The Convent of the English Augustines (Story of my
Life')
Simon
François the Field-Foundling (François le Champi')
The Budding Author (Story of my Life')
LÉONARD SYLVAIN JULES SANDEAU
LIVED
86? -34? B. C.
SAPPHO
1811-1883
How the History of Penarvan was Written (The House
of Penarvan')
To Aphrodite
To the Beloved
FRANCISQUE SARCEY
JOSEPH VICTOR VON SCHEFFEL
612 B. C. -?
BY THOMAS DAVIDSON
1828-
How a Lecture is Prepared (Recollections of Middle
Life')
Further Hints on Lecturing (same)
1826-1886
Rejection and Flight (Ekkehard')
Song of the Ichthyosaurus (Gaudeamus')
Declaration and Departure (The Trumpeter of Säk-
kingen ')
Song: Farewell (same)
Songs of Hiddigeigei, the Tom-Cat (same)
PAGE
12743
12759
12806
12817
12825
12837
## p. 12602 (#16) ###########################################
EDMOND SCHERER
BY VICTOR CHARBONNEL
The Eighteenth Century (From Review of Woman in the
Eighteenth Century' by the Goncourts)
JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH SCHILLER
To Laura (Rapture)
The Knight Toggenburg
The Sharing of the Earth
The Best State
German Art
The Maiden's Lament
The Maiden from Afar
Punch Song
Worth of Women
Riddles -
(1) The Rainbow
(2) The Moon and Stars
FRIEDRICH VON SCHLEGEL
viii
BY E. P. EVANS
ARTHUR SCHOPENHAUER
From
LIVED
1815-1889
The Iconoclasts (History of the Revolt of the United
Netherlands': date 1556)
The Last Interview of Orange with Egmont (same: date
1567)
On the Esthetic Education of Man (Extract from Letter
No. 9)
The World as Will
and Idea'
On Books and Reading
OLIVE SCHREINER
1759-1805
The Power of Song
Hymn to Joy
The Gods of Greece
The Artists
1772-1829
Of Romance: Spenser and Shakespeare (Lectures on the
History of Literature')
The Epic Hexameter
The Distich
Extracts from The Song of
the Bell'
My Creed
Kant and his Interpreters
From
Wallenstein's Death'
BY WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE
1788–1860
PAGE
12865
On Criticism
On Authorship
The Value of Personality
1867-
Shadows from Child Life (Story of an African Farm'):
The Watch; The Sacrifice; The Confession
Three Dreams in a Desert (Dreams')
12877
12913
12923
12957
"
## p. 12603 (#17) ###########################################
ix
CARL SCHURZ
SIR WALTER SCOTT
BY JAMES FORD RHODES
Clay the Citizen (Life of Henry Clay')
Clay the Statesman (same)
Two Popular Leaders (same)
The First American ('Abraham Lincoln: an Essay')
1771-1832
BY ANDREW LANG
LIVED
1829-
The meeting of Jeanie and Effie Deans (The Heart of
Mid-Lothian')
Cheapening Fish: and the Village Post-Office ('Antiquary')
The Covenanter (Old Mortality')
A Royal Rival (Kenilworth')
The Tournament ('Ivanhoe ')
The Hermit - Friar Tuck (same)
Richard and Saladin (The Talisman')
The Last Minstrel (Prelude to the 'Lay of the Last
Minstrel')
Song: Brignall Banks (Rokeby')
Bonny Dundee
Flora MacIvor's Song
AUGUSTIN EUGÈNE SCRIBE
Merlin's Pet Fairy
The Price of Life
JOHN SELDEN
Lochinvar (Marmion ')
Ellen Douglas's Bower ('Lady of the Lake')
The Disclosure (same)
Song: Jock o' Hazeldean
Highland Song: Pibroch of Donuil Dhu
The Ballad of the Red Harlaw ('Antiquary')
1791-1861
PAGE
12974
1584-1654
From the Table-Talk': The Scriptures; The Bishops;
Books; Ceremony; Clergy; The House of Commons;
Competency; Conscience; Consecrated Places; Councils;
Devils; Friends; Humility; Jews; The King; The Court
of England; Language; Libels; Marriage; Measure of
Things; Number; Oaths; Opinion; Peace; Pleasure;
Prayer; Preaching; Preferment; Reason; Religion;
Thanksgiving; Wife; Wisdom
12995
13083
13099
## p. 12604 (#18) ###########################################
ÉTIENNE PIVERT DE SENANCOur
Alpine Scenery (Obermann')
Conditions of Happiness (same)
Obermann's Isolation (same)
SENECA
X
MATILDE SERAO
Time Wasted
Independence in Action.
Praises of the Rival School in Philosophy
Inconsistency
On Leisure (Otium)
Accommodation to Circumstances
ABOUT 4 B. C. -65 A. D.
From 'A Midsummer Night's Dream'
The Boarding-School (Fantasy")
The Schoolgirls' Vow (same)
SHAKESPEARE (THE POET)
LIVED
1770-1846
MADAME DE SÉVIGNÉ
Letters:
To her Cousin, M. de Coulanges, Dec. 15th, 1670; Dec.
19th, 1670
To her Daughter, Madame de Grignan, March 24th,
1671; April 24th, 1671; April 26th, 1671; Sept. 30th,
1671; March 16th, 1672; Dec. 20th, 1672; Oct. 5th,
1673; Dec. 8th, 1673; Dec. 25th, 1673; Jan. 5th, 1674
1564-1616
BY EDWARD DOWDEN
Ariel (The Tempest')
Ariel's Songs (same)
SHAKESPEARE (THE MAN AND the Actor)
BY JOHN MALONE
1856-
1627-1696
Marriage Song (same)
Sylvia (Two Gentlemen of Verona)
Falstaff Tormented by the Supposed Fairies (Merry
Wives of Windsor'
Song: Take, oh! Take (Measure for Measure')
Balthazar's Song (Much Ado about Nothing')
Lady Hero's Epitaph (same)
PAGE
13111
13119
13133
13153
13167
## p. 12605 (#19) ###########################################
xi
SHAKESPEARE Continued:
――
White and Red ('Love's Labour's Lost')
Love's Rhapsody (same)
Song: Spring and Winter (same)
Puck: (Midsummer Night's Dream')
The Diversions of the Fairies (same)
The Fairies' Wedding Charm (same)
Where is Fancy Bred (Merchant of Venice')
Under the Greenwood Tree ('As You Like It')
Blow, Blow, Thou Winter Wind (same)
Love in Springtime (same)
One in Ten (All's Well that Ends Well')
Sweet and Twenty (Twelfth Night')
Love's Lament (same)
The Rain it Raineth (same)
When Daffodils Begin to Peer (Winter's Tale')
What Maids Lack (same)
Sweet Music (King Henry VIII. ')
Doubt Not (Hamlet')
Dead and Gone (same)
Ophelia's Lament (same)
In the Church-Yard (same)
Iago's Soldier-Songs ('Othello")
Desdemona's Last Song (same)
Hark! Hark! the Lark (Cymbeline")
Fear No More (same)
Time's Glory (Rape of Lucrece')
Sonnets
Crabbed Age and Youth (The Passionate Pilgrim')
Beauty (same)
Live with Me (same)
The Merry Month of May (same)
## p. 12606 (#20) ###########################################
## p. 12607 (#21) ###########################################
LIST OF PORTRAITS
IN VOL. XXII
Hans Sachs
Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve
Joseph Xavier Boniface Saintine
Bernardin de Saint-Pierre
Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus)
George Sand
Jules Sandeau
Sappho
Francisque Sarcey
Joseph Victor von Scheffel
Johann Christoph Friedrich Schiller
Friedrich von Schlegel
Arthur Schopenhauer
Olive Schreiner
Carl Schurz
Sir Walter Scott
Augustin Eugène Scribe
John Selden
Seneca
Madame De Sévigné
Shakespeare
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Full page
Full page
## p. 12608 (#22) ###########################################
## p. 12609 (#23) ###########################################
12609
HANS SACHS
(1494-1576)
BY CHARLES HARVEY GENUNG
ETWEEN the brilliant age of Walther von der Vogelweide and
the classic period of Goethe, the most national as well as
the most winsome figure in the annals of German literature
is Hans Sachs. He was a complete abstract of what his time actually
contained, although he lacked the prophetic vision to see that he
was living at the dawn of a new era. He represented the sixteenth
century, and combined in himself all the
homely virtues and amiable limitations of
the burghers, who constituted the democ-
racy in which the modern world took its
rise. He was born on November 5th, 1494,
at Nuremberg. His father was a tailor,
and from the first Hans was destined for a
trade. In his seventh year, nevertheless, he
was sent to a Latin school, and passed
through a rigid course of instruction. The
knowledge thus acquired kept alive his
sympathy with the Humanists, although he
was himself deflected into the intellectually
reactionary movement of Luther. At the
age of fifteen he was apprenticed to a shoe-
maker, and it was from a linen-weaver that he received his first
lessons in the mastersinger's art. In 1511 he went forth upon his
travels as a journeyman; but upon his return five years later he
settled in his native town, and there lived to celebrate his eighty-
first birthday. He died on January 19th, 1576. During these sixty
years he seems never to have left Nuremberg. His life ran the hon-
orable, uneventful course of a citizen diligent in business and pros-
perous. He became master in his guild in 1517. In 1519 he married
Kunigunde Kreuzer, who was so entirely a woman of human mold
that in 'The Bitter-Sweet of Wedded Life,' Sachs is obliged to
describe her by antitheses,- she was all things to him, at once his
woe and weal; but the simple pathos of his sorrow when she died,
in 1560, is very touching. Untrue, however, to the cautious principles
XXII-789
HANS SACHS
## p. 12610 (#24) ###########################################
12610
HANS SACHS
that Wagner has put into his mouth, the real Sachs married, one
year and a half after his first wife's death, a widow of twenty-seven,
whose charms he celebrates in song with refreshing frankness. He
was then a hale and healthy man of sixty-eight. He continued to
write with unremitting energy until 1573. His mastersongs numbered
between four and five thousand; of tales and farces there were some
seventeen hundred, besides two hundred and eight dramas. These
writings filled thirty-four manuscript volumes, of which twenty have
been preserved. Three volumes of a handsome folio edition of his
complete works appeared before his death, and two more afterwards.
This in itself is an evidence of the high esteem in which he was
held. No citizen of Nuremberg except Dürer ever won more honor-
able distinction in the annals of that ancient city than
"Hans Sachs, the Shoe-
Maker and Poet, too. "
The rise of cities, and of the bourgeoisie, had placed Germany in
the front rank of commercial nations. For the products of the Orient,
coming by way of Venice to the west, Nuremberg had become the
mart and dépôt. With material wealth came luxury for merchants
as well as nobles, and a higher cultivation in the arts of living.
Through the Humanistic movement and the Reformation, Germany
also assumed the spiritual leadership of Europe. Everywhere there
was a deepening of the national consciousness. Of all these elements
in their clearest manifestations, Hans Sachs was the representative.
,
Professor of Literature, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, New York City.
JAMES B. ANGELL, LL. D. ,
President of the
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, Princeton, N. J.
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Ann Arbor, Mich.
WILLARD FISKE, A. M. , PH. D. ,
Late Professor of the Germanic and Scandinavian Languages
and Literatures,
CORNELL UNIVERSITY, Ithaca, N. Y.
EDWARD S. HOLDEN, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Director of the Lick Observatory, and Astronomer,
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Berkeley, Cal.
ALCÉE FORTIER, LIT. D. ,
Professor of the Romance Languages,
TULANE UNIVERSITY, New Orleans, La.
WILLIAM P. TRENT, M. A. ,
Dean of the Department of Arts and Sciences, and Professor of
English and History,
UNIVERSITY OF THE SOUTH, Sewanee, Tenn.
PAUL SHOREY, PH. D. ,
Professor of Greek and Latin Literature,
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, Chicago, Ill.
WILLIAM T. HARRIS, LL. D. ,
United States Commissioner of Education,
BUREAU OF EDUCATION, Washington, D. C.
MAURICE FRANCIS EGAN, A. M. , LL. D. ,
Professor of Literature in the
CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA, Washington, D. C.
## p. 12598 (#12) ###########################################
1
## p. 12599 (#13) ###########################################
HANS SACHS
SA'Dİ
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Tale.
VOL. XXII
BY CHARLES HARVEY GENUNG
Under the Pressure of Care or Poverty
The Nightingale of Wittenberg
The Unlike Children of Eve: How God the Lord Talks
to Them
How the Devil took to Himself an Old Wife
A Meditation (Garden of Perfume')
The Orphan (same)
LIVED
1494-1576
(1184-1291? )
BY A. V. WILLIAMS JACKSON
Humility (same)
Moral Education and Self-Control (same)
Keep Your Own Secret (same)
Bringing up a Son (same)
Humanity (same)
Sa'di and the Ring (same)
Sa'di at the Grave of his Child (same)
Sa'di the Captive Gets a Wife (Rose Garden')
How the Student Saved Time (same)
A Powerful Voice (same)
A Valuable Voice (same)
For God's Sake! Read Not (same)
The Grass and the Rose (same)
A Witty Philosopher Rewarded (same)
The Penalty of Stupidity (same)
The Death of the Poor is Repose (same)
Thy Worst Enemy (same)
PAGE
12609
12634
## p. 12600 (#14) ###########################################
SA'DI Continued:
――――
Maxims (Rose Garden')
Shabli and the Ant ('Garden of Perfume')
Sa'di's Interview with Sultan Abāqā-ān ('The Risalahs')
Supplication (Garden of Perfume')
Be Content (Rose Garden')
CHARLES AUGUSTIN SAINTE-BEUVE
vi
JOSEPH XAVIER BONIFACE SAINTINE
From
Picciola'
BERNARDIN DE SAINT-PIERRE
BY BENJAMIN W. WELLS
A Critic's Account of his Own Critical Method ('Nou-
veaux Lundis')
Alfred de Musset ('Causeries du Lundi')
Goethe: and Bettina Brentano (Portraits of Men')
1798-1865
1737-1814
The Home in Martinique (Paul and Virginia')
The Shipwreck (same)
A Paragon of Politeness (same)
A Modern Harpy (same)
ADAM DE SAINT VICTOR
DUKE OF SAINT-SIMON (Louis de Rouvroy) 1675-1755
The Marriage (Memoirs')
The Portrait (same)
Madame de Maintenon at the Review (same)
LIVED
1804-1869
SAINT FRANCIS DE SALES
BY MAURICE FRANCIS EGAN
De Resurrectione Domine
Translation of the Preceding
De Sancto Spiritu (On the Holy Spirit)
Twelfth Century
BY Y. BLAZE DE BURY
1567-1622
St. Paul's Admirable Exhortation to the Supernatural and
Ecstatic Life ('A Treatise on the Love of God')
An Account of the Extraordinary Death of a Gentleman
who Died of Love on Mount Olivet (same)
PAGE
12659
12678
12695
12709
12727
12732
## p. 12601 (#15) ###########################################
vii
SALLUST (Gaius Sallustius Crispus)
Catiline and his Plot (History of Catiline's Conspiracy')
Catiline's Address to his Soldiers before the Battle of
Pistoria (same)
A Numidian Defeat (History of the War against Ju-
gurtha')
Speech of Marius (same)
GEORGE SAND (Baronne Dudevant: Born Amantine Lu-
cile Aurore Dupin)
1804-1876
Lélia
A Traveler's Letters
BY TH. BENTZON (MADAME THÉRÈSE BLANC)
The Convent of the English Augustines (Story of my
Life')
Simon
François the Field-Foundling (François le Champi')
The Budding Author (Story of my Life')
LÉONARD SYLVAIN JULES SANDEAU
LIVED
86? -34? B. C.
SAPPHO
1811-1883
How the History of Penarvan was Written (The House
of Penarvan')
To Aphrodite
To the Beloved
FRANCISQUE SARCEY
JOSEPH VICTOR VON SCHEFFEL
612 B. C. -?
BY THOMAS DAVIDSON
1828-
How a Lecture is Prepared (Recollections of Middle
Life')
Further Hints on Lecturing (same)
1826-1886
Rejection and Flight (Ekkehard')
Song of the Ichthyosaurus (Gaudeamus')
Declaration and Departure (The Trumpeter of Säk-
kingen ')
Song: Farewell (same)
Songs of Hiddigeigei, the Tom-Cat (same)
PAGE
12743
12759
12806
12817
12825
12837
## p. 12602 (#16) ###########################################
EDMOND SCHERER
BY VICTOR CHARBONNEL
The Eighteenth Century (From Review of Woman in the
Eighteenth Century' by the Goncourts)
JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH SCHILLER
To Laura (Rapture)
The Knight Toggenburg
The Sharing of the Earth
The Best State
German Art
The Maiden's Lament
The Maiden from Afar
Punch Song
Worth of Women
Riddles -
(1) The Rainbow
(2) The Moon and Stars
FRIEDRICH VON SCHLEGEL
viii
BY E. P. EVANS
ARTHUR SCHOPENHAUER
From
LIVED
1815-1889
The Iconoclasts (History of the Revolt of the United
Netherlands': date 1556)
The Last Interview of Orange with Egmont (same: date
1567)
On the Esthetic Education of Man (Extract from Letter
No. 9)
The World as Will
and Idea'
On Books and Reading
OLIVE SCHREINER
1759-1805
The Power of Song
Hymn to Joy
The Gods of Greece
The Artists
1772-1829
Of Romance: Spenser and Shakespeare (Lectures on the
History of Literature')
The Epic Hexameter
The Distich
Extracts from The Song of
the Bell'
My Creed
Kant and his Interpreters
From
Wallenstein's Death'
BY WILLIAM MORTON PAYNE
1788–1860
PAGE
12865
On Criticism
On Authorship
The Value of Personality
1867-
Shadows from Child Life (Story of an African Farm'):
The Watch; The Sacrifice; The Confession
Three Dreams in a Desert (Dreams')
12877
12913
12923
12957
"
## p. 12603 (#17) ###########################################
ix
CARL SCHURZ
SIR WALTER SCOTT
BY JAMES FORD RHODES
Clay the Citizen (Life of Henry Clay')
Clay the Statesman (same)
Two Popular Leaders (same)
The First American ('Abraham Lincoln: an Essay')
1771-1832
BY ANDREW LANG
LIVED
1829-
The meeting of Jeanie and Effie Deans (The Heart of
Mid-Lothian')
Cheapening Fish: and the Village Post-Office ('Antiquary')
The Covenanter (Old Mortality')
A Royal Rival (Kenilworth')
The Tournament ('Ivanhoe ')
The Hermit - Friar Tuck (same)
Richard and Saladin (The Talisman')
The Last Minstrel (Prelude to the 'Lay of the Last
Minstrel')
Song: Brignall Banks (Rokeby')
Bonny Dundee
Flora MacIvor's Song
AUGUSTIN EUGÈNE SCRIBE
Merlin's Pet Fairy
The Price of Life
JOHN SELDEN
Lochinvar (Marmion ')
Ellen Douglas's Bower ('Lady of the Lake')
The Disclosure (same)
Song: Jock o' Hazeldean
Highland Song: Pibroch of Donuil Dhu
The Ballad of the Red Harlaw ('Antiquary')
1791-1861
PAGE
12974
1584-1654
From the Table-Talk': The Scriptures; The Bishops;
Books; Ceremony; Clergy; The House of Commons;
Competency; Conscience; Consecrated Places; Councils;
Devils; Friends; Humility; Jews; The King; The Court
of England; Language; Libels; Marriage; Measure of
Things; Number; Oaths; Opinion; Peace; Pleasure;
Prayer; Preaching; Preferment; Reason; Religion;
Thanksgiving; Wife; Wisdom
12995
13083
13099
## p. 12604 (#18) ###########################################
ÉTIENNE PIVERT DE SENANCOur
Alpine Scenery (Obermann')
Conditions of Happiness (same)
Obermann's Isolation (same)
SENECA
X
MATILDE SERAO
Time Wasted
Independence in Action.
Praises of the Rival School in Philosophy
Inconsistency
On Leisure (Otium)
Accommodation to Circumstances
ABOUT 4 B. C. -65 A. D.
From 'A Midsummer Night's Dream'
The Boarding-School (Fantasy")
The Schoolgirls' Vow (same)
SHAKESPEARE (THE POET)
LIVED
1770-1846
MADAME DE SÉVIGNÉ
Letters:
To her Cousin, M. de Coulanges, Dec. 15th, 1670; Dec.
19th, 1670
To her Daughter, Madame de Grignan, March 24th,
1671; April 24th, 1671; April 26th, 1671; Sept. 30th,
1671; March 16th, 1672; Dec. 20th, 1672; Oct. 5th,
1673; Dec. 8th, 1673; Dec. 25th, 1673; Jan. 5th, 1674
1564-1616
BY EDWARD DOWDEN
Ariel (The Tempest')
Ariel's Songs (same)
SHAKESPEARE (THE MAN AND the Actor)
BY JOHN MALONE
1856-
1627-1696
Marriage Song (same)
Sylvia (Two Gentlemen of Verona)
Falstaff Tormented by the Supposed Fairies (Merry
Wives of Windsor'
Song: Take, oh! Take (Measure for Measure')
Balthazar's Song (Much Ado about Nothing')
Lady Hero's Epitaph (same)
PAGE
13111
13119
13133
13153
13167
## p. 12605 (#19) ###########################################
xi
SHAKESPEARE Continued:
――
White and Red ('Love's Labour's Lost')
Love's Rhapsody (same)
Song: Spring and Winter (same)
Puck: (Midsummer Night's Dream')
The Diversions of the Fairies (same)
The Fairies' Wedding Charm (same)
Where is Fancy Bred (Merchant of Venice')
Under the Greenwood Tree ('As You Like It')
Blow, Blow, Thou Winter Wind (same)
Love in Springtime (same)
One in Ten (All's Well that Ends Well')
Sweet and Twenty (Twelfth Night')
Love's Lament (same)
The Rain it Raineth (same)
When Daffodils Begin to Peer (Winter's Tale')
What Maids Lack (same)
Sweet Music (King Henry VIII. ')
Doubt Not (Hamlet')
Dead and Gone (same)
Ophelia's Lament (same)
In the Church-Yard (same)
Iago's Soldier-Songs ('Othello")
Desdemona's Last Song (same)
Hark! Hark! the Lark (Cymbeline")
Fear No More (same)
Time's Glory (Rape of Lucrece')
Sonnets
Crabbed Age and Youth (The Passionate Pilgrim')
Beauty (same)
Live with Me (same)
The Merry Month of May (same)
## p. 12606 (#20) ###########################################
## p. 12607 (#21) ###########################################
LIST OF PORTRAITS
IN VOL. XXII
Hans Sachs
Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve
Joseph Xavier Boniface Saintine
Bernardin de Saint-Pierre
Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus)
George Sand
Jules Sandeau
Sappho
Francisque Sarcey
Joseph Victor von Scheffel
Johann Christoph Friedrich Schiller
Friedrich von Schlegel
Arthur Schopenhauer
Olive Schreiner
Carl Schurz
Sir Walter Scott
Augustin Eugène Scribe
John Selden
Seneca
Madame De Sévigné
Shakespeare
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Vignette
Vignette
Full page
Full page
Full page
## p. 12608 (#22) ###########################################
## p. 12609 (#23) ###########################################
12609
HANS SACHS
(1494-1576)
BY CHARLES HARVEY GENUNG
ETWEEN the brilliant age of Walther von der Vogelweide and
the classic period of Goethe, the most national as well as
the most winsome figure in the annals of German literature
is Hans Sachs. He was a complete abstract of what his time actually
contained, although he lacked the prophetic vision to see that he
was living at the dawn of a new era. He represented the sixteenth
century, and combined in himself all the
homely virtues and amiable limitations of
the burghers, who constituted the democ-
racy in which the modern world took its
rise. He was born on November 5th, 1494,
at Nuremberg. His father was a tailor,
and from the first Hans was destined for a
trade. In his seventh year, nevertheless, he
was sent to a Latin school, and passed
through a rigid course of instruction. The
knowledge thus acquired kept alive his
sympathy with the Humanists, although he
was himself deflected into the intellectually
reactionary movement of Luther. At the
age of fifteen he was apprenticed to a shoe-
maker, and it was from a linen-weaver that he received his first
lessons in the mastersinger's art. In 1511 he went forth upon his
travels as a journeyman; but upon his return five years later he
settled in his native town, and there lived to celebrate his eighty-
first birthday. He died on January 19th, 1576. During these sixty
years he seems never to have left Nuremberg. His life ran the hon-
orable, uneventful course of a citizen diligent in business and pros-
perous. He became master in his guild in 1517. In 1519 he married
Kunigunde Kreuzer, who was so entirely a woman of human mold
that in 'The Bitter-Sweet of Wedded Life,' Sachs is obliged to
describe her by antitheses,- she was all things to him, at once his
woe and weal; but the simple pathos of his sorrow when she died,
in 1560, is very touching. Untrue, however, to the cautious principles
XXII-789
HANS SACHS
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HANS SACHS
that Wagner has put into his mouth, the real Sachs married, one
year and a half after his first wife's death, a widow of twenty-seven,
whose charms he celebrates in song with refreshing frankness. He
was then a hale and healthy man of sixty-eight. He continued to
write with unremitting energy until 1573. His mastersongs numbered
between four and five thousand; of tales and farces there were some
seventeen hundred, besides two hundred and eight dramas. These
writings filled thirty-four manuscript volumes, of which twenty have
been preserved. Three volumes of a handsome folio edition of his
complete works appeared before his death, and two more afterwards.
This in itself is an evidence of the high esteem in which he was
held. No citizen of Nuremberg except Dürer ever won more honor-
able distinction in the annals of that ancient city than
"Hans Sachs, the Shoe-
Maker and Poet, too. "
The rise of cities, and of the bourgeoisie, had placed Germany in
the front rank of commercial nations. For the products of the Orient,
coming by way of Venice to the west, Nuremberg had become the
mart and dépôt. With material wealth came luxury for merchants
as well as nobles, and a higher cultivation in the arts of living.
Through the Humanistic movement and the Reformation, Germany
also assumed the spiritual leadership of Europe. Everywhere there
was a deepening of the national consciousness. Of all these elements
in their clearest manifestations, Hans Sachs was the representative.
He was the type of the well-to-do, patriarchal citizen of the wealthi-
est among German cities. He had had glimpses of the austere charms
of scholarship, and had himself translated Reuchlin's 'Henno' and
Macropedius's 'Hecastus. ' The Humanists therefore, although their
successors despised the cobbler-bard, spoke to him in an intelligible
tongue. And he stood in the forefront of the Reformation. Finally,
Sachs was wholly and quintessentially German. In him that "incom-
prehensible century" found its most complete and characteristic ex-
pression.
And yet, although it was in the full flower of that municipal
democracy that the seed of our modern civilization lay, Hans Sachs
was a mediæval man. It is in this respect that he, and even Luther,
were inferior to men like Dürer, Hutten, and Reuchlin. The Reforma-
tion was a matter of ecclesiastical administration: it marked no im-
portant intellectual advance. The man of the sixteenth century was
interested in the Here and Now; he delighted in his daily life, and it
presented no problems; theology was accepted as a fact, and no ques-
tions were asked. It was only in the souls of the Humanists that the
future lay mirrored; and it was through them that the revival of the
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HANS SACHS
12611
eighteenth century was made possible. Sachs was the last of a pass-
ing generation. He did indeed advance the German drama until it
far surpassed the contemporary drama of England; but he left behind
him only the banal imitator of the English, Jacob Ayrer: while in
England, before Sachs died, Shakespeare had been born. In Sachs
the literary traditions of three centuries came to an end. Walther
von der Vogelweide had lived to deplore the gradual degradation of
courtly poetry: the peasants' life and love became the poet's theme.
In the years that followed, it sank into hopeless vulgarity. From this
it was rescued by Sachs. But the world meanwhile had traveled a
long road: poetry had left the court and castle for the cottage and
the chapel; the praise of women was superseded by the praise of
God. It is a striking contrast between the knightly figure of Wal-
ther, with the exquisite music of his love lyrics, and the dignified
but simple shoemaker, with the tame jog-trot of his homely couplets.
But Walther was chief among the twelve masters whose traditions
the mastersingers pretended to preserve; and the mastersong itself
was the mechanical attempt of a matter-of-fact age to reproduce the
melodious beauty of the old minnesang. Thus Hans Sachs, the great-
est of the mastersingers, was in a sense the last of the minnesingers;
and German literature, which had waited three centuries, had two
more yet to wait before it should again bloom as in those dazzling
days of the Hohenstaufen bards.
Hans Sachs was a most prolific and many-sided poet. Before his
twentieth year he had fulfilled the exacting conditions of the master-
singers, and had invented a new air, which, after the affected manner of
the guild, he called 'Die Silberweise' (Silver Air). Sixty years of un-
interrupted productivity followed, during which he filled sixteen folios.
with mastersongs. These he never published, but kept for the use of
the guild, of which he was the most zealous and distinguished member.
But the strait-jacket of form imposed by the leathern rules of the
"Tabulatur» impeded the free movement of the poet. The real
Sachs is in the dramas and poetic tales. All are written in rhymed
couplets. He read omnivorously; and chose his subjects from all
regions of human interest and inquiry. He often treated the same
theme in several forms. Die Ungleichen Kinder Eva' (Eve's Unlike
Children), for instance, he took from a prose fable of Melanchthon's,
and rendered in four different versions. It seeks to account for and
justify the existence of class distinctions; and is perhaps the best as
it is the most delightfully characteristic of all his compositions. It is
one of the chief merits of Sachs that he purified the popular Fast-
nachtspiele (Shrovetide Plays). Of these plays Nuremberg was the
cradle; and those of Hans Sachs are by far the best that German
literature has to show. He shunned the vulgarity that had character-
ized them; and made them the medium of his homely wisdom, of
## p. 12612 (#26) ###########################################
12612
HANS SACHS
his humorous and shrewd observation of life, and of his simple phi-
losophy. Each is a delicious genre picture of permanent historic
interest.
As the Reformation advanced, there came a deeper tone into the
poetry of Hans Sachs. He read Luther's writings as early as 1521,
and two years later publicly avowed his adherence in the famous
poem of 'Die Wittenbergisch Nachtigall' (The Nightingale of Witten-
berg). It was a powerful aid in the spread of Lutheran ideas. The
dialogue, so closely allied in form with the drama, was a popular
form of propaganda in that age; and the four dialogues that Sachs
wrote are among his most important contributions to literature.
Their influence was as great as that of Luther's own pamphlets; and
in form they were inferior only to the brilliant and incisive dialogues
of Hutten. One of them was translated into English in 1548. The
city council, alarmed at the strongly Lutheran character of these
writings, bade the cobbler stick to his last; but the council itself
soon turned Lutheran, and Sachs continued his work amid ever-
increasing popular applause.
The impression made by Hans Sachs upon his time was ephem-
eral: his imitators were few and feeble; all literary traditions were
obliterated by the Thirty Years' War. Goethe at last revived the
popular interest in him by his poem, 'The Poetical Vocation of Hans
Sachs'; and Wagner's beautiful characterization in The Master-
singers' has endeared him to thousands that have never read a
single couplet from his pen. There is a natural tendency to over-
estimate a man whose real worth has long lain unrecognized; but
when all deductions have been made, there remains a man lovable
and steadfast, applying the wisdom of a long experience to the hap-
penings of each common day, exhibiting a contagious joy in his work,
and avowedly working for "the glory of God, the praise of virtue,
the blame of vice, the instruction of youth, and the delight of sorrow-
ing hearts. " It is the manifest genuineness of the man, his amiable
roguishness, his shrewd practical sense, that give to his writings
their vitality, and to his cheerful hobbling measures their best charm.
But the appeal is not direct; one must project oneself back into the
sixteenth century, and live the life of Nuremberg in her palmiest
days. That city was for Hans Sachs the world; in this concentra-
tion of his mind upon his immediate surroundings lay at once his
strength and his limitations. He is at his best when he relates what
he has himself seen and experienced. His humorous pictures have a
sparkling vivacity, beneath which lurks an obvious moral purpose.
The popularity of these simply conceited tales gives point to the
description of the German peasant's condition at the time of the
Reformation as "misery solaced by anecdote. " It was such solace
that Hans Sachs supplied in a larger quantity and of a better quality
## p. 12613 (#27) ###########################################
HANS SACHS
12613
than any other man of his time. A grateful posterity, upon the
occasion of the four-hundredth anniversary of his birth, erected to
his memory a stately statue in the once imperial city; and his hum-
bler fame is as indissolubly associated with Nuremberg as is the
renown of his greater contemporary.
"Not thy councils, not thy kaisers, win for thee the world's regard,
But thy painter Albrecht Dürer, and Hans Sachs thy cobbler-bard. »
Chase Guing
UNDER THE PRESSURE OF CARE OR POVERTY
WHY
HY art thou cast down, my heart?
Why troubled, why dost mourn apart,
O'er naught but earthly wealth?
Trust in thy God; be not afraid:
He is thy Friend, who all things made.
Dost think thy prayers he doth not heed?
He knows full well what thou dost need,
And heaven and earth are his;
My Father and my God, who still
Is with my soul in
every ill.
Since thou my God and Father art,
I know thy faithful loving heart
Will ne'er forget thy child;
See, I am poor; I am but dust;
On earth is none whom I can trust.
The rich man in his wealth confides,
But in my God my trust abides;
Laugh as ye will, I hold
This one thing fast that he hath taught,-
Who trusts in God shall want for naught.
•
## p. 12614 (#28) ###########################################
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HANS SACHS
Yes, Lord, thou art as rich to-day
As thou hast been and shalt be aye:
I rest on thee alone;
Thy riches to my soul be given,
And 'tis enough for earth and heaven.
What here may shine I all resign,
If the eternal crown be mine,
That through thy bitter death
Thou gainedst, O Lord Christ, for me:
For this, for this, I cry to thee!
All wealth, all glories, here below,
The best that this world can bestow,
Silver or gold or lands,
But for a little time is given,
And helps us not to enter heaven.
I thank thee, Christ, Eternal Lord,
That thou hast taught me by thy word
To know this truth and thee;
Oh, grant me also steadfastness
Thy heavenly kingdom not to miss.
Praise, honor, thanks, to thee be brought,
For all things in and for me wrought
By thy great mercy, Christ.
This one thing only still I pray,-
Oh, cast me ne'er from thee away.
Translation of Catherine Winkworth.
FROM THE NIGHTINGALE OF WITTENBERG'
WAKE, it is the dawn of day!
A
I hear a-singing in green byway.
The joy-o'erflowing nightingale;
Her song rings over hill and dale.
The night sinks down the occident,
The day mounts up the orient,
The ruddiness of morning red
Glows through the leaden clouds o'erhead.
Thereout the shining sun doth peep,
The moon doth lay herself to sleep;
## p. 12615 (#29) ###########################################
HANS SACHS
12615
For she is pale, and dim her beam,
Though once with her deceptive gleam
The sheep she all had blinded,
That they no longer cared or minded
About their shepherd or their fold,
But left both them and pastures old,
To follow in the moon's wan wake,
To the wilderness, to the break:
There they have heard the lion roar,
And this misled them more and more;
By his dark tricks they were beguiled
From the true path to deserts wild.
But there they could find no pasturage good,
Fed on rankest weeds of the wood;
The lion laid for them many a snare
Into which they fell with care;
When there the lion found them tangled,
His helpless prey he cruelly mangled.
