Besides some
small fragments of her poems, we have in com-
plete form a (Hymn to Aphrodite) and an
(Ode to a Beautiful Girl.
small fragments of her poems, we have in com-
plete form a (Hymn to Aphrodite) and an
(Ode to a Beautiful Girl.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v26 to v30 - Tur to Zor and Index
, 1867);
J. J. Rousseau, his Life and Works) (2 vols. ,
1875).
Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de (san-piar'). The
celebrated author of (Paul and Virginia';
born in Havre, Jan. 19, 1737 ; died at Eragny-
sur-Oise, Jan. 21, 1814. His works include : 'Voy-
age to the Isle of France (1773); (Studies of
Nature (1784); Vows of a Solitary) (1789);
«The Indian Cottage) (1790); Harmonies of
Nature (179-);(On Nature and Morality) (1798);
(Voyage to Silesia) (1807); (The Death of Soc-
rates) (1808); “Essay on Newspapers) (1808);
(Essay on J. J. Rousseau) (1809? ); “Stories of
Travel (1809-12); etc.
Saint-Pierre, Charles Irénée Castel, Abbé
de. A French philanthropist; born at St. Pierre
(Normandy), Feb. 18, 1658; died April 29, 1743.
Among his writings are: (Project of Universal
Peace) (3 vols. , 1713); (Polysynody,' a severe
stricture on Louis XIV. 's government, and a
plan for the administration of the affairs of the
kingdom by a system of councils for each de-
partment of the government; and a number
of projects for the betterment of society in
every way.
Saint-Réal, César Richard, Abbé de (san-
rā-al'). A French historian, called the French
Sallust)); born at Chambéry, 1639; died there,
1692. He was official historian of Savoy, and
wrote a (History of the Spanish Conspiracy of
1618 against the Republic of Venice) (1674),
his principal work. His historical novel, Don
Carlos, is the chief source of Schiller's drama
of that name. His works have been often re-
printed (8 vols. , 1757).
Saintsbury, George Edward Bateman. An
eminent English critic and literary historian;
born at Southampton, Oct. 23, 1845. He has
been a master in Elizabeth College, Guernsey,
head-master of the Elgin Educational Institute
(1874-76), and a constant contributor to British
reviews. He is noted for his profound learn-
ing, sound judgment, and lucid style. Among
his numerous works are: A Primer of French
Literature (1880), in universal use; Life of
Dryden) (1881); Short History of French
Literature (1882); Life of Marlborough'
(1885); (History of Elizabethan Literature)
(1887); Essays on French Novelists) (1891);
(The Earl of Derby) (1892); Corrected Im-
pressions) (1895), essays on Victorian writers;
(History of 19th-Century Literature, 1780-1895)
(1896). He has also edited the (Pocket Library
of English Literature) (6 vols. , 1892).
Saint-Simon, Claude Henri, Count de (san-
sē-môn'). A French socialist reformer; born
at Paris, Oct. 17, 1700; died May 19, 1825. His
first work, Letters of an Inhabitant of Geneva
to his Contemporaries) (1802), proposed a sci-
entific reconstruction of society; to the same
end he wrote: (Reorganization of European
Society) (1814); (The Organizer) (1820); (The
Industrial System) (3 vols. , 1821-23); Literary,
Philosophical, and Industrial Opinions (1825);
Industrial Catechism) (1825 ); (The New
Christianity) (1825).
Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroy, Duc de.
A celebrated French annalist; born Jan. 16,
1675; died March 2, 1755. His Memoirs) are
among the principal sources of the personal
history of France during his lifetime. The
(Memoirs) were first published in 20 vols. (1756-
58), and afterward in "complete and authen-
tic» form in 21 vols. (1829-30); to them suc-
ceeded (Unpublished Writings) (8 vols. , 1886
92) and Unpublished Papers, Letters, and Dis-
patches on the Embassy to Spain) (1880). *
Saint Victor, Adam de (san vēk-tor'). A
French poet who fourished in the twelfth cen-
tury, and is especially revered for his beautiful
and elevated Latin hymns. *
Saint-Victor, Jacques Benjamin Maximil-
ien, Count de. A West-Indian author; born
in Fort Dauphin, San Domingo, Jan. 14, 1770;
died in Paris, Aug. 8, 1858. He was connected
with the Journal des Débats under Napoleon,
and established several Roman Catholic and
Royalist magazines. His writings include:
(Paris from the Time of the Gauls to our
Own Day) (3 vols. , 1808–12); Poetic Works)
(1822); (Letters on the United States, Written
in 1832-33' (2 vols. , 1835); and Journal of
Travel (2 vols. , 1836).
Saint-Victor, Paul Binsse, Count de. A
French literary and art critic and journalist ;
born at Paris, July 11, 1825; died there, July
He rose to distinction first through
his weekly critiques of the stage and of the
annual exhibitions of fine art. His two prin-
cipal works are: Men and Gods) (1867; 4th
ed. 1872), a volume of historico-ästhetic stud.
ies, among which the essay on "The Venus of
Milo) merits special mention; and (The Two
Masques : A Tragedy-Comedy) (3 vols. , 1880-
83), an uncompleted work on the ancient and
the modern stage. He wrote also: (The
Women of Goethe) ( 1869 ); Victor Hugo)
(1885); (Ancients and Moderns) (1886); “The
Theatre of To-day: E. Augier and A. Dumas
fils) (1889).
9, 1881.
## p. 478 (#494) ############################################
478
SALA- SAND
Sala, George Augustus Henry. A famous
English newspaper correspondent; born in
1828; died in 1896. During the American Civil
War he was correspondent (1863–64) of the
London Telegraph, for the same paper in Al-
giers in 1864 and again in 1875, at the Paris
Exposition in 1867, and during the Franco-
German War, 1870-71. He has published the
novels (Quite Alone) and (Captain Danger-
ous); (America Revisited (1882); London up
to Date) (1894); and his own Life and Ad-
ventures) (1895). His celebrated (Cook Book,'
which sold enormously in London, shows his
versatility and knowledge of human internal
affairs. "
Sale, George. An English lawyer, and stu-
dent of Arabic and Mohammedan history;
born probably in Kent, about 1680; died in
London, Nov. 14, 1736. He is most celebrated
as the translator of the Koran, his version of
which is still a standard; his introduction is
particularly comprehensive, and appreciative of
the Mohammedan religion. He contributed the
Oriental biographies to the translation of Bayle's
"General Dictionary, which was published in
London in 10 vols. in 1734; and was one of
the learned men selected to make the English
Universal History, but his part in the work
was not published until 1739, after his death.
Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). A
Roman historian ; born about 86 B. C. ; died at
Rome, about 34 B. C. His known remaining
works are : «The Conspiracy of Catiline) and
(The History of the War against Jugurtha.
A lost history of his covered only the period
from 84 to 76 B. C. *
Salm-Dyck, Constance Marie de Theis,
Princess of (säm-dek'). A French poet and
miscellaneous writer; born at Nantes, Nov. 17,
1767; died at Paris, April 13, 1845. She wrote
a series of poetical (Epistles,' one (To Wo-
men, another (On the Blindness of this Age.
She also wrote: My Threescore Years) (1833);
(The Twenty-Four Hours of a Sensible Wo-
man"; "Cantata on the Marriage of Napoleon.
Salomon ben Judah. See Avicebron.
Saltus, Edgar Everston. An American nov-
elist; born in New York, June 8, 1858. He was
educated in Europe, and graduated at the Co-
lumbia Law School. He is represented in fic-
tion and miscellany by Balzac) (1884); (The
Philosophy of Disenchantment) (1885); “The
Anatomy of Negation) (1886); After-Dinner
Stories) (1886), a translation from Balzac; (Mr.
Incoul's Misadventure! (1887); "The Truth
about Tristrem Varick) (1888); Eden) (1888);
(A Transaction in Hearts) (1888); (The Pace
that Kills) (1889); (A Transient Guest) (1889);
(Love and Lore) (1890); Mary Magdalen)
(1891); (Imperial Purple) (1892); Madam Sap-
phira! (1893); Enthralled! (1894); When
Dreams Come True) (1895); etc.
Saltus, Francis Saltus. An American poet,
brother of Edgar; born 1849; died 1889. He is
of the modern school of poets. He published
a book of poems, Honey and Gall, in 1873;
and another collection, bearing the title “The
Bayadere and Other Sonnets,' appeared in 1894.
Saltykov, Michail Yevgráfovich (säl'te-
kof); pseudonym, N. Shtshedrin. " A noted
Russian satirist; born Jan. 27, 1826; died at St.
Petersburg, May 12, 1889. The first work to
give him celebrity throughout Russia was
(Sketches from the Provinces) (1856): it was
followed by "Satires in Prose) and (Innocent
Stories) (1863); “Signs of the Times) (1869);
Male and Female Pompadours' (1876); (Across
the Frontier); (An Idyll of To-day) (1884-86);
(Life's Pettinesses) (1887). The Russian press
laws compel the author to use an allegorical
style, which makes his meaning unintelligible
to foreigners.
Sanborn, Katharine Abbott. An American
miscellaneous writer and lecturer ; born in Han-
over, N. H. , 1839. She was professor of English
literature in Smith College for several years,
and resigned in 1886. Her publications under
the name of "Kate Sanborn” include : Home
Pictures of English Poets); the Round Table
Series of Literature Lessons); (The Vanity
and Insanity of Genius); A Year of Sunshine);
(Adopting an Abandoned Farm”; Abandoning
an Adopted Farm'; etc.
Sand, George (Baronne Dudevant: born
Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin). The cel.
ebrated French novelist; born in Paris, July
2, 1804; died at Nohant, June 7, 1876. Her
works include : (A Tourist's Letters) (1830–36);
(Indiana) (1831 ? ); 'Valentine) (1832); L lie)
(1833); (Aldo the Poet' (1833); (The Private
Secretary) (1834); (André) (1834); Leone
Leoni) (1834); Jacques) (1834); Mauprat!
(1836); “Simon (1836); «The Masters of Mo-
saic) (1837); (The Last Aldini) (1837); (Us.
coque (1838); (A Winter at Majorca) (1838);
'Spiridion (1838); (Gabriel (1839 ); (The
Seven Strings of the Lyre) (1840); (The Missis-
sippians) (1840); Pauline) (1840); (Horace)
(1841); “The Companion of a French Tour)
(1841); Consuelo) (1842); «The Countess of
Rudolstadt) (1843); Jeanne) (1844); "Isidora!
(1845); (Teverino) (1845); (The Miller of
Angibault) (1845); (The Devil's Pool (1846);
(M. Antoine's Sin (1847); "Lucrezia Floriani)
(1847); François le Champi' (1847); “The Lit-
tle Fadette) (1849); (The Castle of Solitude)
(1849); (The Master Ringers) (1853); (Story of
My Life) (1854); Mont Revêche (1855); (The
Devil in the Fields) (1856); "She and He)
(1858); (The Green Ladies) (1859); Laura)
(1859); “The Snow Man' (1859); Jean de la
Roche) (1860); Flavia! (1860); Valvedra)
(1861); (Tamaris (1861); Antonia) (1861); (The
Germandre Family) (1861); (The Fine Gentle-
men of Bois-Doré) (1862); (Mlle. de la Quin-
tinie) (1864); (A Young Girl's Confession)
(1865); (Monsieur Sylvestre) (1866); 'The Last
Love) (1867); “Cadio) (1868); (Mlle. Merquem
(1868); (A Rolling Stone) (1869); Daniella)
(1869); (The Little Daughter' (1869); Narcis-
sus) (1870); Village Walks) (1870); "Loves of
>
## p. 479 (#495) ############################################
SANDBACK-SARDOU
479
)
the Golden Age) (1870); (Cesarine Dietrecht)
(1871); Journal of a Tourist during the War)
(1871); Mlle. de Cérignan) (1871); etc. Her
dramatic works include: (Cosima) (1840);
(The King Waits) (1848); (François le Champi?
(1849); (Claudia' (1851); "Victorine's Marriage)
(1851); (The Demon of the Hearth) (1852);
(Molière) (1853); (The Crusher) (1853); “Mau-
prat) (1853); (Flaminio) (1854); (Master Fa-
villa) (1855); (Lucia) (1855? ); (As You Like
It' (1856); Françoise) (1856); (The Fine Gen-
tlemen of Bois-Doré) (1862); (The Pavement!
(1862); (The Marquis of Villemer) (1863–64);
(Drac) (1864); (The Village Don Juan)
(1866); (Cadio) (1868); etc. Many of these
were founded on her novels. *
Sandback, Mrs. Henry Roscoe. An English
poet, granddaughter of William Roscoe the
historian. Her works are: (Amidei: A Tra-
gedy'; 'Poems) (1840); 'Giuliano de' Medici, a
drama (1842); (Aurora and Other Poems (1850).
Sandeau, Léonard Sylvain Jules (sän-do').
A celebrated French novelist and man of let.
ters; born in Aubusson, Feb. 19, 1811; died in
Paris, April 24, 1883. He wrote: Madame
de Sommerville) (1834); Marianna) (1840);
(Doctor Herbeau) (1841); Fernand) (1844);
“Catherine) (1846); “Valcreuse) (1846); (Mlle.
de la Seiglière (1848); Madeleine) (1848); (A
Legacy) (1849); Bags and Parchments) (1851);
( The House of Penarvan) ( 1858 ); “A Beginning
in the Magistracy) (1862); J. de Thommeray)
(1873); etc. *
Sanford, Edward. An American poet and
journalist; born in Albany, N. Y. , July 8, 1805;
died in Gowanda, N. Y. , Aug. 28, 1876. In-
cluded in his best-known works are a poetical
address to Black Hawk, and (The Loves of
the Shell-Fishes. Many of his verses, which
are graceful and humorous, have been published
in various collections.
Sanfuentes, Salvador (sän-fwen'tās ). A
Chilian poet; born in Santiago, Feb. 2, 1817;
died there, July 17, 1860. Among his works
are: (Caupolican, a drama in verse (1835);
(El Campanario) (1838); (Teudo; or, Memo-
ries of a Solitary) (1858); and (Chile, from the
Battle of Chacabuco to that of Maipo) (1850).
Sangster, Charles. A Canadian poet and
editor; born in Kingston, Ont. , July 16, 1822.
He was editor of the Amherstburg Courier
(1849), and published (The St. Lawrence and
the Saguenay, and Other Poems) (1856), and
(Hesperus: Poems and Lyrics) (1860).
Sangster, Margaret Elizabeth (Munson).
An American poet and prose-writer; born in
New Rochelle, N. Y. , Feb. 22, 1838. She was
editorially connected with Hearth and Home
(1871-73) and The Christian at Work (1873-
79); since 1889 has been editor of Harper's
Bazar. Her most noted poems are: (Our
Own'; (The Sin of Omission); and (Are the
Children at Home ? ) Among her books for
girls are: May Stanhope and her Friend,'
and Maidie's Problem. '
Santayana, George. A Spanish-American
poet and educator; born in Spain, 1863. He
is professor of philosophy at Harvard, and
has published: (Sonnets and Other Poems,
and (The Sense of Beauty: An Outline of
Æsthetic Theory. ?
Santillana, Iñigo Lopez de Mendoza, Mar-
ques de (sän'tēl-yä'na). A Spanish poet; born
at Carrion de los Condes, Aug. 19, 1398 ; died
at Guadalajara, March 25, 1458. He was made
marquis for his services in the Moorish wars.
He had much to do with the reform of Cas-
tilian poetry by subjecting it to the laws of
the Italian classic school, and of the later
Catalan-Provençal school of the court poets.
In the Italian-classic style are his Proverbs)
or (Hundred Adages,' a collection of 100 prov-
erbs in 8-verse strophes; and the Dialogue
of Bias against Fortune. His allegorical poem
in dialogue form, the (Comediette of Ponza,
aſter the manner of Dante, had an influence
on the development of the Spanish drama.
Besides poems, he wrote for the Constable of
Portugal, Dom Pedro, a memoir which is of great
value for the history of ancient Spanish poetry.
Saphir, Moritz (säf'ēr). An Austrian hu-
morist; born at Lovas-Berény in Hungary,
Feb. 8, 1795; died near Vienna, Sept. 5, 1858.
Among his numerous writings are : (Album for
Play and Earnest, Fun and Humor) (2 vols. ,
1846; 5th ed. 1875); Dictionary of Wit and
Humor) (2 ed. , 5 vols. , 1860).
Sappho (safro). A renowned Greek poet;
born in the island of Lesbos about 612 B. C.
Of her life little is known.
Besides some
small fragments of her poems, we have in com-
plete form a (Hymn to Aphrodite) and an
(Ode to a Beautiful Girl. ) In antiquity, as
Homer was ever “The Poet” par excellence,
so Sappho was “The Poetess. ) *
Sarcey, Francisque (sär-sā'). A French
author and critic; born at Dourdan (Seine-et-
Oise), Oct. 8, 1828. As dramatic critic for Paris
journals, he is highly esteemed for his inde.
pendence of judgment, and his wide acquaint-
ance with dramatic literature and the history
of the stage. He has published : History of the
Siege of Paris,' which in its first year reached
the 30th edition ; (The Word and the Thing,'
philosophical conversations ( 1862 ); (Étienne
Moret,' a semi-autobiographical story (1875);
(Recollections of Youth) (1884); "Recollec-
tions of Mature Age' (1892). *
Sardou, Victorien (sär-dö'). A celebrated
French dramatist; born in Paris, Sept. 7, 1831.
He began play-writing in early life, although
intended originally for the medical profession.
Among his plays are: (The Students' Inn)
(1854); "Monsieur Garat) (1857 ? ); (Saint Ger-
vais) (1860); Blockheads) (1861); (Piccolino)
(1861 ? ); (Our Intimates) (186-); (The Butter-
fly) (1862); «The Black Devils) (1863); “Don
Quixote) (1864); (The Benoiton Family) (1865);
(The New House) (1866); (Seraphine) (1868);
(Fernande) (1870); (Rabagas) (1872); Uncle
## p. 480 (#496) ############################################
480
SARGENT - SAVAGE
)
Sam (1873); (Ferréol (1875); Dora' (1877);
(Daniel Rochat) (1880); Divorçons) (1881);
(Odette) (1882); (Fédora) (1883); (Theodora)
(1884); (Crocodile (1886); "La Tosca' (1887);
(Thermidor) (1891); 'Gismonda) (1894); Ma-
dame Sans-Gêne); etc. He was elected to the
Academy in 1877.
Sargent, Charles Sprague. An American
botanist and arboriculturist; born in Boston,
1841. He has been director of the botanic
garden and arboretum, and professor of arbori-
culture, at Harvard. He has written many
authoritative reports and books, among them:
(Report on the Forests of North America);
(The Woods of the United States); Notes on
the Forest Flora of Japan. His great work
(The Silva of North America) is designed to
be a complete and authoritative work on the
trees of North America; it is now in course of
publication.
Sargent, Epes. An American journalist,
dramatist, verse and prose writer; born in
Gloucester, Mass. , Sept. 27, 1813; died in Boston,
Dec. 31, 1880. His works include: (Change
Makes Change,' a comedy ; (The Priestess, a
tragedy; "Wealth and Worth) (1840), a novel;
(Peculiar: A Tale of the Great Transition)
(1863); Life of Henry Clay. (Songs of the
Sea) and (A Life on the Ocean Wave) are the
most popular of his verses. . His Cyclopædia
of English and American Poetry) was published
in 1883.
Sargent, Nathan. [“Oliver Oldschool. ”] An
American journalist and publicist; born in
Poultney, Vt. , May 5, 1794; died in Washing-
ton, D. C. , Feb. 2, 1875. He held many public
positions, was connected with and established
several newspapers, and under his pen-name
wrote a series of famous letters from Wash-
ington to the United States Gazette. He pub-
lished a "Life of Henry Clay) (1844), and (Pub-
lic Men and Events) (2 vols. , 1875).
Sargent, Winthrop. An American lawyer
and historical writer; born in Philadelphia,
Sept. 23, 1825; died in Paris, May 18, 1870.
He lived in New York city, and wrote largely
for the press on historical subjects. His (His-
tory of an Expedition against Fort Duquesne
in 1755 under Gen. Braddock) (1855) has been
highly esteemed. He wrote (The Loyalist
Poetry of the Revolution (1857) and the Life
and Career of Major John André) (1861).
Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino (särm.
yen'to). President of the Argentine Republic,
and educational writer; born in San Juan, A. R. ,
Feb. 15, 1811 ; died in Asuncion, Paraguay, Sept.
II, 1888. During 1845-47 he visited Europe
and the United States to study the system of
primary schools. During his travels he made
the acquaintance of Cobden, Guizot, Hum-
boldt, and Horace Mann; under the influence
of the latter he wrote Popular Education,'
published (1848) by the Chilian government.
Other important works of his are: Life of
Lincoln) (1866), and (The Schools the Found-
ation of Well Being in the United States) (1868).
Sartoris, Mrs. Adelaide. An English opera
singer and miscellaneous writer; born 1814;
died 1879. She wrote: A Week in a French
Country House) (1867); Medusa, and Other
Tales) (1868); (Past Hours) (2 vols. , 1880), a
collection of the author's fugitive pieces; and
an unfinished work, Judith.
Saulcy, Louis Félicien Joseph Caignart de
(so-se'). A French numismatist and antiqua-
rian; born in Lille, March 19, 1807; died in
Paris, Nov. 3, 1880. He first obtained special
attention as a numismatist by his Essay on
the Classification of Byzantine Coinage (1836).
Among his works are: (Tour in the Holy
Land' (1865); Last Days of Jerusalem' (1866);
"Story of Herod (1867); and (Seven Centuries
of Jewish History) (1874).
Saunders, Frederick. An American scholar
and miscellaneous writer; born at London,
Aug. 13, 1807. He was librarian of the Astor
Library, New York, 1859-96. He wrote: (Me.
moirs of the Great Metropolis) (London, 1852);
(New York in a Nut-Shell (1853); (Salad for
the Solitary, by an Epicure) (1853); (Salad for
the Social (1850); Pearls of Thought, Reli.
gious and Philosophical, Gathered from Old
Authors) (1858); Mosaics) (1859); Festival
of Song) (1866); (About Women, Love, and
Marriage) (1868); (Evenings with the Sacred
Poets' (1869 ; enlarged 1885); Pastime Papers)
(1885); (Story of Some Famous Books' (1887);
(The Book-Lover's Library. '
Saunière, Paul (sõn-yår'). A French story.
writer; born at Paris, 1827. He wrote: (The
Fatal Prediction); (The Bluebeard Nobleman';
(Father Grabpenny); King Misery) (1808);
(Miss Aglaë) (1874); (The True Adventures
of Jean Barchalou) (1876); (A Son-in-Law at
Any Cost! (1879); (The Nephew from Amer.
ical (1881); "The Little Marquise) (1883);
(Mother Michel (1886); (A Daughter of the
Pharaohs) (1888); (Quicksilver) (1889); (The
Recluse of Montfleury) (1889).
Saussure, Henri de (ső-sür'). A Swiss
naturalist; born at Geneva, 1829. He was a
member of the scientific expedition to Mexico,
and wrote several memoirs on the insects of
that country. He wrote also: Memoir to
Serve for the Natural History of Mexico, the
Antilles, and the United States) (1872); (The
Genevan Explorers of the Alps (1879).
Sauvage, Thomas Marie François (sū.
väzh'). A French dramatist; born at Paris,
1794; died there, 1877. Among his plays are:
(The Portfolio; or, the Impromptu Lord
( 1820 ); Margaret of Anjou! ( 1826 ); (The
Drunkard) (1830); (A Provincial Conspiracy)
(1832); (The Sea Wolf (1840); (The Amazon
(1846); (The Carnival of Venice) (1860); My
Lord's Coat) (1862).
Savage, John. An American journalist and
miscellaneous writer; born in Dublin, Ireland,
Dec. 13, 1828; died in 1888. He came to New
York in 1848, and subsequently in Washington
became proprietor of The States, the organ of
## p. 481 (#497) ############################################
SAVAGE-SAYCE
481
was
Stephen A. Douglas. Included in his popular
war-songs are (The Starry Flag) and (The
Muster of the North. Among his other works
are: Our Living Representative Men (1860);
Poems : Lyrical, Dramatic, and Romantic
(1870); Picturesque Ireland) (1878-83); and
"Waiting for a Wife,' a comedy (1859).
Savage, Minot Judson. A noted Unitarian
clergyman; born in Norridgewock, Me. , June
10, 1841. He graduated at the Theological Sem-
inary at Bangor, 1864; went to California as a
Congregational home missionary, and preached
at San Mateo and at Grass Valley. He re-
moved to Framingham, Mass. ; thence
called to Indianapolis, and afterwards to Han-
nibal, Mo. He accepted a call to the Third
Unitarian Church Chicago in 1873, and after
a year there was installed pastor of the Church
of the Unity, Boston, where he remained for
twenty-two years. He is now in the Church of
the Messiah, New York, in association with
Dr. Robert Collyer. In his very active career
he has published over thirty books on religious,
social, and moral questions, among which may
be mentioned: (The Religion of Evolution
(1876); “Social Problems) (1886); (My Creed
(1887); (Jesus and Modern Life) (1893); (A
Man (1895); Religion for To-day) (1897). He
has also published (Bluffton: A Story of To-
day) (1878), and Poems, 247 pages, in 1882.
Savage, Richard Henry. An American nov-
elist; born in New York, 1846. He has written
many notable works of fiction, among them :
(My Official Wife); (A Daughter of Judas);
(The Anarchist); (In the Old Château); (The
Masked Venus); (Miss Devereaux of the Mari-
quita'; and After Many Years, and Other
Poems.
Savage-Armstrong, George Francis. An
Irish poet; born at Dublin, 1845. Among his
poetical works are : (Poems, Lyrical and Dra-
matic) (1879); (Ugone : A Tragedy) (1870);
(The Tragedy of Israel,' a trilogy (1872–76);
(Stories of Wicklow (1886); “One in the Infi-
nite) (1891).
Savary, Nicolas (sä-vär-z'). A French
traveler and Orientalist; born at Vitré, Brittany,
France, in 1750; died Feb. 4, 1788. He published :
(Letters on Egypt) (3 vols. , 1781-85); the Koran
in French, with a Life of Mohammed) (2
vols. , 1783).
Savigny, Friedrich Karl von (sä-vēn-yē').
A distinguished jurist and historian of juris-
prudence; born in Frankfort on the Main, Feb.
21, 1779; died in Berlin, Oct. 25, 1861. He stood
long at the head of what is termed the his-
torical school of jurisprudence. His principal
works were : (The Legal Right of Property)
(1803); (The Present System of Roman Juris-
prudence (1840-49); Contract Law); (History
of the System of Roman Law in the Middle
Ages); etc.
Savioli, Luigi V. (säv-yo'lē). An Italian
poet and historian ; born 1729 ; died 1804. He
published in his youth a volume of poems,
(Amours); translated the works of Tacitus ;
and at the time of his death was engaged on
the composition of a historical work, “The
Annals of Bologna.
Savonarola, Girolamo (sä-von-ä-rõ'lä). One
of the great figures of Italian history; born at
Ferrara, Sept. 21, 1452; hanged and his body
burned May 23, 1498, a victim of the struggles of
parties and factions during the pontificate of
Alexander VI. (Borgia). The following are the
titles of some of his works: (The Triumph of
the Cross); Meditations on the Thirty-First
Psalm); (Sermons); (Poems, the latter being
few in number; (Essays); etc.
Sawyer, Leicester Ambrose. An American
clergyman, Biblical scholar, and author ; born
in Pinckney, N. Y. , July 28, 1807. He was pas-
tor of various churches (1842-59), and has pub.
lished : (Elements of Biblical Interpretation
(1836); ( Mental Philosophy) (1839); Moral Phi-
losophy) (1845); (Organic Christianity) (1854);
(Reconstruction of Bible Theories) (1862); and
(Final Theology; or, Introduction to the New
Testament) (Vol. i. , 1879). He also published
a notable new translation of the New Testa-
ment, without the usual division into verses.
Saxe, John Godfrey. An American humor-
ous poet, very popular his day; born in
Highgate, Vt. , June 2, 1816; died in Albany,
N. Y. , March 31, 1887. In 1872 he became edi.
torially connected with the Albany Evening
Journal, and subsequently contributed to Har-
per's Magazine and the Atlantic Monthly. His
most popular verses include (Rhyme of the
Rail) and (The Proud Miss McBride); and
his published works (The Flying Dutchman;
or, The Wrath of Herr von Stoppelnose) (1862),
and Leisure-Day Rhymes) (1875).
Saxo Grammaticus. A Danish historian;
date of birth not known; died after 1208. His
( Gesta Danorum) or (Historia Danica) con-
sists of 16 books, and extends to the year 1186.
Much valuable historical material is to be
found in the last six books. His surname was
given him on account of the correctness and
elegance of his Latin, which excited the ad-
miration of Erasmus.
Say, Jean Baptiste (sā). A noted French
economist; born 1767; died 1832. He popular-
ized the theories of Adam Smith in France.
His best-known work is (Treatise on Political
Economy) (1803); but widely read also were
(Catechism of Political Economy) (1815),
(Complete Course in Practical Political Econ-
omy) (1829), and “Views of Men and Society)
(1817). His “theory of markets » attracted
great attention.
Sayce, Archibald Henry. An eminent Eng-
lish Orientalist and philologist; born Sept. 25,
1846. His works extend over various fields,
and are of great importance for comparative
philology and history. They include: (As-
syrian Grammar for Comparative Purposes)
(1872); Elementary Assyrian Grammar' (1875);
(Lectures on the Assyrian Language) (1877);
31
## p. 482 (#498) ############################################
482
SCALIGER-SCHANDORPH
a
(Babylonian Literature (1877); (Fresh Light
from the Monuments) (1884); Ancient Em-
pires of the East' (1884); (Assyria: Its Princes,
Priests, and People) (1885); Introduction to
the Books of Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther)
(1885); Hibbert Lectures on the Origin and
Growth of Religion, as Illustrated by the Re-
ligion of the Ancient Babylonians) (1887);
(The Hittites) (1888); (Records of the Past
(new series, 1889-92); Life and Times of
Isaiah) (1889); (The Races of the Old Tes-
tament) (1891); “Social Life among the As-
syrians and Babylonians) (1891); "A Primer
of Assyriology) (1894); "The Higher Criticism
and the Verdict of the Monuments) (1894);
(The Egypt of the Hebrews, and Herodotus )
(1895). Special mention should be made of
his Principles of Comparative Philology, and
(Introduction to the Science of Language,
which have passed through many editions.
Scaliger, Joseph Justus (skal'-i-jer). A
French critic and classical scholar of great
celebrity, son of J. C. ; born in Agen, 1540; died
at Leyden, 1609. He became one of the most
learned men of his age, with a prodigious knowl-
edge of classical antiquities and literature. He
was involved in controversy on account of his
conversion to Protestantism. Besides notes,
criticisms, and essays, on Catullus, Propertius,
Virgil, Moschus, and other authors, he wrote:
(The Emendation of Time) (1583), a work on
chronology and the calendar; (The Treasure
of Time) (1606), in which he rearranged the
whole chronology of classical antiquity; etc.
Scaliger, Julius Cæsar, originally della
Scala. A celebrated classical scholar, Italian
by birth, French by adoption; born at the castle
of La Rocca in 1484; died at Agen, 1558. Ac-
cording to some scholars, no one of the an-
cients could be placed above him, and the age
in which he lived could not show his equal »
in learning and talent. He published an Ora-
tion against Erasmus) (1531), in reply to that
scholar's Ciceronianus); Poems! (1533-74),
in Latin and filling several volumes ; (Comic
Metres); and a variety of dissertations and
essays on classical subjects.
Scarron, Paul (skär-rộn'). A French poet,
dramatist, and novelist; born at Paris about
1610; died there, Oct. 14, 1660. At the age of
30, in consequence of a rheumatic attack, in
which he was treated by a quack doctor, he
became an invalid for life,- deformed and con-
torted, and suffering continual pain. His best
work is the Comic Romance (2 vols. , 1651-
57, but never completed), the story of a band
of strolling actors: it paints manners and
characters with great vividness. In this novel
Scarron draws on Spanish sources, as he does
also in the comedies (The Ridiculous Heir);
Jodelet); (Don Japhet of Armenia); (The
Scholar of Salamanca. ) His travesty of the
Æneid (1648-53) was in its day regarded as a
masterpiece of genuine burlesque humor; but
it is now rated as unworthy of the author's
great talent.
He married in 1652 Françoise
d'Aubigné, who afterward, as Mme. de Mainte-
non, became the wife of Louis XIV.
Schack, Adolph Friedrich, Count von
(shäk). A distinguished German Oriental
scholar and historian of literature; born in
Schwerin, Aug. 2, 1815; died in Rome, April
14, 1894. His works embrace many subjects;
but his especial distinction is as a student and
critic of Arabic, Persian, and Sanskrit literature.
He published: (History of Dramatic Art and
Literature in Spain (1845-46); Poetry and Art
of the Arabs in Spain and Sicily) (1865); “His-
tory of the Normans in Sicily) (1889); etc. His
translations of Oriental classics are celebrated,
and include “Hero Songs (or epics) of Firdusi!
(1851), for which he was decorated by the Shah;
(Firdusi? (1853), additional translations; (Stro-
phes of Omar Khayyam' (1878); “Voices from
the Ganges,' a series of Hindu poems; (Mej.
nun and Leila,' the famous story by Jami; etc.
J. J. Rousseau, his Life and Works) (2 vols. ,
1875).
Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de (san-piar'). The
celebrated author of (Paul and Virginia';
born in Havre, Jan. 19, 1737 ; died at Eragny-
sur-Oise, Jan. 21, 1814. His works include : 'Voy-
age to the Isle of France (1773); (Studies of
Nature (1784); Vows of a Solitary) (1789);
«The Indian Cottage) (1790); Harmonies of
Nature (179-);(On Nature and Morality) (1798);
(Voyage to Silesia) (1807); (The Death of Soc-
rates) (1808); “Essay on Newspapers) (1808);
(Essay on J. J. Rousseau) (1809? ); “Stories of
Travel (1809-12); etc.
Saint-Pierre, Charles Irénée Castel, Abbé
de. A French philanthropist; born at St. Pierre
(Normandy), Feb. 18, 1658; died April 29, 1743.
Among his writings are: (Project of Universal
Peace) (3 vols. , 1713); (Polysynody,' a severe
stricture on Louis XIV. 's government, and a
plan for the administration of the affairs of the
kingdom by a system of councils for each de-
partment of the government; and a number
of projects for the betterment of society in
every way.
Saint-Réal, César Richard, Abbé de (san-
rā-al'). A French historian, called the French
Sallust)); born at Chambéry, 1639; died there,
1692. He was official historian of Savoy, and
wrote a (History of the Spanish Conspiracy of
1618 against the Republic of Venice) (1674),
his principal work. His historical novel, Don
Carlos, is the chief source of Schiller's drama
of that name. His works have been often re-
printed (8 vols. , 1757).
Saintsbury, George Edward Bateman. An
eminent English critic and literary historian;
born at Southampton, Oct. 23, 1845. He has
been a master in Elizabeth College, Guernsey,
head-master of the Elgin Educational Institute
(1874-76), and a constant contributor to British
reviews. He is noted for his profound learn-
ing, sound judgment, and lucid style. Among
his numerous works are: A Primer of French
Literature (1880), in universal use; Life of
Dryden) (1881); Short History of French
Literature (1882); Life of Marlborough'
(1885); (History of Elizabethan Literature)
(1887); Essays on French Novelists) (1891);
(The Earl of Derby) (1892); Corrected Im-
pressions) (1895), essays on Victorian writers;
(History of 19th-Century Literature, 1780-1895)
(1896). He has also edited the (Pocket Library
of English Literature) (6 vols. , 1892).
Saint-Simon, Claude Henri, Count de (san-
sē-môn'). A French socialist reformer; born
at Paris, Oct. 17, 1700; died May 19, 1825. His
first work, Letters of an Inhabitant of Geneva
to his Contemporaries) (1802), proposed a sci-
entific reconstruction of society; to the same
end he wrote: (Reorganization of European
Society) (1814); (The Organizer) (1820); (The
Industrial System) (3 vols. , 1821-23); Literary,
Philosophical, and Industrial Opinions (1825);
Industrial Catechism) (1825 ); (The New
Christianity) (1825).
Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroy, Duc de.
A celebrated French annalist; born Jan. 16,
1675; died March 2, 1755. His Memoirs) are
among the principal sources of the personal
history of France during his lifetime. The
(Memoirs) were first published in 20 vols. (1756-
58), and afterward in "complete and authen-
tic» form in 21 vols. (1829-30); to them suc-
ceeded (Unpublished Writings) (8 vols. , 1886
92) and Unpublished Papers, Letters, and Dis-
patches on the Embassy to Spain) (1880). *
Saint Victor, Adam de (san vēk-tor'). A
French poet who fourished in the twelfth cen-
tury, and is especially revered for his beautiful
and elevated Latin hymns. *
Saint-Victor, Jacques Benjamin Maximil-
ien, Count de. A West-Indian author; born
in Fort Dauphin, San Domingo, Jan. 14, 1770;
died in Paris, Aug. 8, 1858. He was connected
with the Journal des Débats under Napoleon,
and established several Roman Catholic and
Royalist magazines. His writings include:
(Paris from the Time of the Gauls to our
Own Day) (3 vols. , 1808–12); Poetic Works)
(1822); (Letters on the United States, Written
in 1832-33' (2 vols. , 1835); and Journal of
Travel (2 vols. , 1836).
Saint-Victor, Paul Binsse, Count de. A
French literary and art critic and journalist ;
born at Paris, July 11, 1825; died there, July
He rose to distinction first through
his weekly critiques of the stage and of the
annual exhibitions of fine art. His two prin-
cipal works are: Men and Gods) (1867; 4th
ed. 1872), a volume of historico-ästhetic stud.
ies, among which the essay on "The Venus of
Milo) merits special mention; and (The Two
Masques : A Tragedy-Comedy) (3 vols. , 1880-
83), an uncompleted work on the ancient and
the modern stage. He wrote also: (The
Women of Goethe) ( 1869 ); Victor Hugo)
(1885); (Ancients and Moderns) (1886); “The
Theatre of To-day: E. Augier and A. Dumas
fils) (1889).
9, 1881.
## p. 478 (#494) ############################################
478
SALA- SAND
Sala, George Augustus Henry. A famous
English newspaper correspondent; born in
1828; died in 1896. During the American Civil
War he was correspondent (1863–64) of the
London Telegraph, for the same paper in Al-
giers in 1864 and again in 1875, at the Paris
Exposition in 1867, and during the Franco-
German War, 1870-71. He has published the
novels (Quite Alone) and (Captain Danger-
ous); (America Revisited (1882); London up
to Date) (1894); and his own Life and Ad-
ventures) (1895). His celebrated (Cook Book,'
which sold enormously in London, shows his
versatility and knowledge of human internal
affairs. "
Sale, George. An English lawyer, and stu-
dent of Arabic and Mohammedan history;
born probably in Kent, about 1680; died in
London, Nov. 14, 1736. He is most celebrated
as the translator of the Koran, his version of
which is still a standard; his introduction is
particularly comprehensive, and appreciative of
the Mohammedan religion. He contributed the
Oriental biographies to the translation of Bayle's
"General Dictionary, which was published in
London in 10 vols. in 1734; and was one of
the learned men selected to make the English
Universal History, but his part in the work
was not published until 1739, after his death.
Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus). A
Roman historian ; born about 86 B. C. ; died at
Rome, about 34 B. C. His known remaining
works are : «The Conspiracy of Catiline) and
(The History of the War against Jugurtha.
A lost history of his covered only the period
from 84 to 76 B. C. *
Salm-Dyck, Constance Marie de Theis,
Princess of (säm-dek'). A French poet and
miscellaneous writer; born at Nantes, Nov. 17,
1767; died at Paris, April 13, 1845. She wrote
a series of poetical (Epistles,' one (To Wo-
men, another (On the Blindness of this Age.
She also wrote: My Threescore Years) (1833);
(The Twenty-Four Hours of a Sensible Wo-
man"; "Cantata on the Marriage of Napoleon.
Salomon ben Judah. See Avicebron.
Saltus, Edgar Everston. An American nov-
elist; born in New York, June 8, 1858. He was
educated in Europe, and graduated at the Co-
lumbia Law School. He is represented in fic-
tion and miscellany by Balzac) (1884); (The
Philosophy of Disenchantment) (1885); “The
Anatomy of Negation) (1886); After-Dinner
Stories) (1886), a translation from Balzac; (Mr.
Incoul's Misadventure! (1887); "The Truth
about Tristrem Varick) (1888); Eden) (1888);
(A Transaction in Hearts) (1888); (The Pace
that Kills) (1889); (A Transient Guest) (1889);
(Love and Lore) (1890); Mary Magdalen)
(1891); (Imperial Purple) (1892); Madam Sap-
phira! (1893); Enthralled! (1894); When
Dreams Come True) (1895); etc.
Saltus, Francis Saltus. An American poet,
brother of Edgar; born 1849; died 1889. He is
of the modern school of poets. He published
a book of poems, Honey and Gall, in 1873;
and another collection, bearing the title “The
Bayadere and Other Sonnets,' appeared in 1894.
Saltykov, Michail Yevgráfovich (säl'te-
kof); pseudonym, N. Shtshedrin. " A noted
Russian satirist; born Jan. 27, 1826; died at St.
Petersburg, May 12, 1889. The first work to
give him celebrity throughout Russia was
(Sketches from the Provinces) (1856): it was
followed by "Satires in Prose) and (Innocent
Stories) (1863); “Signs of the Times) (1869);
Male and Female Pompadours' (1876); (Across
the Frontier); (An Idyll of To-day) (1884-86);
(Life's Pettinesses) (1887). The Russian press
laws compel the author to use an allegorical
style, which makes his meaning unintelligible
to foreigners.
Sanborn, Katharine Abbott. An American
miscellaneous writer and lecturer ; born in Han-
over, N. H. , 1839. She was professor of English
literature in Smith College for several years,
and resigned in 1886. Her publications under
the name of "Kate Sanborn” include : Home
Pictures of English Poets); the Round Table
Series of Literature Lessons); (The Vanity
and Insanity of Genius); A Year of Sunshine);
(Adopting an Abandoned Farm”; Abandoning
an Adopted Farm'; etc.
Sand, George (Baronne Dudevant: born
Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin). The cel.
ebrated French novelist; born in Paris, July
2, 1804; died at Nohant, June 7, 1876. Her
works include : (A Tourist's Letters) (1830–36);
(Indiana) (1831 ? ); 'Valentine) (1832); L lie)
(1833); (Aldo the Poet' (1833); (The Private
Secretary) (1834); (André) (1834); Leone
Leoni) (1834); Jacques) (1834); Mauprat!
(1836); “Simon (1836); «The Masters of Mo-
saic) (1837); (The Last Aldini) (1837); (Us.
coque (1838); (A Winter at Majorca) (1838);
'Spiridion (1838); (Gabriel (1839 ); (The
Seven Strings of the Lyre) (1840); (The Missis-
sippians) (1840); Pauline) (1840); (Horace)
(1841); “The Companion of a French Tour)
(1841); Consuelo) (1842); «The Countess of
Rudolstadt) (1843); Jeanne) (1844); "Isidora!
(1845); (Teverino) (1845); (The Miller of
Angibault) (1845); (The Devil's Pool (1846);
(M. Antoine's Sin (1847); "Lucrezia Floriani)
(1847); François le Champi' (1847); “The Lit-
tle Fadette) (1849); (The Castle of Solitude)
(1849); (The Master Ringers) (1853); (Story of
My Life) (1854); Mont Revêche (1855); (The
Devil in the Fields) (1856); "She and He)
(1858); (The Green Ladies) (1859); Laura)
(1859); “The Snow Man' (1859); Jean de la
Roche) (1860); Flavia! (1860); Valvedra)
(1861); (Tamaris (1861); Antonia) (1861); (The
Germandre Family) (1861); (The Fine Gentle-
men of Bois-Doré) (1862); (Mlle. de la Quin-
tinie) (1864); (A Young Girl's Confession)
(1865); (Monsieur Sylvestre) (1866); 'The Last
Love) (1867); “Cadio) (1868); (Mlle. Merquem
(1868); (A Rolling Stone) (1869); Daniella)
(1869); (The Little Daughter' (1869); Narcis-
sus) (1870); Village Walks) (1870); "Loves of
>
## p. 479 (#495) ############################################
SANDBACK-SARDOU
479
)
the Golden Age) (1870); (Cesarine Dietrecht)
(1871); Journal of a Tourist during the War)
(1871); Mlle. de Cérignan) (1871); etc. Her
dramatic works include: (Cosima) (1840);
(The King Waits) (1848); (François le Champi?
(1849); (Claudia' (1851); "Victorine's Marriage)
(1851); (The Demon of the Hearth) (1852);
(Molière) (1853); (The Crusher) (1853); “Mau-
prat) (1853); (Flaminio) (1854); (Master Fa-
villa) (1855); (Lucia) (1855? ); (As You Like
It' (1856); Françoise) (1856); (The Fine Gen-
tlemen of Bois-Doré) (1862); (The Pavement!
(1862); (The Marquis of Villemer) (1863–64);
(Drac) (1864); (The Village Don Juan)
(1866); (Cadio) (1868); etc. Many of these
were founded on her novels. *
Sandback, Mrs. Henry Roscoe. An English
poet, granddaughter of William Roscoe the
historian. Her works are: (Amidei: A Tra-
gedy'; 'Poems) (1840); 'Giuliano de' Medici, a
drama (1842); (Aurora and Other Poems (1850).
Sandeau, Léonard Sylvain Jules (sän-do').
A celebrated French novelist and man of let.
ters; born in Aubusson, Feb. 19, 1811; died in
Paris, April 24, 1883. He wrote: Madame
de Sommerville) (1834); Marianna) (1840);
(Doctor Herbeau) (1841); Fernand) (1844);
“Catherine) (1846); “Valcreuse) (1846); (Mlle.
de la Seiglière (1848); Madeleine) (1848); (A
Legacy) (1849); Bags and Parchments) (1851);
( The House of Penarvan) ( 1858 ); “A Beginning
in the Magistracy) (1862); J. de Thommeray)
(1873); etc. *
Sanford, Edward. An American poet and
journalist; born in Albany, N. Y. , July 8, 1805;
died in Gowanda, N. Y. , Aug. 28, 1876. In-
cluded in his best-known works are a poetical
address to Black Hawk, and (The Loves of
the Shell-Fishes. Many of his verses, which
are graceful and humorous, have been published
in various collections.
Sanfuentes, Salvador (sän-fwen'tās ). A
Chilian poet; born in Santiago, Feb. 2, 1817;
died there, July 17, 1860. Among his works
are: (Caupolican, a drama in verse (1835);
(El Campanario) (1838); (Teudo; or, Memo-
ries of a Solitary) (1858); and (Chile, from the
Battle of Chacabuco to that of Maipo) (1850).
Sangster, Charles. A Canadian poet and
editor; born in Kingston, Ont. , July 16, 1822.
He was editor of the Amherstburg Courier
(1849), and published (The St. Lawrence and
the Saguenay, and Other Poems) (1856), and
(Hesperus: Poems and Lyrics) (1860).
Sangster, Margaret Elizabeth (Munson).
An American poet and prose-writer; born in
New Rochelle, N. Y. , Feb. 22, 1838. She was
editorially connected with Hearth and Home
(1871-73) and The Christian at Work (1873-
79); since 1889 has been editor of Harper's
Bazar. Her most noted poems are: (Our
Own'; (The Sin of Omission); and (Are the
Children at Home ? ) Among her books for
girls are: May Stanhope and her Friend,'
and Maidie's Problem. '
Santayana, George. A Spanish-American
poet and educator; born in Spain, 1863. He
is professor of philosophy at Harvard, and
has published: (Sonnets and Other Poems,
and (The Sense of Beauty: An Outline of
Æsthetic Theory. ?
Santillana, Iñigo Lopez de Mendoza, Mar-
ques de (sän'tēl-yä'na). A Spanish poet; born
at Carrion de los Condes, Aug. 19, 1398 ; died
at Guadalajara, March 25, 1458. He was made
marquis for his services in the Moorish wars.
He had much to do with the reform of Cas-
tilian poetry by subjecting it to the laws of
the Italian classic school, and of the later
Catalan-Provençal school of the court poets.
In the Italian-classic style are his Proverbs)
or (Hundred Adages,' a collection of 100 prov-
erbs in 8-verse strophes; and the Dialogue
of Bias against Fortune. His allegorical poem
in dialogue form, the (Comediette of Ponza,
aſter the manner of Dante, had an influence
on the development of the Spanish drama.
Besides poems, he wrote for the Constable of
Portugal, Dom Pedro, a memoir which is of great
value for the history of ancient Spanish poetry.
Saphir, Moritz (säf'ēr). An Austrian hu-
morist; born at Lovas-Berény in Hungary,
Feb. 8, 1795; died near Vienna, Sept. 5, 1858.
Among his numerous writings are : (Album for
Play and Earnest, Fun and Humor) (2 vols. ,
1846; 5th ed. 1875); Dictionary of Wit and
Humor) (2 ed. , 5 vols. , 1860).
Sappho (safro). A renowned Greek poet;
born in the island of Lesbos about 612 B. C.
Of her life little is known.
Besides some
small fragments of her poems, we have in com-
plete form a (Hymn to Aphrodite) and an
(Ode to a Beautiful Girl. ) In antiquity, as
Homer was ever “The Poet” par excellence,
so Sappho was “The Poetess. ) *
Sarcey, Francisque (sär-sā'). A French
author and critic; born at Dourdan (Seine-et-
Oise), Oct. 8, 1828. As dramatic critic for Paris
journals, he is highly esteemed for his inde.
pendence of judgment, and his wide acquaint-
ance with dramatic literature and the history
of the stage. He has published : History of the
Siege of Paris,' which in its first year reached
the 30th edition ; (The Word and the Thing,'
philosophical conversations ( 1862 ); (Étienne
Moret,' a semi-autobiographical story (1875);
(Recollections of Youth) (1884); "Recollec-
tions of Mature Age' (1892). *
Sardou, Victorien (sär-dö'). A celebrated
French dramatist; born in Paris, Sept. 7, 1831.
He began play-writing in early life, although
intended originally for the medical profession.
Among his plays are: (The Students' Inn)
(1854); "Monsieur Garat) (1857 ? ); (Saint Ger-
vais) (1860); Blockheads) (1861); (Piccolino)
(1861 ? ); (Our Intimates) (186-); (The Butter-
fly) (1862); «The Black Devils) (1863); “Don
Quixote) (1864); (The Benoiton Family) (1865);
(The New House) (1866); (Seraphine) (1868);
(Fernande) (1870); (Rabagas) (1872); Uncle
## p. 480 (#496) ############################################
480
SARGENT - SAVAGE
)
Sam (1873); (Ferréol (1875); Dora' (1877);
(Daniel Rochat) (1880); Divorçons) (1881);
(Odette) (1882); (Fédora) (1883); (Theodora)
(1884); (Crocodile (1886); "La Tosca' (1887);
(Thermidor) (1891); 'Gismonda) (1894); Ma-
dame Sans-Gêne); etc. He was elected to the
Academy in 1877.
Sargent, Charles Sprague. An American
botanist and arboriculturist; born in Boston,
1841. He has been director of the botanic
garden and arboretum, and professor of arbori-
culture, at Harvard. He has written many
authoritative reports and books, among them:
(Report on the Forests of North America);
(The Woods of the United States); Notes on
the Forest Flora of Japan. His great work
(The Silva of North America) is designed to
be a complete and authoritative work on the
trees of North America; it is now in course of
publication.
Sargent, Epes. An American journalist,
dramatist, verse and prose writer; born in
Gloucester, Mass. , Sept. 27, 1813; died in Boston,
Dec. 31, 1880. His works include: (Change
Makes Change,' a comedy ; (The Priestess, a
tragedy; "Wealth and Worth) (1840), a novel;
(Peculiar: A Tale of the Great Transition)
(1863); Life of Henry Clay. (Songs of the
Sea) and (A Life on the Ocean Wave) are the
most popular of his verses. . His Cyclopædia
of English and American Poetry) was published
in 1883.
Sargent, Nathan. [“Oliver Oldschool. ”] An
American journalist and publicist; born in
Poultney, Vt. , May 5, 1794; died in Washing-
ton, D. C. , Feb. 2, 1875. He held many public
positions, was connected with and established
several newspapers, and under his pen-name
wrote a series of famous letters from Wash-
ington to the United States Gazette. He pub-
lished a "Life of Henry Clay) (1844), and (Pub-
lic Men and Events) (2 vols. , 1875).
Sargent, Winthrop. An American lawyer
and historical writer; born in Philadelphia,
Sept. 23, 1825; died in Paris, May 18, 1870.
He lived in New York city, and wrote largely
for the press on historical subjects. His (His-
tory of an Expedition against Fort Duquesne
in 1755 under Gen. Braddock) (1855) has been
highly esteemed. He wrote (The Loyalist
Poetry of the Revolution (1857) and the Life
and Career of Major John André) (1861).
Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino (särm.
yen'to). President of the Argentine Republic,
and educational writer; born in San Juan, A. R. ,
Feb. 15, 1811 ; died in Asuncion, Paraguay, Sept.
II, 1888. During 1845-47 he visited Europe
and the United States to study the system of
primary schools. During his travels he made
the acquaintance of Cobden, Guizot, Hum-
boldt, and Horace Mann; under the influence
of the latter he wrote Popular Education,'
published (1848) by the Chilian government.
Other important works of his are: Life of
Lincoln) (1866), and (The Schools the Found-
ation of Well Being in the United States) (1868).
Sartoris, Mrs. Adelaide. An English opera
singer and miscellaneous writer; born 1814;
died 1879. She wrote: A Week in a French
Country House) (1867); Medusa, and Other
Tales) (1868); (Past Hours) (2 vols. , 1880), a
collection of the author's fugitive pieces; and
an unfinished work, Judith.
Saulcy, Louis Félicien Joseph Caignart de
(so-se'). A French numismatist and antiqua-
rian; born in Lille, March 19, 1807; died in
Paris, Nov. 3, 1880. He first obtained special
attention as a numismatist by his Essay on
the Classification of Byzantine Coinage (1836).
Among his works are: (Tour in the Holy
Land' (1865); Last Days of Jerusalem' (1866);
"Story of Herod (1867); and (Seven Centuries
of Jewish History) (1874).
Saunders, Frederick. An American scholar
and miscellaneous writer; born at London,
Aug. 13, 1807. He was librarian of the Astor
Library, New York, 1859-96. He wrote: (Me.
moirs of the Great Metropolis) (London, 1852);
(New York in a Nut-Shell (1853); (Salad for
the Solitary, by an Epicure) (1853); (Salad for
the Social (1850); Pearls of Thought, Reli.
gious and Philosophical, Gathered from Old
Authors) (1858); Mosaics) (1859); Festival
of Song) (1866); (About Women, Love, and
Marriage) (1868); (Evenings with the Sacred
Poets' (1869 ; enlarged 1885); Pastime Papers)
(1885); (Story of Some Famous Books' (1887);
(The Book-Lover's Library. '
Saunière, Paul (sõn-yår'). A French story.
writer; born at Paris, 1827. He wrote: (The
Fatal Prediction); (The Bluebeard Nobleman';
(Father Grabpenny); King Misery) (1808);
(Miss Aglaë) (1874); (The True Adventures
of Jean Barchalou) (1876); (A Son-in-Law at
Any Cost! (1879); (The Nephew from Amer.
ical (1881); "The Little Marquise) (1883);
(Mother Michel (1886); (A Daughter of the
Pharaohs) (1888); (Quicksilver) (1889); (The
Recluse of Montfleury) (1889).
Saussure, Henri de (ső-sür'). A Swiss
naturalist; born at Geneva, 1829. He was a
member of the scientific expedition to Mexico,
and wrote several memoirs on the insects of
that country. He wrote also: Memoir to
Serve for the Natural History of Mexico, the
Antilles, and the United States) (1872); (The
Genevan Explorers of the Alps (1879).
Sauvage, Thomas Marie François (sū.
väzh'). A French dramatist; born at Paris,
1794; died there, 1877. Among his plays are:
(The Portfolio; or, the Impromptu Lord
( 1820 ); Margaret of Anjou! ( 1826 ); (The
Drunkard) (1830); (A Provincial Conspiracy)
(1832); (The Sea Wolf (1840); (The Amazon
(1846); (The Carnival of Venice) (1860); My
Lord's Coat) (1862).
Savage, John. An American journalist and
miscellaneous writer; born in Dublin, Ireland,
Dec. 13, 1828; died in 1888. He came to New
York in 1848, and subsequently in Washington
became proprietor of The States, the organ of
## p. 481 (#497) ############################################
SAVAGE-SAYCE
481
was
Stephen A. Douglas. Included in his popular
war-songs are (The Starry Flag) and (The
Muster of the North. Among his other works
are: Our Living Representative Men (1860);
Poems : Lyrical, Dramatic, and Romantic
(1870); Picturesque Ireland) (1878-83); and
"Waiting for a Wife,' a comedy (1859).
Savage, Minot Judson. A noted Unitarian
clergyman; born in Norridgewock, Me. , June
10, 1841. He graduated at the Theological Sem-
inary at Bangor, 1864; went to California as a
Congregational home missionary, and preached
at San Mateo and at Grass Valley. He re-
moved to Framingham, Mass. ; thence
called to Indianapolis, and afterwards to Han-
nibal, Mo. He accepted a call to the Third
Unitarian Church Chicago in 1873, and after
a year there was installed pastor of the Church
of the Unity, Boston, where he remained for
twenty-two years. He is now in the Church of
the Messiah, New York, in association with
Dr. Robert Collyer. In his very active career
he has published over thirty books on religious,
social, and moral questions, among which may
be mentioned: (The Religion of Evolution
(1876); “Social Problems) (1886); (My Creed
(1887); (Jesus and Modern Life) (1893); (A
Man (1895); Religion for To-day) (1897). He
has also published (Bluffton: A Story of To-
day) (1878), and Poems, 247 pages, in 1882.
Savage, Richard Henry. An American nov-
elist; born in New York, 1846. He has written
many notable works of fiction, among them :
(My Official Wife); (A Daughter of Judas);
(The Anarchist); (In the Old Château); (The
Masked Venus); (Miss Devereaux of the Mari-
quita'; and After Many Years, and Other
Poems.
Savage-Armstrong, George Francis. An
Irish poet; born at Dublin, 1845. Among his
poetical works are : (Poems, Lyrical and Dra-
matic) (1879); (Ugone : A Tragedy) (1870);
(The Tragedy of Israel,' a trilogy (1872–76);
(Stories of Wicklow (1886); “One in the Infi-
nite) (1891).
Savary, Nicolas (sä-vär-z'). A French
traveler and Orientalist; born at Vitré, Brittany,
France, in 1750; died Feb. 4, 1788. He published :
(Letters on Egypt) (3 vols. , 1781-85); the Koran
in French, with a Life of Mohammed) (2
vols. , 1783).
Savigny, Friedrich Karl von (sä-vēn-yē').
A distinguished jurist and historian of juris-
prudence; born in Frankfort on the Main, Feb.
21, 1779; died in Berlin, Oct. 25, 1861. He stood
long at the head of what is termed the his-
torical school of jurisprudence. His principal
works were : (The Legal Right of Property)
(1803); (The Present System of Roman Juris-
prudence (1840-49); Contract Law); (History
of the System of Roman Law in the Middle
Ages); etc.
Savioli, Luigi V. (säv-yo'lē). An Italian
poet and historian ; born 1729 ; died 1804. He
published in his youth a volume of poems,
(Amours); translated the works of Tacitus ;
and at the time of his death was engaged on
the composition of a historical work, “The
Annals of Bologna.
Savonarola, Girolamo (sä-von-ä-rõ'lä). One
of the great figures of Italian history; born at
Ferrara, Sept. 21, 1452; hanged and his body
burned May 23, 1498, a victim of the struggles of
parties and factions during the pontificate of
Alexander VI. (Borgia). The following are the
titles of some of his works: (The Triumph of
the Cross); Meditations on the Thirty-First
Psalm); (Sermons); (Poems, the latter being
few in number; (Essays); etc.
Sawyer, Leicester Ambrose. An American
clergyman, Biblical scholar, and author ; born
in Pinckney, N. Y. , July 28, 1807. He was pas-
tor of various churches (1842-59), and has pub.
lished : (Elements of Biblical Interpretation
(1836); ( Mental Philosophy) (1839); Moral Phi-
losophy) (1845); (Organic Christianity) (1854);
(Reconstruction of Bible Theories) (1862); and
(Final Theology; or, Introduction to the New
Testament) (Vol. i. , 1879). He also published
a notable new translation of the New Testa-
ment, without the usual division into verses.
Saxe, John Godfrey. An American humor-
ous poet, very popular his day; born in
Highgate, Vt. , June 2, 1816; died in Albany,
N. Y. , March 31, 1887. In 1872 he became edi.
torially connected with the Albany Evening
Journal, and subsequently contributed to Har-
per's Magazine and the Atlantic Monthly. His
most popular verses include (Rhyme of the
Rail) and (The Proud Miss McBride); and
his published works (The Flying Dutchman;
or, The Wrath of Herr von Stoppelnose) (1862),
and Leisure-Day Rhymes) (1875).
Saxo Grammaticus. A Danish historian;
date of birth not known; died after 1208. His
( Gesta Danorum) or (Historia Danica) con-
sists of 16 books, and extends to the year 1186.
Much valuable historical material is to be
found in the last six books. His surname was
given him on account of the correctness and
elegance of his Latin, which excited the ad-
miration of Erasmus.
Say, Jean Baptiste (sā). A noted French
economist; born 1767; died 1832. He popular-
ized the theories of Adam Smith in France.
His best-known work is (Treatise on Political
Economy) (1803); but widely read also were
(Catechism of Political Economy) (1815),
(Complete Course in Practical Political Econ-
omy) (1829), and “Views of Men and Society)
(1817). His “theory of markets » attracted
great attention.
Sayce, Archibald Henry. An eminent Eng-
lish Orientalist and philologist; born Sept. 25,
1846. His works extend over various fields,
and are of great importance for comparative
philology and history. They include: (As-
syrian Grammar for Comparative Purposes)
(1872); Elementary Assyrian Grammar' (1875);
(Lectures on the Assyrian Language) (1877);
31
## p. 482 (#498) ############################################
482
SCALIGER-SCHANDORPH
a
(Babylonian Literature (1877); (Fresh Light
from the Monuments) (1884); Ancient Em-
pires of the East' (1884); (Assyria: Its Princes,
Priests, and People) (1885); Introduction to
the Books of Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther)
(1885); Hibbert Lectures on the Origin and
Growth of Religion, as Illustrated by the Re-
ligion of the Ancient Babylonians) (1887);
(The Hittites) (1888); (Records of the Past
(new series, 1889-92); Life and Times of
Isaiah) (1889); (The Races of the Old Tes-
tament) (1891); “Social Life among the As-
syrians and Babylonians) (1891); "A Primer
of Assyriology) (1894); "The Higher Criticism
and the Verdict of the Monuments) (1894);
(The Egypt of the Hebrews, and Herodotus )
(1895). Special mention should be made of
his Principles of Comparative Philology, and
(Introduction to the Science of Language,
which have passed through many editions.
Scaliger, Joseph Justus (skal'-i-jer). A
French critic and classical scholar of great
celebrity, son of J. C. ; born in Agen, 1540; died
at Leyden, 1609. He became one of the most
learned men of his age, with a prodigious knowl-
edge of classical antiquities and literature. He
was involved in controversy on account of his
conversion to Protestantism. Besides notes,
criticisms, and essays, on Catullus, Propertius,
Virgil, Moschus, and other authors, he wrote:
(The Emendation of Time) (1583), a work on
chronology and the calendar; (The Treasure
of Time) (1606), in which he rearranged the
whole chronology of classical antiquity; etc.
Scaliger, Julius Cæsar, originally della
Scala. A celebrated classical scholar, Italian
by birth, French by adoption; born at the castle
of La Rocca in 1484; died at Agen, 1558. Ac-
cording to some scholars, no one of the an-
cients could be placed above him, and the age
in which he lived could not show his equal »
in learning and talent. He published an Ora-
tion against Erasmus) (1531), in reply to that
scholar's Ciceronianus); Poems! (1533-74),
in Latin and filling several volumes ; (Comic
Metres); and a variety of dissertations and
essays on classical subjects.
Scarron, Paul (skär-rộn'). A French poet,
dramatist, and novelist; born at Paris about
1610; died there, Oct. 14, 1660. At the age of
30, in consequence of a rheumatic attack, in
which he was treated by a quack doctor, he
became an invalid for life,- deformed and con-
torted, and suffering continual pain. His best
work is the Comic Romance (2 vols. , 1651-
57, but never completed), the story of a band
of strolling actors: it paints manners and
characters with great vividness. In this novel
Scarron draws on Spanish sources, as he does
also in the comedies (The Ridiculous Heir);
Jodelet); (Don Japhet of Armenia); (The
Scholar of Salamanca. ) His travesty of the
Æneid (1648-53) was in its day regarded as a
masterpiece of genuine burlesque humor; but
it is now rated as unworthy of the author's
great talent.
He married in 1652 Françoise
d'Aubigné, who afterward, as Mme. de Mainte-
non, became the wife of Louis XIV.
Schack, Adolph Friedrich, Count von
(shäk). A distinguished German Oriental
scholar and historian of literature; born in
Schwerin, Aug. 2, 1815; died in Rome, April
14, 1894. His works embrace many subjects;
but his especial distinction is as a student and
critic of Arabic, Persian, and Sanskrit literature.
He published: (History of Dramatic Art and
Literature in Spain (1845-46); Poetry and Art
of the Arabs in Spain and Sicily) (1865); “His-
tory of the Normans in Sicily) (1889); etc. His
translations of Oriental classics are celebrated,
and include “Hero Songs (or epics) of Firdusi!
(1851), for which he was decorated by the Shah;
(Firdusi? (1853), additional translations; (Stro-
phes of Omar Khayyam' (1878); “Voices from
the Ganges,' a series of Hindu poems; (Mej.
nun and Leila,' the famous story by Jami; etc.
