It is
possible
that current copyright holders, heirs or
the estate of the authors of individual portions of the work, such as
illustrations or photographs, assert copyrights over these portions.
the estate of the authors of individual portions of the work, such as
illustrations or photographs, assert copyrights over these portions.
Nietzsche - v02 - Early Greek Philosophy
This file was downloaded from HathiTrust Digital Library.
Find more books at https://www. hathitrust. org.
Title: The complete works of Friedrich Nietzsche. The first complete
and authorized English translation, edited by Dr. Oscar Levy.
Author: Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 1844-1900.
Publisher: [Edinburgh and London : T. N. Foulis, 1909-1913. ]
Copyright:
Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized
http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
We have determined this work to be in the public domain in the United
States of America. It may not be in the public domain in other countries.
Copies are provided as a preservation service. Particularly outside of the
United States, persons receiving copies should make appropriate efforts to
determine the copyright status of the work in their country and use the
work accordingly. It is possible that current copyright holders, heirs or
the estate of the authors of individual portions of the work, such as
illustrations or photographs, assert copyrights over these portions.
Depending on the nature of subsequent use that is made, additional rights
may need to be obtained independently of anything we can address. The
digital images and OCR of this work were produced by Google, Inc.
(indicated by a watermark on each page in the PageTurner). Google requests
that the images and OCR not be re-hosted, redistributed or used
commercially. The images are provided for educational, scholarly,
non-commercial purposes.
Find this book online: https://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015004742220
This file has been created from the computer-extracted text of scanned page
images. Computer-extracted text may have errors, such as misspellings,
unusual characters, odd spacing and line breaks.
Original from: University of Michigan
Digitized by: Google
Generated at University of Chicago on 2022-10-12 12:45 GMT
## p. (#1) ##################################################
*# ^H
A .
WSM
■
. ~&-
i
dm
■■Ml
mLWm
mm
.
## p. (#2) ##################################################
## p. (#3) ##################################################
farad. R. R 3
## p. (#4) ##################################################
## p. (#5) ##################################################
Grad. R. r ^
## p. (#6) ##################################################
<~
## p. (#7) ##################################################
6rad. R. r ^
## p. (#8) ##################################################
## p. (#9) ##################################################
'"
Grad. R. r ,
## p. (#10) #################################################
## p. (#11) #################################################
THE COMPLETE WORKS
OF
FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE
First Complete and Authorised English Translation
in Eighteen Volumes
EDITED BY
Dr OSCAR LEVY
VOLUME TWO
EARLY GREEK PHILOSOPHY
## p. (#12) #################################################
Of the First Edition of
Oite'. Thousand Five Hundred
'; '" Copies this is
no 324
\
## p. (#13) #################################################
FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE
EARLY GREEK
PHILOSOPHY &
OTHER ESSAYS
TRANSLATED BY
MAXIMILIAN A. MUGGE
AUTHOR OF "FR. NIETZSCHE, HIS LIFE AND WORK," ETC-
T. N. FOULIS
LONDON &> EDINBURGH
191 I
## p. (#14) #################################################
'- - 1 . 1 -
\ r
printed at
The Darien Pres
Edinburgh
## p. (#15) #################################################
CONTENTS
PAGE
Translator's Preface - - - vii
i. The Greek State—Preface to an unwritten
book (1871) . . . . 1
2. The Greek Woman—Fragment (1871) - 19
3. On Music and Words—Fragment (1871) - 27
4. Homer's Contest—Preface to an unwritten
book (1872) - - - - 49
5. The Relation of Schopenhauer's Philo-
sophy to a German Culture—Preface to
an unwritten book (1872) - - 63
6. Philosophy During the Tragic Age of the
Greeks (1873) - - - 71
7. On Truth and Falsity in their ultramoral
SENSE (1873) . . . - 171
## p. (#16) #################################################
## p. (#17) #################################################
m
## p. (#18) #################################################
## p. i (#19) ###############################################
THE COMPLETE WORKS
OF
FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE
First Complete and Authorised English Translation
in Eighteen Volumes
EDITED BY
Dr OSCAR LEVY
VOLUME TWO
EARLY GREEK PHILOSOPHY
## p. ii (#20) ##############################################
Of the First Edition of
Oiie: Thousand Five Hundred
Copies this is
no 324
## p. iii (#21) #############################################
FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE
EARLY GREEK
PHILOSOPHY &
OTHER ESSAYS
TRANSLATED BY
MAXIMILIAN A. MUGGE
AUTHOR OF "FR. NIETZSCHE, HIS LIFE AND WORK," ETC.
T. N. FOULIS
LONDON & EDINBURGH
1911
## p. iv (#22) ##############################################
Printed at
The Daribn Pres
Edinburgh
## p. v (#23) ###############################################
CONTENTS
PAGE
Translator's Preface - - - vii
i. The Greek State—Preface to an unwritten
book (1871) 1
2. The Greek Woman—Fragment (1871) - 19
3. On Music and Words—Fragment (1871) - 27
4. Homer's Contest—Preface to an unwritten
book (1872) - - - - 49
5. The Relation of Schopenhauer's Philo-
sophy to a German Culture—Preface to
an unwritten book (1872) - - - 63
6. Philosophy During the Tragic Age of the
Greeks (1873) - - - 71
7. On Truth and Falsity in their ultramoral
sense (1873) - - - - 171
## p. vi (#24) ##############################################
i
## p. vii (#25) #############################################
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE
The essays contained in this volume treat of various
subjects. With the exception of perhaps one we
must consider all these papers as fragments. Written
during the early Seventies, and intended mostly as
prefaces, they are extremely interesting, since traces
of Nietzsche's later tenets—like Slave and Master
morality, the Superman—can be found everywhere.
But they are also very valuable on account of the
young philosopher's daring and able handling of
difficult and abstruse subjects. "Truth and Falsity,"
and "The Greek Woman" are probably the two
essays which will prove most attractive to the aver-
age reader.
In the essay on The Greek State the two tenets
mentioned above are clearly discernible, though the
Superman still goes by the Schopenhauerian label
"genius. " Our philosopher attacks the modern
ideas of the "dignity of man" and of the " dignity
of labour," because Existence seems to be without
worth and dignity. The preponderance of such
illusory ideas is due to the political power nowadays
vested in the "slaves. " The Greeks saw no dignity
in labour. They saw the necessity of it, and the
necessity of slavery, but felt ashamed of both. Not
even the labour of the artist did they admire,
although they praised his completed work.
## p. viii (#26) ############################################
VU1 TRANSLATORS PREFACE
If the Greeks perished through their slavery, one
thing is still more certain: we shall perish through
the lack of slavery. To the essence of Culture
slavery is innate. It is part of it. A vast multitude
must labour and "slave" in order that a few may
lead an existence devoted to beauty and art.
Strife and war are necessary for the welfare of
the State. War consecrates and purifies the State.
The purpose of the military State is the creating
of the military genius, the ruthless conqueror, the
War-lord. There also exists a mysterious connec-
tion between the State in general and the creating
of the genius.
In The Greek Woman, Nietzsche, the man who
said, "One cannot think highly enough of women,"
delineates his ideal of woman. Penelope, Antigone,
Electra are his ideal types.
Plato's dictum that in the perfect State the
family would cease to exist, belongs to the most
intimate things uttered about the relation between
women and the State. The Greek woman as mother
had to vegetate in obscurity, to lead a kind of Cran-
fordian existence for the greater welfare of the body
politic. Only in Greek antiquity did woman occupy
her proper position, and for this reason she was
more honoured than she has ever been since. Pythia
was the mouthpiece, the symbol of Greek unity.
On MUSIC and Words. Music is older, more
fundamental than language. Music is an expres-
sion of cosmic consciousness. Language is only a
gesture-symbolism.
It is true the music of every people was at first
allied to lyric poetry; "absolute music" always
## p. ix (#27) ##############################################
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE ix
appeared much later. But that is due to the double
nature in the essence of language. The tone of
the speaker expresses the basic pleasure- and dis-
pleasure-sensations of the individual. These form
the tonal subsoil common to all languages; they
are comprehensible everywhere. Language itself
is a super-structure on that subsoil; it is a gesture-
symbolism for all the other conceptions which man
adds to that subsoil.
The endeavour to illustrate a poem by music is
futile. The text of an opera is therefore quite
negligible. Modern opera in its music is therefore
often only a stimulant or a remembrancer for set,
stereotyped feelings. Great music, i. e. , Dionysean
music, makes us forget to listen to the words.
Homer's Contest. The Greek genius acknow-
ledged strife, struggle, contest to be necessary in
this life. Only through competition and emulation
will the Common-Wealth thrive. Yet there was no
unbridled ambition. Everyone's individual endea-
vours were subordinated to the welfare of the com-
munity. The curse of present-day contest is that it
does not do the same.
In The Relation of Schopenhauer's Philo-
sophy to a German Culture an amusing and
yet serious attack is made on the hollow would-be
culture of the German Philistines who after the
Franco-Prussian war were swollen with self-conceit,
self-sufficiency, and were a great danger to real Cul-
ture. Nietzsche points out Schopenhauer's great
philosophy as the only possible means of escaping
the humdrum of Philistia with its hypocrisy and
intellectual ostrichisation.
o
## p. x (#28) ###############################################
X translator's preface
The essay on GREEK PHILOSOPHY DURING THE
Tragic Age is a performance of great interest to
the scholar. It brims with ideas. The Hegelian
School, especially Zeller, has shown what an im-
portant place is held by the earlier thinkers in the
history of Greek thought and how necessary a
knowledge of their work is for all who wish to
understand Plato and Aristotle. Diels' great book:
"Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker", Benris, Bur-
net's and Fairbanks' books we may regard as the
peristyle through which we enter the temple of Early
Greek Philosophy. Nietzsche's essay then is like
a beautiful festoon swinging between the columns
erected by Diels and the others out of the marble
of facts.
Beauty and the personal equation are the two
"leitmotive" of Nietzsche's history of the pre-So-
cratian philosophers. Especially does he lay stress
upon the personal equation, since that is the only
permanent item of interest, considering that every
"System " crumbles into nothing with the appear-
ance of a new thinker. In this way Nietzsche
treats of Thales, Anaximander, Heraclitus, Parmeni-
des,Xenophanes, Anaxagoras. There are also some
sketches of a draft for an intended but never accom-
plished continuation, in which Empedocles, Demo-
critus and Plato were to be dealt with.
Probably the most popular of the Essays in this
book will prove to be the one on Truth and
Falsity. It is an epistemological rhapsody on the
relativity of truth, on "Appearance and Reality,"
on " perceptual flux " versus—" conceptual conceit. "
Man's intellect is only a means in the struggle for
## p. xi (#29) ##############################################
TRANSLATORS PREFACE XI
existence, a means taking the place of the animal's
horns and teeth. It adapts itself especially to de-
ception and dissimulation.
There are no absolute truths. Truth is relative
and always imperfect. Yet fictitious values fixed
by convention and utility are set down as truth.
The liar does not use these standard coins of the
realm. He is hated; not out of love for truth, no,
but because he is dangerous.
Our words never hit the essence, the "X " of a
thing, but indicate only external characteristics.
Language is the columbarium of the ideas, the
cemetery of perceptions.
Truths are metaphors, illusions, anthropomorph-
isms about which one has forgotten that they are
such. There are different truths to different beings.
Like a spider man sits in the web of his truths and
ideas. He wants to be deceived. By means of
error he mostly lives; truth is often fatal. When
the liar, the story-teller, the poet, the rhapsodist lie
to him without hurting him he—loves them! —
The text underlying this translation is that of
Vol. I. of the "Taschenausgabe. " One or two
obscure passages I hope my conjectures may have
elucidated. The dates following the titles indicate
the year when these essays were written.
In no other work have I felt so deeply the great
need of the science of Signifies with its ultimate
international standardisation of terms, as attempted
by Eisler and Baldwin. I hope, however, I have
succeeded in conveying accurately the meaning
of the author in spite of a certain looseness in his
philosophical terminology.
## p. xii (#30) #############################################
Xll TRANSLATORS PREFACE
The English language is somewhat at a dis-
advantage through its lack of a Noun-Infinitive.
I can best illustrate this by a passage from Par-
menides:
\pT) to \iy(iv T( votlv T ibv Ififuvac «m yap uvai,
pufiiv 8* ovk (OTiv to <r iyto <f>pd£to&ai avorya.
In his usual masterly manner Diels translates
these lines with: "Das Sagen und Denken musz
ein Seiendes sein. Denn das Sein existiert, das
Nichts existiert nicht; das heisz ich dich wohl zu
beherzigen. " On the other hand in Fairbanks'
"version" we read: "It is necessary both to say
and to think that being is; for it is possible that
being is, and it is impossible that not being is;
this is what I bid thee ponder. " In order to
avoid a similar obscurity, throughout the paper on
"Early Greek Philosophy" I have rendered
"das Seiende" (to ibv) with "Existent", "das
Nicht-Seiende " with " Non-Existent"; "das Sein"
(thai) with "Being" and "das Nicht-Sein" with
"Not-Being. "
I am directly or indirectly indebted for many
suggestions to several friends of mine, especially to
two of my colleagues, J. Charlton Hipkins, M. A. ,
and R. Miller, B. A. , for their patient revision of
the whole of the proofs.
M. A. MUGGE.
London, July 1911.
## p.
It is possible that current copyright holders, heirs or
the estate of the authors of individual portions of the work, such as
illustrations or photographs, assert copyrights over these portions.
Depending on the nature of subsequent use that is made, additional rights
may need to be obtained independently of anything we can address. The
digital images and OCR of this work were produced by Google, Inc.
(indicated by a watermark on each page in the PageTurner). Google requests
that the images and OCR not be re-hosted, redistributed or used
commercially. The images are provided for educational, scholarly,
non-commercial purposes.
Find this book online: https://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015004742220
This file has been created from the computer-extracted text of scanned page
images. Computer-extracted text may have errors, such as misspellings,
unusual characters, odd spacing and line breaks.
Original from: University of Michigan
Digitized by: Google
Generated at University of Chicago on 2022-10-12 12:45 GMT
## p. (#1) ##################################################
*# ^H
A .
WSM
■
. ~&-
i
dm
■■Ml
mLWm
mm
.
## p. (#2) ##################################################
## p. (#3) ##################################################
farad. R. R 3
## p. (#4) ##################################################
## p. (#5) ##################################################
Grad. R. r ^
## p. (#6) ##################################################
<~
## p. (#7) ##################################################
6rad. R. r ^
## p. (#8) ##################################################
## p. (#9) ##################################################
'"
Grad. R. r ,
## p. (#10) #################################################
## p. (#11) #################################################
THE COMPLETE WORKS
OF
FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE
First Complete and Authorised English Translation
in Eighteen Volumes
EDITED BY
Dr OSCAR LEVY
VOLUME TWO
EARLY GREEK PHILOSOPHY
## p. (#12) #################################################
Of the First Edition of
Oite'. Thousand Five Hundred
'; '" Copies this is
no 324
\
## p. (#13) #################################################
FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE
EARLY GREEK
PHILOSOPHY &
OTHER ESSAYS
TRANSLATED BY
MAXIMILIAN A. MUGGE
AUTHOR OF "FR. NIETZSCHE, HIS LIFE AND WORK," ETC-
T. N. FOULIS
LONDON &> EDINBURGH
191 I
## p. (#14) #################################################
'- - 1 . 1 -
\ r
printed at
The Darien Pres
Edinburgh
## p. (#15) #################################################
CONTENTS
PAGE
Translator's Preface - - - vii
i. The Greek State—Preface to an unwritten
book (1871) . . . . 1
2. The Greek Woman—Fragment (1871) - 19
3. On Music and Words—Fragment (1871) - 27
4. Homer's Contest—Preface to an unwritten
book (1872) - - - - 49
5. The Relation of Schopenhauer's Philo-
sophy to a German Culture—Preface to
an unwritten book (1872) - - 63
6. Philosophy During the Tragic Age of the
Greeks (1873) - - - 71
7. On Truth and Falsity in their ultramoral
SENSE (1873) . . . - 171
## p. (#16) #################################################
## p. (#17) #################################################
m
## p. (#18) #################################################
## p. i (#19) ###############################################
THE COMPLETE WORKS
OF
FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE
First Complete and Authorised English Translation
in Eighteen Volumes
EDITED BY
Dr OSCAR LEVY
VOLUME TWO
EARLY GREEK PHILOSOPHY
## p. ii (#20) ##############################################
Of the First Edition of
Oiie: Thousand Five Hundred
Copies this is
no 324
## p. iii (#21) #############################################
FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE
EARLY GREEK
PHILOSOPHY &
OTHER ESSAYS
TRANSLATED BY
MAXIMILIAN A. MUGGE
AUTHOR OF "FR. NIETZSCHE, HIS LIFE AND WORK," ETC.
T. N. FOULIS
LONDON & EDINBURGH
1911
## p. iv (#22) ##############################################
Printed at
The Daribn Pres
Edinburgh
## p. v (#23) ###############################################
CONTENTS
PAGE
Translator's Preface - - - vii
i. The Greek State—Preface to an unwritten
book (1871) 1
2. The Greek Woman—Fragment (1871) - 19
3. On Music and Words—Fragment (1871) - 27
4. Homer's Contest—Preface to an unwritten
book (1872) - - - - 49
5. The Relation of Schopenhauer's Philo-
sophy to a German Culture—Preface to
an unwritten book (1872) - - - 63
6. Philosophy During the Tragic Age of the
Greeks (1873) - - - 71
7. On Truth and Falsity in their ultramoral
sense (1873) - - - - 171
## p. vi (#24) ##############################################
i
## p. vii (#25) #############################################
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE
The essays contained in this volume treat of various
subjects. With the exception of perhaps one we
must consider all these papers as fragments. Written
during the early Seventies, and intended mostly as
prefaces, they are extremely interesting, since traces
of Nietzsche's later tenets—like Slave and Master
morality, the Superman—can be found everywhere.
But they are also very valuable on account of the
young philosopher's daring and able handling of
difficult and abstruse subjects. "Truth and Falsity,"
and "The Greek Woman" are probably the two
essays which will prove most attractive to the aver-
age reader.
In the essay on The Greek State the two tenets
mentioned above are clearly discernible, though the
Superman still goes by the Schopenhauerian label
"genius. " Our philosopher attacks the modern
ideas of the "dignity of man" and of the " dignity
of labour," because Existence seems to be without
worth and dignity. The preponderance of such
illusory ideas is due to the political power nowadays
vested in the "slaves. " The Greeks saw no dignity
in labour. They saw the necessity of it, and the
necessity of slavery, but felt ashamed of both. Not
even the labour of the artist did they admire,
although they praised his completed work.
## p. viii (#26) ############################################
VU1 TRANSLATORS PREFACE
If the Greeks perished through their slavery, one
thing is still more certain: we shall perish through
the lack of slavery. To the essence of Culture
slavery is innate. It is part of it. A vast multitude
must labour and "slave" in order that a few may
lead an existence devoted to beauty and art.
Strife and war are necessary for the welfare of
the State. War consecrates and purifies the State.
The purpose of the military State is the creating
of the military genius, the ruthless conqueror, the
War-lord. There also exists a mysterious connec-
tion between the State in general and the creating
of the genius.
In The Greek Woman, Nietzsche, the man who
said, "One cannot think highly enough of women,"
delineates his ideal of woman. Penelope, Antigone,
Electra are his ideal types.
Plato's dictum that in the perfect State the
family would cease to exist, belongs to the most
intimate things uttered about the relation between
women and the State. The Greek woman as mother
had to vegetate in obscurity, to lead a kind of Cran-
fordian existence for the greater welfare of the body
politic. Only in Greek antiquity did woman occupy
her proper position, and for this reason she was
more honoured than she has ever been since. Pythia
was the mouthpiece, the symbol of Greek unity.
On MUSIC and Words. Music is older, more
fundamental than language. Music is an expres-
sion of cosmic consciousness. Language is only a
gesture-symbolism.
It is true the music of every people was at first
allied to lyric poetry; "absolute music" always
## p. ix (#27) ##############################################
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE ix
appeared much later. But that is due to the double
nature in the essence of language. The tone of
the speaker expresses the basic pleasure- and dis-
pleasure-sensations of the individual. These form
the tonal subsoil common to all languages; they
are comprehensible everywhere. Language itself
is a super-structure on that subsoil; it is a gesture-
symbolism for all the other conceptions which man
adds to that subsoil.
The endeavour to illustrate a poem by music is
futile. The text of an opera is therefore quite
negligible. Modern opera in its music is therefore
often only a stimulant or a remembrancer for set,
stereotyped feelings. Great music, i. e. , Dionysean
music, makes us forget to listen to the words.
Homer's Contest. The Greek genius acknow-
ledged strife, struggle, contest to be necessary in
this life. Only through competition and emulation
will the Common-Wealth thrive. Yet there was no
unbridled ambition. Everyone's individual endea-
vours were subordinated to the welfare of the com-
munity. The curse of present-day contest is that it
does not do the same.
In The Relation of Schopenhauer's Philo-
sophy to a German Culture an amusing and
yet serious attack is made on the hollow would-be
culture of the German Philistines who after the
Franco-Prussian war were swollen with self-conceit,
self-sufficiency, and were a great danger to real Cul-
ture. Nietzsche points out Schopenhauer's great
philosophy as the only possible means of escaping
the humdrum of Philistia with its hypocrisy and
intellectual ostrichisation.
o
## p. x (#28) ###############################################
X translator's preface
The essay on GREEK PHILOSOPHY DURING THE
Tragic Age is a performance of great interest to
the scholar. It brims with ideas. The Hegelian
School, especially Zeller, has shown what an im-
portant place is held by the earlier thinkers in the
history of Greek thought and how necessary a
knowledge of their work is for all who wish to
understand Plato and Aristotle. Diels' great book:
"Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker", Benris, Bur-
net's and Fairbanks' books we may regard as the
peristyle through which we enter the temple of Early
Greek Philosophy. Nietzsche's essay then is like
a beautiful festoon swinging between the columns
erected by Diels and the others out of the marble
of facts.
Beauty and the personal equation are the two
"leitmotive" of Nietzsche's history of the pre-So-
cratian philosophers. Especially does he lay stress
upon the personal equation, since that is the only
permanent item of interest, considering that every
"System " crumbles into nothing with the appear-
ance of a new thinker. In this way Nietzsche
treats of Thales, Anaximander, Heraclitus, Parmeni-
des,Xenophanes, Anaxagoras. There are also some
sketches of a draft for an intended but never accom-
plished continuation, in which Empedocles, Demo-
critus and Plato were to be dealt with.
Probably the most popular of the Essays in this
book will prove to be the one on Truth and
Falsity. It is an epistemological rhapsody on the
relativity of truth, on "Appearance and Reality,"
on " perceptual flux " versus—" conceptual conceit. "
Man's intellect is only a means in the struggle for
## p. xi (#29) ##############################################
TRANSLATORS PREFACE XI
existence, a means taking the place of the animal's
horns and teeth. It adapts itself especially to de-
ception and dissimulation.
There are no absolute truths. Truth is relative
and always imperfect. Yet fictitious values fixed
by convention and utility are set down as truth.
The liar does not use these standard coins of the
realm. He is hated; not out of love for truth, no,
but because he is dangerous.
Our words never hit the essence, the "X " of a
thing, but indicate only external characteristics.
Language is the columbarium of the ideas, the
cemetery of perceptions.
Truths are metaphors, illusions, anthropomorph-
isms about which one has forgotten that they are
such. There are different truths to different beings.
Like a spider man sits in the web of his truths and
ideas. He wants to be deceived. By means of
error he mostly lives; truth is often fatal. When
the liar, the story-teller, the poet, the rhapsodist lie
to him without hurting him he—loves them! —
The text underlying this translation is that of
Vol. I. of the "Taschenausgabe. " One or two
obscure passages I hope my conjectures may have
elucidated. The dates following the titles indicate
the year when these essays were written.
In no other work have I felt so deeply the great
need of the science of Signifies with its ultimate
international standardisation of terms, as attempted
by Eisler and Baldwin. I hope, however, I have
succeeded in conveying accurately the meaning
of the author in spite of a certain looseness in his
philosophical terminology.
## p. xii (#30) #############################################
Xll TRANSLATORS PREFACE
The English language is somewhat at a dis-
advantage through its lack of a Noun-Infinitive.
I can best illustrate this by a passage from Par-
menides:
\pT) to \iy(iv T( votlv T ibv Ififuvac «m yap uvai,
pufiiv 8* ovk (OTiv to <r iyto <f>pd£to&ai avorya.
In his usual masterly manner Diels translates
these lines with: "Das Sagen und Denken musz
ein Seiendes sein. Denn das Sein existiert, das
Nichts existiert nicht; das heisz ich dich wohl zu
beherzigen. " On the other hand in Fairbanks'
"version" we read: "It is necessary both to say
and to think that being is; for it is possible that
being is, and it is impossible that not being is;
this is what I bid thee ponder. " In order to
avoid a similar obscurity, throughout the paper on
"Early Greek Philosophy" I have rendered
"das Seiende" (to ibv) with "Existent", "das
Nicht-Seiende " with " Non-Existent"; "das Sein"
(thai) with "Being" and "das Nicht-Sein" with
"Not-Being. "
I am directly or indirectly indebted for many
suggestions to several friends of mine, especially to
two of my colleagues, J. Charlton Hipkins, M. A. ,
and R. Miller, B. A. , for their patient revision of
the whole of the proofs.
M. A. MUGGE.
London, July 1911.
## p. 1 (#31) ###############################################
The Greek State
Preface to an Unwritten Book (1871)
## p. 2 (#32) ###############################################
## p. 3 (#33) ###############################################
We moderns have an advantage over the Greeks
in two ideas, which are given as it were as a com-
pensation to a world behaving thoroughly slavishly
and yet at the same time anxiously eschewing the
word " slave " : we talk of the "dignity of man " and
of the " dignity of labour. " Everybody worries in
order miserably to perpetuate a miserable exist-
ence; this awful need compels him to consuming
labour; man (or, more exactly, the human intellect)
seduced by the " Will" now occasionally marvels at
labour as something dignified. However in order
that labour might have a claim on titles of honour,
it would be necessary above all, that Existence itself,
to which labour after all is only a painful means,
should have more dignity and value than it appears
to have had, up to the present, to serious philo-
sophies and religions. What else may we find in the
labour-need of all the millions but the impulse to
exist at any price, the same all-powerful impulse
by which stunted plants stretch their roots through
earthless rocks!
Out of this awful struggle for existence only
individuals can emerge, and they are at once
occupied with the noble phantoms of artistic culture,
lest they should arrive at practical pessimism, which
Nature abhors as her exact opposite. In the modern
world, which, compared with the Greek, usually pro-
## p. 4 (#34) ###############################################
4 VARIOUS PROSE ESSAYS
duces only abnormalities and centaurs, in which
the individual, like that fabulous creature in the
beginning of the Horatian Art of Poetry, is jumbled
together out of pieces, here in the modern world in
one and the same man the greed of the struggle
for existence and the need for art show themselves
at the same time: out of this unnatural amalgama-
tion has originated the dilemma, to excuse and to
consecrate that first greed before this need for art.
Therefore we believe in the " Dignity of man " and
the " Dignity of labour. "
The Greeks did not require such conceptual
hallucinations, for among them the idea that labour
is a disgrace is expressed with startling frankness;
and another piece of wisdom, more hidden and less
articulate, but everywhere alive, added that the
human thing also was an ignominious and piteous
nothing and the "dream of a shadow. " Labour is
a disgrace, because existence has no value in itself;
but even though this very existence in the alluring
embellishment of artistic illusions shines forth and
really seems to have a value in itself, then that pro-
position is still valid that labour is a disgrace—a
disgrace indeed by the fact that it is impossible for
man, fighting for the continuance of bare exist-
ence, to become an artist. In modern times it is
not the art-needing man but the slave who deter-
mines the general conceptions, the slave who
according to his nature must give deceptive names
to all conditions in order to be able to live. Such
phantoms as the dignity of man, the dignity of
labour, are the needy products of slavedom hiding
itself from itself. Woful time, in which the slave
"N
## p. 5 (#35) ###############################################
THE GREEK STATE 5
requires such conceptions, in which he is incited to
think about and beyond himself! Cursed seducers,
who have destroyed the slave's state of innocence
by the fruit of the tree of knowledge! Now the
slave must vainly scrape through from one day to
another with transparent lies recognisable to every
one of deeper insight, such as the alleged "equal
rights of all" or the so-called " fundamental rights
of man," of man as such, or the "dignity of labour.
Find more books at https://www. hathitrust. org.
Title: The complete works of Friedrich Nietzsche. The first complete
and authorized English translation, edited by Dr. Oscar Levy.
Author: Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 1844-1900.
Publisher: [Edinburgh and London : T. N. Foulis, 1909-1913. ]
Copyright:
Public Domain in the United States, Google-digitized
http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-us-google
We have determined this work to be in the public domain in the United
States of America. It may not be in the public domain in other countries.
Copies are provided as a preservation service. Particularly outside of the
United States, persons receiving copies should make appropriate efforts to
determine the copyright status of the work in their country and use the
work accordingly. It is possible that current copyright holders, heirs or
the estate of the authors of individual portions of the work, such as
illustrations or photographs, assert copyrights over these portions.
Depending on the nature of subsequent use that is made, additional rights
may need to be obtained independently of anything we can address. The
digital images and OCR of this work were produced by Google, Inc.
(indicated by a watermark on each page in the PageTurner). Google requests
that the images and OCR not be re-hosted, redistributed or used
commercially. The images are provided for educational, scholarly,
non-commercial purposes.
Find this book online: https://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015004742220
This file has been created from the computer-extracted text of scanned page
images. Computer-extracted text may have errors, such as misspellings,
unusual characters, odd spacing and line breaks.
Original from: University of Michigan
Digitized by: Google
Generated at University of Chicago on 2022-10-12 12:45 GMT
## p. (#1) ##################################################
*# ^H
A .
WSM
■
. ~&-
i
dm
■■Ml
mLWm
mm
.
## p. (#2) ##################################################
## p. (#3) ##################################################
farad. R. R 3
## p. (#4) ##################################################
## p. (#5) ##################################################
Grad. R. r ^
## p. (#6) ##################################################
<~
## p. (#7) ##################################################
6rad. R. r ^
## p. (#8) ##################################################
## p. (#9) ##################################################
'"
Grad. R. r ,
## p. (#10) #################################################
## p. (#11) #################################################
THE COMPLETE WORKS
OF
FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE
First Complete and Authorised English Translation
in Eighteen Volumes
EDITED BY
Dr OSCAR LEVY
VOLUME TWO
EARLY GREEK PHILOSOPHY
## p. (#12) #################################################
Of the First Edition of
Oite'. Thousand Five Hundred
'; '" Copies this is
no 324
\
## p. (#13) #################################################
FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE
EARLY GREEK
PHILOSOPHY &
OTHER ESSAYS
TRANSLATED BY
MAXIMILIAN A. MUGGE
AUTHOR OF "FR. NIETZSCHE, HIS LIFE AND WORK," ETC-
T. N. FOULIS
LONDON &> EDINBURGH
191 I
## p. (#14) #################################################
'- - 1 . 1 -
\ r
printed at
The Darien Pres
Edinburgh
## p. (#15) #################################################
CONTENTS
PAGE
Translator's Preface - - - vii
i. The Greek State—Preface to an unwritten
book (1871) . . . . 1
2. The Greek Woman—Fragment (1871) - 19
3. On Music and Words—Fragment (1871) - 27
4. Homer's Contest—Preface to an unwritten
book (1872) - - - - 49
5. The Relation of Schopenhauer's Philo-
sophy to a German Culture—Preface to
an unwritten book (1872) - - 63
6. Philosophy During the Tragic Age of the
Greeks (1873) - - - 71
7. On Truth and Falsity in their ultramoral
SENSE (1873) . . . - 171
## p. (#16) #################################################
## p. (#17) #################################################
m
## p. (#18) #################################################
## p. i (#19) ###############################################
THE COMPLETE WORKS
OF
FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE
First Complete and Authorised English Translation
in Eighteen Volumes
EDITED BY
Dr OSCAR LEVY
VOLUME TWO
EARLY GREEK PHILOSOPHY
## p. ii (#20) ##############################################
Of the First Edition of
Oiie: Thousand Five Hundred
Copies this is
no 324
## p. iii (#21) #############################################
FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE
EARLY GREEK
PHILOSOPHY &
OTHER ESSAYS
TRANSLATED BY
MAXIMILIAN A. MUGGE
AUTHOR OF "FR. NIETZSCHE, HIS LIFE AND WORK," ETC.
T. N. FOULIS
LONDON & EDINBURGH
1911
## p. iv (#22) ##############################################
Printed at
The Daribn Pres
Edinburgh
## p. v (#23) ###############################################
CONTENTS
PAGE
Translator's Preface - - - vii
i. The Greek State—Preface to an unwritten
book (1871) 1
2. The Greek Woman—Fragment (1871) - 19
3. On Music and Words—Fragment (1871) - 27
4. Homer's Contest—Preface to an unwritten
book (1872) - - - - 49
5. The Relation of Schopenhauer's Philo-
sophy to a German Culture—Preface to
an unwritten book (1872) - - - 63
6. Philosophy During the Tragic Age of the
Greeks (1873) - - - 71
7. On Truth and Falsity in their ultramoral
sense (1873) - - - - 171
## p. vi (#24) ##############################################
i
## p. vii (#25) #############################################
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE
The essays contained in this volume treat of various
subjects. With the exception of perhaps one we
must consider all these papers as fragments. Written
during the early Seventies, and intended mostly as
prefaces, they are extremely interesting, since traces
of Nietzsche's later tenets—like Slave and Master
morality, the Superman—can be found everywhere.
But they are also very valuable on account of the
young philosopher's daring and able handling of
difficult and abstruse subjects. "Truth and Falsity,"
and "The Greek Woman" are probably the two
essays which will prove most attractive to the aver-
age reader.
In the essay on The Greek State the two tenets
mentioned above are clearly discernible, though the
Superman still goes by the Schopenhauerian label
"genius. " Our philosopher attacks the modern
ideas of the "dignity of man" and of the " dignity
of labour," because Existence seems to be without
worth and dignity. The preponderance of such
illusory ideas is due to the political power nowadays
vested in the "slaves. " The Greeks saw no dignity
in labour. They saw the necessity of it, and the
necessity of slavery, but felt ashamed of both. Not
even the labour of the artist did they admire,
although they praised his completed work.
## p. viii (#26) ############################################
VU1 TRANSLATORS PREFACE
If the Greeks perished through their slavery, one
thing is still more certain: we shall perish through
the lack of slavery. To the essence of Culture
slavery is innate. It is part of it. A vast multitude
must labour and "slave" in order that a few may
lead an existence devoted to beauty and art.
Strife and war are necessary for the welfare of
the State. War consecrates and purifies the State.
The purpose of the military State is the creating
of the military genius, the ruthless conqueror, the
War-lord. There also exists a mysterious connec-
tion between the State in general and the creating
of the genius.
In The Greek Woman, Nietzsche, the man who
said, "One cannot think highly enough of women,"
delineates his ideal of woman. Penelope, Antigone,
Electra are his ideal types.
Plato's dictum that in the perfect State the
family would cease to exist, belongs to the most
intimate things uttered about the relation between
women and the State. The Greek woman as mother
had to vegetate in obscurity, to lead a kind of Cran-
fordian existence for the greater welfare of the body
politic. Only in Greek antiquity did woman occupy
her proper position, and for this reason she was
more honoured than she has ever been since. Pythia
was the mouthpiece, the symbol of Greek unity.
On MUSIC and Words. Music is older, more
fundamental than language. Music is an expres-
sion of cosmic consciousness. Language is only a
gesture-symbolism.
It is true the music of every people was at first
allied to lyric poetry; "absolute music" always
## p. ix (#27) ##############################################
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE ix
appeared much later. But that is due to the double
nature in the essence of language. The tone of
the speaker expresses the basic pleasure- and dis-
pleasure-sensations of the individual. These form
the tonal subsoil common to all languages; they
are comprehensible everywhere. Language itself
is a super-structure on that subsoil; it is a gesture-
symbolism for all the other conceptions which man
adds to that subsoil.
The endeavour to illustrate a poem by music is
futile. The text of an opera is therefore quite
negligible. Modern opera in its music is therefore
often only a stimulant or a remembrancer for set,
stereotyped feelings. Great music, i. e. , Dionysean
music, makes us forget to listen to the words.
Homer's Contest. The Greek genius acknow-
ledged strife, struggle, contest to be necessary in
this life. Only through competition and emulation
will the Common-Wealth thrive. Yet there was no
unbridled ambition. Everyone's individual endea-
vours were subordinated to the welfare of the com-
munity. The curse of present-day contest is that it
does not do the same.
In The Relation of Schopenhauer's Philo-
sophy to a German Culture an amusing and
yet serious attack is made on the hollow would-be
culture of the German Philistines who after the
Franco-Prussian war were swollen with self-conceit,
self-sufficiency, and were a great danger to real Cul-
ture. Nietzsche points out Schopenhauer's great
philosophy as the only possible means of escaping
the humdrum of Philistia with its hypocrisy and
intellectual ostrichisation.
o
## p. x (#28) ###############################################
X translator's preface
The essay on GREEK PHILOSOPHY DURING THE
Tragic Age is a performance of great interest to
the scholar. It brims with ideas. The Hegelian
School, especially Zeller, has shown what an im-
portant place is held by the earlier thinkers in the
history of Greek thought and how necessary a
knowledge of their work is for all who wish to
understand Plato and Aristotle. Diels' great book:
"Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker", Benris, Bur-
net's and Fairbanks' books we may regard as the
peristyle through which we enter the temple of Early
Greek Philosophy. Nietzsche's essay then is like
a beautiful festoon swinging between the columns
erected by Diels and the others out of the marble
of facts.
Beauty and the personal equation are the two
"leitmotive" of Nietzsche's history of the pre-So-
cratian philosophers. Especially does he lay stress
upon the personal equation, since that is the only
permanent item of interest, considering that every
"System " crumbles into nothing with the appear-
ance of a new thinker. In this way Nietzsche
treats of Thales, Anaximander, Heraclitus, Parmeni-
des,Xenophanes, Anaxagoras. There are also some
sketches of a draft for an intended but never accom-
plished continuation, in which Empedocles, Demo-
critus and Plato were to be dealt with.
Probably the most popular of the Essays in this
book will prove to be the one on Truth and
Falsity. It is an epistemological rhapsody on the
relativity of truth, on "Appearance and Reality,"
on " perceptual flux " versus—" conceptual conceit. "
Man's intellect is only a means in the struggle for
## p. xi (#29) ##############################################
TRANSLATORS PREFACE XI
existence, a means taking the place of the animal's
horns and teeth. It adapts itself especially to de-
ception and dissimulation.
There are no absolute truths. Truth is relative
and always imperfect. Yet fictitious values fixed
by convention and utility are set down as truth.
The liar does not use these standard coins of the
realm. He is hated; not out of love for truth, no,
but because he is dangerous.
Our words never hit the essence, the "X " of a
thing, but indicate only external characteristics.
Language is the columbarium of the ideas, the
cemetery of perceptions.
Truths are metaphors, illusions, anthropomorph-
isms about which one has forgotten that they are
such. There are different truths to different beings.
Like a spider man sits in the web of his truths and
ideas. He wants to be deceived. By means of
error he mostly lives; truth is often fatal. When
the liar, the story-teller, the poet, the rhapsodist lie
to him without hurting him he—loves them! —
The text underlying this translation is that of
Vol. I. of the "Taschenausgabe. " One or two
obscure passages I hope my conjectures may have
elucidated. The dates following the titles indicate
the year when these essays were written.
In no other work have I felt so deeply the great
need of the science of Signifies with its ultimate
international standardisation of terms, as attempted
by Eisler and Baldwin. I hope, however, I have
succeeded in conveying accurately the meaning
of the author in spite of a certain looseness in his
philosophical terminology.
## p. xii (#30) #############################################
Xll TRANSLATORS PREFACE
The English language is somewhat at a dis-
advantage through its lack of a Noun-Infinitive.
I can best illustrate this by a passage from Par-
menides:
\pT) to \iy(iv T( votlv T ibv Ififuvac «m yap uvai,
pufiiv 8* ovk (OTiv to <r iyto <f>pd£to&ai avorya.
In his usual masterly manner Diels translates
these lines with: "Das Sagen und Denken musz
ein Seiendes sein. Denn das Sein existiert, das
Nichts existiert nicht; das heisz ich dich wohl zu
beherzigen. " On the other hand in Fairbanks'
"version" we read: "It is necessary both to say
and to think that being is; for it is possible that
being is, and it is impossible that not being is;
this is what I bid thee ponder. " In order to
avoid a similar obscurity, throughout the paper on
"Early Greek Philosophy" I have rendered
"das Seiende" (to ibv) with "Existent", "das
Nicht-Seiende " with " Non-Existent"; "das Sein"
(thai) with "Being" and "das Nicht-Sein" with
"Not-Being. "
I am directly or indirectly indebted for many
suggestions to several friends of mine, especially to
two of my colleagues, J. Charlton Hipkins, M. A. ,
and R. Miller, B. A. , for their patient revision of
the whole of the proofs.
M. A. MUGGE.
London, July 1911.
## p.
It is possible that current copyright holders, heirs or
the estate of the authors of individual portions of the work, such as
illustrations or photographs, assert copyrights over these portions.
Depending on the nature of subsequent use that is made, additional rights
may need to be obtained independently of anything we can address. The
digital images and OCR of this work were produced by Google, Inc.
(indicated by a watermark on each page in the PageTurner). Google requests
that the images and OCR not be re-hosted, redistributed or used
commercially. The images are provided for educational, scholarly,
non-commercial purposes.
Find this book online: https://hdl. handle. net/2027/mdp. 39015004742220
This file has been created from the computer-extracted text of scanned page
images. Computer-extracted text may have errors, such as misspellings,
unusual characters, odd spacing and line breaks.
Original from: University of Michigan
Digitized by: Google
Generated at University of Chicago on 2022-10-12 12:45 GMT
## p. (#1) ##################################################
*# ^H
A .
WSM
■
. ~&-
i
dm
■■Ml
mLWm
mm
.
## p. (#2) ##################################################
## p. (#3) ##################################################
farad. R. R 3
## p. (#4) ##################################################
## p. (#5) ##################################################
Grad. R. r ^
## p. (#6) ##################################################
<~
## p. (#7) ##################################################
6rad. R. r ^
## p. (#8) ##################################################
## p. (#9) ##################################################
'"
Grad. R. r ,
## p. (#10) #################################################
## p. (#11) #################################################
THE COMPLETE WORKS
OF
FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE
First Complete and Authorised English Translation
in Eighteen Volumes
EDITED BY
Dr OSCAR LEVY
VOLUME TWO
EARLY GREEK PHILOSOPHY
## p. (#12) #################################################
Of the First Edition of
Oite'. Thousand Five Hundred
'; '" Copies this is
no 324
\
## p. (#13) #################################################
FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE
EARLY GREEK
PHILOSOPHY &
OTHER ESSAYS
TRANSLATED BY
MAXIMILIAN A. MUGGE
AUTHOR OF "FR. NIETZSCHE, HIS LIFE AND WORK," ETC-
T. N. FOULIS
LONDON &> EDINBURGH
191 I
## p. (#14) #################################################
'- - 1 . 1 -
\ r
printed at
The Darien Pres
Edinburgh
## p. (#15) #################################################
CONTENTS
PAGE
Translator's Preface - - - vii
i. The Greek State—Preface to an unwritten
book (1871) . . . . 1
2. The Greek Woman—Fragment (1871) - 19
3. On Music and Words—Fragment (1871) - 27
4. Homer's Contest—Preface to an unwritten
book (1872) - - - - 49
5. The Relation of Schopenhauer's Philo-
sophy to a German Culture—Preface to
an unwritten book (1872) - - 63
6. Philosophy During the Tragic Age of the
Greeks (1873) - - - 71
7. On Truth and Falsity in their ultramoral
SENSE (1873) . . . - 171
## p. (#16) #################################################
## p. (#17) #################################################
m
## p. (#18) #################################################
## p. i (#19) ###############################################
THE COMPLETE WORKS
OF
FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE
First Complete and Authorised English Translation
in Eighteen Volumes
EDITED BY
Dr OSCAR LEVY
VOLUME TWO
EARLY GREEK PHILOSOPHY
## p. ii (#20) ##############################################
Of the First Edition of
Oiie: Thousand Five Hundred
Copies this is
no 324
## p. iii (#21) #############################################
FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE
EARLY GREEK
PHILOSOPHY &
OTHER ESSAYS
TRANSLATED BY
MAXIMILIAN A. MUGGE
AUTHOR OF "FR. NIETZSCHE, HIS LIFE AND WORK," ETC.
T. N. FOULIS
LONDON & EDINBURGH
1911
## p. iv (#22) ##############################################
Printed at
The Daribn Pres
Edinburgh
## p. v (#23) ###############################################
CONTENTS
PAGE
Translator's Preface - - - vii
i. The Greek State—Preface to an unwritten
book (1871) 1
2. The Greek Woman—Fragment (1871) - 19
3. On Music and Words—Fragment (1871) - 27
4. Homer's Contest—Preface to an unwritten
book (1872) - - - - 49
5. The Relation of Schopenhauer's Philo-
sophy to a German Culture—Preface to
an unwritten book (1872) - - - 63
6. Philosophy During the Tragic Age of the
Greeks (1873) - - - 71
7. On Truth and Falsity in their ultramoral
sense (1873) - - - - 171
## p. vi (#24) ##############################################
i
## p. vii (#25) #############################################
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE
The essays contained in this volume treat of various
subjects. With the exception of perhaps one we
must consider all these papers as fragments. Written
during the early Seventies, and intended mostly as
prefaces, they are extremely interesting, since traces
of Nietzsche's later tenets—like Slave and Master
morality, the Superman—can be found everywhere.
But they are also very valuable on account of the
young philosopher's daring and able handling of
difficult and abstruse subjects. "Truth and Falsity,"
and "The Greek Woman" are probably the two
essays which will prove most attractive to the aver-
age reader.
In the essay on The Greek State the two tenets
mentioned above are clearly discernible, though the
Superman still goes by the Schopenhauerian label
"genius. " Our philosopher attacks the modern
ideas of the "dignity of man" and of the " dignity
of labour," because Existence seems to be without
worth and dignity. The preponderance of such
illusory ideas is due to the political power nowadays
vested in the "slaves. " The Greeks saw no dignity
in labour. They saw the necessity of it, and the
necessity of slavery, but felt ashamed of both. Not
even the labour of the artist did they admire,
although they praised his completed work.
## p. viii (#26) ############################################
VU1 TRANSLATORS PREFACE
If the Greeks perished through their slavery, one
thing is still more certain: we shall perish through
the lack of slavery. To the essence of Culture
slavery is innate. It is part of it. A vast multitude
must labour and "slave" in order that a few may
lead an existence devoted to beauty and art.
Strife and war are necessary for the welfare of
the State. War consecrates and purifies the State.
The purpose of the military State is the creating
of the military genius, the ruthless conqueror, the
War-lord. There also exists a mysterious connec-
tion between the State in general and the creating
of the genius.
In The Greek Woman, Nietzsche, the man who
said, "One cannot think highly enough of women,"
delineates his ideal of woman. Penelope, Antigone,
Electra are his ideal types.
Plato's dictum that in the perfect State the
family would cease to exist, belongs to the most
intimate things uttered about the relation between
women and the State. The Greek woman as mother
had to vegetate in obscurity, to lead a kind of Cran-
fordian existence for the greater welfare of the body
politic. Only in Greek antiquity did woman occupy
her proper position, and for this reason she was
more honoured than she has ever been since. Pythia
was the mouthpiece, the symbol of Greek unity.
On MUSIC and Words. Music is older, more
fundamental than language. Music is an expres-
sion of cosmic consciousness. Language is only a
gesture-symbolism.
It is true the music of every people was at first
allied to lyric poetry; "absolute music" always
## p. ix (#27) ##############################################
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE ix
appeared much later. But that is due to the double
nature in the essence of language. The tone of
the speaker expresses the basic pleasure- and dis-
pleasure-sensations of the individual. These form
the tonal subsoil common to all languages; they
are comprehensible everywhere. Language itself
is a super-structure on that subsoil; it is a gesture-
symbolism for all the other conceptions which man
adds to that subsoil.
The endeavour to illustrate a poem by music is
futile. The text of an opera is therefore quite
negligible. Modern opera in its music is therefore
often only a stimulant or a remembrancer for set,
stereotyped feelings. Great music, i. e. , Dionysean
music, makes us forget to listen to the words.
Homer's Contest. The Greek genius acknow-
ledged strife, struggle, contest to be necessary in
this life. Only through competition and emulation
will the Common-Wealth thrive. Yet there was no
unbridled ambition. Everyone's individual endea-
vours were subordinated to the welfare of the com-
munity. The curse of present-day contest is that it
does not do the same.
In The Relation of Schopenhauer's Philo-
sophy to a German Culture an amusing and
yet serious attack is made on the hollow would-be
culture of the German Philistines who after the
Franco-Prussian war were swollen with self-conceit,
self-sufficiency, and were a great danger to real Cul-
ture. Nietzsche points out Schopenhauer's great
philosophy as the only possible means of escaping
the humdrum of Philistia with its hypocrisy and
intellectual ostrichisation.
o
## p. x (#28) ###############################################
X translator's preface
The essay on GREEK PHILOSOPHY DURING THE
Tragic Age is a performance of great interest to
the scholar. It brims with ideas. The Hegelian
School, especially Zeller, has shown what an im-
portant place is held by the earlier thinkers in the
history of Greek thought and how necessary a
knowledge of their work is for all who wish to
understand Plato and Aristotle. Diels' great book:
"Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker", Benris, Bur-
net's and Fairbanks' books we may regard as the
peristyle through which we enter the temple of Early
Greek Philosophy. Nietzsche's essay then is like
a beautiful festoon swinging between the columns
erected by Diels and the others out of the marble
of facts.
Beauty and the personal equation are the two
"leitmotive" of Nietzsche's history of the pre-So-
cratian philosophers. Especially does he lay stress
upon the personal equation, since that is the only
permanent item of interest, considering that every
"System " crumbles into nothing with the appear-
ance of a new thinker. In this way Nietzsche
treats of Thales, Anaximander, Heraclitus, Parmeni-
des,Xenophanes, Anaxagoras. There are also some
sketches of a draft for an intended but never accom-
plished continuation, in which Empedocles, Demo-
critus and Plato were to be dealt with.
Probably the most popular of the Essays in this
book will prove to be the one on Truth and
Falsity. It is an epistemological rhapsody on the
relativity of truth, on "Appearance and Reality,"
on " perceptual flux " versus—" conceptual conceit. "
Man's intellect is only a means in the struggle for
## p. xi (#29) ##############################################
TRANSLATORS PREFACE XI
existence, a means taking the place of the animal's
horns and teeth. It adapts itself especially to de-
ception and dissimulation.
There are no absolute truths. Truth is relative
and always imperfect. Yet fictitious values fixed
by convention and utility are set down as truth.
The liar does not use these standard coins of the
realm. He is hated; not out of love for truth, no,
but because he is dangerous.
Our words never hit the essence, the "X " of a
thing, but indicate only external characteristics.
Language is the columbarium of the ideas, the
cemetery of perceptions.
Truths are metaphors, illusions, anthropomorph-
isms about which one has forgotten that they are
such. There are different truths to different beings.
Like a spider man sits in the web of his truths and
ideas. He wants to be deceived. By means of
error he mostly lives; truth is often fatal. When
the liar, the story-teller, the poet, the rhapsodist lie
to him without hurting him he—loves them! —
The text underlying this translation is that of
Vol. I. of the "Taschenausgabe. " One or two
obscure passages I hope my conjectures may have
elucidated. The dates following the titles indicate
the year when these essays were written.
In no other work have I felt so deeply the great
need of the science of Signifies with its ultimate
international standardisation of terms, as attempted
by Eisler and Baldwin. I hope, however, I have
succeeded in conveying accurately the meaning
of the author in spite of a certain looseness in his
philosophical terminology.
## p. xii (#30) #############################################
Xll TRANSLATORS PREFACE
The English language is somewhat at a dis-
advantage through its lack of a Noun-Infinitive.
I can best illustrate this by a passage from Par-
menides:
\pT) to \iy(iv T( votlv T ibv Ififuvac «m yap uvai,
pufiiv 8* ovk (OTiv to <r iyto <f>pd£to&ai avorya.
In his usual masterly manner Diels translates
these lines with: "Das Sagen und Denken musz
ein Seiendes sein. Denn das Sein existiert, das
Nichts existiert nicht; das heisz ich dich wohl zu
beherzigen. " On the other hand in Fairbanks'
"version" we read: "It is necessary both to say
and to think that being is; for it is possible that
being is, and it is impossible that not being is;
this is what I bid thee ponder. " In order to
avoid a similar obscurity, throughout the paper on
"Early Greek Philosophy" I have rendered
"das Seiende" (to ibv) with "Existent", "das
Nicht-Seiende " with " Non-Existent"; "das Sein"
(thai) with "Being" and "das Nicht-Sein" with
"Not-Being. "
I am directly or indirectly indebted for many
suggestions to several friends of mine, especially to
two of my colleagues, J. Charlton Hipkins, M. A. ,
and R. Miller, B. A. , for their patient revision of
the whole of the proofs.
M. A. MUGGE.
London, July 1911.
## p. 1 (#31) ###############################################
The Greek State
Preface to an Unwritten Book (1871)
## p. 2 (#32) ###############################################
## p. 3 (#33) ###############################################
We moderns have an advantage over the Greeks
in two ideas, which are given as it were as a com-
pensation to a world behaving thoroughly slavishly
and yet at the same time anxiously eschewing the
word " slave " : we talk of the "dignity of man " and
of the " dignity of labour. " Everybody worries in
order miserably to perpetuate a miserable exist-
ence; this awful need compels him to consuming
labour; man (or, more exactly, the human intellect)
seduced by the " Will" now occasionally marvels at
labour as something dignified. However in order
that labour might have a claim on titles of honour,
it would be necessary above all, that Existence itself,
to which labour after all is only a painful means,
should have more dignity and value than it appears
to have had, up to the present, to serious philo-
sophies and religions. What else may we find in the
labour-need of all the millions but the impulse to
exist at any price, the same all-powerful impulse
by which stunted plants stretch their roots through
earthless rocks!
Out of this awful struggle for existence only
individuals can emerge, and they are at once
occupied with the noble phantoms of artistic culture,
lest they should arrive at practical pessimism, which
Nature abhors as her exact opposite. In the modern
world, which, compared with the Greek, usually pro-
## p. 4 (#34) ###############################################
4 VARIOUS PROSE ESSAYS
duces only abnormalities and centaurs, in which
the individual, like that fabulous creature in the
beginning of the Horatian Art of Poetry, is jumbled
together out of pieces, here in the modern world in
one and the same man the greed of the struggle
for existence and the need for art show themselves
at the same time: out of this unnatural amalgama-
tion has originated the dilemma, to excuse and to
consecrate that first greed before this need for art.
Therefore we believe in the " Dignity of man " and
the " Dignity of labour. "
The Greeks did not require such conceptual
hallucinations, for among them the idea that labour
is a disgrace is expressed with startling frankness;
and another piece of wisdom, more hidden and less
articulate, but everywhere alive, added that the
human thing also was an ignominious and piteous
nothing and the "dream of a shadow. " Labour is
a disgrace, because existence has no value in itself;
but even though this very existence in the alluring
embellishment of artistic illusions shines forth and
really seems to have a value in itself, then that pro-
position is still valid that labour is a disgrace—a
disgrace indeed by the fact that it is impossible for
man, fighting for the continuance of bare exist-
ence, to become an artist. In modern times it is
not the art-needing man but the slave who deter-
mines the general conceptions, the slave who
according to his nature must give deceptive names
to all conditions in order to be able to live. Such
phantoms as the dignity of man, the dignity of
labour, are the needy products of slavedom hiding
itself from itself. Woful time, in which the slave
"N
## p. 5 (#35) ###############################################
THE GREEK STATE 5
requires such conceptions, in which he is incited to
think about and beyond himself! Cursed seducers,
who have destroyed the slave's state of innocence
by the fruit of the tree of knowledge! Now the
slave must vainly scrape through from one day to
another with transparent lies recognisable to every
one of deeper insight, such as the alleged "equal
rights of all" or the so-called " fundamental rights
of man," of man as such, or the "dignity of labour.
